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Yeung, Wai-shan Christine, i 楊慧珊. "Reproduction and growth of scleractinian corals in Hong Kong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45164071.
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Puisay, Antoine. "La reproduction sexuée et asexuée des coraux face aux changements environnementaux : Implications pour la conservation et la restauration des récifs coralliens". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEP030.
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Le changement climatique et l’augmentation des températures globales perturbent l’abondance et la distribution de milliers d’organismes, aquatiques et terrestres, et certains écosystèmes sont particulièrement sensibles à ces changements environnementaux. L’augmentation de température est la principale menace au maintien des populations de coraux, véritables ingénieurs écologiques de ces écosystèmes. Bien que la recherche sur les récifs coralliens se soit d’abord attachée à l’étude des coraux adultes, de nombreuses informations manquent sur la reproduction sexuée et asexuée, et leur rôle dans la conservation et restauration récifale. Le premier axe de ma thèse s’est donc construit sur la réponse des jeunes stades de vie à l’augmentation de température, pour d’abord évaluer les modifications de leur performance et ensuite évaluer dans quelles mesures les jeunes stades seraient capables de s’acclimater à des conditions de températures plus élevées. Au travers de différentes expérimentations en laboratoire sur le genre Acropora, j’ai ainsi mis en évidence 1) une résistance thermique importante (+2-3°C au-dessus des températures ambiantes) des gamètes face à l’augmentation de température, 2) une résistance thermique différente entre spermatozoïdes et ovocytes: ovocytes < spermatozoïdes, 3) et la mise en évidence du rôle majeur de l’environnement dans lequel se rencontre les gamètes une fois libérés, sur la qualité et la quantité de la fécondation. Enfin, j’ai identifié les conditions optimales thermiques de pré-exposition des gamètes pour maximiser leur succès de fécondation. Bien qu’un intérêt croissant soit porté sur la reproduction sexuée ces dernières années, l’utilisation de la reproduction asexuée demeure la méthode la plus utilisée pour restaurer les récifs coralliens, plus connue sous le nom de bouturage. Ainsi le second axe de ma thèse a cherché à mettre en évidence la plasticité phénotypique des coraux en cultivant des boutures provenant de 3 espèces dans 3 environnements différents et en analysant leur taux de croissance, leur état de santé et leur survie. Cet axe a pu montrer qu’il existait des différences à plusieurs échelles, entre espèces, mais aussi au sein d’une même espèce. Mes travaux montrent qu’une sélection des individus basée sur l’étude de la plasticité phénotypique de certains traits d’histoires de vie comme la croissance ou l’état de santé dans des environnements variables permettrait d’améliorer l’efficacité de la restauration récifale. Ainsi le choix des individus au sein d’une même espèce afin de réaliser du bouturage (reproduction asexuée) et le conditionnement de la phase de vie gamètes (reproduction sexuée) peut permettre d’augmenter l’efficacité des méthodes de restaurations tout en nous donnant des informations nouvelles sur la biologie et la physiologie des coraux scléractiniaires face aux changements environnementauxClimate change and increasing temperature impact abundance and distribution of thousands of organisms, aquatic and terrestrial, and some ecosystems are particularly sensitive to these global changes. Increasing temperature is the principal threat for coral populations, which are ecological engineers of coral reef ecosystems. While research on coral reefs has first sought to study adult corals, data are still lacking on early life stages of corals. As sexual and asexual reproduction may play a key role in the conservation and restoration of coral reefs, my doctoral research aims to better understand changes on sexual and asexual reproduction in the face of rising temperature. The first axis of my Ph. D. was built on the response of early life stages to increasing temperature, in order to assess whether pre-exposure of early life may improve their ulterior performance. Among the different experiments performed on the genus Acropora, I highlighted 1) a high thermal tolerance (+2-3°C above ambient temperature) of gametes, 2) a higher sensibility of oocytes than sperm to rising temperature exposure, and 3) the pivotal role of gamete thermal history on fertilization output. Finally, I identified optimal pre-exposure conditions in order to maximize fertilization success. While an increasing interest in sexual reproduction was observed these last years, asexual reproduction and fragmentation still remain the main tool to restore damaged reefs. Thus, in the second axis of my doctoral project, I investigated the phenotypic plasticity of corals by growing 3 different species of corals across 3 different environments. Their growth rates, health status and survival probability were determined. Results from this axis showed that differences were observed at the interspecific and intraspecific levels. This work revealed that a selection based on phenotypic plasticity among different life-traits (growth rates and health status) and different environments should allow to increase coral reef restoration strategies. Hence the selection of individuals (asexual reproduction) in a species based on coral common garden experiment allow to identify individuals of interest to use as restoration biological materials. Additionally, thermal pre-conditioning of early life stages (sexual reproduction) is another way to increase efficiency of restoration measures in the face of rising temperature. My doctoral research provided new information regarding physiological and biological processes of scleractinian corals facing environmental changes and proposed new solutions for restorations based on sexual and/or asexual reproduction
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Airi, Valentina <1979>. "Reproduction of Mediterranean zooxanthellate and azooxanthellate scleractinian corals along environmental gradients". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6425/.
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Despite extensive studies focus mainly on sexual reproductive characteristics in tropical scleractinian species, there is limited knowledge on temperate regions. The Mediterranean is a biodiversity hotspot under intense pressure from anthropogenic impacts. Climatic models further predict that the Mediterranean basin will be one of the most impacted regions by the ongoing warming trend. This makes it a potential model of more global patterns to occur in the world’s marine biota, and a natural focus of interest for research on climate. The present research contributed to increase data on reproductive modes and sexuality of temperate scleractinian corals, highlighting their developmental plasticity, showing different forms of propagation and different responses to environmental change. For the first time, sexuality and reproductive mode in Caryophyllia inornata were determined. An unusual embryogenesis without a clear seasonal pattern was observed, suggesting the possibility of an asexual origin. Sexual reproduction of Astroides calycularis was governed by annual changes in seawater temperature, as observed for other Mediterranean dendrophylliids. Defining the reproductive biology of these species is the starting point for studying their potential response to variations of environmental parameters, on a global climate change context. The results on the influence of temperature on reproductive output of the zooxanthellate (symbiosis with unicellular algae) Balanophyllia europaea and the non-zooxanthellate Leptopsammia pruvoti suggest that the latter may be quite tolerant to temperature increase, since the zooxanthellate species resulted less efficient at warm temperatures. A possible explanation could be related to their different trophic system. In B. europaea thermal tolerance is primarily governed by the symbiotic algae, making it more sensitive to temperature changes. On the contrary, the absence of symbionts in L. pruvoti might make it more resistant to temperature. In a progressively warming Mediterranean, the efficiency on scleractinian reproduction could be influenced in different ways, reflecting their extraordinary adaptability.
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Marchini, Chiara <1984>. "Reproduction and Population Structure in Temperate and Tropical Corals in Relation to Environmental Parameters". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7618/.
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In the marine realm, two of the main stressors causing significant changes are ocean warming and acidification. Of particular concern are organisms reliant on the generation of calcium carbonate, such as corals. Reproduction and population structure are strongly related to environmental parameters and may be indicators for stability or decline of coral populations. Part of my research focused on the reproductive cycle of the Mediterranean non-zooxanthellate coral Caryophyllia inornata in relation to seasonal variations of seawater temperature and photoperiod. Moreover, an unusual embryogenesis was found in females, males and inactive individuals during the entire year, indicating a possible agamic origin of embryos. This was a pilot study for a broader investigation along a wide latitudinal gradient of temperature and solar radiation. Reproductive traits of this coral do not vary along the gradient as observed for another non-zooxanthellate species, Leptopsammia pruvoti, indicating that these species could be quite tolerant to environmental changes, probably due to the lack of symbiosis with the zooxanthellae. A study on the spermatogenesis of the zooxanthellate coral Balanophyllia europaea living along a natural pCO2 gradient showed no significant variations with low pH. We hypothesized that high CO2 levels probably enhance zooxanthellae photosynthesis, leading to an increase of the available energy for gonadal development. The ability to reproduce in particular conditions is related to population structure, providing information on coral responses to the environment. I investigated the population structure of the tropical coral Montastraea cavernosa along a depth gradient in Bermuda. Deeper populations were characterized by smaller but more numerous colonies compared to shallow ones, with no variation in the percent cover among depths. Thus, mesophotic populations of M. cavernosa in Bermuda seem quite stable, indicating that these reefs may serve as a source of propagules to maintain shallower reefs and help guide future management and conservation strategies.
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Underwood, Jim. "Routine and rare genetic connections in corals off northwest Australia and the implications for conservation". University of Western Australia. School of Animal Biology, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0158.
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[Truncated abstract] The extent to which marine populations are connected by larval dispersal is crucial to their distribution, maintenance and diversity. Thus, for the effective conservation of threatened systems such as coral reefs, understanding patterns of connectivity is essential. However, the biophysical mechanisms that retain or disperse larvae within and among populations are poorly understood. Though the open ocean environment provides the opportunity for long-distance dispersal, if this potential is only rarely realised, recruits produced from afar are unlikely to contribute to the local-scale demography of populations over ecological time frames, but will limit broad-scale genetic diversification over evolutionary time. This thesis explores the extent of genetic and demographic connectivity of two species of reef-building corals over a range of spatial scales among the discontinuous reef systems of northwest Australia. ... Putative source and sink dynamics were not random, but were associated with levels of disturbance and recovery from a recent and catastrophic coral bleaching. When S. hystrix samples from another two offshore systems were included in the analysis, large differences among systems showed that gene flow over hundreds of kilometres is rare over microevolutionary time scales that account for connections over multiple generations. Levels of subdivision over the same spatial scales were markedly lower in the acroporid coral, Acropora tenuis, than in S. hystrix. These results are congruent with expectations based on reproductive mode; in contrast to S. hystrix, which releases brooded larvae that are competent to settle immediately, A. tenuis broadcasts its gametes, and after external fertilisation, the larvae need to develop for several days before they are competent to settle. Despite the differences in levels of broad-scale subdivision, in both species significant differentiation was detected between reefs within systems (>10 km), and between sites within some reefs (< 10 km). These results indicate not only that dispersal between reefs and even some reef patches is restricted, but also that hydrodynamics influence retention of brooded and spawned larvae in similar ways. Further analysis of A. tenuis populations from two coastal systems detected significant differences in genetic diversity among the four major systems of northwest Australia. Additionally, genetic divergence between the coastal and offshore zones was greater than expected by the geographic separation of systems, indicating that connectivity between these zones via transport of A. tenuis larvae on oceanic currents occurs rarely even over microevolutionary time scales. This study has two primary implications for conservation. First, since coastal and offshore reefs of northwest Australia appear to be discrete genetic entities, they have independent evolutionary potential to adapt to local conditions and environmental change. Second, systems, reefs and some reef patches of northwest Australia are demographically independent units. Therefore, designs of coral reserve networks should consider routine dispersal distances of kilometres to a few tens of kilometres.
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Striewski, Sebastian [Verfasser], Ralph [Akademischer Betreuer] Tollrian i Klemens F. [Akademischer Betreuer] Störtkuhl. "Impact of ocean acidification on the reproduction, recruitment and growth of scleractinian corals / Sebastian Striewski. Gutachter: Ralph Tollrian ; Klemens F. Störtkuhl". Bochum : Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2016. http://d-nb.info/109588414X/34.
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Sherman, Craig D. H. "The importance of fine-scale environmental heterogeneity in determing levels of genotypic diversity and local adaptation". Access electronically, 2006. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20060726.114643/index.html.
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Waller, Rhian G. "The reproductive ecology of deep-water scleractinian corals". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402225.
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Chaves-Fonnegra, Andia. "Increase of Excavating Sponges on Caribbean Coral Reefs: Reproduction, Dispersal, and Coral Deterioration". NSUWorks, 2014. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/5.
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Coral reefs ecosystems are deteriorating and facing dramatic changes. These changes suggest a shift in dominance from corals to other benthic organisms. Particularly in the Caribbean Sea, with corals dying, sponges have become the leading habitat-forming benthic animals. However, little is known about what life-history traits allow organisms to proliferate in a marine system that is undergoing change. Thus, the objective of this dissertation was to try to understand the current increase of encrusting excavating sponges on deteriorating Caribbean coral reefs through the study of reproduction, recruitment and dispersal potential of the widely distributed and currently expanding species, Cliona delitrix. Different methodological approaches were used, such as histology, electron microscopy, quantification of sponges in the field, genetics, and mathematical modeling. Results are presented in four different chapters. It was found that Cliona delitrix has an extended reproductive cycle in Florida, USA, from April - May to around November - December depending on a >25°C sea-water temperature threshold. C. delitrix gametogenesis is asynchronous and it has multiple spawning events. C. delitrix is recruiting abundantly on Caribbean coral reefs, preferentially on recent coral mortality than on old coral mortality. The increase in C. delitrix and other excavating sponges can be explained by the repeated spawning and by the coincidence in time and space of larval production with the availability of new dead coral, which tend to overlap during the warmest months of the year. Eggs or larvae of C. delitrix appear to survive enough to be transported by currents over larger distances. It was found that dispersal ranges for Cliona delitrix may reach as far as ~315 km in the Florida reef track, and over ~971 km in the South Caribbean Sea, between Belize and Panama. Thus, reproduction, dispersal, and recruitment patterns of C. delitrix along with oceanographic currents, and eddies that form at different periods of time, are sustaining the spread of this sponge on coral reefs. According to mathematical models carried out, C. delitrix increase on reefs fluctuates depending of coral mortality events and available space on old dead coral (colonized by algae and other invertebrates). However, under temperature anomalies, these sponges will 2 tend to increase and take over the reef system only if heat stress and coral mortality is moderate. Under massive mortality events both corals and sponges will tend to decline, although sponges at a slower rate than corals. In general, coral excavating sponges have been favored by coral mortality, especially during past few decades. However as bioeroders, their success is also limited by the success of calcifying corals. In a reef management context and based on this dissertation’s findings, it is suggested that excavating sponges, and especially Cliona delitrix, should be more formally included in reef monitoring programs. Their increase can be used to track coral mortality events on reefs (past and future), and also can be used as another major bioindicator of health on coral reefs.
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Vollmer, Alicia A. "Rare Parthenogenic Reproduction in a Common Reef Coral, Porites astreoides". Thesis, NSUWorks, 2018. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/464.
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Multiple stressors have caused a decline in coral populations. Broadcast spawning corals once dominated the Florida Reef Tract (FRT), but since their decline, smaller brooding corals, soft corals, and macroalgae are replacing them. Brooding corals are more resilient to current threats in part because they are reproductive throughout much of the year and their larvae are competent to settle after release. Despite the ubiquity of brooders on Florida reefs, much of their reproductive strategy remains unknown. This study aimed to examine paternity as a function of colony size and density in Porites astreoides, a common brooding coral in the FRT. Porites astreoides colonies were configured in arrays at three densities that were replicated three times. A focal colony was surrounded by six other colonies, separated from the focal colony at different distances (1m, 7m, and 15m) representing high, moderate, and low population densities, respectively. All arrays were placed in the field but were separated from the reef and naturally occurring P. astreoides colonies by at least 50 m. Four days before the new moon, colonies were transported to the laboratory for larval collection. Over a four day period, a total of 3,184 larvae were collected from 24 colonies, 13 of which released larvae over consecutive days. The resulting larvae were genotyped using seven microsatellite markers. All larvae had the exact genotypes of the colony from which the larvae were collected, i.e. maternal- egg donor. This suggested the larvae were parthenogenically produced and no sperm was used to fertilize the eggs. This is the first study to suggest that parthenogenesis is occurring in P. astreoides. In today's oceans that have been depleted of corals, parthenogenesis may be an advantageous reproductive strategy used to boost populations. However, parthenogenesis reduces the genetic diversity which could hinder successful sexual reproduction in the future causing fragmented populations.
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Kuba, Alyson. "Transgenerational Effects of Thermal Stress: Impacts On and Beyond Coral Reproduction". NSUWorks, 2016. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/429.
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Ocean warming causes stress to corals and records reveal that periods of thermal stress are increasing in frequency and severity. Previous studies show that thermal stress negatively impacts the reproductive output of corals. However, the transgenerational impacts of coral bleaching have never been quantified. As a consequence, it is unclear how ocean warming may alter population dynamics due to effects on reproduction and recruitment. This study quantified the transgenerational impacts of thermal stress in Montastraea cavernosa. To assess transgenerational effects of temperature stress during gametogenesis, colonies were exposed to elevated temperature for two weeks four months prior to spawning, and then returned to the reef. At spawning, eggs were collected to measure egg diameter and eggs from stressed females were significantly smaller than those from unstressed females. Then gametes from temperature stressed and unstressed corals were combined to create four fertilization crosses: unstressed female and male, unstressed female with stressed male, stressed female with unstressed male, and stressed female and male. Larvae and juveniles from each cross were kept at ambient (29°C) and elevated (31°C) temperatures. Larvae originating from stressed gametes overall had lower survival, but the separate effects of the male and female revealed paternal transgenerational acclimation and negative maternal effects. There were no transgenerational effects on initial size of juveniles, but elevated temperature in the larval stage decreased initial size. The transgenerational effects on juvenile survival were negative parental effects. Juvenile growth rate was only affected by adult male exposure to thermal stress. Juveniles originating from a thermally stressed male had higher growth rates. The timing of the thermal stress, which was during oogenesis and before spermatogenesis, most likely explains why negative effects were observed from the female and positive effects from the male. These results demonstrate that temperature stress has varying transgenerational effects.
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Chen, Cynthia. "Clock genes and female reproduction". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4149.
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The involvement of clock genes in the temporal regulation of the function and lifespan of the corpus luteum (CL) has not been investigated in detail. Immunohistochemistry and real-time quantitative PCR techniques were used to examine the expression of the canonical clock genes: period1, period2, period3, cryptochrome1, cryptochrome2, clock and bmal1, at protein and mRNA levels respectively. The expression of the clock genes was examined in the human CL, cultured luteinised granulosa cells, cultured luteal fibroblast-like cells and the ovine CL. The main findings were that clock genes are expressed in the human and ovine CL; that this expression is manifest at mRNA and protein level in all discernible cell types within the human and ovine CL, and that the pattern of mRNA expression differs between the early luteal phase compared to the late luteal phase. The circadian expression of the clock genes was established in the ovine CL during the late luteal phase and could not be determined in the human CL, although indications from cultured luteinised granulosa cells and luteal fibroblast-like cells suggest that this may also be the case in humans. With the exception of per2, the circadian pattern of clock gene expression emerged in the late luteal phase CL when the early luteal phase CL did not demonstrate circadian clock gene expression. This emergence later in the lifespan of the CL was akin to that observed in embryonic development, where the clock genes are initially non-rhythmic but then acquire circadian rhythmicity with age. In this case, the clock genes have been proposed to perform a non-classical circadian timing role in the timing of embryonic development. The per2 gene was also found to be special, in its loss rather than gain of rhythmic gene expression across the luteal lifespan and in its protein localisation in the cytoplasm of some granulosa-lutein cells. The exceptional behaviour of per2 is consistent with a growing body of evidence supporting its role as a unique clock gene in many respects, able to maintain circadian protein levels in the absence of circadian gene expression, integrating peripheral clock inputs and outputs and acting as a tumour suppressor gene. The CL was also found to be a potential target of melatonin regulation, based on its possession of melatonin MT1 receptors and the timing of circadian cry1 gene expression in the late luteal phase. The expression of cry1 is known to be directly melatonin-induced in the PT and appeared to be similarly activated, downstream of a melatonin signal, in the CL. This supports the evolving view of a hierarchical organisation of the central and peripheral clocks, which are integrated in order to establish information feedback loops that maintain circadian homeostasis, and which can regulate seasonal physiology.
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Vaughan, Cristin A. "Reproductive ecology of the temperate solitary coral balanophyllia elegans /". Diss., Digital Dissertations Database. Restricted to UC campuses, 2004. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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de, Putron Samantha Julie. "The reproductive ecology of two corals and one gorgonian from sub-tropical Bermuda". Thesis, Swansea University, 2003. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42702.
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This study examines the sexual reproductive ecology of three species of corals common on the sub-tropical reefs of Bermuda: the scleractinians Porites astreoides and Madracis mirabilis, and the gorgonian Pseudoplexaura porosa. The reproductive biology of corals in Bermuda is of particular interest because low winter seawater temperatures and geographical isolation make it an extreme of distribution for many of the species there. In addition, the Bermuda platform comprises reef zones that experience gradients of temperature, sediment loading and wave intensity at the different depths. The objectives are twofold; firstly, information is presented on the reproductive mode, sexuality and fecundity of the corals, and the occurrence of lunar periodicity to gamete development, planula release or spawning. The second objective addresses the question of whether environmental variability across the Bermuda platform and between years alters the reproductive cycles of these species. The study species varied in reproductive mode and sexuality. The scleractinian Porites astreoides is a brooder with a mixed sexuality; the gorgonian Pseudoplexaura porosa exhibits gonochorism with broadcasting, and the scleractinian Madracis mirabilis has hermaphroditic colonies with a proposed intermediate 'pseudo-brooding' reproductive mode. Fecundity was variable within and between Po. astreoides colonies but was not related to colony size. There was a relationship between polyp size and gamete production in Ps. porosa. The synchrony of lunar periodicity to spawning or planulae release varied between the species and this is related to the different reproductive modes. The extent that planula release of Po. astreoides was synchronised to the lunar cycle also varied according to the reef zone in Bermuda, a proposed consequence of variable turbidity levels from inshore to offshore. Observed differences in the reproductive effort of Po. astreoides and Ps. porosa, both at the different reef zones within Bermuda, as well across study years, are related to spatial and inter-annual variations in temperature profiles.
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Hagman, Derek Kristian. "Reproductive dynamics of coral reef biota at the Flower Gardens /". Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3008347.
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Tomascik, Tomas. "The effects of eutrophication on the growth rates, reproductive potential and community structure of the inshore reef-building corals in Barbados, West Indies /". Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74000.
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Kabay, Lystina. "Population Demographics and Sexual Reproduction Potential of the Pillar Coral, Dendrogyra cylindrus, on the Florida Reef Tract". NSUWorks, 2016. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/433.
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The pillar coral, Dendrogyra cylindrus, has been commonly described as widely distributed, but rare throughout its geographical range in the Caribbean. Having recently been listed as Threatened under the US Endangered Species Act, an understanding of population status is needed to promote species conservation and population recovery. Previous to this study the status of the pillar coral population in the state waters of Florida, U.S.A, was relatively unknown primarily due to few colonies being recorded and no comprehensive summary of population abundance, distribution or health being completed. Along with various environmental and anthropogenic factors affecting the pillar coral population on the Florida Reef Tract (FRT), it appears that reproductive limitations may also be contributing to species decline and limiting population recovery as evidenced by the lack of reported juvenile D. cylindrus colonies reported on the Florida Reef Tract (FRT) in the past 17 years.
The factors contributing to this phenomenon are currently unknown, however are suspected to be derived from the pillar corals reproductive biology. Being described as a gonochoric, broadcast spawner, sexual reproduction relies on the synchronous release of gametes from colonies of separate sexes, and with low adult colony densities reported for the pillar coral on the FRT, gamete concentrations from both sexes may be too low for fertilization to occur.
In 2014 submissions of pillar coral locations from the scientific and lay community were compiled and 610 D. cylindrus colonies along Florida Reef Tract were identified (Lunz et al. 2016). In my study, I describe the population structure of D. cylindrus for the southeast Florida region of the FRT which includes 65 of the total 610 colonies. For each of the 65 colonies, colony depth, demographic, and condition data were recorded including size (length, width, and height), percent of recent mortality, and presence and severity of disease and bleaching. Out of all locations identified in this region, about 50% contained only a single colony of D. cylindrus and the maximum number of colonies per site was 14. Throughout the duration of the study, devastating losses of live tissue were observed following the bleaching and disease events impacting the Florida Reef Tract in 2014, 2015, and 2016 and the status of the southeast Florida population of pillar coral is at serious risk of local extinction.
To investigate the ability of colonies of D. cylindrus to sexually reproduce (referred to as sexual reproduction potential) tissue samples were collected from 95 colonies within 15 sites along the FRT and were prepared for histological analysis. The sex of each colony, sizes of gametes in mature developmental stages, the abundance of gametes per cm2 of tissue, and sex ratios for locations on the FRT were reported. All tissue samples from male and female colonies contained gametes that were ≥90% mature; however sex ratios were found to be skewed in all locations, deviating significantly from the 1:1 ratio expected for typical resource allocation in random mating. Hermaphroditic colonies of D. cylindrus are described for the first time throughout its geographical range in this study and comparisons to gonochoristic colonies confirmed that these hermaphrodites are sexually reproductive individuals.
Results from this effort provide a more thorough understanding of the reproductive biology of D. cylindrus and essential data for the support of future conservation management and restoration strategies for this FRT population and comparative data for other Caribbean populations.
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Hellström, Micaela. "Sex and symbionts : New discoveries in local and regional patterns of coral ecology and reproduction". Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Systemekologiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-56781.
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Coral reefs belong to the most diverse and the most threatened ecosystems on earth. Anthropogenic stressors and climate change have led to mortalities at levels unprecedented in modern times. The aims of this thesis are to investigate aspects of the corals’ ability to reproduce, disperse, adapt and survive. Papers I-III study reproduction in a common soft coral species, Sarcophyton elegans, with previously unknown reproductive modes. Paper IV investigates genetic distribution of coral-symbiont associations in Galaxea fascicularis focusing on adaptation to the environment along the coastline of Vietnam. Sarcophyton elegans is a gonochoric broadcast spawner with a 1:1 sex ratio. Reproduction is strictly size dependent. Oogenesis takes 19-24 months, with a new cycle commencing every year. Spermatogenesis takes 10-12 months. The majority of gametes were released during the annual austral mass spawning event after full moon in November, but spawning also occur between August and February. The polyps at the outer edge of the colonies released their gametes first, followed by polyps situated closer to the center during subsequent months. Colonies upstream in the prevailing current spawn earlier than those downstream. The colonies were arranged in clusters of alternating males and females, which spawned simultaneously and were of the same genotype. Fission and buddying is a common mode to expand locally. Additionally, females undergoing fission divided into the most fecund size classes. The G. fascicularis and their associated symbionts were not genetically coupled to each other but to environmental factors. The host displayed an inshore-offshore zonation, with higher diversity offshore. The D1a symbiont exhibited an inshore- offshore zonation. In contrast; the 5 different C symbiont types showed a latitudinal distribution gradient, which shifted in dominance north to south. The study highlights the importance of protecting resilient coral and algal genotypes in stressed areas and the need to understand reproductive modes for coral conservation.Các rạn san hô là một trong những hệ sinh thái có tính đa dạng và bị đe dọa cao nhất trên trái đất. Các áp lực từ con người và nhiệt độ nước biển tăng (SSTs) đã gây ra hiện tượng “tẩy trắng” gây chết san hô ở mức độ cao chưa từng thấy trong thời điểm hiện tại. Mục tiêu của nghiên cứu này là tìm hiểu khả năng của san hô trong thích nghi, phân tán và sống sót nhằm duy trì quần thể. Bài báo số II-III là những nghiên cứu đầu tiên về đặc điểm sinh sản của loài san hô mềm phổ biến, Sarcophyton elegan tại Australia. Bài báo số IV nghiên cứu về phân bố nguồn gen của tảo cộng sinh trong loài san hô Galaxea fascicularis, tập trung vào sự thích nghi với môi trường dọc theo vùng biển Việt Nam, khu vực bị ô nhiễm từ lục địa. Sarcophyton elegans được biết với đặc điểm sinh sản cả vô tính và hữu tính. Loài này là loài sinh sản bằng cách phân tán trứng, với tỷ lệ giới tính là 1:1 và sự sinh sản hữu tính bị khống chế nghiêm ngặt bởi kích cỡ của tập đoàn (Bài báo II, phần phương pháp của Bài báo I). Quá trình tạo trứng kéo dài từ 19 đến 24 tháng với chu kỳ sinh sản lặp lại hàng năm, và sự sinh tinh kéo dài từ 10 đến 12 tháng. Phần lớn giao tử được giải phóng trong một thời gian ngắn sau ngày trăng tròn của tháng 11, nhưng giao tử vẫn được giải phóng trong ngày trăng tròn của các tháng từ tháng 8 đến tháng 1 năm sau. Các polyp autozooid nằm phía ngoài của tập đoàn giải phóng giao tử trước, sau đó là các polyp nằm gần lõi trong các tháng tiếp theo. Các tập đoàn ngược lên trong dòng chảy thịnh hành đẻ trứng sớm hơn các tập đoàn xuôi dòng khoảng một tháng (Bài báo II). Các tập đoàn được sắp xếp thành từng đám từ 7 đến hàng trăm tập đoàn trong mỗi nhóm, bao gồm cả đực và cái. Các tập đoàn trong cùng một nhóm sinh sản cùng một thời điểm. (Bài báo II) và mỗi nhóm có cùng một kiểu di truyền (Bài báo III) có đầy đủ 13 (có thể là 22) kiểu di truyền khác nhau. Sự phân đôi và kết đôi phụ thuộc hoàn toàn vào kích thước và có lẽ là phương thức mở rộng phổ biến nhất. Sự phân đôi phải mất 2 năm hoặc hơn mới hoàn thành. Thêm vào đó, con cái trải qua quá trình phân đôi thành kích cỡ có khả năng sinh sản cao nhất (Bài báo III). Có 6 nhóm haplotypes (mtDNA) của loài G. fascicularis và tảo cộng sinh Symbiodinium (ITS2 rDNA) không đóng cặp với nhau nhưng lại gắn với các yếu tố môi trường, có thể như kết quả của phương thức sinh sản của vật chủ (Bài báo IV). Vật chủ có sự phân vùng rõ rệt giữa gần bờ và xa bờ, với sự đa dạng cao hơn hẳn của các rạn xa bờ so với các rạn gần bờ, khu vực thường xuyên bị độ đục, ô nhiễm và lắng đọng trầm tích tác động. Tảo cộng sinh Symbiodinium D1a ITS2 điểm hình của sự phân vùng gần bờ và xa bờ. Ngược lại, 5 loại C khác lại có sự phân vùng theo vĩ tuyến, với sự tăng lên rõ rệt theo chiều Bắc-Nam, cùng với sự ổn định SST và sự tăng lên của các SST. Nghiên cứu này đã chỉ rõ tầm quan trọng trong bảo vệ các loài san hô và tảo biển bản địa tại các khu vực bị đe dọa (Bài báo IV) và sự cần thiết phải hiểu các phương thức sinh sản (Bài báo II-III) và các thông số môi trường trong việc xác định mức độ đa dạn sinh học và sự hấp thụ của sinh vật cộng sinh trong san hô cứng và san hô mềm.
At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.
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Starbuck, Melanie J. "Factors affecting reproductive efficiency of cattle". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2005. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4301.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2005.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 150 p. : ill. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 116-149).
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Hunt, von Herbing Ione. "Reproduction and recruitment in the bluehead wrasse Thalassoma bifasciatum in Barbados". Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61833.
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Torrents, Oriol. "Biologie des populations du corail rouge Corallium rubrum (L. 1758) de Méditerranée nord-occidentale". Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2007AIX22072.pdf.
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Le corail rouge de Méditerranée Corallium rubrum (L. 1758) est un octocoralliaire colonial sessile à longue durée de vie (> 100 ans) qui possède un squelette calcaire arborescent de couleur rouge. Le corail rouge est une espèce emblématique de Méditerranée parce qu’il a été récolté depuis l’antiquité pour l’utilisation de son squelette calcaire en bijouterie et ornementation. Les principales sources de mortalité de cette espèce sont les récoltes humaines et les événements de mortalité massive causés par des anomalies thermiques positives. Les principales conséquences de ces mortalités ont été la diminution de l’abondance des populations et de la taille moyenne des colonies. Malgré sa renommée, la biologie et l’écologie du corail rouge sont encore mal connues et leur connaissance s’avère indispensable pour une bonne gestion de populations. Les principaux objectifs de cette thèse ont été d’améliorer la connaissance globale de la biologie et écologie de cette espèce en étudiant des populations de côtes françaises méditerranéennes et d’apporter des données nécessaires pour les gestionnaires. Cette thèse a été dédiée à l’étude de paramètres essentiels de son cycle de vie comme la croissance et la biologie de la reproduction sur un grand nombre de populations (17 au total, réparties entre les côtes rocheuses près de Marseille et la Réserve naturelle de Scandola située à l’ouest de la Corse). Elle a aussi été le cadre de la première étude expérimentale sur la thermotolérance du corail rouge. Le corail rouge présente un taux moyen de croissance en diamètre de 0,15 mm par an. Malgré le grand nombre de colonies étudiées, les taux de croissance semblent être du même ordre de grandeur quel que soit l’habitat : intérieur ou extérieur des grottes, 20 ou 40 mètres de profondeur, les côtes de Calanques ou les côtes de l'ouest de la Corse. Par contre, la fécondité (nombre de gonades par polype), étudiée sur ces mêmes populations, semble être influencée par l’habitat. Ainsi, les populations de corail rouge localisées à l’intérieur des grottes montrent une fécondité significativement inférieure à celle des populations situées à l’extérieur des grottes. Cependant, aucune différence significative n’a pas été trouvée pour la fécondité entre populations situées à des profondeurs contrastées (18 – 22 m vs 39 – 42 m). L’étude de la biologie de la reproduction de l’espèce a été complétée par des travaux sur le cycle reproducteur, sur le sex–ratio qui semble être 1:1, sur la taille à la première reproduction située à moins de 3 cm de hauteur correspondant à 7 – 10 ans, sur la différence de maturité des gonades en profondeur, sur la variabilité annuelle de la fécondité qui s’avère être faible sur 3 ans et finalement sur les effet de l’anomalie thermique positive de l’été 2003 sur la reproduction. Finalement, des expérimentations sur la thermotolérance en aquarium ont été realisées sur deux populations provenant de profondeurs très contrastées (11 – 14 m vs 39 – 42 m). Ainsi, le seuil maximal de résistance a été trouvé aux alentours de 25 °C, température à laquelle les colonies commencent à se nécroser après 10 – 15 jours d’exposition. L’augmentation de la température de l’eau de mer affecte aussi la calcification et l’activité des polypes. La population peu profonde a montré une résistance plus élevée aux augmentations de température et ceci pour les trois variables de réponse étudiées. En conclusion, ce travail a permis d’avancer sur la compréhension de la dynamique de population du corail rouge. Les résultats seront essentiels pour le développement de modèles de dynamique de populations et également, ils faciliteront les recherches sur les facteurs environnementaux et/ou génétiques qui modulent la réponse des populations face au changement global. Finalement, ces nouvelles connaissances aideront au développement et à l’amélioration des plans de gestion et de conservation du corail rougeThe precious Mediterranean red coral Corallium rubrum (L. 1758) is a long–lived colonial sessile octocorallian which develops a red calcareous skeleton well–appreciated since antiquity for its value in jewellery and ornamentation. Professional harvesting, poaching and mass mortality events associated with positive thermal anomalies are the major sources of disturbance for this species. These disturbances have caused a marked decrease both in the abundance and size of colonies in the present populations. The persistence of these populations is linked to management and conservation plans constructed using reliable information about both main life history traits and population dynamics. Despite its value meaning, little is known about the biology and ecology of red coral. The main goals of this study is to provide data about significant life history traits (growth and reproduction) of red coral populations dwelling along the Mediterranean French rocky coasts in order to contribute our understanding of the biology and ecology of this species. In addition, this study will provide information about the effects of mass mortality events on red coral populations in order to better understand how these disturbances affect its population dynamics. The mean growth rate of red coral colonies was 0. 15 mm per year in diameter. Despite the large number of populations studied, growth rates remained stable across a wide variety of habitats analysed. Habitat comparisons were made between cave entrance vs cave interior, 20 vs 40 m depth and Calanques region vs west coast of Corsica Island. However, fecundity (number of mature gonads per polyp) analysed on the same populations seems only to be influenced by food availability. Thus, red coral populations dwelling at the entrance of caves showed larger fecundity than populations dwelling at the interior of the same caves. On the other hand, populations dwelling in contrasted depths (18 – 22 m vs 39 – 42 m) did not show any significant differences on fecundity. The study of reproduction biology of red coral has been completed by studies on reproductive cycle, sex ratio (1:1 overall studied populations), age and size at first reproduction (less than 3 cm corresponding to 7 – 10 years), differential gonad maturity in contrasted locations in both cave and depth factors analyses, inter-annual variability on fecundity (it seems to be low along three years) and the effects of mass mortality events on red coral fecundity. Finally, experiments on thermal tolerance in aquaria have been performed using two populations dwelling at contrasted depths (11 – 14 vs 39 – 42 m). The upper thermal limit was 25 °C. At this temperature, red coral colonies showed necrosis after 10 – 15 days. Polyp activity and calcification was also affected by increase of seawater temperature. Three experiments indicate that colonies from shallow populations had greater thermal tolerance to elevated temperatures than those from the deeper ones. In conclusion, this study furnished data to complete information about population dynamics of red coral. It is the aim of this study is to contribute to the development of mathematical models that can be used to explore the response of red coral populations under different disturbance regimes, as well as to facilitate future research about genetic or environmental factors which can modulate responses of these populations to environmental changes associated to climate change. Finally, these informations will help to improve both management and conservation plans
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Coeti, Rafaela Zani. "Biologia reprodutiva da cobra coral verdadeira Micrurus lemniscatus (Linnaeus, 1758) (SQUAMATA: ELAPIDAE)". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10132/tde-18102016-173519/.
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Recentes estudos do gênero Micrurus, o qual é popularmente conhecido como o das “cobras-corais verdadeiras”, dividem este táxon em dois grupos morfologicamente distintos, o grupo das cobras corais com anéis negros em mônades (BRM) e o grupo das cobras corais com anéis negros em tríades (BRT) e, com base na morfologia macroscópica, supõe-se que esses grupos possuam estratégias reprodutivas diferenciadas. Assim, este estudo analisa e descreve a biologia reprodutiva de machos e fêmeas da espécie de serpente de tríades Micrurus lemniscatus de algumas regiões do Brasil. Micrurus lemniscatus é um complexo, com evidências polifiléticas, sendo composto por quatro subespécies: Micrurus l. carvalhoi, Micrurus l. helleri, Micrurus l. diutius e M. l. lemniscatus que habitam Mata atlântica, Cerrado e Floresta Amazônica brasileiros. Para isto foram utilizados animais preservados em coleções herpetológicas, dos quais obteveram-se dados biométricos e merísticos. Além disso, estes espécimes foram dissecados e suas gônadas medidas e coletadas para análises morfológicas e histológicas. Outras características, relacionadas à biologia reprodutiva, como presença de dimorfismo sexual, morfologia macro e microscópica, diferenciação das gônadas durante as estações e estocagem de espermatozoides também foram estudadas. O ciclo reprodutivo de Micrurus lemniscatus carvalhoi da Mata Atlântica e Cerrado foi estudado separadamente do ciclo reprodutivo de Micrurus lemniscatus lemniscatus da Amazônia e a comparação entre eles evidencia diferenças consideráveis, assim, é provável que o habitat esteja influenciando o ciclo dessas subespécies, o que pode gerar uma barreira reprodutiva e futura especiação entre elasRecent studies about the genus Micrurus, popularly known as “true coral snakes”, divide this taxon in two morphologically distinct groups: the group which has black rings arranged in monads (BRM) and the group which has black rings in triads (BRT) and, based on macroscopic morphology, it is assumed that these groups have different reproductive strategies. Therefore, this research analyzes and describes male and female Micrurus lemniscatus reproductive biology of some regions in Brazil. M. lemniscatus is a species complex with polyphyletic evidence, consisting of four subspecies: Micrurus l. carvalhoi, Micrurus l. helleri, Micrurus l. diutius and M. l. lemniscatus, which inhabit the Atlantic rainforest, Cerrado and Amazon rainforest. For such, animals of herpetological collections were used to obtain biometric and meristic data. In addition, these specimens were dissected and their gonads measured and collected for morphological and histological analyzes. Other features related to reproductive biology were examined, such as the presence of sexual dimorphism, macroscopic and microscopic morphology, gonadal differentiation during the seasons, and sperm storage. The reproductive cycle of Micrurus lemniscatus carvalhoi from Atlantic forest and Cerrado was studied separately from the reproductive cycle of Micrurus lemniscatus lemniscatus from the Amazon forest and the comparison between them shows considerably differences, so it is likely that the habitat is influencing the cycle of these subspecies, which can generate a reproductive barrier and future speciation between them
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Massé, Lola. "Comparaison de la reproduction sexuée et du recrutement des coraux scléractiniaires entre un récif tropical (La Réunion) et subtropical (Afrique du Sud) du sud-ouest de l’océan Indien". Thesis, La Réunion, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LARE0025/document.
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Cette étude a pour but de comparer la reproduction et le recrutement des coraux entre les récifs subtropicaux d'Afrique du Sud et les récifs tropicaux de la Réunion représentant des milieux contrastés. D'autres part, afin de simuler le réchauffement climatique, l'effet de l'augmentation de la température de l'eau en aquarium a été testé sur le développement des larves et les juvéniles de coraux. Les deux espèces étudiées, Acropora austera et Platygyra daedalea ont un mode de reproduction (hermaphrodite ‘pondeur’), un développement des gamètes (5-6 mois) et une période de reproduction (d'Octobre à Février) similaires en Afrique du Sud et à la Réunion. La fécondité de ces coraux est néanmoins supérieure en Afrique du Sud par rapport à la Réunion. Les deux espèces produisent 43-100% plus d'ovocytes en Afrique du Sud qu'à la Réunion. Le taux de recrutement des coraux est aussi supérieur sur les récifs subtropicaux d'Afrique du Sud (548 recrues m2 an-1) comparé à ceux de la Réunion (305 recrues m2 an-1). Le recrutement est dominé par les Pocilloporidae dans les deux régions, suivis par les Acroporidae en Afrique du Sud et les Poritidae à la Réunion. En Afrique du Sud, l'augmentation de la température de l'eau de 2°C a une influence négative sur le développement larvaire du sensible A. austera alors que P. daedalea est plus vigoureux et supporte des températures de 4°C supérieures à la normale (30°C). À la Réunion, le faible taux de fécondité et de recrutement semble être un indicateur de perturbation des récifs. Au contraire en Afrique du Sud, l'effort de reproduction des coraux et l'important approvisionnement en larves, associés à la faible anthropisation des récifs, pourraient favoriser l'adaptation des coraux aux changements climatiques dans une certaine limiteCoral reproduction and recruitment in Scleractinia were compared between the subtropical reefs of South Africa and the tropical reefs of Reunion to assess variations between contrasting environments. In addition, coral larvae and juvenile polyps were exposed to elevated temperature in aquarium to simulate global warming. The two targeted species, Acropora austera and Platygyra daedalea, exhibited the same reproductive mode (hermaphroditic broadcast spawner), gamete development (5-6 months) and breeding seasonality (October to February) in South Africa and Reunion. Coral fecundity was nevertheless higher in South Africa than in Reunion. A. austera and P. certaine limite.AbstractCoral reproduction and recruitment in Scleractinia were compared between the subtropical reefs of South Africa and the tropical reefs of Reunion to assess variations between contrasting environments. In addition, coral larvae and juvenile polyps were exposed to elevated temperature in aquarium to simulate global warming. The two targeted species, Acropora austera and Platygyra daedalea, exhibited the same reproductive mode (hermaphroditic broadcast spawner), gamete development (5-6 months) and breeding seasonality (October to February) in South Africa and Reunion. Coral fecundity was nevertheless higher in South Africa than in Reunion. A. austera and P. daedalea produced respectively 43 and 100% more oocytes per polyp than their Reunion counterparts. The recruitment rate was also higher on the subtropical reefs of South Africa (548 recruits m2 year-1) compared to Reunion (305 recruits m2 year-1). Recruitment was dominated by Pocilloporidae at the two localities, followed by Acroporidae in South Africa and Poritidae in Reunion. In South Africa, an increase in sea temperature of 2°C strongly affected the larval development of the sensitive A. austera, while the more robust P. daedalea sustained temperatures up to 4°C (i.e. 30°C) above ambient. In Reunion, diminished fecundity and recruitment rate seemed to be an indicator of reef perturbation. In contrast in South Africa, the high reproductive effort and larval supply in corals associated with the low levels of disturbance on the reefs may favour coral adaptation, to some extent, under global change
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Carr, Daniel. "Canopy Disturbance and Reproduction in Cornus florida L". VCU Scholars Compass, 2010. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2245.
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This study examined aspects of local reproductive variation in the flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.) coincident with recent differences in primary canopy architecture. The dogwood trees in this study were impacted by a hurricane that created numerous treefall gaps, which created fine scale heterogeneity in the primary canopy. Fine scale disturbances in a forest can result in changes for multiple members of the forest community, including the reproductive responses of the trees and interspecific pollination mutualisms. Previously determined differences in offspring genetic structure suggested that pollen movement among genetically unstructured maternal individuals was significantly impacted between open, or disturbed, canopy and closed, or undisturbed, types. To further understand mechanisms by which this nonrandom mating occurred, this study examined both intrinsic and extrinsic reproductive factors for C. florida. The first chapter examines several parameters of the reproductive phenology of sample groups of dogwood between the canopy types as intrinsic factors. The parameters observed included initiation, course and termination of flowering, seed set and seed germination ratios. The results showed some significant differences between the sampling areas in flowering intensity, although the majority of the variation was between maternal individuals throughout the entire sample. The second chapter examines insect community composition across areas of differential canopy disturbance. Community analysis showed that the open canopy contained a larger and more diverse assemblage of insects than the closed canopy or the field, which represented an area of complete canopy removal. This shift in insect community composition may have created functional differences in the local pattern of pollen flow by altering the functional composition of local potential pollinator assemblages. The major finding of this study was that the impact of intermediate natural disturbance on the mating systems of understory plant populations may be more indirect than direct. In conclusion, the observed differences in insect community structure within these habitat types in this study were consistent with predetermined patterns of pollen flow; this structure can explain some of the previously observed genetic structure within locally proximate understory tree populations.
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Sier, Christopher J. S. "The reproductive biology and histology of three species of scleractinian corals from the Republic of Maldives, Indian Ocean". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242358.
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Brooke, Sandra Dawn. "Reproductive ecology of a deep-water scleractinian coral, Oculina Vericosa from the South East Florida shelf". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249955.
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Lacks, Amy L. "Reproductive ecology and distritution of the scleractinian coral Fungia scutaria in Kane‘ohe Bay, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i". Thesis, University of Hawai‘i, Honolulu, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/16333.
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In Hawaii, abundance of the scleractinian Fungia scutaria is thought to have been
in decline in recent years due to disturbances to Kaneohe Bay, where an unusually dense
population exists. This study examines factors that could limit population growth in this
coral. Sexual reproduction occurred throughout the summer. Experimental data from
sperm dilution studies suggested that eggs must be released within 2m of a spawning
male for successful fertilization to occur. Field surveys indicated that many patch reefs
exhibited high enough densities to yield successful fertilization. However, since field
surveys found that only a small percentage (1 %) of juvenile corals (5 cm in length)
resulted from settled larvae, post-fertilization processes may be limiting successful
recruitment. Asexual reproduction appears to be dominant, with 70% of corals occurring
in close aggregations, and 93% of these in aggregations made up of a single color-morph.Thesis (M. A.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2000. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 70-74).
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Redwine, Angela. "REPRODUCTION AND FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE OF CORNUS FLORIDA ACROSS AN URBAN LANDSCAPE GRADIENT". VCU Scholars Compass, 2013. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3136.
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Urbanization greatly alters plant and pollinator communities and can affect pollinator movement and subsequent gene flow. Plants persisting in urban areas must adjust to local environmental conditions often different from those in which they naturally evolved, and cultivation techniques for landscaping species have developed traits suitable for existence in urban habitats. Cultivated varieties and native conspecifics often exist in geographic proximity, and if pollinator movement is not blocked by urban structural components, functional differences may negatively impact spatially proximate native populations. I used spatial analysis of successful pollination of Cornus florida to estimate how pollinator movement is affected by urban features. My results suggest that buildings and canopy are the most important components which influence reproductive success in urban habitats. Additionally, I compared functional responses of both adult and offspring C. florida cultivars and native plants to differential light environments in the urban and natural understory habitats, and we found differences in physiology and morphology that could lead to negative fitness consequences for native populations should gene escape from urban cultivar to native populations occur via pollinator movement.
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Vaskivuo, T. (Tommi). "Regulation of apoptosis in the female reproductive system". Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2002. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514266676.
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Abstract
Apoptosis is a genetically programmed mechanism for a multicellular organism to remove cells that are unnecessary, or potentially harmful. The female reproductive system is characterised by a high rate of cellular proliferation. At the same time, apoptosis is also abundant during the normal physiological function of the ovary and endometrium. More than half of the 7 million oocytes that are produced during human ovarian development are deleted before birth and only about 400 oocytes reach the stage of ovulation during the female fertile lifespan. The fate of the non-ovulatory follicles is atresia, occurring through the mechanism of apoptosis. The endometrium goes through radical renewal processes during each menstrual cycle. Apoptosis has been suggested to participate in the regulation of endometrial cellular homeostasis. Errors in this mechanism can result in endometrial diseases such as hyperplasia and cancer. In this work, apoptosis and its regulation were studied in the human fetal and adult ovary, normal endometrium and endometrial pathologies.
In fetal ovaries, apoptosis was already abundantly present in oocytes at 13 weeks of gestation. The maximum rate of apoptosis was seen between the 14th and 20th weeks, after which apoptosis decreased towards term. Ovarian Bcl-2 expression was detected in early fetal life during weeks 13 and 14. Bax expression was observed throughout the studied period, from week 13 to 40. The expression of transcription factor GATA-4, which is linked to follicular survival, was localised to the granulosa cells and was high in early fetal life and decreased somewhat towards term. In adult life apoptosis was located in the granulosa cells of the growing follicles. In ovarian biopsies from women homozygous for the inactivating C566T mutation of the FSH receptor, apoptosis or GATA-4 expression was not detected. During corpus luteum regression a peak in apoptosis was detected 10 - 12 days after the LH surge, and was preceded by an increase in 17HSD type 1 and TNF-α expression. During normal menstrual cycles, the highest rate of apoptosis was observed in the menstrual endometrium. This increase in apoptosis was preceded by a decreased Bcl-2/Bax ratio. In endometrial hyperplasia, the rate of apoptosis was similar to that seen during normal proliferation of the endometrium, but an apparent increase was observed in grade II endometrial carcinoma. In grade III carcinoma, the rate of apoptosis was lower than in grade II carcinoma but higher than in hyperplasia.
These results indicate that apoptosis is the mechanism behind the substantial oocyte demise during ovarian development. During adult life, apoptosis was mainly localised to the granulosa cells of the growing follicles which do not reach the stage of a dominant follicle. In ovaries where FSH action is abolished, folliculogenesis was impaired and ovarian apoptosis was negligible. Apoptosis is also the underlying mechanism of corpus luteum regression. In the endometrium, apoptosis has a role in rejuvenating the endometrium for growth during the next endometrial cycle and in regulating cellular homeostasis.
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Zuccaro, Destefani Ilaria. "Reproductive output of the solitary zooxanthellate coral Balanophyllia europaea (Scleractinia, Dendrophylliidae) along a natural pH gradient at Panarea Island". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/20402/.
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Approximately a quarter of the anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to the atmosphere are absorbed by the ocean. This ocean uptake of CO2 causes a progressive decrease of seawater pH and carbonate ion concentration, also known as ocean acidification and shifts in seawater carbonate chemistry. Ocean acidification will have many negative consequences for marine calcifying organisms, including corals. This thesis examines the short-term potential effects of ocean acidification on reproductive output of the solitary and zooxanthellate coral Balanophyllia europaea, transplanted along a natural pH gradient generated by an underwater volcanic crater near Panarea Island (Sicily, Italy). Cyto-histometric analyses reveal that oocyte and spermary abundance (#/100 mm3), oocyte and spermary gonadal index (%), fertility (#/100 mm3), embryonal index (%) and embryo diameter (μm) of Gonadal development and Maturity period of B. europaea was unaffected by increasing acidification, even under an extreme pH value. Only oocyte and spermary diameter of both reproductive periods varied among sites but without a clear trend. Thus, reproduction of B. europaea seems to be tolerant to decreasing pH, while the azooxanthellate corals, L. pruvoti and A. calycularis, transplanted along the same natural gradient, were negatively affected by increasing acidification. This different result could be explained by the different trophic strategy of B. europaea, as the symbiosis with zooxanthellae could provide additional energy to dedicate in reproduction.
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Southey, Katherine. "Spawning and spatial movement in the bluehead wrasse (Thalassoma bifasciatum) at Barbados, West Indies". Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61036.
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This study investigates the characteristics and use of spawning sites by the bluehead wrasse Thalassoma bifasciatum in Barbados, and movements of wrasses from source reefs to proximate and isolate recipient reefs. Pair spawning rate increased with increasing projection height; group spawning rate increased with increasing proximity to the downcurrent reef edge. Daily group spawning rates, but not pair-spawning rates, were higher when daily current speeds were lower, suggesting that fertilisation rates in group spawns may be more sensitive to current speed than fertilisation rates in pair spawns. Migration rate to isolated reefs was 16% that to proximate reefs. Immigration rate to recipient reefs decreased with increasing distance from the source reef and increased with increasing population density on the source reef. Immigration rates to proximate reefs were phase, sex, and size-specific, and were strongly influenced by phase, sex, and size-specific differences in home range size of wrasses. Immigration to isolated reefs was also phase and sex-specific. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Tarso, Gusmão da Silva Saulo De. "HEMODYNAMICS STUDIES OF THE PREOVULATORY FOLLICLE AND CORPUS LUTEUM IN CATTLE". OpenSIUC, 2015. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1104.
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Productivity efficiency in the livestock sector depends upon reproduction success at the farms. Evaluation of follicle and corpus luteum hemodynamics by color-Doppler ultrasonography is becoming more commonly used in cattle reproductive management. Improved understanding of the relationships between size and blood flow of the preovulatory follicle (POF) and corpus luteum (CL) with the subsequent systemic progesterone production, and the impact of those factors on fertility, would provide information to help maximize fertility in cattle reproduction. Three studies were conducted in this dissertation with the following general objectives: I) evaluate the relationships between follicle and corpus luteum dimensions and blood flow, and the influence of follicle size and wall blood flow on systemic progesterone production by the subsequent CL; II) study the relationships between follicle wall blood flow within different follicle size categories, between cows and heifers, and the effect on pregnancy rates; and III) develop a novel and reliable objective method for evaluation of follicle wall blood flow. In study one, high positive correlations were found among all POF and CL end points, and progesterone concentrations. Ratios of POF, CL, and progesterone end points ranged from moderate to strong positive correlations. Linear regression dispersions among selected POF and CL end points and progesterone concentrations showed high significance when using POF dimensions to estimate CL dimensions as well as POF blood flow to estimate CL size and blood flow, and plasma progesterone concentrations. In study two, cows had larger and more vascularized follicles than heifers. Pregnant cows had larger follicles and tended to have more vascularized follicles than non-pregnant cows. Follicle blood flow was greater in the large follicle category compared with the small follicles, and tended to be greater than medium-size follicles. Moderate to strong correlations were found between follicle blood flow and small, medium, and large follicles. Pregnancy rates were similar among follicle diameter categories. In study three, a novel objective method (wall under flow, WUF) for evaluation of follicle wall blood flow using color-Doppler ultrasonography was tested. Results indicated that due to differences in follicle morphology and in area and location of the blood flow, the objective pixel analysis previously reported in the literature for evaluation of CL blood flow cannot be translated as a gold standard test to objectively evaluate blood flow in follicles. The WUF was a superior method to evaluate follicle wall blood flow when compared with other methods. Furthermore, pixel area method did not sustain the validation of subjective evaluations of follicle wall blood flow. In conclusion, this work demonstrated novel linear relationships among POF and CL end points which can be used to estimate the subsequent progesterone production by the CL. Additionally, POF wall blood flow was closely associated with an increase in follicle diameter; smaller follicles had lower blood flow when compared with larger follicles. Moreover, the WUF was a more reliable method to objectively evaluate follicle wall blood flow in cows than the pixel area method.
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Nascimento, Gabriel Artur Marciano do. "Avaliação da eficiência luteolítica de diferentes doses de cloprostenol sódico e dinoprost trometamina administradas nos dias 4 e 11 do ciclo estral de fêmeas bovinas de corte /". Jaboticabal, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/191070.
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Orientador: Lindsay Unno GimenesResumo: No presente estudo os objetivos foram avaliar a resposta luteolítica de meia dose (50%) ou dose inteira (100%) de cloprostenol sódico (CS) e dinoprost trometamina (DT) administrados em fêmeas bovinas de corte não lactantes cíclicas, nas fases de metaestro e diestro do ciclo estral (4 ou 11 dias após a ovulação (D0), respectivamente), quanto a: dinâmica luteínica, vascularização central e periférica, quantificação de pixels na área vascularizada do CL e dosagem de progesterona sérica (Exp.1) e morfometria das células luteínicas, imunomarcação de caspase-3 e dosagem de progesterona (P4; Exp.2). No Exp. 1, 54 fêmeas tiveram a ovulação sincronizada e receberam os seguintes tratamentos: CS 0 µg (CS0%; n=3/ grupo), CS 250 µg (CS50%; n=5/D4 e n=7/D11), CS 500 µg (CS100%; n=5/ grupo), DT 0 mg (DT0%; n=2/ grupo), DT 12,5 mg (DT50%; n=5/D4 e n=6/D11) ou DT 25 mg (DT100%; n=5/D4 e n=6/D11). No Exp. 2, 25 fêmeas foram sincronizadas, alocadas nos tratamentos no D4 e D11: CS50%; CS100%; DT50%; DT100% (n=3/ grupo, exceto DT100% no D11, n=2) e abatidas dois dias após. Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA em arranjo fatorial (2x2x3, no Exp. 1 e 2x2x2, no Exp. 2) com medidas repetidas no tempo (exceto para morfometria e imunomarcação) e teste de Tukey, com significância a 5%. No Exp. 1, animais avaliados no D4 apresentaram redução numérica da concentração de P4, das dimensões e vascularização luteais. Já animais avaliados a partir de D11 apresentaram redução para todos os parâmetros avaliados a... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: In the present study the objectives were to evaluate the luteolytic response of half-dose (50%) or full dose (100%) of sodium cloprostenol (SC) and dinoprost tromethamine (DT) administered in beef cattle cyclic non-lactating, at the metaestrous and diestrous stages of the estrous cycle (4 or 11 days after ovulation (D0), respectively), regarding: luteal dynamics, central and peripheral vascularization, quantification of pixels in vascularized area of CL and serum progesterone levels (Exp.1) and luteal cell morphometry, caspase-3 immunolocation and progesterone levels (P4; Exp.2). In Exp. 1, 54 females were synchronized ovulation and received the following treatments: SC0µg (SC0%; n=3/group), SC250µg (SC50%; n=5/D4 and n=7/D11), SC500µg (SC100%; n=5/group), DT0mg (DT0%; n=2/group), DT12.5mg (DT50%; n=5/D4 and n=6/D11) or DT25mg (DT100%; n=5/D4 and n=6/D11). In Exp. 2, 25 females were synchronized, assigned to treatments on D4 and D11: SC50%; SC100%; DT50%; DT100% (n=3/group, except DT100% on D11, n=2) and slaughtered two days later. Data were analyzed by ANOVA in factorial arrangement (2x2x3, in Exp. 1 and 2x2x2, in Exp. 2) with repeated measures in time (except for morphometry and immunolocation) and Tukey test, at 5% level of significance. In Exp. 1, animals evaluated in D4 showed numerical reduction of P4 levels, luteal dimensions and vascularization. Animals evaluated at D11 showed reduction for all parameters evaluated over the experimental moments. The use of 50% or 100%... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Mosher, Celeste V. "Commensalism and Reproductive Biology of the Brittle Star Ophiocreas oedipus Associated with the Octoral Metallogorgia melanotrichos on the New England Corner Rise Seamounts". Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2008. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/MosherCV2008.pdf.
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Jardin, Catherine. "Biologie de la reproduction de quelques coraux scleractiniaires en polynesie francaise : application a la restauration d'un site lagonaire degrade". Pacifique, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PACI0008.
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Ce travail s'est articule autour de deux themes: le potentiel de guerison des recifs coralliens face aux degradations et les moyens de restauration des zones recifales degradees. Deux etudes sont menees pour la premiere fois en polynesie francaise, dans les recifs de moorea: la biologie de la reproduction de 6 especes de coraux scleractiniaires et la restauration biologique d'une zone lagonaire degradee. La reproduction sexuee a ete etudiee chez 4 especes: montipora spumosa, porites lutea, p. Lobata, p. Australiensis. Ces especes ont presente 4 stades de maturation cellulaire au cours des 2 etes australs (92-93 et 93-94). Les parametres de fecondite sont variables selon les sexualites de ces differentes especes (hermaphrodite ou gonochorique). La reproduction asexuee a ete etudiee chez pocillopora dominconnis. Cette espece produit des pidnulas selon un cycle fortement correle aux phases de lune. Porites (synaraea) rus n'a pas presente de cycle de reproduction sexuee. Cette espece a sans doute recours a la reproduction par fragmentation. L'experience de restauration biologique a ete menee sous la forme de transplantation de 165 colonies coralliennes. Les techniques de transplantation ont ete testees et mises au point. Le suivi des transplants et de la zone a ete mene durant 13 mois ou la mortalite des coraux, leur croissance et la colonisation du site par la faune recifale ont ete mesures. Le potentiel des guerisons des recifs apparait faible mais la transplantation corallienne est une etape vers la rehabilitation
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St, Gelais Adam T. "Reproductive Ecology of Siderastrea siderea: Histological Analysis of Gametogenesis, Spawning, and Latitudinal Fecundity Variation". NSUWorks, 2010. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/200.
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The health of coral reefs has been decreasing globally due to acute and diffuse anthropogenic impacts. Historically corals have persisted through periods of adverse conditions for coral growth via evolutionary selective processes, making successful sexual reproduction paramount to the future of coral reefs. Little is known about sexual reproduction of Caribbean corals at high latitude, specifically in southeast Florida on the northern most extension of the Florida reef tract. Here, a comprehensive histological analysis of gametogenesis, spawning, and size of sexual maturity is provided for Siderastrea siderea at 26°N (Broward County, Florida, USA), with accompanying analysis of fecundity variation from the upper Florida Keys (25"N) through Martin County Florida (27°N). Histological analysis of tissue samples in combination with lunar, tidal, and temperature cues suggest primary spawning occurs following the new moon of October. Massive and rapid post-spawning oocyte resorption was observed and characterized across both years indicating that spawning is generally incomplete in the study area. Histological observations suggest that size at sexual maturity in a nearshore, high sediment environment may be >20cm2 which is considerably smaller than previously reported. Fecundity decreased by 85% from 25°N to 27°N. Changes in fecundity were not attributed to significant differences in oocyte quantity between regions but to differences in oocyte volume which decreased by 65% from 25°N to 27°N. Drastic decreases in fecundity observed over a relatively small geospatial scale have important implications for regional population structure and connectivity and should prompt a further, multi-species, investigation.
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De, Marchis Hayley. ""The Effects of Ocean Warming and Sedimentation on the Survival and Growth of Acropora cervicornis" and "Differential Prevalence of Chimerism during Embryogenesis in Corals"". NSUWorks, 2017. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/463.
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Part I:
Coral reefs are essential to coastal economies, protecting coastlines from storms, and harboring high biodiversity. However, reefs are declining due to local anthropogenic stressors and ocean warming. Sedimentation, a local stressor, aggravates the impacts of warming on corals and hinders their survival and growth. Therefore, it is important to investigate whether sedimentation and temperature have a synergistic effect on vulnerable coral species, especially during earlier stages of development. To quantify these effects, survival and growth of newly settled Acropora cervicornis corals were measured at two temperatures (29 and 31°C, representing current and predicted for 2050 Summer temperatures) and three sediment concentrations (30, 60 and 120 mg.cm-2, representing a range from natural sedimentation to dredging conditions). The intent of this study was to mix multiple genotypes to test temperature and sedimentation among genotypic unique individuals. However, only 20% of colonies spawned, and spawning was asynchronous by genotype. Therefore, individuals were produced from self-fertilization. The overall high mortality seen in this study suggests that self-fertilization in A. cervicornis does not produce viable juveniles. Although temperature did not have a significant effect on the survival of self-fertilized juveniles, sediment concentration did. The lowest sediment concentration led to the highest juvenile survival in both ambient and heated conditions. The growth of A. cervicornis selfed individuals was not significantly affected by temperature or sedimentation. These results suggest that reducing sedimentation in dredging and coastal construction areas around coral reefs facilitates the survival of Acropora cervicornis juveniles and may help to ensure their persistence in the future. Because self-fertilized larvae were used, these results need to be interpreted with caution, and this research needs to be repeated with outcrossed A. cervicornis. What is clear is that genotypic diversity is needed for A. cervicornis population growth and resilience.
Part II:
Chimeras occur when two or more genetically unique individuals of the same species fuse together. The presence of chimerism can aid in the survival and evolution of organisms. This study investigated whether the prevalence of chimerism differs between coral species of different reproduction modes and growth rates. To fulfill this goal, the surface area of egg and/or larvae of three coral species, Montastraea cavernosa, Acropora cervicornis, and Porites astreoides, were measured and compared with the respective surface areas of the newly settled juveniles. This comparison suggested that M. cavernosa displayed a greater tendency to form chimeras than A. cervicornis and P. astreoides. Observations during embryogenesis confirmed this prediction. Montastraea cavernosa is a slow grower and has the smallest eggs of all three study species. Chimerism during embryogenesis may increase this species’ tendency to start the sessile stage at a slightly bigger size and thus increases its competitive abilities for reef space. In contrast, A. cervicornis is a broadcast spawner, fast grower and has a relatively larger egg size, possibly explaining the reduced chimeric tendency during embryogenesis. It is possible that P. astreoides formed chimeras during embryogenesis within the polyp, but they did not form them in the swimming planulae stage. The lack of chimerism during P. astreoides planulae development may be attributed to its brooding reproductive mode, directly releasing large competent larvae that have large initial sizes at settlement. Therefore, the ability to form chimeras in an early developmental stage might provide an ecological advantage to M. cavernosa that contributes to its abundance in Broward County: the greater size at settlement caused by chimerism during embryogenesis may provide this species a competitive advantage for reef space.
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Kornder, Niklas Alexander. "Using Regression-Based Effect Size Meta-Analysis to Investigate Coral Responses to Climate Change". NSUWorks, 2016. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/415.
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Attempts to quantify the effects of ocean acidification and warming (OAW) on scleractinian corals provide a growing body of response measurements. However, placing empirical results into an ecological context is challenging, owing to variations that reflect both natural heterogeneity and scientific bias. This study addresses the heterogeneity of climate change induced changes in coral recruitment and calcification. To discern scientific bias and identify drivers of the remaining heterogeneity, 100 publications were analyzed using a combination of weighted mixed effects meta-regression and factorial effect size meta‑analysis. A linear model was applied to quantify the variation caused by differing stress levels across studies. The least squares predictions were then used to standardize individual study outcomes and effect size meta-analysis was performed on original and standardized outcomes separately. On average, increased temperature significantly reduces larval survival, while ocean acidification impedes settlement and calcification. Coral resistance to OAW is likely governed by biological traits (genera and life cycle stage), environmental factors (abiotic variability) and experimental design (feeding regime, stressor magnitude, and exposure duration). Linear models suggest that calcification rates are driven by carbonate and bicarbonate concentrations, which act additively with warming. Standardizing outcomes to linear model predictions proved useful in discerning strong sources of scientific bias. The approach used in this study can improve modelling projections and inform policy and management on changes in coral community structure associated with the expected future intensification of OAW.
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Galvão, António Miguel Gonçalves Travassos. "New insights in the immuno-endocrine regulation of equine reproduction : in vitro studies on luteal and endometrial function". Doctoral thesis, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/3738.
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Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Veterinárias. Especialidade de Ciências Biológicas e BiomédicasCoordination of reproductive events in the ovary and uterus demands the action of diverse factors as steroid hormones, eicosanoids, growth factors or cytokines on the regulating of processes such as angiogenesis, cell growth and differentiation, and apoptosis. Thus, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the influence of cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNF), interferon gamma (IFNG) and Fas Ligand (FASL) on the regulation of secretory function, angiogenesis, cell viability and apoptosis in the equine: (i) corpus luteum (CL) during luteal establishment and functional and structural regression; and (ii) endometrium during follicular phase (FP) and mid luteal phase (MLP), at cell, gene and molecular levels. All studied cytokine ligands and receptors were expressed in the equine CL, throughout the luteal phase, and in the endometrium, throughout the estrous cycle. During CL growth, TNF was shown to stimulate in vitro P4 and PGE2, to inhibit PGF2α secretion and to increase VEGF expression and angiogenic factors production. Thus, among all cytokines studied, TNF might give a luteotrophic contribution for CL establishment. Conversely, during CL regression, all cytokines alone reduced P4 and PGE2 secretion, while both FASL and TNF stimulated PGF2α secretion. TNF and IFNG reduced angiogenic factors secretion and FASL decreased VEGF expression. Cytokine association (TNF+IFNG+FASL) effectively promoted apoptosis and reduced luteal cell viability. Besides, they stimulated PGF2α and inhibited P4, PGE2 secretion and angiogenesis. In conclusion, cytokines interaction appears to coordinate functional and structural luteolysis in the mare. Concerning TNF role on endometrial cells, it can be concluded that during MLP, this cytokine stimulated PGE2 secretion, promoted angiogenic activity and NO secretion and increased endometrial cells viability. The interaction between TNF, oxytocin and steroid hormones was shown to be determinant for physiologic regulation of equine endometrium.
RESUMO - Novas perspectivas na regulação imuno-endócrina da reprodução equina: estudos in vitro da função lútea e endometrial. - A coordenação da função reprodutora no ovário e no útero requer a participação de diversos factores como hormonas esteróides, eicosanóides, factores de crescimento ou citocinas, responsáveis por regular processos biológicos como a angiogénese, o crescimento e diferenciação celular e a apoptose. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objectivo avaliar a influência das citocinas factor de necrose tumoral α (FNT), interferão gama (IFNG) e Fas Ligando (FASL) na regulação da função secretora, angiogénese, viabilidade celular e apoptose: (i) no corpo lúteo (CL) durante o seu estabelecimento e regressão funcional e estrutural; e (ii) no endométrio durante as fases folicular (FF) e lútea média (FLM), a nível celular, molecular e genético na égua. A expressão de todos os ligandos e receptores das citocinas estudadas foi confirmada no CL, ao longo da fase lútea, e no endométrio, ao longo do ciclo éstrico. Durante o crescimento do CL, FNT estimulou a produção in vitro de P4 e PGE2, inibiu a secreção de PGF2α e aumentou a expressão de VEGF e a produção de factores angiogénicos. Desta forma, de todas as citocinas estudadas, FNT poderá contribuir como factor luteotrófico para o estabelecimento do CL. Contrariamente, aquando da regressão lútea, todas as citocinas individualmente reduziram a secreção de P4 e PGE2, enquanto FASL e FNT estimularam a secreção de PGF2α. FNT e IFNG inibiram a secreção de factores angiogénicos e FASL diminuiu a expressão de VEGF. A associação de citocinas FNT+IFNG+FASL promoveu de forma efectiva a apoptose e a redução da viabilidade das células lúteas. Além disso, estimulou a secreção de PGF2α e diminuiu as de P4 e PGE2, bem como inibiu a angiogénese. Concluindo, a interacção entre as várias citocinas parece coordenar a regressão funcional e estrutural do CL na égua. Considerando o papel do TNF nas células endometriais, conclui-se que, durante a FLM, este factor estimulou a secreção de PGE2, promoveu a produção de factores angiogénicos e de NO e aumentou a viabilidade das células endometriais. A interacção entre o FNT, a ocitocina e as hormonas esteróides provou ser determinante para a regulação fisiológica do endométrio equino.
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Fleyfel, Mimi. "La traduction des titres de presse économique : analyse et reproduction stylistique et rhétorique". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCA039/document.
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Nous proposons dans cette recherche de mener un travail explorateur sur la problématique de la traduction des titres dans la presse économique destinée à la vulgarisation. De ce fait, notre but est d’aboutir à des observations empiriques et proposer une approche de traduction adaptée à ces énoncés.Nous avons exploré, dans la première partie, les fondements théoriques et pratiques en traductologie et examiné les différents éléments en œuvre dans l’activité traductionnelle. Nous avons également proposé une approche de traduction adaptée aux titres de presse et à la leur spécificité linguistique et stylistique. Ce procédé appelle à une exploration analytique de la textuelle de départ aux niveaux de la linguistique et de la stylistique afin d’établir une équivalence qui puisse configurer la formation structurale et préserver sa portée, d’une part, et transmettre ses effets rhétoriques, d’autre part. Cette approche nous permet de décider de la démarche suivie pour aboutir à l’équivalence recherchée, d’où la pratique d’une traduction bijective, injective, surjective, ou libre. Dans la partie empirique, nous avons analysé deux corpus en nous basant sur les types de traduction proposés. Le premier a été prélevé afin de juger du degré d’adéquation de chaque traduction en matière de pertinence sémantique et de fonctionnalité du parcours suivi. Le deuxième a été prélevé en raison des particularités stylistiques des titres sélectionnés afin d’établir des équivalences illustratives du modèle configuratif transmissionnel proposé.La conclusion porte sur des constatations formulées sur les procédés suivis dans les corpus choisis et sur le modèle configuratif transmissionnel proposéThis research aims at exploring problematic issues relating to the translation of headlines in popular, economic magazines. Hence, it means to derive relevant empirical observations and propose a translation theory adapted to the headlines in question.With that objective in mind, we have allotted the initial part of our research to the theoretical and practical approaches encountered in translation studies and examined the various elements at work during the translation process. We have also proposed a model of translation adapted to headlines and their linguistic and stylistic characteristics. This approach calls for an analytical exploration of the source text at the linguistic and stylistic levels in order to establish an equivalence that reflects its structural formation and preserves its impact, on the one hand, and conveys its rhetorical effects, on the other. Such an approach is also decisive in establishing the process to follow to deliver the equivalence being sought through three types of translation: bijective, injective, surjective, or free. In the empirical part of our study, we have analyzed two selected bodies based on the types of translation proposed. The analysis of the first body was meant to evaluate the degree of adequacy of each rendition in terms of semantic relevancy and functionality. The analysis of the second body, which is made up of headlines selected for their stylistic peculiarities, was meant to establish illustrative equivalences of the configurative transmissional model we have proposed.In the concluding part of our research, we have formulated observations of all the processes studied in the selected bodies and in the proposed model
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McMahon, Nicholas J. "Optimization of Light Irradiance During the Early Life of Sexually-Produced Porites astreoides and Agaricia agaricites Recruits". Thesis, NSUWorks, 2018. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/493.
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Current solutions of coral restoration rely mainly on fragmentation. Though a reliable technique, this asexual form of reproduction does not benefit the genetic diversity of the coral reef. With many global and local stressors threatening corals’ existence, the resiliency of corals to future ocean conditions depends highly on sexual reproduction to produce new genotypes. New technology allows coral spawning/larval release, larval settlement and rearing to be carried out in an aquarium system. Many of the techniques necessary to maintain coral recruits are well-established, however the effects of light intensity remain to be studied for these early life stages. Newly settled corals have been found on vertical surfaces and the undersides of ledges and crevices, suggesting full solar irradiance is detrimental to their health. Newly settled Porites astreoides and Agaricia agaricites recruits were placed under varying irradiance levels to test their survivorship, growth and pigmentation. In the first four weeks post-settlement, growth was significantly different between recruits under a PAR of 10 µmol quanta m-2 s-1 and 240 µmol quanta m-2 s-1. In a separate experiment, growth curves were significantly different between six different irradiance increase regimens in the first 14 weeks post-settlement. This study shows, for the first time, a definitive preference by newly settled coral recruits to lower intensity irradiance, devoid of ultraviolet radiation, in the first four weeks post-settlement, and that Porites astreoides recruits can acclimatize to higher intensities at a rate of ~ 11 µmol quanta m-2 s-1 per week for up to 15 weeks.
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Macêdo, Luã Barbalho de. "Imunolocalização de receptores de leptina no ovário de preás (Galea spixii Wagler, 1831)". Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, 2017. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/637.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Leptin, a cytokine produced by adipose cells, is the target of the scientific community for believing that it has an impact on the reproduction of the animals promoting puberty, folliculogenesis and oogenesis, estrous cycle and aiding in fertilization. The understanding of the mechanisms controlling the reproductive activity of Spix's Yellow-toothed Cavy (Galea spixii) plays a relevant role in the preservation of the species. Thus, the present work proposed to analyze the immunolocalization of leptin receptors (Ob-R) in the ovary of cavies. Ovaries from 20 adult, non-pregnant, healthy females were collected. The samples were fixed in 4% phosphate buffered paraformaldehyde, embedded in paraffin and sectioned for immunohistochemistry. The sections were photomicrographs and intensity of the reaction was measured. Strong immunoreaction was observed in oocyte and theca cells, moderate in ovarian stromal cells and large luteal cells and weak stained in granulosa, endothelial, perivascular and small luteal cells. When compared to receptor expression along follicular development it was observed that the oocyte and the theca cells remained with expression at the same intensity. However, the granulosa cells presented strong stained in the preantral stages, whereas in the antral follicles it presented low intensity. We conclude that in the ovaries of Galea spixii there is the presence of Ob-R in the main structures of the ovary sugesting that this hormone plays a fundamental role in the reproduction of this species
A leptina, uma citocina produzida pelas células adiposas, possui ação na reprodução dos animais promovendo a puberdade, foliculogênese e oogênese, ciclo estral e auxiliando na fecundação. A compreensão dos mecanismos que controlam a atividade reprodutiva de preás (Galea spixii) possui papel relevante para a preservação da espécie. Desta forma, o presente trabalho propôs analisar a imunolocalização dos receptores de leptina (Ob-R) no ovário de preás. Coletaram-se os ovários de 20 fêmeas adultas, não prenhes e saudáveis. As amostras foram fixadas em paraformaldeído a 4% em tampão fosfato, incluídas em parafina e seccionadas para a realização de imunohistoquímica. As secções foram fotomicrografadas e avaliadas quanto à intensidade da reação. Observou-se forte imunorreação no oócito e nas células da teca, moderada nas células do estroma ovariano e nas células luteínicas grandes e fracamente coradas nas células da granulosa, endoteliais, perivasculares e células luteínicas pequenas. Quando comparado a expressão de receptores ao longo do desenvolvimento folicular foi observado que o oócito e as células da teca se mantiveram com expressão na mesma intensidade. Entretanto, as células da granulosa apresentaram forte marcação nos estádios pré-antrais enquanto que nos folículos antrais apresentou fraca intensidade. Concluímos que em ovários de Galea spixii existe a presença de Ob-R nas principais estruturas do ovário sugerindo que este hormônio desempenhe papel fundamental na reprodução desta espécie
2017-03-30
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Neri, Humberto Luis Del Hoyo. "Perfil de progesterona sérica em fêmeas bovinas utilizando implantes vaginais em diferentes situações fisiológicas". Universidade Jose do Rosario Vellano, 2013. http://tede2.unifenas.br:8080/jspui/handle/jspui/139.
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Previous issue date: 2013-06-27Progesterone (P4) is an important steroid hormone in FTAI programs. Hormonal protocols used in FTAI programs involve considerable financial values, in which P4 represents 43% of the total cost. The P4 release process from vaginal implants occurs by passive diffusion, i.e., the drug release is driven by concentration gradient and enhanced by the contact area between the implant and vaginal epithelium. Given the importance of P4 in the protocols and the significance of this steroid in the treatment costs, several studies described the reutilization of P4 vaginal implants as an alternative to make this technology feasible. However, the results are controversial and the pattern of P4 releasing from vaginal implants used in cows with different luteal activity (amount of endogenous P4 synthesis) is not yet described. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the P4 profile in cows with different luteal activity treated with a new vaginal implant (1g of P4) for 8 days; evaluate and compare to each other and to a new vaginal implant the P4 releasing from implant previously used in females with different endogenous progesterone conditions; and correlate progesterone releasing from new and used (second use) implants with follicular dynamics. For this purpose, two experiments were performed. Experiment 1: Group 1(G1a) with corpus luteum during all treatment period; Group 2 (G2a) with corpus luteum during half of treatment period; Group 3 (G3a) without corpus luteum. At the beginning of treatment (D0), G1a and G2a animals had a functional corpus luteum which was formed eight days prior to implant insertion. Three day after implant insertion (D3), 0.15 mg of D-cloprostenol were administered in G2a animals. The G3a animals (n=10) started the treatment without ovarian luteal activity. Blood samples were collected on D0 in the morning and afternoon, D3, D5 and D8. P4 concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Average P4 concentrations in each collection were compared by Tukey s test. G1a and G2a was different from G3a on D0 (5,3+3,1a; 5,3+1,4a and 0,6+0,3b ng/mL, respectively (p<0,05)) and on D3 (5,7+2,6a; 5,4+1,95a and 3,6+0,8b ng/mL, respectively (p<0,05)). On D5, 36 hours after PGF administration, P4 concentration of G2a became similar to G3a and both were different from G1a (G1a=3,3+1,6a, G2a=2,4+0,9b and G3a=2,1+0,7b ng/mL (p<0,05)). On D8, the groups maintained the same characteristics (G1a=3,1+1,3a, G2a=1,8+0,8b and G3a=1,6+0,6b ng/mL (p<0,05)). Furthermore, the difference in the P4 serum concentration between D3 and D0 were lower in G1a and G2a than in G3a (G1a=0,4+1,8a; G2=0,2+1,4a e G3=2,8+0,9b ng/mL (p<0,05)). In experiment 2, the same animals were reallocated into 4 groups without CL. Group 1(G1b) implants from G1a of Exp1; Group 2 (G2b) implants from G2a of Exp1; Group 3 (G3b) implants from G3a of Exp1; and Group 4 (G4b) new implants. There is no difference in the number of animals with P4 lower than 1 ng/mL (G1b = 16.7%, G2b = 66%, G3b = 50% and, G4b = 0; P=0,14) and in the number of times that this occurred in relation to the amount of samples evaluated (G1b = 12.5 %, G2b = 22.9 %, G3b = 12.5 % and, G4b = 0; P=0,07), i.e., there were no P4 releasing pattern from used implants and only new implants properly maintained the concentration of this hormone. The average follicular growth rate (G1b = 1,0+0,5; G2b = 1,0+0,3; G3b = 0,7+0,5 e G4b = 0,8+0,3) mm/day) and the diameter of the largest follicle on D8 (G1b = 13,0+3,3; G2b = 12,0+2,3; G3b = 10,5+2,9 e G4b = 11,4+0,6 mm) were also not affected by the releasing pattern of the implants. In conclusion, animals with CL and endogenous P4 during FTAI protocols consumed less P4 from the implants when compare to animals without CL; new P4 vaginal implants maintained adequate levels of P4 for TFAI, regardless the physiological condition of the treated animal; implants previously used by animals with different ovarian activity did not maintain the P4 profile similar to that observed with new implants; follicular dynamics was not changed by the lack of P4 releasing pattern from the used implants when compared to new implants; despite the greater progesterone release, did not affect follicular development pattern in heifers.
A progesterona (P4) é imprescindível para a aplicação da técnica de Inseminação Artificial em Tempo Fixo (IATF). Os protocolos hormonais utilizados para a IATF movimentam importante valor financeiro, em que a P4 representa 43 % do custo total. A liberação da P4 pelos dispositivos vaginais ocorre por difusão passiva, ou seja, a droga é liberada obedecendo gradiente de concentração, potencializado pela área de superfície de contato entre o dispositivo e o epitélio vaginal. Dada a importância desse esteroide nos protocolos, vários estudos descrevem a reutilização dos dispositivos como uma alternativa de viabilizar a técnica. No entanto, os resultados são controversos e não há uma descrição sobre o padrão de liberação da P4 de implantes utilizados em vacas em diferentes etapas do ciclo estral. Os objetivos foram: 1) avaliar o perfil de P4, de implantes novos contendo 1g de P4, utilizados por 8 dias, em fêmeas com diferentes condições de atividade ovariana luteal; 2) avaliar e comparar entre si e em relação a um dispositivo novo, a liberação de P4 de implantes previamente usados em fêmeas com diferentes condições de progesterona endógena e 3) correlacionar a liberação de progesterona de implantes de 1º e 2º uso com a dinâmica de desenvolvimento folicular. Para isso, foram realizados dois experimentos. Exp. 1: Grupo 1 (G1a): com corpo lúteo durante todo o tratamento; Grupo 2 (G2a): com corpo lúteo a metade do tratamento e Grupo 3 (G3a): sem corpo lúteo. Os animais dos Grupos G1a e G2a iniciaram o tratamento (D0) com um corpo lúteo funcional, formado oito dias antes da inserção do implante. No G2a, foi aplicada , três dias após a inserção do implante, D3, (0,15 mg de D-cloprostenol) visando luteólise. Os 10 animais do G3a iniciaram o tratamento sem atividade ovariana luteal. Duas amostras de sangue foram coletadas no D0, pela manhã e à tarde, e no D3, no D5 e no D8, à tarde. O nível de P4 foi obtido por radioimunoensaio (RIA). As médias de P4 das amostras foram comparadas pelo teste de tukey. G1a e G2a diferenciaram de G3a no D0 (5,3+3,1a; 5,3+1,4a e 0,6+0,3b ng/mL, respec. (p<0,05)) e no D3 (5,7+2,6a; 5,4+1,95a e 3,6+0,8b ng/mL, respec. (p<0,05)). Em D5, 36 horas após a PGF do G2a, este passou a níveis semelhantes a G3a e ambos se diferenciaram de G1a (G1a=3,3+1,6a, G2a=2,4+0,9b e G3a=2,1+0,7b ng/mL (p<0,05)) e no D8 os grupos mantiveram as mesmas características (G1a=3,1+1,3a, G2a=1,8+0,8b e G3a=1,6+0,6b ng/mL (p<0,05)). Além disso, a diferença entre o nível sérico de D3 e D0 também foi diferente de G1a e G2a quando comparadas com G3a (G1a=0,4+1,8a; G2=0,2+1,4a e G3=2,8+0,9b ng/mL (p<0,05)). Exp. 2: Os mesmos animais foram redistribuídos e, desta vez, divididos em quatro grupos sem a presença de CL. Grupo 1 (G1b): implantes do G1a, Exp. 01; Grupo 2 (G2b): implantes do G2a, Exp. 01; Grupo 3(G3b): dispositivos de G3a, Exp. 1 e Grupo 4(G4b): implantes novos. Não houve diferença no percentual de animais que apresentaram P4 abaixo de 1 ng/mL durante o tratamento (G1b = 16,7%; G2b = 66%; G3b = 50% e G4b = 0; (p=0,14)) e no número de vezes que isso ocorreu em relação à quantidade de amostras avaliadas (G1b = 12,5 %; G2b = 22,9 %; G3b = 12,5 % e G4b = 0; (p=0,07)), ou seja, não houve padrão na liberação de P4 de implantes reutilizados e somente os implantes novos mantiveram níveis adequados desse hormônio. A média das taxas de crescimento folicular (mm/dia) (G1b = 1,0+0,5; G2b = 1,0+0,3; G3b = 0,7+0,5 e G4b = 0,8+0,3) e o diâmetro (mm) do maior folículo em D8 (G1b = 13,0+3,3; G2b = 12,0+2,3; G3b = 10,5+2,9 e G4b = 11,4+0,6) também não foram alterada pelo perfil de liberação a partir dos dispositivos. Diante desses resultados, conclui-se que animais com a presença de CL e P4 endógena durante o protocolo de IATF consomem menor quantidade de P4 dos implantes que animais sem CL; implantes de P4 novos mantêm níveis satisfatórios de P4 para a IATF, independentemente da condição fisiológica da fêmea tratada; dispositivos reutilizados oriundos de animais em diferentes condições de ciclicidade não mantêm perfis de progesterona semelhantes àqueles do uso prévio (1º uso); a dinâmica folicular não foi alterada em função da ausência de padrão na liberação de P4 dos implantes reutilizados quando comparados a implantes novos e que Implantes novos, a despeito da maior liberação de progesterona, não interferem no padrão de desenvolvimento folicular em novilhas.
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Abdo, Michael A. "Tumour necrosis factor : alpha signal transduction in rat corpus luteum apoptosis". University of Western Australia. School of Anatomy and Human Biology, 2002. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2003.0024.
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[Formulae and special characters can only be approximated here. Please see the pdf version of the abstract for an accurate reproduction.] Apoptosis is a morphologically distinct form of cell death that is involved in the regulation of normal and aberrant cell systems. The complexities of the apoptotic cell death pathway arise from variation in both the cellular specialisation and initial stimulus. The corpus luteum (CL) is an endocrine gland that whilst critical to the maintenance of pregnancy in the rat, regresses at the completion of each oestrous cycle and pregnancy. This regression is facilitated through apoptosis; though, the stimulus and factors involved in the apoptotic pathway are poorly understood. Previous studies suggest that CL regression is not initiated through failure of luteotrophic support, but rather the active production of a luteolytic factor, of which tumour necrosis factor -alpha (TNFα) is one possible candidate. Several publications have reported the participation of the immune system in ovarian events. There is evidence that TNFα expression within the ovary is coordinated between cells of the immune system and the hormonal regulation of the CL. This study has focussed on the role of TNFα in CL apoptosis and the factors involved in this apoptotic pathway. TNFα-induced cell death is governed by the presence of the two TNFα receptors (TNFR) and several second messenger systems that include; the sphingolipids, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, nitric oxide (NO), nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and the caspases. These factors and their interactions were assessed in the rat CL during pregnancy and post-partum, and in vitro. Apoptosis was measured through the analysis of DNA fragmentation using DNA 3’ end labelling and single cell electrophoresis (COMET assay). Assessment of mRNA and protein expression was through Real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis; proteins were localised within the CL by immunocytochemistry. In addition, specific measurement of sphingolipid expression and nitric oxide (NO) production was by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and NO assay respectively. Following parturition, TNFα mRNA and protein expression increased corresponding to the onset of CL apoptosis and increased expression of the chemotactic factor monocyte chemoattractant protein -1 (MCP-1). Furthermore, CL apoptosis was induced by treatment with recombinant TNFα in a time- and dose-dependent manner. A similar effect was observed in isolated luteal cells. Simultaneously, the functional regression of the CL was assessed by measurement of both progesterone synthesis and steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein expression. StAR mRNA and protein expression declined toward parturition in vivo. Immunocytochemical studies revealed the presence of TNFα receptors 1 (TNFR1) and 2 (TNFR2) in luteal cells. Furthermore, TNFR mRNA was isolated from CL throughout pregnancy and post-partum. Subsequently, the role of the sphingolipids ceramide and sphingosine was examined during CL apoptosis in vitro. Ceramide and sphingosine were found to be potent apoptotic agents when administered in vitro (50µM). The downstream signal transduction of TNFα and ceramide was assessed through MAP kinase expression. Both TNFα and ceramide increased expression of the pro-apoptotic p38 MAP kinase with no change to the non-apoptotic extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK1&2). Despite previous reports of c-Jun NH2 terminal kinase (JNK) involvement in the cell death pathway, JNK expression was not evident in the rat CL. The caspases are a family of cysteine proteases central to the regulation and execution of apoptosis. General inhibition of the caspase cascade in vitro was effective in preventing apoptosis regardless of the apoptotic stimulus (TNFα, ceramide and sphingosine), suggesting that this pathway is central to CL apoptosis. Specific inhibition of several caspases produced a varying effect; inhibition of caspases 3, 6 and 8 significantly reduced the level of TNFα-induced apoptosis, thus supporting their classification as either regulatory or effector caspases. NO is endowed with the unique ability to initiate and to block apoptosis and this dichotomy extends to the cytotoxic actions of TNFα. Inhibition of NO production by treating CL with L-NAME prevented the onset of apoptosis, whilst NO production increased in response to increasing levels of apoptosis following trophic withdrawal. However, this effect was not seen during TNFα-induced apoptosis, suggesting that the actions of NO are independent of TNFα. The data presented within this study examine multiple elements of the TNFα cell death pathway in a single system. The results suggest that these elements are involved in TNFα signal transduction and furthermore, in rat CL apoptosis. It can be said that TNFα plays an active role in CL regression through the activation of the caspases, the sphingolipids and the MAP kinases.
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Pretorius, Willem S. "An alternative approach to premature luteal regression". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17406.
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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Premature luteal regression occurs on average in 30% of superovulated sheep ewes. This phenomenon occurs early in the cycle before the embryo’s can be collected and is a major contributor to failure in embryo transfer programs. This research was done to understand the physiological mechanisms involved. Chapter two provides a general background of the physiology of natural luteolysis and the maternal recognition of pregnancy. The chapter introduces some new concepts on the topic of cell death and provides a recent literature review on research done on the phenomenon of premature luteal regression. This chapter forms the base of ideas and arguments that follows in the two studies containing new original work in this field. The research contained in this thesis comprises of two in vivo studies. The first study (Chapter 3) compare premature luteal regression to Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) induced regression with emphasis on the changes in levels of the steroid hormones progesterone (P4) and estradiol - 17β (E2-17β) and changes in structure and ultra structure. The following conclusions were made: 1. Premature luteal regression is not merely inadequate luteal support, but indeed early luteal regression, since seasonal influences could merely be nutritional influences, and a definitive increase in P4 were recorded in animals exhibiting the phenomena. 2. Nutritional influences could play a role, but the type and quality of nutrients and mechanism involved, is still unclear. 3. PGF2α-induced regression differs from premature luteal regression in that: a) The progression of functional and structural regression in PGF2α -induced regression is slower than in premature luteal regression. b) Regressed corpora lutea do not occur with normal functioning corpora lutea. 4. There is a distinct second E2-17β peak preceding the decline in P4 in animals that exhibits signs of premature luteal regression. A threshold initiating premature luteal regression was not established. The second study (Chapter 4) compares the changes in the ovine β estradiol - 17 β receptor (oERβ) between premature luteal regression and PGF2α induced regression. The study concludes that there could be a potential role for oERβ in premature luteal regression. The findings of these two studies raise some questions about the conventional perception that early release of PGF2α is the cause of premature luteal regression. The thesis concludes in a hypothesis (Chapter 4) explaining the phenomenon.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Premature luteale regressie kom gemiddeld in 30% van gesuperovuleerde skaap-ooie voor. Die verskynsel kom vroeg in die siklus voor, voor die embrios gekollekteer kan word, en is een van die belangrikste oorsaake van mislukkings in ‘n embrio-oorplaasingsprogram. Die huidige navorsing poog om die fisiologiese meganismes betrokke by premature luteale regressie te verstaan. Hoofstuk twee verskaf ‘n algemene agtergrond van die fisiologiese aspekte betrokke by natuurlike luteale regressie en maternale herkenning van swangerskap. Die hoofstuk stel nuwe konsepte voor oor sel afsterwing en verskaf ‘n opgedateerde literatuuroorsig met betrekking tot die navorsing wat in die veld oor die verskynsel gedoen is. Die hoofstuk vorm die basis vir die idees en argumente, wat volg in die twee studies en wat oorspronklike nuwe navorsing bevat oor die onderwerp. Die navorsing in die tesis bestaan uit twee in vivo studies. Die eerste studie (Hoofstuk 3) vergelyk premature luteale regressie en prostaglandien F2α (PGF2α) ge-induseerde regressie met ‘n klem op die vlakke van die steröiedhormone progesteroon (P4) en estradiol - 17β (E2-17β) en veranderinge in die mikroskopiese struktuur en ultra struktuur van die corpus luteum. Die studie bevind: 1. Premature luteale regressie is nie slegs onvoldoende luteale funksie nie, maar vroë luteale regressie aangesien seisoenale invloede eitlik voedings invloede kan wees en P4 gestyg het in diere waar die verskynsel voorgekom het. 2. Voeding kan ‘n rol speel maar die tiepe en gehalte van die voedingstowwe en die meganismes betrokke is nie duidelik nie. 3. PGF2α - ge-induseerde regressie verskil van premature regressie in dat: a) Die verloop van funksionele en strukturele regressie is stadiger in PGF2α - ge-induseerde regressie in vergelyking met premature luteale regressie. b) Corpora lutea wat regressie ondergaan het kom nie voor saam met corpora lutea wat normal voorkom nie. 4. Daar die ‘n duidelike tweede piek van E2-17β gaan die afname in P4 vooraf in diere waar premature regressie voorkom. 5. Daar is nie geslaag om ‘n drempel vas te stel waar premature regressie ge-inisieer word nie. Die tweede studie vergelyk die veranderinge in estradiol-17β reseptore (oERβ) in die skaap tydens premature luteale regressie en PGF2α geinduseerde regressie. Die studie bevind dat daar ‘n moontlike rol is vir ERβ in premature luteale regressie. Die bevindinge van die twee studies bevraagteken die konvensionele opvatting dat vroë vrystelling van PGF2α verantwoordelik is vir premature luteale regressie. Die tesis sluit af met ‘n nuwe hipotese om die verskynsel te verduidelik.
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Gawriluk, Thomas R. "Targeted Knockout of Beclin-1 Reveals an Essential Function in Ovary and Testis". UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/biology_etds/19.
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An estimated 12% of couples worldwide are infertile. The contributing factor is approximately equal between men and women with nearly 25% diagnosed as idiopathic. Despite the increasing numbers of couples seeking assistance from infertility clinics, few molecular mechanisms have been identified for treatment. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular process for bulk degradation and recycling of cytosolic components through the lysosome to maintain homeostasis. Several studies have observed increased levels of autophagy during ovarian folliculogenesis and gonadal steroidogenesis; however, no genetic studies to determine the significance of autophagy exist.
To investigate the function of autophagy in the ovary and testis, a directed genetic knockout approach was used to independently knockout two key autophagy genes, Becn1 and Atg7. Chapter 2 reports that deficiency of Becn1 results in 56% fewer primordial follicles at postnatal day 1. In addition, Atg7 knockout mice do not have identifiable primordial follicles, suggesting that autophagy is necessary for survival of female germ cells during embryogenesis. Chapter 3 presents that Becn1 is necessary to sustain pregnancy and the deficiency of Becn1 in granulosa cells is a novel genetic model to study preterm labor due to impaired corpora lutea function. The results indicate that Becn1 is necessary for lipid droplet formation and subsequent progesterone production in luteal cells. In contrast, Atg7 is not necessary and deficiency results in overproduction of progesterone throughout pregnancy, suggesting that the defect in Becn1 conditional knockout mice is additional to autophagy. Chapter 4 presents that Sertoli cell expression of Becn1 is required for spermatogenesis after 8 weeks of age. Beyond 9-weeks-old, Becn1 conditional knockout mice are unable to sire a litter due to a failure of spermatogenesis and a Sertoli-cell-only phenotype in a majority of the seminiferous tubules. Atg7 was also identified as a necessary factor for spermatogenesis beyond 26-weeks-old. Together the data presented in Chapter 4 suggests that autophagy is necessary for adult Sertoli cell function. Primarily, this dissertation presents data from the first functional studies on autophagy in the reproductive tract. The results demonstrate an understanding of the functional significance for Becn1 and Atg7 in both the ovary and testis.
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Yvorra, Alain. "Croissance folliculaire et developpement du corps jaune chez le lezard vivipare, lacerta vivipara jacquin : evolution au cours du cycle sexuel et analyse des mecanismes de regulation". Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066270.
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Bijoux, Jude peter. "Reef fish spawning aggregation sites : the ecology of aggregating and resident species". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4013.
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Les sites d'agrégation de ponte (AP) sont des zones où des poissons d'une même espèce se rassemblent pour frayer. En dépit de leur importance dans la reproduction de nombreuses espèces de poissons des récifs coralliens, bien peu de sites d'AP sont gérés. Le but de cette étude est d'améliorer la compréhension générale sur l'écologie des sites d'AP en vue de faciliter la gestion. L'étude, réalisée aux Seychelles, se concentre sur les individus regroupant sur les sites d'AP pour frayer et aussi sur ceux résidant sur ces sites. La télémétrie acoustique et le recensement visuel sous-marin ont, ici, été employé comme principaux outils d'observation des espèces formant des agrégations de reproduction (cordonnier (Siganus sutor), mérou camouflage (Epinephelus polyphekadion) et mérou marbré (E. fuscoguttatus)) et des espèces résidant sur les sites d'AP. Les détections acoustiques ont montré que les individus de S. sutor présentent une grande fidélité à leur site de ponte et une périodicité liée à la période de pleine lune. Par ailleurs, les agrégations de ponte d'E. fuscoguttatus et E. polyphekadion se chevauchent spatialement et temporellement avec une forte périodicité liée à la nouvelle lune. La formation d'AP de E. fuscoguttatus et E. polyphekadion provoque des changements complexes dans l'assemblage de poissons résidents sur le site. L'effet de la phase lunaire sur les assemblages de poissons résidant sur les sites d'AP de S. Sutor apparait être dépendant de l'échelle considérée. Les informations sur la dynamique spatiale et temporelle des espèces étudiée sont utilisées pour proposer des mesures de gestion susceptibles d'améliorer la protection des sites d'APFish spawning aggregation (FSA) sites are areas where repeated concentration of conspecific fish gathers for the purpose of spawning. Despite of their importance in the reproduction of many coral reef fishes, few FSA sites are actively managed. The aim of this study, conducted in the Seychelles, was to improve general understanding on the ecology of FSA sites to facilitate their management. It focuses on both the individuals that aggregate at FSA sites to spawn and those that are resident at FSA sites. Acoustic telemetry and underwater visual census were used to study three species that form spawning aggregations (spinefoot shoemaker (Siganus sutor), Camouflage grouper (Epinephelus polyphekadion) and Brown-marbled grouper (E. fuscoguttatus)) and the resident fish assemblages at FSA sites. Acoustic detections found individual S. sutor to have high fidelity to individual FSA sites and to show significant periodicity with the full moon period in the timing of their arrival and departure from FSA sites. Conversely, spawning aggregations of E. fuscoguttatus and E. polyphekadion overlapped spatially and temporally, with strong periodicity for spawning aggregation to form with the new moon period. The formation of E. fuscoguttatus and E. polyphekadion FSAs caused complex changes in the fish assemblage that is resident at the FSA site. The effect of lunar phase on the resident fish assemblages at S. sutor FSA sites appeared to be scale-dependent, having greater impact at the larger than the smaller FSA site. Information on the spatial and temporal dynamics of aggregating and resident fish species is used to propose management actions to improve the protection of FSA sites
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Masmoudi, Dammak Abir. "Approche hybride pour la reconnaissance automatique de la parole en langue arabe". Thesis, Le Mans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LEMA1040/document.
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Le développement d'un système de reconnaissance de la parole exige la disponibilité d'une grande quantité de ressources à savoir, grands corpus de texte et de parole, un dictionnaire de prononciation. Néanmoins, ces ressources ne sont pas disponibles directement pour des dialectes arabes. De ce fait, le développement d'un SRAP pour les dialectes arabes se heurte à de multiples difficultés à savoir, l’'abence de grandes quantités de ressources et l'absence d’'une orthographe standard vu que ces dialectes sont parlés et non écrit. Dans cette perspective, les travaux de cette thèse s’intègrent dans le cadre du développement d’un SRAP pour le dialecte tunisien. Une première partie des contributions consiste à développer une variante de CODA (Conventional Orthography for Arabic Dialectal) pour le dialecte tunisien. En fait, cette convention est conçue dans le but de fournir une description détaillée des directives appliquées au dialecte tunisien. Compte tenu des lignes directives de CODA, nous avons constitué notre corpus nommé TARIC : Corpus de l’interaction des chemins de fer de l’arabe tunisien dans le domaine de la SNCFT. Outre ces ressources, le dictionnaire de prononciation s’impose d’une manière indispensable pour le développement d’un SRAP. À ce propos, dans la deuxième partie des contributions, nous visons la création d’un système nommé conversion (Graphème-Phonème) G2P qui permet de générer automatiquement ce dictionnaire phonétique. Toutes ces ressources décrites avant sont utilisées pour adapter un SRAP pour le MSA du laboratoire LIUM au dialecte tunisien dans le domaine de la SNCFT. L’évaluation de notre système donné lieu WER de 22,6% sur l’ensemble de testThe development of a speech recognition system requires the availability of a large amount of resources namely, large corpora of text and speech, a dictionary of pronunciation. Nevertheless, these resources are not available directly for Arabic dialects. As a result, the development of a SRAP for Arabic dialects is fraught with many difficulties, namely the lack of large amounts of resources and the absence of a standard spelling as these dialects are spoken and not written. In this perspective, the work of this thesis is part of the development of a SRAP for the Tunisian dialect. A first part of the contributions consists in developing a variant of CODA (Conventional Orthography for Arabic Dialectal) for the Tunisian dialect. In fact, this convention is designed to provide a detailed description of the guidelines applied to the Tunisian dialect. Given the guidelines of CODA, we have created our corpus TARIC: Corpus of the interaction of the railways of the Tunisian Arab in the field of SNCFT. In addition to these resources, the pronunciation dictionary is indispensable for the development of a peech recognition system. In this regard, in the second part of the contributions, we aim at the creation of a system called conversion(Grapheme-Phonème) G2P which allows to automatically generate this phonetic dictionary. All these resources described before are used to adapt a SRAP for the MSA of the LIUM laboratory to the Tunisian dialect in the field of SNCFT. The evaluation of our system gave rise to WER of 22.6% on the test set
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Chen, Chieh-Jhen, i 陳倢蓁. "Sexual reproduction of scleractinian corals in northern Taiwan and roles of Dmrt gene family in coral reproduction". Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/j526xq.
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博士國立臺灣大學
海洋研究所
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Coral reef ecosystem is now facing severe threats due to irreversible disturbances caused by natural disasters, anthropogenic effects and global warming. Coral communities in Taiwan are found in both subtropical and tropical regions and contain about 317 species that are also under threats. The persistence and recovery of coral communities depend partly on the success of reproduction after the disturbances. It is, therefore, important to study their reproductive biology in order to propose the effective strategy for the management of the coral reef ecosystem. Most of the previous studies documenting the sexual reproduction in scleractinian corals, however, concerned mainly the tropical-living species. To date, among the reported species in Taiwan, only 56 species including a model species, Euphyllia ancora, have been investigated. Little was known from other species. The objectives of this dissertation are 1) to study the coral spawning in the subtropical coral communities in northern Taiwan by comprehensive field samplings and observations conducted from 2013 and 2016, and by the assessments from histological analyses of the collected samples; 2) to characterize the sexual system, mode of reproduction as well as gametogenesis of Porites lichen living in Pitoujiiao, northern Taiwan by histological analyses and in situ aquarium observations; 3) to investigate the possible roles of the Dmrt gene family in coral reproduction by using Euphyllia ancora as a model. First, field observations and histological examinations revealed a large annual variation of spawning pattern among species and individuals. Forty-three species classified into 19 genera and six families spawned asynchronously in the nights (between 8 pm to 10 pm) July and/or August from 2013 to 2014. In addition, corals spawned asynchronously within the same colony. Second, the combined results from the histological examinations and others revealed that the gonochoric P. lichen is a polygamodioecious brooder that displays a seasonal pattern of sexual reproduction in gametogenesis and embryogenesis. In addition, I also reported two new morphological configurations during the early stage of gametogenesis with oocytes being developed within spermaries in bisexual polyps and melanin granular cells being clustered into spermaries. Third, I successfully isolated and characterized seven paralogous Dmrt genes (EaDmrtA, EaDmrtB, EaDmrtC, EaDmrtE, EaDmrtF, EaDmrtG, and EaDmrtH) from the gonochoric E. ancora. I found that EaDmrtE is predominantly expressed in oocytes. This oocyte-specific DmrtE is not closely related to neither the DM1 gene (i.e. currently known as DmrtA; its function is possibly related to sexual reproduction) of Acropora millepora nor to Dmrt1 of vertebrates based on the result of phylogenetic analysis; these two genes are involved in sexual reproduction, especially in sex determination (e.g. vertebrate Dmrt1 gene). High levels of EaDmrtE transcripts were detected in unfertilized mature eggs, and that were retained in newly formed zygotes and, then, the levels of expression decreased during embryonic development. I suggest that this newly discovered gene possibly plays an important role during oogenesis and early embryogenesis in corals as a maternal factor. These results strongly support a complex evolutionary history for the sexual reproduction-associated Dmrt genes with the possibility that such kinds of the genes have originated multiple times early in the evolution of metazoans. The identification of female-specific genes (E. ancora DmrtE) not only provides useful biomarkers to determine the sex of gonochoric corals, but also provide materials for molecular studies on the characterization of the genetic pathways underlying the sexual reproduction in corals.