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Rusch, Thomas, Patrick Mair i Kurt Hornik. "COPS Cluster Optimized Proximity Scaling". WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2015. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4465/1/COPS.pdf.
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Proximity scaling (i.e., multidimensional scaling and related methods) is a versatile statistical
method whose general idea is to reduce the multivariate complexity in a data set by employing suitable proximities between the data points and finding low-dimensional
configurations where the fitted distances optimally approximate these proximities. The ultimate goal, however, is often not only to find the optimal configuration but to infer statements about the similarity of objects in the high-dimensional space based on the the similarity in the configuration. Since these two goals are somewhat at odds it can happen that the resulting optimal configuration makes inferring similarities rather difficult. In that case the solution lacks "clusteredness" in the configuration (which we call "c-clusteredness"). We present a version of proximity scaling, coined cluster optimized
proximity scaling (COPS), which solves the conundrum by introducing a more clustered appearance into the configuration while adhering to the general idea of multidimensional scaling. In COPS, an arbitrary MDS loss function is parametrized by monotonic transformations
and combined with an index that quantifies the c-clusteredness of the solution. This index, the OPTICS cordillera, has intuitively appealing properties with respect to measuring c-clusteredness. This combination of MDS loss and index is called "cluster optimized loss" (coploss) and is minimized to push any configuration towards a more clustered appearance. The effect of the method will be illustrated with various examples: Assessing
similarities of countries based on the history of banking crises in the last 200 years, scaling Californian counties with respect to the projected effects of climate change and their social vulnerability, and preprocessing a data set of hand written digits for subsequent classification by nonlinear dimension reduction. (authors' abstract)Series: Discussion Paper Series / Center for Empirical Research Methods
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Karle, Thomas. "Steuerung und Aktionsvisualisierung des CoPS-Stuttgart Teams". [S.l. : s.n.], 2000. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB8862162.
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Nathan, Lawrence Albert. "COPS for windows : a small-scale, networked, information system /". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1995. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA303868.
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Clarke, Nancy. "The effects of replacing cops and searchers with technology". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0018/MQ49330.pdf.
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Deodhar, Abhijit Anant. "COPS: A Framework for Consumer Oriented Proportional share Scheduling". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33232.
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Scheduling forms an important aspect of operating systems because it has a direct impact on
system performance. Most existing general-purpose schedulers use a priority-based scheme to
schedule processes. Such priority-based mechanisms cannot guarantee proportional fairness
for every process. Proportional share schedulers maintain fairness among tasks based on
given weight values. In both of these scheduler types, the scheduling decision is done perprocess.
However, system usage policies are typically set on a per-consumer basis, where a
consumer represents a group of related processes that may belong to the same application
or user.
The COPS framework uses the idea of consumer sets to group processes. Its design guarantees
system usage per consumer, based on relative weights. We have added a share management
layer on top of a proportional share scheduler to ease the administrative job of share
assignment for these consumer sets. We have evaluated our system in real world scenarios
and show that the CPU usage for consumer sets with CPU-bound processes complies with
the administrator-defined policy goals.Master of Science
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Jouirou, Manel. "Les conditions de développement des communautés de pratique (COPS)". Paris 9, 2007. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2007PA090046.
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La gestion des connaissances ou Knowledge Management (KM) est un processus potentiellement créateur de valeur dans les organisations. De nombreuses entreprises ont mis en place, afin de gérer cette ressource inimitable, des formes organisationnelles dédiées au partage des connaissances et à l’apprentissage, nommées communautés de pratique (CoPs). L’exploration de l’explication des conditions de développement de ces formes organisationnelles constitue le cœur de ce travail de recherche. Fondé sur une méthodologie de type qualitatif, nos travaux montrent que des conditions d’ordre organisationnel, communautaire, technologique et individuel sont requises pour assurer le développement des communautés de pratique. A l’aide d’une étude de cas dans une entreprise ayant mis en place des communautés de pratique selon une approche « Top-Down », nous avons confirmé les éléments identifiés dans la littérature et nous avons enrichi notre cadre conceptuel de départ par des construits émergents du terrain. Nos travaux, par ailleurs, soulignent l’importance de la prise en compte de la concurrence entre dispositifs d’échange formels et informels existants dans l’organisation et les communautés de pratique mises en place, la création des CoPs selon une approche « Bottom-up » ainsi que les réunions de face-à-face dans le développement de ces formes organisationnelles. Nous produisons ainsi des éléments de compréhension des comportements de partage des connaissances et d’apprentissage via les communautés de pratiqueThe present study aims at providing support in understanding communities of practice (CoPs) development conditions. We decided to focus this study on communities of practice intentionally created. A qualitative research has been performed in order to confirm and enrich the literature review results. We identify factors influencing learning and sharing knowledge through communities of practice. We found that organizational, community, technological and individual aspects affect the development of these organizational forms. We also found that competition between communities of practice and other existing groups, the lack of human contact and “Top-Down” creation way are the most important factors which limit the development of these organizational forms. The identification of conditions under which a community of practice may be successful allows organization to understand the reasons of successful or unsuccessful communities of practice and how to develop them effectivel
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Nadelmann, Ethan Avram. "Cops across borders : the internationalization of US criminal law enforcement /". University Park, Pa. : Pennsylvania State Univ. Press, 1993. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/278585531.pdf.
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Moellinger, Terry. ""There's A Man With A Gun Over There": Cops And The Counterculture". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2001. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3041/.
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By 1960, television advertisers recognized the economic potential of American youth, and producers were expected to develop programs to attract them, while still maintaining appeal for the older audience members. This task was to prove difficult as the decade wore on. While continuing to link the nation's cold war concerns to the portrayal of good and evil, some shows, like 77 Sunset Strip, and The Mod Squad, explored alternative lifestyles, but still accepted American values. As the 1960s developed, crime programs continued to promote American hegemony but became increasingly more open to alternative reading strategies. This study examines the strategies developed to draw a youth audience to 1960s crime programs, while also supporting the dominant ideology of American society.
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Geraldi, Joana G. "Reconciling order and chaos in multi-project firms empirical studies on CoPS producers". Göttingen Sierke, 2008. http://d-nb.info/989236862/04.
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Skinns, Layla. "Cops, councils and crime and disorder : a critical review of three community safety partnerships". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2005. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/226720.
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This dissertation critically reviews three community safety partnerships. It contributes to learning by using new data to examine some of the enduring challenges faced by the partnerships as they respond to the changing socio-political context. These multi-agency bodies primarily involve the police and local authority, along with the fire service, and primary care trust as statutory partners, and other criminal justice agencies. Although multi-agency work has a long history, Community Safety Partnerships originated most notably within the Morgan Report published in 1991. The principles outlined within the Morgan Report were subsequently embodied in the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 which itself attempted to formalise and standardise community safety structures and practice. The research has involved fifty-eight in-depth interviews with key stakeholders, and observation of twenty-nine meetings held in Birmingham, Cambridge and Lincoln. These three areas were chosen to facilitate comparison in terms of the size of the city, local authority structure, level of urbanisation and concomitant social deprivation, and levels of crime. My research suggests four key challenges. The first of these concerns the development of structures within the post Crime and Disorder Act 1998 period. The purpose, structure and processes varied between areas. Birmingham, for example, struggled to develop an appropriate structure because of its size and the devolution of local authority services. In all three areas, however, those interviewed noted a lack of decisionmaking and implementation which raised questions about the purpose of the partnerships beyond being 'talking shops' . The second challenge concerns the changing social context for new partnership developments. For example, the two-tier local authority structure in Cambridge and Lincoln posed particular problems. Moreover, in all three areas community involvement appeared to be symbolic rather than 'real'; this inhibited developments and emphasised some of the difficulties inherent in communitariarusm. The third challenge relates to funding and performance monitoring arrangements. Here, practitioners noted the influence of bureaucracy and 'short-termism'. The early 'honeymoon period' where there was relatively little government interference (Phillips et al., 2002) had ended and the partnerships had clearly experienced increasing managerialist pressure, but in spite of this pressure, evidence of longer-term success remained scarce. As outlined in the Audit Commission (2002), practitioners in the three partnerships acknowledged that with the exception of specific initiatives, the post 1998 developments had yet to make a significant impact on crime and disorder or that at best, they remained unclear about the impact. Such uncertainty about impact could be a consequence of the difficulties of measuring performance, of course, due to difficulties in accessing relevant data and information about community safety initiatives. Fourth, there appear to be inherent difficulties in assuming that 'many agencies are better than one' in addressing community safety (Liddle, 2001). An 'ideology of unity' (Crawford and Jones, 1995), however, may mask underlying tensions. My research revealed tensions at different levels, including tensions between the local partnerships and national government. This is not to say that local practitioners lacked autonomy, however, as they were able to resist some of the governmental constraints. But interagency relationships appeared to be underpinned by power struggles which served to undermine joined-up community safety practice; in particular, the struggles raised questions about who was responsible for community safety in each area. The challenges for the partnerships, as revealed in this dissertation, suggest that the recommendations within the Morgan Report of 1991 have not been addressed nor has the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 standardised community safety structures and practice. The notion of 'responsibilisation' (Garland, 2001) through decentralised governance is clearly a complex issue; the Government appears to wish to both 'steer' and 'row' each of the partnerships and this leaves practitioners uncertain of their own role. This is one example of the contradiction between the 'reality' and symbolism of community safety practice which seems to underpin the partnerships.
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Nygren, Clara. "On Meyniel's conjecture and the Zig-Zag Theorem : Cops and robbers on random graphs". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för matematik och matematisk statistik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-175951.
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This essay will present the vertex pursuit game of cops and robbers and the problem that made it famous: Meinyel's conjecture. The conjecture stood unproved from 1987 until 2010 when Łuczak and Prałat proved the conjecture with their "Zig-Zag Theorem", which is also covered in the essay.
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Gamboa, Nadia. "DDT, a historical review". Revista de Química, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/100129.
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El DDT está íntimamente vinculado al siglo XX. Su producción, uso y comercialización están prohibidos por ser un contaminante organoclorado persistente controlado por el Convenio de Estocolmo.DDT is closely linked to the twentieth century. Its production, use and marketing are now banned because it is a persistent organochlorine pollutant controlled by the Stockholm Convention.
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Colbran, Marianne. "Watching the cops : a case study of production processes on television police drama "The Bill"". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2011. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/408/.
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This thesis examines the process of storytelling on television police drama, The Bill. It explores how factors such as commercial imperatives, working processes and artistic constraints affected representation of the police. The study argues that, in the early days of the show, stories originated with the freelance writers and were based on research and observation of police work. Representation of the police was favourable, partly due to the ideological views of the makers and partly due to the format: stories had to be resolved within a half-hour timeslot, which militated against writers being able to tell stories about issues such as racism, sexism and corruption. However, due to changing market forces in the television industry, the show reinvented itself as a serial in 2001. The exigencies of the new schedule meant less time for research. There was also pressure on the makers to attract a younger audience demographic. Stories were now originated by an in-house team and based on other media sources, setting up “media loops” (Manning 2003) and a recycling of ideas current in media culture about policing and law and order politics. Story-lines became inaccurate and controversial. Findings from focus groups with officers from the Metropolitan Police Service and the Greater Manchester Police also showed that, on occasion, story-lines concerning the handling of witnesses on the show and interview procedures had hampered officers when carrying out investigations. The study concludes that, to echo Silverstone (1985), there is an arbitrariness at the heart of making any television show – that whether the police are depicted favourably or unfavourably is determined as much by the need to attract a certain audience demographic and restrictions in the format as by any ideological intent on the part of the programme-makers.
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Lewis, Michael T. "Setting Cops Up for Failure: The Possible Implications of Police Accountability Through Body-worn Cameras". Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1588957264650721.
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Haberman, Cory P. "COPS ON DOTS DOING WHAT? THE DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF POLICE ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS IN HOT SPOTS". Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2015. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/338119.
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Criminal JusticePh.D.
Although hot spots policing has become one of the most promising policing strategies, the empirical evidence on the effectiveness of hot spots policing does not suggest what police should be doing in crime hot spots. To date, police enforcement actions – pedestrian investigations, traffic enforcement, and arrests – still dominate American policing. Yet empirical studies of these actions have not: focused on micro-geographic areas, employed multiple measures of police enforcement actions, or empirically compared the effectiveness of different enforcement actions. Given these gaps in the literature, a mixed-methods study sought to answer four research questions. (1) Do four police enforcement actions focused on offenders or potential offenders reduce violent crime in hot spots? The four police enforcement actions examined were pedestrian investigations, traffic enforcement events, quality of life arrests, and violent crime arrests. (2) Are any one of these four police enforcement actions more effective than the others? (3) When police commanders allocate resources to crime hot spots, what do police commanders think they are doing? (4) What are police commanders’ rationales for what they do in crime hot spots? The first two questions were answered using official data from the Philadelphia Police Department. A purposive sample of 169 high crime street blocks and intersections was drawn and longitudinal data analyses examined the effects of police enforcement actions on monthly violent crime counts from 2009 to 2013 (n = 10,140). Wald Tests were used to test for the differential effectiveness of the four enforcement actions. Qualitative methods answered the remaining two research questions. Field observations of crime strategy meetings (May, 2014 to August, 2014) and interviews with police commanders (November, 2014 to February, 2015) were conducted. The quantitative results found total enforcement and pedestrian stop levels in the previous or same month linked to higher expected monthly violent crime counts. The positive effect of pedestrian stops was significantly larger than the effects of traffic enforcement or quality of life arrests. Despite the positive relationship between police enforcement and violent crime, the qualitative results provided insight into what police commanders thought they were doing in crime hot spots. Three themes emerged from the qualitative data: (1) “locking down” crime hot spots, (2) disrupting high risk offenders, and (3) educating potential victims. Police commanders rationalized these beliefs with four explanations of their effectiveness: (1) making offenders “think twice”, (2) denying potential offenders and victims certain places in order to reduce crime opportunities, (3) getting high risk offenders “off the street”, and (4) target hardening. Drawing on theorizing for how police enforcement actions might actually link to higher levels of crime (Grabosky, 1996) and methodological concerns raised by Taylor (2015), five possible explanations for the observed positive relationships among police enforcement actions and violent crime are provided: (1) an anticipatory effect, (2) over-deterrence, (3) escalation, (4) unintended enticement and self-fulfilling prophecies, and (5) temporal scaling. The anticipatory effect explanation centers on the police correctly anticipating outbreaks of violent crime but violent crime still not being reduced due to (1) dosage, (2) the overuse of enforcement, (3) police legitimacy, (4) temporal displacement or two components the study’s design (5) imprecise measurement and (6) lack of a proper counterfactual. Additionally, police enforcement actions may inadvertently reduce guardianship though over-deterrence, escalate competition among rival offenders, or inform potential offenders of crimes they could or “should” be committing. Finally, the study’s temporal scale (i.e., months) may not be fine enough to capture the actual cycling of how increased enforcement actions produce lower violent crime levels. The qualitative data are drawn upon to possibly support these explanations. Additionally, the pros and cons of police commanders’ perspectives on the use and effectiveness of enforcement actions are discussed in context of the criminological theory and crime control literatures. Finally, the results are discussed in terms of their implications for crime control theory and policy.
Temple University--Theses
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Labbouz, Laurent. "Interactions entre le champ de vapeur d'eau et les systèmes précipitants". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00869951.
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Cette thèse s'intéresse aux liens entre l'évolution du contenu en eau de l'atmosphère et la formation des précipitations. L'objectif général des travaux qui y sont présentés est d'améliorer la compréhension des mécanismes de formation des précipitations en se basant sur des mesures de vapeur d'eau effectuées principalement par GPS. Une étude statistique originale effectuée à partir de 5 années de mesures (GPS, pluviomètre et capteurs météorologiques au sol, situés sur le campus des Cézeaux, Clermont-Ferrand) a permis de mettre en évidence qu'en moyenne l'augmentation du contenu intégré en vapeur d'eau (IWV) est un précurseur de la formation des pluies, et que les variations de l'humidité dans la colonne atmosphérique toute entière sont pour l'essentiel découplées de celles observées à la surface. En effet, contrairement à l'humidité au sol, l'IWV atteint son maximum en moyenne 20 minutes avant le pic de précipitations. Cela semble indiquer que lorsque les précipitations commencent la condensation devient prépondérante à l'échelle de la colonne atmosphérique toute entière tandis qu'au niveau du sol il y a une forte évaporation. L'étude détaillée des précipitations convectives qui se sont produites sous le vent des Vosges le 18 Juillet 2007 (période d'observation intensive 9a de la campagne Convective and Orographically- induced Precipitation Study - COPS), a permis de mettre en évidence l'apport essentiel du GPS pour l'étude des précipitations convectives dans une région de moyenne montagne. En effet, grâce à une utilisation combinée de mesures radar à haute résolution, d'analyses de surface et de stations GPS (permettant d'observer des structures du champ de vapeur d'eau à petite échelle et haute résolution temporelle, à 2D et 3D), nous avons montré que l'accumulation d'humidité précédait de plusieurs heures l'initiation de la convection et que le déclenchement convectif est favorisé par la convergence du flux d'humidité. Cette dernière est associée à une convergence du vent dans les basses couches, ce qui entraîne un important transport vertical de la vapeur d'eau, observé grâce à la tomographie GPS. La direction du vent en amont du relief s'est révélée contrôler pour beaucoup la localisation des zones de convergence. Le forçage local dû à l'orographie à petite échelle (< 5km) a également été mis en évidence, en complétant les observations par des résultats de simulations numériques à haute résolution.
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Hall, Davin. "Cops and Robbers in Cincinnati: A Spatial Modeling Approach for Examining the Effects of Aggressive Policing". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1186669531.
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Schwitalla, Thomas [Verfasser], i Volker [Akademischer Betreuer] Wulfmeyer. "Model evaluation and data assimilation impact studies in the framework of COPS / Thomas Schwitalla. Betreuer: Volker Wulfmeyer". Hohenheim : Kommunikations-, Informations- und Medienzentrum der Universität Hohenheim, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1027353991/34.
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Farias, Cardoso Pedro Klecius. "Lagestion de la QoS dans les réseaux cellulaires et sans fil". Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066052.
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Gregory, Robyn V., i robyng@whest org au. "Corrupt cops, crooked docs, prevaricating pollies and 'mad radicals' : a history of abortion law reform in Victoria, 1959-1974". RMIT University. Social Science and Planning, 2004. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20090925.104458.
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This dissertation explores the history of abortion law reform in Victoria between 1959 and 1974, contextualised in a feminist politics of reproduction. The aim of the research is to investigate the extent to which the history of abortion law reform in this state can be understood as part of the struggle of women for sexual self-determination and hence for full citizenship. As a result, one of the principal objectives of the thesis is to analyse the basis on which abortion is available in Victoria. The research draws on historical data, using the records of relevant contemporary organisations, the press, and interviews with some of the key people involved in advocating abortion law reform. In particular, the dissertation documents the abortion law reform experiences and struggles of Victorian women, including the attempts they made to contest their historic exclusion from participation in policy formulation and legislation related to reproduction. It begins with t he consolidation of the Crimes Act in 1958 and ends in 1974'with the passing of the national health and associated bills, which ensured public funding for abortion procedures. Social, political and economic changes in the preceding century led to overwhelming public support for abortion law reform in line with changing social mores and advances in reproductive science. But this did not result in legislative change enacted by a responsive and democratic government. Rather, the history of abortion law reform in Victoria is shown to be a case study of conflict, co-operation, co-option and collusion in five main arenas of vested interest. The first of these was state interest in fertility control, and thus women's sexual behaviour, as a reflection of national concerns about the size and composition of the Australian population. The second was a struggle for industrial control of a lucrative abortion industry, supported by systemic police corruption, medical corruption and collusion by politicians and officers of the Crown Law Department. The third factor was the political manoeuvring of a government determined to retain power by framing abortion as a medical rather than a legislativ e problem. Conflict between community calls for abortion law reform to protect doctors from prosecution on the one hand, and a political requirement for preference votes from the Democratic Labor Party on the other, was resolved in favour of the latter. The fourth factor was the professional struggle for medical control over reproduction, supported by civil liberties activists and liberal feminists seeking access to abortion without engaging in questions of political control over decision-making. The struggle by an increasingly organised feminist movement to reframe abortion as a political issue related to women's sexual self-determination, expressed as control over reproductive decision-making, was the final factor. As such, the dissertation is as much a case study of the factors at play in attempting to effect change in a capitalist patriarchy, as it is about abortion law reform per se. The thesis is organised within a historical framework that provides both an overview of the time period under consideration and a detailed account of the various struggles that took place within that period. The chapters are set out around the key events that shaped and were shaped by the struggle for law reform. These include the Menhennitt Ruling in 1969, the Kaye Inquiry into police corruption in 1970, the Medical Practices Clarification Bill in federal parliament in 1973 and the Proposed Abortion Inquiry in state parliament in 1973. I focus on those groups that had control over abortion policy and practice, as well as the main groups that worked to influence those bodies. These include churches, the media, political parties, and social movements - in particular the actions and attitudes of civil liberties and feminist groups. The conclusion locates the history of abortion law reform within the current socio-political and economic context, encouraging an examination of contemporary questions regarding women's control over reproductive decision-making. This includes an exploration of whether sexual self-determination and the human rights necessary to achieve full citizenship are possible for women given the deleterious impact ofneo-liberal ideology on funding those programs and policies that work towards equality, rather than 'choice', and freedom from oppression, rather than individual 'rights'.
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Johnson, Charles L. "Information sharing among cops progress & barriers witnessed in a case study of the H.I.T.S. program in Washington State /". Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2008. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Fall2008/c_johnson_112008.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Washington State University, December 2008.Title from PDF title page (viewed on Jan. 22, 2009). "Department of Political Science." Includes bibliographical references (p. 267-280).
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Gomez, David C. "SHOULD COPS BE SPIES? EVALUATING THE COLLECTION AND SHARING OF NATIONAL SECURITY INTELLIGENCE BY STATE, LOCAL AND TRIBAL LAW ENFORCEMENT". Monterey California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/32825.
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CHDS State/LocalPresidential commissions, the Congress, and numerous national law enforcement groups have noted that the unfettered collection and sharing of intelligence is key to the prevention and mitigation of terrorism in the United States. The sharing of classified national security intelligence collected by the United States Intelligence Community with nonfederal law enforcement is, however, problematic, particularly since the tragic events of September 11, 2001. This thesis examines problems associated with the collection and sharing of classified national security intelligence with and by state, local and tribal law enforcement. It explores four policy options for the collection and sharing of national security intelligence, including Intelligence-led Policing, Nationwide Suspicious Activities Reporting Initiative; the FBIs Joint Terrorism Task Force; the National Counterterrorism Center/National Fusion Center; and the British Special Branch system. It recommends an American adaptation of the British Security Service and Metropolitan Police Service Special Branch model meant to improve the sharing of classified national security intelligence vital to the protection of the homeland. The recommendations in this thesis are designed to promote a debate on the utility and feasibility of classified national security intelligence collection within the homeland by state, local and tribal law enforcement.
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Randall, Marcus Christian, i n/a. "A General Modelling System and Meta-Heuristic Based Solver for Combinatorial Optimisation Problems". Griffith University. School of Environmental and Applied Science, 1999. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20051116.120133.
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There are many real world assignment, scheduling and planning tasks which can be classified as combinatorial optimisation problems (COPs). These are usually formulated as a mathematical problem of minimising or maximising some cost function subject to a number of constraints. Usually, such problems are NP hard, and thus, whilst it is possible to find exact solutions to specific problems, in general only approximate solutions can be found. There are many algorithms that have been proposed for finding approximate solutions to COPs, ranging from special purpose heuristics to general search meta-heuristics such as simulated annealing and tabu search. General meta-heuristic algorithms like simulated annealing have been applied to a wide range of problems. In most cases, the designer must choose an appropriate data structure and a set of local operators that define a search neighbourhood. The variability in representation techniques, and suitable neighbourhood transition operators, has meant that it is usually necessary to develop new code for each problem. Toolkits like the one developed by Ingber's Adaptive Simulated Annealing (Ingber 1993, 1996) have been applied to assist rapid prototyping of simulated annealing codes, however, these still require the development of new programs for each type of problem. There have been very few attempts to develop a general meta-heuristic solver, with the notable exception being Connolly's General Purpose Simulated Annealing (Connolly 1992). In this research, a general meta-heuristic based system is presented that is suitable for a wide range of COPs. The main goal of this work is to build an environment in which it is possible to specify a range of COPs using an algebraic formulation, and to produce a tailored solver automatically. This removes the need for the development of specific software, allowing very rapid prototyping. Similar techniques have been available for linear programming based solvers for some years in the form of the GAMS (General Algebraic Modelling System) (Brooke, Kendrick, Meeraus and Raman 1997) and AMPL (Fourer, Gay and Kernighan 1993) interfaces. The new system is based on a novel linked list data structure rather than the more conventional vector notation due to the natural mapping between COPS and lists. In addition, the modelling system is found to be very suitable for processing by meta-heuristic search algorithms as it allows the direct application of common local search operators. A general solver is built that is based on the linked list modelling system. This system is capable of using meta-heuristic search engines such as greedy search, tabu search and simulated annealing. A number of implementation issues such as generating initial solutions, choosing and invoking appropriate local search transition operators and producing suitable incremental cost expressions, are considered. As such, the system can been seen as a good test-bench for model prototypers and those who wish to test various meta-heuristic implementations in a standard way. However, it is not meant as a replacement or substitute for efficient special purpose search algorithms. The solver shows good performance on a wide range of problems, frequently reaching the optimal and best-known solutions. Where this is not the case, solutions within a few percent deviation are produced. Performance is dependent on the chosen transition operators and the frequency with which each is applied. To a lesser extent, the performance of this implementation is influenced by runtime parameters of the meta-heuristic search engine.
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Vieira, Sérgio Alexandre Braz. "Realização de uma arquitectura diffServ com configuração transparente de QOS". Master's thesis, FCT - UNL, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/1985.
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Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de ComputadoresO foco desta dissertação é o estudo de métodos para a construção e configuração de redes com garantia de qualidade de serviço (QoS – “Quality of Service”) baseados na abordagem de serviços diferenciados (DiffServ). Pretende-se que a configuração da rede seja feita de forma transparente para o utilizador, aproveitando os pacotes de sinalização SIP (“Session Initiation Protocol”) utilizados em várias aplicações multimédia. A dissertação inclui também um enquadramento teórico, no qual se analisam o uso da Internet para serviços de voz (VoIP –“Voice over Internet Protocol”) e a estrutura do núcleo do sistema universal de telecomunicações móveis (UMTS – “Universal Mobile Telecommunications System”) para serviços multimédia (IMS –“Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystem”). Ainda no âmbito da dissertação, foi elaborado um protótipo utilizando máquinas Linux que consiste numa rede DiffServ com dois tipos de nós: os encaminhadores de fronteira (ER – “Edge Routers”), que efectuam a negociação com os clientes (utilizando SIP); e os encaminhadores nucleares (CR – “Core Routers”), que distribuem os pacotes de acordo com a classe de serviço. A configuração dos CRs é feita dinamicamente em função da carga na rede, utilizando o protocolo COPS (“Common Open Policy Service”). A arquitectura realizada é compatível com os serviços VoIP e com o núcleo do UMTS para o serviço IMS.
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Randall, Marcus. "A General Modelling System and Meta-Heuristic Based Solver for Combinatorial Optimisation Problems". Thesis, Griffith University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367399.
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There are many real world assignment, scheduling and planning tasks which can be classified as combinatorial optimisation problems (COPs). These are usually formulated as a mathematical problem of minimising or maximising some cost function subject to a number of constraints. Usually, such problems are NP hard, and thus, whilst it is possible to find exact solutions to specific problems, in general only approximate solutions can be found. There are many algorithms that have been proposed for finding approximate solutions to COPs, ranging from special purpose heuristics to general search meta-heuristics such as simulated annealing and tabu search. General meta-heuristic algorithms like simulated annealing have been applied to a wide range of problems. In most cases, the designer must choose an appropriate data structure and a set of local operators that define a search neighbourhood. The variability in representation techniques, and suitable neighbourhood transition operators, has meant that it is usually necessary to develop new code for each problem. Toolkits like the one developed by Ingber's Adaptive Simulated Annealing (Ingber 1993, 1996) have been applied to assist rapid prototyping of simulated annealing codes, however, these still require the development of new programs for each type of problem. There have been very few attempts to develop a general meta-heuristic solver, with the notable exception being Connolly's General Purpose Simulated Annealing (Connolly 1992). In this research, a general meta-heuristic based system is presented that is suitable for a wide range of COPs. The main goal of this work is to build an environment in which it is possible to specify a range of COPs using an algebraic formulation, and to produce a tailored solver automatically. This removes the need for the development of specific software, allowing very rapid prototyping. Similar techniques have been available for linear programming based solvers for some years in the form of the GAMS (General Algebraic Modelling System) (Brooke, Kendrick, Meeraus and Raman 1997) and AMPL (Fourer, Gay and Kernighan 1993) interfaces. The new system is based on a novel linked list data structure rather than the more conventional vector notation due to the natural mapping between COPS and lists. In addition, the modelling system is found to be very suitable for processing by meta-heuristic search algorithms as it allows the direct application of common local search operators. A general solver is built that is based on the linked list modelling system. This system is capable of using meta-heuristic search engines such as greedy search, tabu search and simulated annealing. A number of implementation issues such as generating initial solutions, choosing and invoking appropriate local search transition operators and producing suitable incremental cost expressions, are considered. As such, the system can been seen as a good test-bench for model prototypers and those who wish to test various meta-heuristic implementations in a standard way. However, it is not meant as a replacement or substitute for efficient special purpose search algorithms. The solver shows good performance on a wide range of problems, frequently reaching the optimal and best-known solutions. Where this is not the case, solutions within a few percent deviation are produced. Performance is dependent on the chosen transition operators and the frequency with which each is applied. To a lesser extent, the performance of this implementation is influenced by runtime parameters of the meta-heuristic search engine.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Environmental and Applied Science
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
Full Text
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Fehrlund, Christian, i Daniel Vujdinovic. "Sourcingstrategier för komplexa produkter och system". Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-33647.
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Denna uppsats behandlar hur sourcingprocessen av komplexa system på Försvarets Materielverks (FMV) kan struktureras genom att undersöka parametrar som är viktiga att beakta vid outsourcing. En del av FMV:s strategi grundar sig i att minska den interna verksamheten och att lägga större åtaganden på leverantörer av systemlösningar, för att på så sätt kunna minska behovet av interna resurser. Därför blir det viktigt att besvara huruvida systemansvar bör tas av FMV eller av en leverantör. Rapporten behandlar processen om att fatta ett beslut om make-or-buy och när och varför det är motiverat att överlåta systemansvar till leverantörer. McIvors modell om outsourcing används för att besvara frågan hur FMV bör fatta ett beslut rörande make-or-buy genom att modellen tillämpas på tre pågående projekt. Därefter används "the strategic supply wheel" för att bedöma vilka parametrar som är viktiga att uppfylla både internt och externt vid outsourcing av aktiviteter beroende på om tid, kostnad eller kvalitet är prioriterat i respektive projekt. Inköpsmodellen som används består av fem områden som berör en inköpsorganisation strategiskt. Analysen av den teoretiska modellen görs utifrån ett perspektiv av komplexa produkter och system, då gällande teorier kring handelsvaror inte alltid kan relateras till krigsmateriel, utan kräver någon form av modifiering. Det visar sig i analysen att två av modellens fem områden; organisationsstruktur samt kunskap och kompetens, inte har lika stor påverkan på beslutet rörande make-or-buy. Inom ramen för komplexa produkter och system visar det sig att strategiskt inköp utgår från att dessa två områden är anpassade efter sin industri. Det visar sig att delar av "the strategic supply wheel" inte direkt kan tillämpas på försvarsindustrin då denna skiljer sig stort från kontinuerliga inköp av mindre komplex materiel. II Analysen visar att FMV i så stor mån som möjligt bör överlåta systemansvar till industrin, så länge marknadsrisken rörande antalet leverantörer är låg. Beroende på hur de enskilda projektens prioriteringar mellan anskaffningstid och kostnader skiljer sig åt kommer olika parametrar att behöva beaktas vid outsourcing av systemansvar. Det visar sig att "the strategic supply wheel" måste anpassas för att kunna användas på ett statligt verk som utför anskaffningar på komplexa produkter och system, där beställningarna sker oregelbundet och inte kontinuerligt. Slutligen kompletteras McIvors outsourcingmodell med "the strategic supply wheel". Denna modell ger en strukturerad metod till hur sourcingprocessen av komplexa produkter och system kan genomföras på FMV.This thesis deals with how the sourcing process of complex systems in the Swedish Defence Materiel Administration (FMV) can be structured by examining the parameters that are important to consider when outsourcing a process. FMV's strategies are based on reducing internal operations and to place greater obligations on providers of system solutions to thereby reduce the need for internal resources. Therefore an important question to answer is whether FMV or a single supplier should take the role of a systems integrator. The report deals with the process of making a make-or-buy decision and when and why it is justified to assign responsibility for systems to a single supplier. McIvors model for outsourcing is used to answer the question of how FMV can make the decision regarding make-or-buy by applying the model to three current projects. The strategic supply wheel is then used to determine which parameters are important to satisfy both internally and externally when processes are outsourced, depending on the priorities of the project. The strategic supply wheel which is used to determine these parameters consists of five areas of interest to a strategic sourcing organization. The analysis of the theoretical model is made from the perspective of complex products and systems, but current theories of consumer goods can not always be related to military equipment without requiring some sort of modification. It turns out in the analysis that two of the model's five areas, organizational structure and knowledge and competence, have less of an impact on the make-or-buy decision. In the context of complex products and systems, it appears that strategic sourcing assumes that these two areas are tailored to their industry. It turns out that some parts of the strategic supply wheel can not be directly applied to the defence industry which differs greatly from the continuous purchasing of less complex materials. III The analysis shows that FMV to the greatest extent possible, should try to transfer system responsibility to the industry, as long as the market risk relating to the number of suppliers are low. Depending on how the individual projects' priorities between acquisition time and costs differs, different parameters have to be considered when outsourcing the role of systems integrator. It turns out that the strategic supply wheel has to be adapted for use at a state institution that acquires complex products and systems, and where orders are done intermittently and not continuously. Finally, McIvors outsourcing model is combined with the analysis of the strategic supply wheel to provide a structured approach to the sourcing process of complex products and systems that can be implemented at FMV.
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Stewart, Ashley Shafii. "Development of a framework for the sustainability of professional CoPs in education, health and industry : a multiple discovery led case study approach". Thesis, University of the West of Scotland, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.627744.
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This thesis presents the results of a multiple discovery led case study research project. This research explored three professional Communities of Practice (CoPs) across three disciplines: education, industry and health. The thesis depicts the particularisations of the three case study CoPs. The study set out to explore the learning potential of CoPs and to provide empirical evidence to substantiate the link between participating in CoPs and learning, as there was a lack of empirical evidence indicating whether learning takes place within a community. The literature review within this study presents a summary of CoPs, the characteristics of a CoP, the lifecycle, organisational and online CoPs, and Communities of Learning (CoLs). This was very much in line with the study objectives, however, the themes identified and data gathered uncovered the importance and need for a framework for organisational CoPs. Consequently, new research questions emerged and the scope of the study shifted from one of learning to developing a framework which could be used by organisations to formulate and implement organisational CoPs. The methodology applied during this research study was a multiple discovery case study approach, which enabled the researcher to work with three unique CoPs. The methods of data collection included archival research, surveys, observations, semi-structured interviews and mapping. The survey findings were analysed using Mann-Whitney statistical analysis and Kruskal-Wallis tests indicated that there were significant differences between the three case study CoPs. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was conducted to analyse the interview transcripts. The outcome of the research study is a Formation and Implementation Framework which organisations can follow to form and implement CoPs within their professional environments. The framework also outlines a range of potential outcomes which an organisation can benefit from as a result of CoP implementation. The outcomes identified as a result of this study include: productivity, learning, knowledge transfer, professional development, performance and efficiency. This research makes contributions in three areas; knowledge, practice and policy. From a knowledge perspective; the literature review has presented a synthesis of the available literature, the research has contributed valuable insights by reporting the particularisations of three case study CoPs and a Formation and Implementation Framework has been proposed. From a practice perspective, a Formation and Implementation Framework has been developed, which is a practical tool for organisations to create and execute CoPs within organisations. The framework is the key outcome of the study and is an important original contribution as it addresses the weaknesses associated with existing frameworks. And finally, from a policy perspective, the research could influence organisational knowledge management strategies, professional development policies and support sectoral specialist interest groups.
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DUVET, LUDOVIC. "Instrumentation pour l'etude in-situ des atmospheres neutres et ionises planetaires et cometaires : idm (ion dynamics monitor) et cops (comet pressure sensor)". Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066296.
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Le travail realise durant cette these a consiste en le developpement, la realisation et les tests de deux instruments destines a l'etude des environnements neutres et ionises planetaires et cometaires. Le premier instrument, idm (ion dynamics monitor), est un spectrometre a plasma thermique et suprathermique (< 200 ev) developpe initialement lors de la phase de consolidation du projet cometaire europeen rosetta. Une version amelioree a ensuite ete adaptee pour l'etude de l'ionosphere et de la couche limite de mars dans le cadre du projet dynamo. Les deux versions du spectrometre ont ete testees en laboratoire et les resultats, en tres bon accord avec la simulation, ont montre le respect des specifications necessaires a la mesure. Le second instrument est destine a la mesure des parametres dynamiques d'une atmosphere neutre. Une etude detaillee des techniques de mesures actuelles de la dynamique d'un gaz neutre est tout d'abord presentee et montre l'interet de l'utilisation d'un concept instrumental reposant sur des jauges de densite a impact electronique et des chambres d'equilibre. L'instrument cops (comet pressure sensor), premiere realisation de ce concept, sera embarque a bord de la sonde rosetta et permettra l'evaluation de la vitesse d'expansion et de la densite du gaz cometaire. Le developpement de l'instrument a necessite la mise au point de techniques de modelisation de l'interaction d'un gaz et d'un solide en regime moleculaire et a conduit a la realisation de tests sous faisceau moleculaire. Les resultats montrent que les principaux objectifs sont atteints. Une seconde application de ce concept instrumental destinee a l'etude de la haute atmosphere martienne est aussi presentee.
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Gómez, Gutiérrez Anna. "Contaminants orgànics persistents a la conca mediterrània. El cas del delta de l'Ebre". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/5811.
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Els contaminants orgànics persistents (COPs) són compostos tòxics, persistents, bioacumulables i capaços de ser transportats per l'atmosfera a tot el planeta, incloses aquelles zones remotes on mai s'han produït ni emprat. Aquesta tesi estudia la contaminació dels ecosistemes aquàtics mediterranis per una selecció de COPs: els bifenils policlorats (PCBs), el diclorodifeniltricloroetà (DDT) i els seus derivats (DDE i DDD), els hexaclorociclohexans (HCHs) i l'hexaclorobenzè (HCB). Els resultats d'aquesta tesi s'han organitzat en tres capítols. En el primer d'ells s'estudia l'estat de la contaminació i la dinàmica dels COPs en el delta de l'Ebre. L'anàlisi de les mostres recollides (novembre de 2002 - octubre de 2003) mostrà com encara es produeixen aportacions no controlades de DDT al delta. Aquestes entrades poden ser la conseqüència de l'arrossegament de partícules enriquides mobilitzades des de diferents indrets de la conca i/o el resultat de les activitats agrícoles. La variabilitat estacional i geogràfica del lindà també indica l'existència d'aportacions recents. D'altra banda, les crescudes del riu provoquen un important augment de la descàrrega de COPs, bàsicament a la fase particulada, a causa de l'augment de l'escolament, la lixiviació, l'arrossegament de sòls i la remobilització dels sediments (ex. material dipositat als embassaments). Així, els períodes d'avinguda són claus en el còmput total de la descàrrega de COPs a la Mediterrània.
En el segon dels capítols s'estudià el perfil vertical estratificat del riu a la seva desembocadura com un exemple dels estuaris de falca salina desenvolupats a la Mediterrània. La falca salina a l'Ebre provoca un canvi en la dinàmica vertical de diferents variables fisicoquímiques, de la matèria orgànica i dels COPs. La floculació induïda pel canvi salí vertical provoca un augment de la quantitat de partícules en suspensió a la falca salina i la barreja de partícules de diversos orígens (orgànic i mineral). Aquest material es barreja a la vegada amb el material marí i les partícules suspeses pateixen una disminució general de les concentracions de COPs. Tanmateix, la falca salina actua com una zona de retenció dels COPs ja que el seu moviment lent i la baixa renovació de l'aigua fan que els contaminants es mantinguin a l'estuari. D'altra banda, tot i que la interfície vertical entre l'aigua dolça - falca salina juga un paper molt important en la transformació i l'acumulació de la matèria orgànica, no s'han detectat màxims molts evidents de COPs en aquesta zona.
Finalment, l'últim capítol presenta una visió més global i s'analitza l'abast i el risc ecològic de la utilització dels COPs a tota la conca mediterrània. Es realitzà una recopilació i valoració de la informació existent sobre COPs als sediments marins superficials com a indicadors i integradors del nivell de contaminació de la conca. Tot i les limitacions trobades en el recull d'informació (manca de dades per les costes est i sud de la conca, inexistència de procediments de mostreig i d'anàlisi normalitzats i manca de guies de qualitat ecotoxicològica) es van observar algunes tendències. Des del punt de vista geogràfic, s'ha demostrat com la contaminació per COPs als sediments mediterranis és un problema localment important en algunes zones urbanes/industrials, àrees de descàrrega de rius i zones semitancades (ports i llacs costaners). Malgrat això, les concentracions i el seu risc ecològic associat decreixen ràpidament en les zones de mar obert. Temporalment, tot i la gran variabilitat, s'observa una disminució general de les concentracions de COPs des dels anys setanta fins a l'actualitat.
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are compounds which have shown to be toxic, persistent, bioaccumulable and susceptible to atmospheric transport to remote areas where they have never been produced or used. This Thesis deals with the contamination of the Mediterranean Sea by a selection of POPs: hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its derivatives (DDE and DDD) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).
Results of this Thesis have been organized in three different chapters. The first chapter is focused on the contamination by POPs and their dynamics in the Ebro Delta. The analysis of collected samples (November 2002 - October 2003) have shown that even today, some DDT inputs are occurring in the Ebro Delta. These inputs can be related to the mobilization of enriched particles from several places in the basin and/or to agricultural activities. In the case of lindane, the seasonal and spatial variability also seems to indicate the existence of recent inputs of this pesticide in the area. On the other hand, the rises of the river flow leads to a significant increase in POP transport downstream, basically in the particulate phase, as a result of the increase in runoff, lixiviation, dragging of soils and the mobilization of sediments (ex. sediment stored in the dams). Flood episodes are thus contributing greatly to the total amounts of POPs annually discharged by the river into the Mediterranean.
In the second chapter, the stratified vertical profile of the river in the mouth was studied as an example of the salt wedge estuaries developed in the Mediterranean. The salt wedge in the Ebro produces a great change in the vertical profiles of various physicochemical variables, as well as the concentrations of organic matter and POPs. Flocculation caused by the salinity gradient leads to an increase of suspended organic matter in the salt wedge and the mixing of particles from different sources (organic and mineral). In the salt wedge, this material is also mixed with marine suspended particulate matter and the concentrations of POPs in the suspended solids decrease. However, the salt wedge entraps a large amount of POPs due to the low renewal levels and lack of movement and, thus, keeps the pollutants in the estuary. Although the interface between fresh and salty waters has a crucial role in the transformation and accumulation of organic matter, the results do not show important maxima of POPs in this region.
Finally, in the last chapter, from a more general standpoint, an assessment of POPs contamination and ecological risk in the Mediterranean was conducted, using the superficial sediments as indicators. In spite of all the limitations on gathering the existing information (lack of data in the eastern and southern Mediterranean, non-existence of standardised sampling and analytical procedures and ecotoxicological quality standards), some trends can be discerned. Geographically, it has been proved that POPs pollution in the Mediterranean sediments is a local problem and important in some urban and industrial locations, river discharge areas and semi-enclosed zones (harbours and coastal lagoons). In spite of this, the concentrations and their ecological risk are falling rapidly in open sea areas. Temporally, despite the great variability of data, a general decrease of POPs concentrations since the 1970s can be seen.
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Nikoloski, Zoran. "Graph-theoretic Approach to Modeling Propagation and Control of Network Worms". Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2005. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3164.
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In today's network-dependent society, cyber attacks with network worms have become the predominant threat to confidentiality, integrity, and availability of network computing resources. Despite ongoing research efforts, there is still no comprehensive network-security solution aimed at controling large-scale worm propagation. The aim of this work is fivefold: (1) Developing an accurate combinatorial model of worm propagation that can facilitate the analysis of worm control strategies, (2) Building an accurate epidemiological model for the propagation of a worm employing local strategies, (3) Devising distributed architecture and algorithms for detection of worm scanning activities, (4) Designing effective control strategies against the worm, and (5) Simulation of the developed models and strategies on large, scale-free graphs representing real-world communication networks. The proposed pair-approximation model uses the information about the network structure--order, size, degree distribution, and transitivity. The empirical study of propagation on large scale-free graphs is in agreement with the theoretical analysis of the proposed pair-approximation model. We, then, describe a natural generalization of the classical cops-and-robbers game--a combinatorial model of worm propagation and control. With the help of this game on graphs, we show that the problem of containing the worm is NP-hard. Six novel near-optimal control strategies are devised: combination of static and dynamic immunization, reactive dynamic and invariant dynamic immunization, soft quarantining, predictive traffic-blocking, and contact-tracing. The analysis of the predictive dynamic traffic-blocking, employing only local information, shows that the worm can be contained so that 40\% of the network nodes are not affected. Finally, we develop the Detection via Distributed Blackholes architecture and algorithm which reflect the propagation strategy used by the worm and the salient properties of the network. Our distributed detection algorithm can detect the worm scanning activity when only 1.5% of the network has been affected by the propagation. The proposed models and algorithms are analyzed with an individual-based simulation of worm propagation on realistic scale-free topologies.Ph.D.
School of Computer Science
Engineering and Computer Science
Computer Science
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Bishop, James. "Managing technical knowledge to enhance organisational best practice". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2009. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/4657.
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In recent years the construction industry has become increasingly aware of the potential of the technical knowledge held by construction professionals and the need to manage it effectively. However, organisations have experienced numerous problems in implementing and sustaining Knowledge Management (KM) initiatives. A key reason for this, which has been cited both within industry and academia, is a lack of understanding of the best-suited KM approaches available and how to adopt them. In particular, the importance of people-orientated KM practices, specifically in the case of construction firms who have a high level of dependence on the tacit knowledge of their employees, has been well documented with many KM authors calling for further research in this area. The research undertaken for this study was initiated in response to the need for further research and an improved understanding of KM (people-orientated KM in particular) best practice. The research was also focussed on establishing an effective KM initiative within Ramboll Whitbybird; the sponsoring organisation. The central aim of the research was therefore to “deliver a framework that facilitates the retention and reuse of knowledge, which will increase Ramboll Whitbybird's potential to drive engineering best practice and respond appropriately to conventional and emerging business opportunities.” To achieve this an action research approach was adopted, facilitated through the use of literature reviews, interviews, focus groups, and other data collection methods, to enable the findings to be implemented within an industrial setting. Through extensive industry involvement the research highlighted the core components necessary for a successful KM initiative, and the actions necessary from those involved in implementing, managing and sustaining KM activities within construction firms. The findings demonstrated that an organisation wishing to realise effective KM needs to establish a clear definition and understanding of KM across the business, which can be achieved through the compilation of a KM strategy (statement) and action plan. It also needs to acknowledge the importance of addressing the critical factors that will determine the success of its KM initiative such as the need for KM champions and a supporting team, a fit with the way people work and an alignment with business objectives. The research also highlighted the importance of people-orientated KM practices, and that construction organisations in particular should identify and prioritise KM activities such as Communities of Practice (CoPs), due to their reliance on tacit knowledge transfer. However, in order to maximise the benefits to individuals and the business, the organisation will need to take a ‘light touch' approach to the management of CoPs. Supporting people-based KM activities with the right technology is an important factor, particularly as organisations expand and become more geographically dispersed. To ensure that this technology is an effective supporter of KM it needs to be tailored to fit with the KM needs of the business, and will need to become de-centralised in its operation. Finally, the research outlined the importance for the organisation to consider the integration of KM within the daily operation of the business by incorporating KM effectively into communication and reporting structures, while also ensuring that it becomes a core aspect of its Quality Assurance (QA) procedures.
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Al, Azali Ralla. "Communities of practice, knowledge creation, and corporate sustainability : a study of Bahrain service industry". Thesis, Curtin University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/237.
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The Kingdom of Bahrain is a service-based economy in which the service industry is a highly competitive market environment. Therefore, organisations require employing strategies to compete and sustain their competitive advantage in order to survive. The knowledge-based view of the firm argues that knowledge is a critical source for sustainable competitive advantage. Communities of Practice (CoPs) provide a suitable environment for knowledge exchange and creation. This study defined CoPs as emergent informal networks of people who are located inside and outside the organisation, through which members of these communities share or are interested in the same practice and knowledge. It is noticed from the literature that there is no empirical study investigating the impact of knowledge created in CoPs on corporate sustainability. Moreover, the influence of social capital on quantity and type of knowledge received from different CoPs members is scarce. This research attempts to address this research gap.The study combined qualitative and quantitative approaches. The information obtained from the literature was used to develop the initial research model. In the first phase, a qualitative field study is carried out to develop a comprehensive research model. A number of hypotheses were then developed. The second phase of the study pilot tested the developed questionnaire. Minor changes were made based on the pilot study participants’ comments and feedback.The third phase of the study is the main quantitative survey. The questionnaire for survey was distributed among senior managers in Bahrain top 100 service organisations both in the public and private sectors. 333 completed questionnaires were returned to the researcher with the response rate of 54%. Partial Least Squares (PLS) was employed to analyse the data collected in the main survey.The findings of the study did not support all the hypotheses developed in this study. It was found that communities of practise exist in Bahrain service industry, where two types of CoPs are noticed: intra (co-located employees and non co-located employees) and inter CoPs (customers, suppliers, and business partners). It was also found that co-located employees’ and customers’ CoPs have the major effect on organisation performance as the knowledge received from them is employed in the knowledge creation process to generate new knowledge in order to improve organisation performance.An interesting finding is the positive effect of CoP characteristics on the knowledge received. Therefore, CoP characteristics do not only identify this type of network but also influence the amount of knowledge received from community members. On the other hand, the knowledge received from CoPs affect the knowledge creation process in its four steps (interaction and communication, develop pool of knowledge, alternative experimentations, and solution to problem). Furthermore, the study empirically tested that knowledge creation process is carried out in four sequential steps. It was also found that the last step of the knowledge creation process "find solution to problem" has the greatest influence on the generation of new knowledge. It was also found that new knowledge positively affects organisational social, environmental, economic, and non economic performances (i.e. corporate sustainability). The study results did not support the hypothesis that social capital aspects (trust, norms, and identification) moderate the amount of knowledge received from CoPs.From the literature review and the study findings, it is recommended that organisations within Bahrain service industry should develop a knowledge management strategy and implement CoPs to sustain their position in the market. Moreover, the strategy should contain appropriate measures of sustainability objectives.Despite the fact that the study was conducted in Bahrain service organisations, it is suggested that it can be applied to different organisations in various countries across the globe because of its generic approach. However, it needs to be customised for local application.
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Planche, Céline. "Développement et évaluation d'un modèle tridimensionnel de nuage mixte à microphysique détaillée : application aux précipitations orographiques". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00622980.
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La prévision quantitative des précipitations à l'aide des modèles météorologiques reste encore un grand défi posé à la communauté des sciences atmosphériques. En effet, deux problèmes majeurs sont généralement identifiés pour la prévision opérationnelle des précipitations et du climat : les interactions des systèmes précipitants avec le relief et avec la pollution. Cette thèse contribue à l'amélioration des prévisions de pluies. La stratégie adoptée est d'étudier des évènements précipitants en zones montagneuses en décrivant au mieux les interactions aérosol-nuage-précipitation à l'aide du modèle à microphysique mixte détaillée : DEtailed SCAvenging Model (DESCAM, Flossmann et Wobrock (2010)). Ce modèle utilise cinq distributions pour représenter les particules d'aérosol résiduelles et interstitielles ainsi que les gouttes et cristaux de glace. Le modèle a directement été comparé aux observations réalisées au cours de la campagne expérimentale COPS (Convective and Orographically induced Precipitation Study), qui a eu lieu pendant l'été 2007 à la frontière franco-allemande. En particulier, les simulations des pluies ont été comparées avec des observations de différents radars afin d'évaluer les performances du modèle mais aussi d'aider à l'interprétation des réflectivités de la bande brillante. La sensibilité par rapport à la pollution particulaire a été étudiée pour les propriétés des nuages et des précipitations. Pour les cas étudiés, plus le nombre des particules d'aérosol présentes dans l'atmosphère est important et plus leur solubilité est élevée, plus les précipitations au sol sont faibles. Ces comportements globaux peuvent toutefois être localement différents. Il existe donc des interactions plus complexes entre les particules d'aérosol, les nuages et les précipitations qui doivent être encore plus approfondies.
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Faubert, Joël. "Zombies and Survivors". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/41077.
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Cops and Robbers on Graphs (C & R) is a vertex-to-vertex pursuit game played on
graphs first introduced by Quilliot (in 1978) and Nowakowski (in 1983). The cop
player starts the game by choosing a set of vertices which will be the cops’ starting
positions. The robber player responds by choosing its own start vertex. On each
player’s turn, the player may move its tokens to adjacent vertices. The cops win
if the robber is captured (they occupy the same vertex). The robber wins if it can
avoid capture indefinitely. The question, then, is to determine the smallest number
of cops required to guarantee the robber will be captured. A variation of C & R called
Zombies and Survivors (Z & S) was recently proposed and studied by Fitzpatrick.
Z & S is the same as C & R with the added twist that the zombies are required to
move closer to the survivor (by following a shortest path from the zombie to the
survivor). Whenever multiple shortest paths exist, the zombies are free to choose
which one to follow. As in C & R, we are interested in the minimum number of
zombies required to guarantee the survivor will be caught. Chapter 1 summarizes
important results in vertex-pursuit games. In Chapter 2 we give an example of a
planar graph where 3 zombies always lose, whereas Aigner and Fromme showed
in 1984 that three cops have a winning strategy on planar graphs. In Chapter 3 we
show how two zombies can win on a cycle with one chord.
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Slagter-Jäger, Jacoba G. "CopA and CopT: The Perfect RNA Couple". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3465.
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Antisense RNAs regulate gene expression in many bacterial systems. The best characterized examples are from prokaryotic accessory elements such as phages, plasmids and transposons. Many of these antisense RNAs have been identified as plasmid copy number regulators where they regulate the replication frequency of the plasmid by negative feedback. Instability and fast binding kinetics is crucial for the regulatory efficiency of these antisense RNAs.
In this thesis, the interaction of the cis-encoded antisense RNA CopA with its target CopT was studied in detail using in vivo reporter gene fusion expression and different in vitro methods, such as surface plasmon resonance, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, and gel-shift assays.
Formation of inhibitory complexes differs from simple hybridization reactions between complementary strands. E.g., the binding pathway of CopA and CopT proceeds through a hierarchical order of steps. It initiates by reversible loop-loop contacts, resulting in a helix nucleus of two or three base pairs. This is followed by rapid unidirectional helix progression into the upper stems, resulting in a four-way helical junction structure. It had been suggested that the loop of CopT carries a putative U-turn, a structure first found in tRNA anticodon loops. We showed that this putative U-turn is one of the structural elements of CopA/CopT required to achieve fast binding kinetics. Furthermore, the hypothetical U-turn structure determines the direction of helix progression when the kissing complex progresses to a four-way helical junction structure. Another structural element in CopT is the helical stem adjacent to the recognition loop. This stem is important to present the recognition loop appropriately to provide a scaffold for the U-turn.
Furthermore, the role of protein Hfq in the interaction of antisense/target RNA was investigated, since several trans-encoded antisense RNAs had been shown to need this protein to exert their function. In contrast, studies of two cis-encoded antisense RNA systems showed that these antisense RNAs do not rely on Hfq for activity. In this study it was also shown that MicF, a trans-encoded antisense RNA which is dependent on Hfq, is greatly stabilized by this protein.
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Jurado, Cojo Elena. "Modelling the ocean-atmosphere exchanges of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6397.
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Els Contaminants Organic Persistents (COPs), tals com PCB, PCDD/FS i PAHs, són un grup de compostos químics regulats per a la seva reducció o ja prohibits a causa de la seva persistència, potencial per a ser transportat llargues distàncies i la capacitat de bioacumular en xarxes tròfiques. El transport atmosfèric i la posterior deposició s'han descrit com els processos claus pels quals impacten àrees oceàniques remotes. Així mateix, en la interfície atmòsfera-oceà, que correspon al 70% de la superfície de la Terra, tenen lloc molts processos vitals que determinen el paper dels oceans com a dipòsit i reservori de COPs. La interpretació d'aquests processos no és senzilla a causa de la manca de mesures en àrees remotes de l'oceà i el desconeixement dels mecanismes dominants a diferents escales espacials i temporals. Aquesta tesi doctoral està centrada en la modelització dels processos de transferència de COPs entre l'atmòsfera i els oceans a escales regionals i globals. Per primera vegada, dades derivades de satèl·lits s'han acoblat amb models multimèdia de contaminants i de caixes de nivell I-III, donant lloc a estimacions d'acord amb un factor de dos amb les measures en molts dels casos. Així mateix, s'ha mostrat la variabilitat dels processos de deposició i la importància de considerar processos biogeoquímics a gran escala quan s'avalua la dinàmica dels COPs. Estimacions globals del procés de deposició atmosfèrica dominant, i fluxes d'enfonsament i subducció també s'han dut a terme. S'ha vist que la difusió aire-aigua és la ruta predominant de introducció de contaminants a oceans per a COPs predominantment en la fase gas. En canvi, la deposició seca i humida és dominant per certes regions i per a contaminants que tendeixen a sorbir-se fortament a aerosols. D'altra banda, la metodologia desenvolupada s'ha implementat per a estimar els bescanvis atmosfera-oceà de carboni orgànic total. Sorprenentment aquestes estimacions apunten a fluxes elevats que podrien ajudar a tancar els balanços globals de carboni.
El destí dels contaminants a curta escala i un cop han entrat a la columna d'aigua s'ha investigat mitjançant un model dinàmic 0-D i un model acoblat hidrodinàmic-contaminant 1-D. S'ha recalcat el paper dels sediments en el reciclatge de contaminants i dels fluxes atmosfèrics. Així mateix s'ha vist que la influència dels sediments és especialment important per a aigües poc profundes (< 20 m) i la profunditat a la qual difonen en la columna d'aigua s'explica amb la interacció entre fluxes turbulents i d'enfonsament. Així doncs, en aquesta tesi i per primera vegada s'ha dut a terme un analisi exhaustiu de la turbulència vertical en la dinàmica dels COPs
Tots aquests resultats es presenten en forma d'articles científics que han estat ja publicats o en procés de publicació.
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as PCB, PCDD/FS and PAHs, are a group of chemicals targeted for reduction, or already banned, because of their persistence, potential for long-range transport and their ability to bioaccumulate in food-webs. Atmospheric transport and subsequent deposition has been described as the major process by which they impact remote oceanic areas. Additionally in the air-water interface, which accounts about the 70% of the Earth surface, take place many vital processes that determine the role of the oceans as a sink and as a reservoir of POPs. However the interpretation of these processes encounters difficulties because of the lack of measurements in the remote oceanic areas, and the lack of understanding of the dominant mechanisms at different spatial and temporal scales.
This PhD-thesis focuses on the modelling of the transfer processes of POPs between the atmosphere and the oceans at regional and global scales. Satellite derived data has been coupled with multimedia box-contaminant models of level I-III for the first time, yielding estimations in agreement within a factor of two with measurements, in most cases. Moreover, it is shown the noteworthy variability of atmospheric depositional fluxes and the importance of considering large biogeochemical processes in the oceans when evaluating the dynamics of POPs. Global estimations of the dominant atmospheric depositional, sinking and subduction fluxes have been also performed. It is seen that diffusive air-water exchange is the predominant route of introduction of contaminants to the oceans for POPs predominantly in the gaseous phase. However, dry and wet deposition become dominant in certain ocean regions and for compounds that sorb strongly to aerosols. Furthermore the developed methodology has also been implemented to estimate the atmosphere-ocean exchanges of total organic carbon. Surprisingly, these estimations point to high fluxes which could help to close the carbon budgets in the global carbon models.
The fate of contaminants on the short-time scale and once they enter the water column has been investigated by means of a 0-D dynamic model and a 1-D dynamic coupled contaminant-hydrodynamic model. It is stressed the role of sediments recycling contaminants and the atmospheric based fluxes. The influence of sediments is especially important for shallow water columns (< 20 m). The extent to which they diffuse in the water column is explained by the interplay between sinking and turbulent fluxes. In this thesis and for the first time a novel and comprehensive analysis of the vertical turbulence to the dynamics of POPs has been performed.
All these results have been published in scientific literature, are in press for publication or under review.
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Moradi, Luca. "Salume arricchito in acidi grassi polinsaturi omega-3: controllo di parametri chimici qualitativi e compositivi in relazione ad un possibile incremento di ossidabilita’ della frazione lipidica durante la shelf-life". Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/4978/.
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Questa relazione finale è incentrata sul lavoro sperimentale richiesto dalla collaborazione con l’azienda Natural Salumi ed ha come obiettivo principale quello di verifica dei parametri qualitativi e compositivi di una nuova tipologia di salume in fase di studio. L’azienda ha infatti messo a punto un nuovo “prodotto funzionale” addizionando componenti aventi attività nutraceutica al salame ottenuto da sole parti magre di suino (tipo NaturalFetta) e si propone di arricchire il proprio prodotto con acidi grassi polinsaturi della serie omega-3 (da olio di semi di lino), noti per gli effetti benefici esercitati sulla salute umana.
Sul prodotto di nuova formulazione si effettueranno sia la determinazione della percentuale lipidica mediante metodo ufficiale Soxhlet ed automatizzato Soxtec, al fine di individuare il quantitativo totale della parte grassa, che una caratterizzazione del profilo quali-quantitativo in acidi grassi, fondamentale per verificare la conformità con i requisiti indicati dal Reg. 1924/06 (e successivi come il Reg. UE 432/2012) previsti per le indicazioni da inserire in etichetta (claims) per i prodotti arricchiti con acidi grassi polinsaturi (PUFA). La determinazione del profilo in acidi grassi e, nello specifico, del contenuto in acido -linolenico, sarà realizzata mediante gascromatografia previa estrazione della frazione lipidica dei salumi con metodo di Folch modificato, che prevede un'estrazione solido-liquido.
La concentrazione di acido alfa-linolenico sarà inoltre monitorata durante tutto il periodo di shelf-life del prodotto (45 gg) al fine di valutare eventuali variazioni durante la conservazione. Per soddisfare quest’ultima finalità, le analisi saranno eseguite sia all’inizio (T0) che alla fine (T1) della vita commerciale del prodotto.
Le stesse analisi verranno inoltre condotte sia sul prodotto a formulazione classica che su un prodotto del tutto simile, commercializzato da un’altra azienda e considerato come leader di mercato.
In relazione ad un possibile aumento di ossidabilità della frazione lipidica, sarà realizzato un controllo dei parametri chimici, qualitativi e compositivi, con particolare riferimento ai prodotti di ossidazione del colesterolo (date le loro implicazioni in ambito biomedico). La maggiore presenza in formulazione di acidi grassi polinsaturi potrebbe infatti favorire un incremento dei COPs (Cholesterol Oxidation Products), che saranno separati, identificati e quantificati mediante la procedura SPE/GC-MS (estrazione e purificazione in fase solida accoppiata ad analisi gascromatografica con rivelazione mediante spettrometria di massa).
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Namazi, Majid. "Learning in Combinatorial Constraint Optimisation". Thesis, Griffith University, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/419082.
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Many real-world problems can be modelled as constraint optimisation problems (COPs). Each COP includes a set of variables with domains of values, constraints on the assignments to the variables, and an objective function, which should be minimised or maximised. In this thesis, we consider only combinatorial COPs, where domains of the variables are discrete. A component is a subproblem of a COP with specific variables, assignable values or constraints. Most practical COPs, including waste collection, mail delivery, supply chain management, and travelling thief problem (TTP), have more than one component. Existing methods for solving COPs, especially multi-component COPs, repeatedly solve the same problem or subproblem but do not take advantage of learning during the search. This research aimed to apply memorising and online or adaptive machine learning models. The memory buffers and the ML models are built, deployed, and updated during the search to improve search efficacy and efficiency in solving COPs, especially multi-component ones. In this research, we have developed a history memorising method to enhance diversity and effectiveness in solving COPs. Also, we have developed three online machine learning-based methods, one coordination learning for improving efficacy and two surrogate models for enhancing the efficiency of TTP solving. Our proposed solver, CoCo, is currently the state-of-the-art solver for solving TTP.
History memorising is an online low-level learning method to keep previously visited solutions or their objective values to avoid or escape from local optima during the search. The Late Acceptance Hill Climbing (LAHC) is a history memorising metaheuristic with promising performance on some COP domains. It aims to overcome the main downside of the traditional Hill Climbing (HC) search, which is often quickly trapped in a local optimum due to strictly accepting only non-worsening moves within each iteration. In contrast, LAHC also accepts worsening moves by keeping the objective values of the previously visited solutions in a limited-size circular memory. It compares the fitness values of candidate solutions against the least recent element in the circular memory to decide on accepting or rejecting them. However, we have realised that whenever all values in memory become the same, LAHC behaves like HC and gets stuck in local optima. We propose an improved form of LAHC called Diversified Late Acceptance Search (DLAS) for solving COPs in general, which usually uses much smaller memory, converges much faster than LAHC and escapes local optima much better than LAHC. The proposed DLAS approach outperforms LAHC on benchmark sets of Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) and Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP) instances.
TTP is an academic proxy for the waste collection and mail delivery real-world optimisation problems composed of TSP and Knapsack Problem (KP). In TTP, a thief makes a cyclic tour through a set of cities while collecting profitable items scattered over the cities into a rented capacitated knapsack. As the weight of the knapsack increases, the thief’s speed decreases; hence the renting cost increases. Solving TTP aims to maximise profit while minimising the renting cost simultaneously, which means maximising the difference between profit and renting cost. Existing TTP solvers typically employ interleaving and solve one component at a time while keeping the solution of the other component unchanged. This form of interleaving essentially means poor coordination in solving TTP. In this thesis, we first show that a simple local search based coordination approach does not work in TTP. Then, to adequately address interdependence between TSP and KP components, we propose a human-designed coordination heuristic that adjusts collection plans during the exploration of cyclic tours. We further propose another human-designed coordination heuristic that explicitly exploits the cyclic tours in selecting items during collection plan exploration. Lastly, we propose an online machine learning-based coordination heuristic that captures the characteristics of the two human-designed coordination heuristics while solving any TTP instance. Our proposed coordination-based approaches help our TTP solver, cooperative coordination (CoCo), significantly outperform existing state-of-the-art TTP solvers on a set of benchmark TTP instances.
Our proposed CoCo solver modifies a TTP instance’s underlying TSP and KP solutions in an iterative interleaved fashion. The TSP solution as a cyclic tour is typically changed in a deterministic way using the steepest-ascent Hill-Climbing (HC) search similar to other cooperative solvers. In contrast, changes to the KP solution typically involve a random HC search, effectively resulting in a quasi-meandering exploration of the TTP solution space. Once CoCo reaches a plateau, it restarts the iterative search of the TTP solution space by using a new initial cyclic tour. We have noticed that the final objective value remains almost the same if the same or similar initial cyclic tour is tried several times by CoCo or the other cooperative TTP solvers. Considering this semideterministic nature of the state-of-the-art cooperative TTP solvers, we propose two adaptive and online surrogate models to filter out non-promising initial cyclic tours to improve search efficiency. These surrogate models are automatically built, updated and deployed while solving any TTP instance. The first model is a Support Vector Regression (SVR)-based black-box model, and the second is a K Nearest Neighbour (KNN)-based white-box simulation model. Both models help to filter out non-promising initial cyclic tours while losing a small number of the cyclic tours leading to the best overall solutions. However, the KNN-based white-box simulation model is more accurate and efficient.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Info & Comm Tech
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
Full Text
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Merlet, Christophe. "Initiation de la convection au-dessus des Vosges et de la Forêt Noire au cours de la campagne COPS : approche multi-instrumentale appliquée au 15 juillet 2007". Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066734.
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La prévision des orages est un des problèmes majeurs de la prévision météorologique, aussi bien pour l’anticipation des situations où des phénomènes sont observés que pour les cas qui ne déclenchent pas de convection. La campagne COPS (Convective and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study) qui a eu lieu durant l’été 2007 au-dessus des Vosges et de la Forêt Noire a été l’occasion d’utiliser un jeu de données multi-instrumental complet pour étudier la variabilité à méso-échelle de la vapeur d’eau dans la basse troposphère, et son impact sur l’initiation ainsi que l’inhibition de la convection. L’effort d’analyse s’est notamment concentré sur les couches sèches observées maintes fois en période pré-convective durant la campagne. Sur la base de l’étude de cas du 15 juillet 2007, les travaux menés ont montré les processus qui gouvernent ces couches sèches et le rôle de ces dernières dans l’inhibition de la convection. Ces processus sont liés aussi bien à des advections à l’échelle régionale de structures sèches qu’à des processus plus locaux liés principalement à l’impact du relief sur le flux de basse couche et au forçage orographique diurne. Le travail autour de cette étude de cas a également permis de montrer l’intérêt de la tomographie GPS pour l’étude de la variabilité spatio-temporelle de la vapeur d’eau à l’échelle régionale. De même, le modèle à aire limité Méso-NH a été utilisé pour aider à l’interprétation des processus comme pour calculer des rétrotrajectoires pour comprendre l'origine des masses d'air étudiées. Une analyse critique de la représentation des couches sèches dans le modèle a également été effectuéeStorms prediction is one of the major problems of weather forecasting, regarding both the anticipation of situations in which convective phenomena are observed and cases for which convection does not initiate. The COPS (Convective and orographically-induced Precipitation Study) campaign which took place during the summer of 2007 over the Vosges and the Black Forest was an opportunity to use a complete multi- instrumental dataset to study the mesoscale variability of water vapor in the lower troposphere, and its impact on the initiation and inhibition of convection. The present work is focused particularly on dry layers observed many times in pre- convective conditions during the campaign. Based on the case study of 15 July 2007, the work details the processes that govern these dry layers and the role they play in the inhibition of convection. These processes involve regional advection of dry structures as well as more local processes related mainly to the impact of the topography on the impinging flow as well as diurnal orographic forcing. The analysis of the synoptic origin of dry air masses impacting the COPS region was also studied. Work around this case study also highlighted the worth of GPS tomography to study the spatial and temporal variability of water vapor at the regional scale. Similarly, the limited area model Meso-NH was used to assist in the interpretation process as well as to calculate air masses back-trajectories. A critical analysis of the representation of the dry layers in the model was also performed
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Koenig, Samuel. "Bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and biomarkers of pollution in Mediterranean deep-sea organisms / Bioacumulación de contaminantes orgánicos persistentes (COPs) y biomarcadores en organismos del mar Mediterráneo profundo". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/104150.
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The deep-sea has long been considered the last region one Earth to be untouched from anthropogenic disturbances. However, studies have shown that the deep-sea is not as pristine as once assumed and it has been suggested that it may actually act as a sink for persistent organic pollutants (POPs). POPs are ubiquitous in the environment and of particular concern due to their high persistence, toxicity, bioaccumulation potential and long-range transport. Although POPs have been detected in a range of deep-sea organisms from around the world, little is known on the potential impact anthropogenic contamination may have on deep-sea ecosystems. Thus, the present thesis aimed to investigate the bioaccumulation of POPs and potential adverse effects in deep-sea organisms resulting from exposure to these contaminants. To this end, a range of different contaminants, including legacy (e.g. polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs], dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane [DDTs], hexachlorocyclohexanes [HCHs]) and emergent (e.g. polybrominated diphenyl ethers [PBDEs]) POPs, as well as other contaminant classes such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkylphenols (APs) and mercury (Hg) were determined in different Mediterranean deep-sea organisms. Results showed that Mediterranean deep-sea organisms are potentially exposed to a wide range of contaminants, some of them potentially causing a risk for the deep-sea ecosystem as well as for human health. In this context, the present work presents one of the few studies and the first in the Mediterranean to simultaneously determine the bioaccumulation of legacy POPs and emergent PBDEs in deep-sea organisms. Moreover, the presence of APs in deep-sea fauna has not been previously investigated and this thesis thus provides novel information on the presence of these contaminants in remote marine environment. Also, Hg contamination could be of particular concern for deep-sea environments as levels appeared to increase with increasing habitat depth of the analyzed species. Furthermore, almost all species, including the commercially exploited fish Mora moro and the highly valuable red shrimp Aristeus antennatus, exhibited Hg levels exceeding the recommended consumption value of 0.5 μg/g wet weight and thus potentially pose a risk for human health.
In addition to chemical analyses, biomarkers of pollution including enzymatic activities and gene expression profiles were used to determine the potential negative effects contaminant exposure may have on deep-sea biota. The biomarkers applied include enzymes involved in the xenobiotic metabolism such as the cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs), carboxylesterase (CbE) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) as well as antioxidant responses such as catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The present work has shown that despite the lack of seasonal fluctuations of abiotic factors such as temperature and salinity in the Mediterranean deep-sea, organisms exhibit significant seasonal variability in enzymatic responses related to reproductive processes and food availability. Additional findings of the present work include the differential accumulation of POPs among fish species and compared to the crustacean Aristeus antennatus. Apart from factors such as habitat and feeding strategies, results indicated that differential CYP-mediated xenobiotic metabolism capacities between fish and crustacea may influence the variations in bioaccumulation patterns of POPs such as PCBs. Furthermore, novel biomarkers such as the gene expression of vitellogenin as indicator of endocrine disruption in male fish was applied for the first time to a deep-sea fish species, namely Alepocephalus rostratus. Furthermore, a major objective of this work was to investigate the particular case of submarine canyons, which are thought to act as natural conduits for particles and associated contaminants from surface waters to the deep ocean. In this sense, the present study showed that deep-sea organisms dwelling within the head of Blanes canyon, NW Mediterranean, might be particularly at risk from experiencing detrimental effects from exposure to anthropogenic pollutants.Durante mucho tiempo, el mar profundo se consideraba como el único medio exento de impacto antropogénico. Sin embargo, en las últimas décadas varios estudios han demostrado que el mar profundo no es tan prístino como se había pensado y que podría de hecho actuar como sumidero para contaminantes persistentes. Esta tesis tiene como objetivo de estudiar la bioacumulación de contaminantes orgánicos persistentes (COPs) en organismos del mar Mediterráneo profundo y los posibles efectos adversos que les pueden ocasionar. Con este fin, se determinaron los niveles de COPs legados como los bifenilos policlorados (PCBs), diclodifeniltricloroetano (DDTs), hexaclorociclohexanos (HCHs), y el penta- y hexaclorobenzeno (PeCB, HCB) y también de COPs emergentes como los polibromodifenil éteres (PBDEs). Además, se analizaron otros tipos de contaminantes como el mercurio (Hg) en musculatura y los metabolitos de hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos (PAHs) y alquilfenoles (APs) en bilis. Los posibles efectos negativos asociados con la exposición a estos contaminantes se determinaron mediante biomarcadores enzimáticos y de expresión génica, incluyendo enzimas de citocromo P450 (CYPs), glutatión-S-transferasa (GST), carboxilesterasa (CbE), glutatión peroxidasa (GPX), glutatión reductasa (GR) y catalasa (CAT). Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que los organismos de las zonas profundas del Mediterráneo están potencialmente expuestos a múltiples tipos de contaminantes de los cuales algunos pueden causar efectos adversos. En este contexto, este estudio es el primero en investigar los niveles de COPs legados y los emergentes PBDEs en organismos de gran profundidad del Mediterráneo. Además, se analizó por primera vez la presencia de metabolitos de APs en una especie abisal aportando información relevante respeto a la presencia y destino de estos contaminantes en el medio marino. Un objetivo importante de esta tesis consistía en investigar la contaminación del cañón de Blanes, ya que los cañones submarinos podrían actuar como vía de transporte preferencial de contaminantes asociados a partículas debido a su proximidad de la costa y su estructura geomorfológica. En este sentido, los resultados sugirieron que los organismos que habitan la zona de la cabecera del cañón de Blanes presentan un riesgo mayor de sufrir efectos adversos asociados a la exposición a COPs.
41
Benmerikhi, Mohamed. "La coordination dans les organisations temporaires à forte intensité de connaissances : variations autour d’un projet de type “complex product systems”". Thesis, Lille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1A013.
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Si la coordination a été largement abordée dans les organisations et les projets, elle l’a été beaucoup moins dans les projets de type complex product systems (COPS). Dans cette thèse sur travaux, nous mobilisons une approche qualitative longitudinale d'étude de cas unique pour aborder différentes questions de recherche. Théoriquement, nous décrivons le caractère multi-niveaux de la coordination plaidant en faveur d'une combinaison de mécanismes de coordination émergents et planifiés. Nous montrons ensuite, empiriquement, comment, considéré comme un artefact, un référentiel de connaissance dans la gestion de projet (le Guide PMBOK), assure la coordination de ses communautés de pratiques dispersées géographiquement. Ainsi, nous caractérisons la relation entre communautés de pratique et artefact comme étant mutuellement constitutive et co-évolutive. Ensuite, au niveau des acteurs projet, nous explorons le processus de développement des interdépendances en montrant que combler les écarts de connaissances engendre des changements dynamiques dans les interdépendances entre acteurs et celles entre tâches. Ceci nous a permis de mettre en évidence un flux réciproque de causalité entre taches et entre acteurs. Enfin, nous montrons que les barrières de connaissances entravant la coordination sont caractéristiques des projets COPS et nous expliquons comment les acteurs projet les surmontent à l'aide de différents artefacts imbriqués à leurs actions. Cette analyse nous permet de fournir un appui empirique à l’idée que les processus émergents de création de connaissance offrent une explication complémentaire aux problèmes de coordination. Ainsi, notre thèse présente une compréhension novatrice de la coordination dans les projets COPS avec des contributions qui s’inscrivent dans la littérature du management de projet ainsi que dans celle du management stratégiqueAlthough coordinating was addressed extensively in organizations and projects, it is much less studied in complex product systems (COPS) projects. Using a knowledge perspective, this compilation thesis addresses different research issues inherent to the process of coordinating using a qualitative longitudinal single case study design. Theoretically, we depict the multi-level character of coordination arguing in favour of a blend of emergent and planned coordination mechanisms. We then empirically demonstrate how, viewed as an artefact, a project management practice standard (the PMBOK Guide) ensures the coordination of spatially dispersed communities of practice. Thus, we characterize such relationship between an artefact and communities of practice as one of mutual constitution and co-evolution. We zoom in to a project participants level to depict the process of developing interdependencies by closing knowledge gaps. This results in dynamic shifts in actor and task interdependencies showing a flow of causality reciprocally between actors and tasks. Finally, we show that knowledge barriers to coordination are characteristic of COPS projects, and we outline how project participants overcome them using different artefacts imbricated with social action. This analysis provides empirical support for the idea that emergent processes of knowledge creation offer a complementary explanation for coordination problems. Thus, the present thesis provides a novel understanding of coordinating in COPS projects with notable contributions to the literature in project management as well as that on strategic management
42
Singleton, Chloe. "Metal binding studies of CopZ and CopA from Bacillus subtilis". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.439937.
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43
Sirakaya, Hatice Sinem. "A Comparision Of Object Oriented Size Evaluation Techniques". Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/721183/index.pdf.
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Popular Object Oriented size metrics and estimation methods are examined. A case study is conducted. Five of the methods (&ldquoLOC&rdquo
, &ldquo
OOPS&rdquo
, &ldquo
Use Case Points Method&rdquo
, &ldquo
J.Kammelar&rsquo
s Sizing Approach&rdquo
and &ldquo
Mark II FP&rdquo
) are applied to a project whose requirements are defined by means of use cases. Size and effort estimations are made and compared with the actual results of the project.
44
Ventura, Håkan. "Diameter : Next generations AAA protocol". Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1195.
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The need for AAA protocols in the world are increasing and todays most common protocols RADIUS and TACACS+, cannot cope with the fast advances in fields benefiting from the use of AAA protocols. This is why IETF has developed the protocol Diameter as a next generations AAA protocol. The objective of this thesis is to account for the work conducted with Diameter as well as to determine if it is going to become the major AAA protocol of the next generation. In this thesis, I describe what Diameter is, its close integration with the Mobile IP protocol and its other uses. As Diameter is based on RADIUS an introduction to AAA and RADIUS is given in order to comprehend where we are today and where we are going as well as to why. I also compare today’s protocols (RADIUS, TACACS+, Kerberos and COPS) against the next generations AAA protocol Diameter. From this comparison, the Mobile IP integration capabilities and an analysis of the support of the Diameter protocol I have come to the conclusion that Diameter is going to become the major AAA protocol of the next generation.
45
Ortiz, Almirall Xavier. "Eliminació de contaminants orgànics persistents d’oli de peix". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/31962.
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En la present tesi doctoral s’han estudiat diversos mètodes per a l’eliminació de contaminants orgànics persistents en olis de peix amb finalitat alimentària.
S’han posat al punt les metodologies d’anàlisi necessàries per a la correcta determinació d’aquests compostos en la matriu d’estudi. S’han avaluat amb detall les etapes de purificació de la mostra, fraccionament dels analits i anàlisi instrumental. El mètode ha estat validat amb resultats satisfactoris, i s’ha comprovat el seu bon funcionament a través de la participació en diversos exercicis d’intercalibtage, així com la realització de diversos estudis amb mostres reals d’oli de peix.
S’ha estudiat l’eliminació dels contaminants orgànics persistents a través d’adsorbents sòlids amb base silícica i carbonàcia. Les condicions experimentals han estat estudiades més a fons mitjançant dissenys d’experiències, per acabar optimitzant el mètode d’adsorció amb un disseny d’evolució. Els millors resultats s’han obtingut amb el carbó actiu, que mostra una elevada eficàcia en l’eliminació de PCDD/Fs, d-l PCBs i HCB.
S’ha estudiat l’eliminació dels contaminants orgànics persistents mitjançant tècniques de degradació fotoquímiques. Inicialment s’ha fotodegradat cada família de contaminants per separat, per poder estudiar més a fons les condicions necessàries per la seva eliminació, així com els seus mecanismes i productes de degradació. Posteriorment s’ha estudiat la fotodegradació simultània dels analits d’interès en oli de peix. Aquesta tècnica s’ha mostrat efectiva en l’eliminació de DDT, PBDEs, HCB i PCBs similars a dioxines.
Paral•lelament als estudis d’eliminació mitjançant adsorbents sòlids i tècniques fotoquímiques, s’ha comprovat la qualitat dels olis de peix abans i després del tractament. El procés d’adsorció en sòlids no afecta significativament a la qualitat de l’oli, mentre que les tècniques fotoquímiques degraden una part dels àcids grassos insaturats.
S’ha estudiat l’eliminació de contaminants orgànics persistents en oli de peix mitjançant la combinació de les dues tècniques estudiades anteriorment, amb una primera etapa de degradació fotoquímica i una segona etapa d’adsorció. S’han comparat els resultats finals d’eliminació que s’obtenen amb cada un dels mètodes desenvolupats (adsorció, fotodegradació i combinat). L’adsorció en carbó actiu és el procés més adequat per l’eliminació de COPs en oli de peix.
S’ha realitzat un estudi dels nivells diastereomèrics i enantiomèrics d’un contaminant emergent -l’hexabromociclododecà (HBCD)- en oli de peix. S’ha avaluat la seva eliminació de la matriu d’estudi mitjançant adsorbents amb base carbonàcia i degradació fotoquímica, sent principalment eliminat per aquesta segona via.En la presente tesis doctoral se han estudiado diversos métodos para la eliminación de contaminantes orgánicos persistentes en aceites de pescado con finalidad alimentaria. Se han desarrollado los métodos de análisis necesarios para la correcta determinación de estos compuestos en la matriz de estudio. Se han evaluado con detalle las etapas de purificación de la muestra, fraccionamiento de los analitos y análisis instrumental. El método ha sido validado con resultados satisfactorios, y se ha comprobado su buen funcionamiento mediante ejercicios de intercalibraje, así como la realización de diversos estudios con muestras reales de aceite de pescado. Se ha estudiado la eliminación de los contaminantes persistentes mediante adsorbentes sólidos con base silícica y carbonacea. Las condiciones experimentales han estado estudiadas en profundidad mediante diseños de experiencias y de evolución. Los mejores resultados se han obtenido con carbón activo, que demuestra una elevada eficacia en la eliminación de PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs y HCB. Se ha estudiado la eliminación de los contaminantes orgánicos persistentes mediante técnicas de degradación fotoquímica. Inicialmente se ha fotodegradado cada familia de contaminantes por separado, para poder estudiar más a fondo las condiciones necesarias para su eliminación. Posteriormente se ha estudiado la degradación simultánea de los analitos de interés en aceite de pescado. Esta técnica se ha mostrado efectiva en la eliminación de DDT, PBDEs, HCB y PCBs similares a dioxinas. Paralelamente a los estudios de eliminación mediante adsorbentes sólidos y técnicas fotoquímicas, se ha comprobado la calidad de los aceites de pescado antes y después del tratamiento. El proceso de adsorción en sólidos no afecta significativamente a la calidad del aceite, mientras que las técnicas fotoquímicas degradan una parte de los ácidos grasos insaturados. Se ha estudiado la eliminación de contaminantes orgánicos persistentes en aceites de pescado mediante la combinación de las dos técnicas estudiadas anteriormente, con una primera etapa de degradación fotoquímica y una segunda etapa de adsorción. Se han comparado los resultados finales de eliminación que se obtienen con cada uno de los métodos desarrollados. La adsorción en carbón activo es el proceso más adecuado para la eliminación de COPs en aceite de pescado. Se ha realizado un estudio de los niveles diastereoisoméricos y enantioméricos de un contaminante emergente –HBCD- en aceite de pescado. Se ha evaluado su capacidad de eliminación de la matriz de estudio mediante adsorbentes con base carbonacia y degradación fotoquímica, siendo principalmente eliminado por la segunda vía.
During the present doctoral thesis several methods for the elimination of persistent organic pollutants from fish oil have been studied. Analytical methodologies for the determination of these compounds in fish oil have been developed. Sample purification, fractionation of the analytes and instrumental determination steps have been deeply studied. The method has been validated with satisfactory results, and its performance has been verified through its participation in several intercalibration exercises and studies with real fish oil samples. Elimination of persistent organic pollutants with silicon and carbon-based adsorbents has been studied. The experimental conditions have been studied in depth with an experimental design, to finally optimize the adsorption method using an evolutionary design. Best results have been obtained with the active carbon, showing high efficiency of the removal of PCDD/Fs, dioxin-like PCBs and HCB. Elimination of persistent organic pollutants with photochemical degradation techniques has been studied. Initially, each family of pollutants has been photodegraded separately, to determine its degradation conditions, as well as degradation mechanisms and by-products. Later, simultaneous photodegradation of the analytes has been studied in fish oil. This technique has shown high efficiency on the degradation of DDT, PBDEs, HCB and dioxin-like PCBs. The quality of the oils before and after the treatments with solid adsorbents and photochemical degradation has also been studied. The adsorption process does not significantly affect the quality of the oils, while photochemical techniques can degrade the unsaturated fatty acids. Elimination of persistent organic pollutants in fish oil combining adsorption in solids and photochemical degradation has been studied. Results obtained with each of the developed methodologies (adsorption, photodegradation and combined method) were compared. Adsorption in active carbon is the most suitable process for COPs elimination in fish oil. Finally, diastereoisomeric and enantiomeric levels of an emerging pollutant –hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD)- in fish oil have been studied. Its elimination has been evaluated with carbon-based adsorbents and photochemical degradation, being mainly eliminated with the photodegradation techniques.
46
Tridon, Frédéric. "Mesure des précipitations à l'aide d'un radar en bande X non-cohérent à haute résolution et d'un radar en bande K à visée verticale. Application à l'étude de la variabilité des précipitations lors de la campagne COPS". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00777843.
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L'estimation quantitative des précipitations à l'échelle locale est une nécessité sociétale, à cause de l'augmentation des dégâts provoqués par des inondations exacerbées par l'urbanisation croissante. Or, des estimations locales sont particulièrement difficiles à réaliser à cause de la forte variabilité des précipitations. De plus, ce genre d'estimation est sollicité par de petits organismes tels qu'une commune, pour lesquels il n'est pas envisageable d'utiliser des instruments à la pointe de la recherche technologique à cause de leur coût prohibitif. Ainsi, il est nécessaire de développer des méthodes d'estimation quantitative des précipitations applicables à un dispositif expérimental de prix abordable. Dans ce but, un dispositif expérimental innovant est utilisé dans cette thèse. Il est constitué d'instruments de mesure directe, au sol, tels que des pluviomètres et des disdromètres, et d'un prototype de radar à balayage horizontal basé sur un radar nautique commercial, associé à un MRR (Micro Rain Radar) à visée verticale qui fournissent une estimation en altitude de la pluie, respectivement sur une surface donnée et le long d'un profil vertical. Le radar à balayage horizontal est un radar en bande X, c'est-à-dire qu'il fonctionne à une longueur d'onde lui procurant une très haute résolution radiale, mais qui est très atténuée par les précipitations. Le MRR permet d'obtenir une description précise de la microphysique des précipitations et sert de relais entre les mesures au sol et les mesures en altitude du radar en bande X. Ces deux radars étant novateurs, une grande partie de cette thèse consiste à valider leurs mesures : étalonnage, filtrage d'échos aberrants, correction de l'atténuation, etc. Une fois les mesures rendues exploitables, cette thèse se focalise sur l'étude de la variabilité des précipitations afin de proposer et développer différentes méthodes de classification, selon leur type ou leur variations locales, et de vérifier leur potentiel pour l'amélioration de l'estimation des précipitations. Les résultats montrent que cet objectif ne peut être atteint que si la qualité des mesures des radars est encore améliorée : moins d'échos parasites pour le radar en bande X et prise en compte du vent vertical pour le MRR.
47
Blom, Johanna Petronella. "The ideal of an integrated national qualifications framework". Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25652.
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This study deals with the extent to which the South African education and training system reflects in principle, perception and practice, the ideal of an integrated national qualifications framework. It examines the uses and meaning of ‘integration’ through a number of lenses. These lenses include policy symbolism and a guiding philosophy for the emerging system; pragmatic and technical considerations; communities of practice; the complementarity of education and training; and curricular integration. In relation to the first two lenses, it is evident that an integrated framework is a powerful symbol of the break from a past system characterised by inequality, unfairness and deliberate mediocrity, to the extent that ‘integration’ has become the underpinning guiding philosophy for a new education and training system. However, such socio-political aspirations tend to place unreasonable demands on the system. The second set of lenses indicate that the ‘comprehensiveness’ of the system could work against the notion of integration, and in South Africa, has led to acute paralysis of the system. The strongest evidence of integration emerges from the last set of lenses namely, the grounded, meaningful practice through principled partnerships, as reflected in the development of sub-frameworks and communities of practice and the necessary collaboration needed for curricular integration and education and training delivery. Thus, it seems, to make integration meaningful, the persuasive logic of innovative, grounded practice, could be enabled and facilitated by less, not more, regulation and could be enhanced by structures that reflect the grounded practice. Copyright 2006, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Blom, JP 2006, The ideal of an integrated national qualifications framework, PhD thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06192007-123414 / >Thesis (PhD (Education Management and Policy Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2007.
Education Management and Policy Studies
unrestricted
48
Rayroux, Pascale. "Consentement, liberté de disposer de son coprs et licéité des conventions relatives au corps humain". Paris 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA020055.
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49
Mc, Inerney Fionn. "Jeux de domination et d’identification dans les graphes". Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR4049.
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Dans cette thèse, les jeux à 2 joueurs dans les graphes et leurs aspects algorithmiques et structurels sont étudiés. Nous explorons tout d'abord le jeu de domination éternelle ainsi que sa généralisation, le jeu de l'espion, deux jeux qui reposent sur les ensembles dominants dynamiques. Dans ces deux jeux, une équipe de gardes poursuit un attaquant ou espion rapide dans un graphe, avec l'objectif de rester près de lui éternellement. Le but est de calculer le nombre de domination éternelle (nombre de gardes pour le jeu de l'espion) qui est le nombre minimum de gardes nécessaires pour réaliser l'objectif. La dimension métrique des digraphes et une version séquentielle de la dimension métrique des graphes sont aussi étudiées. Ces deux problèmes ont pour objectif de trouver un sous-ensemble de sommets de taille minimum tel que tous les sommets du graphe sont identifiés uniquement par leurs distances aux sommets du sous-ensemble. En particulier, dans ce dernier problème, on peut "interroger" un certain nombre de sommets par tour. Les sommets interrogés retournent leurs distances à une cible cachée. Le but est de minimiser le nombre de tours nécessaires pour localiser la cible. Ces jeux et problèmes sont étudiés pour des classes de graphe particulières et leurs complexités temporelles sont aussi étudiées. Précisément, dans le Chapitre 3, il est démontré que le jeu de l'espion est NP-difficile et les nombres de gardes des chemins et des cycles sont présentés. Ensuite, des résultats sur le jeu de l'espion dans les arbres et les grilles sont présentés. Notamment, nous démontrons une équivalence entre la variante fractionnaire et la variante "intégrale" du jeu de l'espion dans les arbres qui nous a permis d'utiliser la programmation linéaire pour concevoir ce que nous pensons être le premier algorithme exact qui utilise la variante fractionnaire d'un jeu pour résoudre sa variante "intégrale". Dans le Chapitre 4, des bornes asymptotiques sur le nombre de domination éternelle de la grille du roi sont présentées. Dans le Chapitre 5, des résultats sur la NP-complétude du jeu de Localisation sous différentes conditions (et une variante de ce jeu) sont présentés. Notamment, nous démontrons que le problème est NP-complet dans les arbres. Malgré cela, nous concevons un (+1)-algorithme d'approximation qui résout le problème en temps polynomial. Autant que nous sachions, il n'existe pas d'autres telles approximations pour les jeux dans les graphes. Finalement, dans le Chapitre 6, des résultats sur la dimension métrique des graphes orientés sont présentés. En particulier, les orientations qui maximisent la dimension métrique sont explorées pour les graphes de degré borné, les tores et les grillesIn this thesis, 2-player games on graphs and their algorithmic and structural aspects are studied. First, we investigate two dynamic dominating set games: the eternal domination game and its generalization, the spy game. In these two games, a team of guards pursue a fast attacker or spy in a graph with the objective of staying close to him eternally and one wants to calculate the eternal domination number (guard number in the spy game) which is the minimum number of guards needed to do this. Secondly, the metric dimension of digraphs and a sequential version of the metric dimension of graphs are then studied. These two problems are those of finding a minimum subset of vertices that uniquely identify all the vertices of the graph by their distances from the vertices in the subset. In particular, in the latter, one can probe a certain number of vertices per turn which return their distances to a hidden target and the goal is to minimize the number of turns in order to ensure locating the target. These games and problems are studied in particular graph classes and their computational complexities are also studied. Precisely, in Chapter 3, the NP-hardness of the spy game and the guard numbers of paths and cycles are first presented. Then, results for the spy game on trees and grids are presented. Notably, we show an equivalence between the fractional variant and the "integral" version of the spy game in trees which allowed us to use Linear Programming to come up with what we believe to be the first exact algorithm using the fractional variant of a game to solve the "integral" version. In Chapter 4, asymptotic bounds on the eternal domination number of strong grids are presented. In Chapter 5, results on the NP-completeness of the Localization game under different conditions (and a variant of it) and the game in trees are presented. Notably, we show that the problem is NP-complete in trees, but despite this, we come up with a polynomial-time (+1)-approximation algorithm in trees. We consider such an approximation to be rare as we are not aware of any other such approximation in games on graphs. Lastly, in Chapter 6, results on the metric dimension of oriented graphs are presented. In particular, the orientations which maximize the metric dimension are investigated for graphs of bounded degree, tori, and grids
50
Michon, Bernard. "L'espace des sciences et techniques des activites physiques et sportives : recours au corps et effets de coprs". Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993STR20011.
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Selon une logique de la preuve et en reference au structuralisme critique de pierre bourdieu, l'analyse de l'espace des sciences et techniques des activites physiques et sportives non presuppose comme "champ", necessite la construction du concept de capital corporel et montre que les trajectoires sociales des agents participent a dterminer son identite sociale dans le prolongement des anciennce formations au professorat d'education physique et sportive. D'emergence recente cet espace plus ou moins bien defini et lieu d'un relatif pluralisme social, participe comme element du systeme d'enseignement a la reproduction sociale selon une "causalite du probable". Lieu de luttes entre differentes fractions sociales pour sa domination, cet espace socialement intermediaire tire nombre de ses proprietes de sa position et parait dependant de l'education physique et sportive dans l'objectivation d'effets de corps. A travers l'etude des postulants, des etudiants, des anciens etudiants, des enseignants d'education physique, et des enseignants en sciences et techniques des activites physiques et sportives, la recherche reconstruit une trajectoire permettant d'objectiver des recours au corps pour un devenir et des effets de positions comme moments d'une trajectoire personnelleAccording to the logic of the evidence and refering to pierre bourdieu's critical structuralism, the analysis of the space of sciences and technics relative to physical and athletic activities (space which is not presupposed as a "field"), requires to construct the concept of body capital and it shows that the social trajectories of the agents participate in determining its social identity in the prolongation of the previous formations relative to the athletic and physical education teaching. As an element of the teaching system, this space, which is of recent emergence, which is more or less defined and which is the scene of a relative pluralism, participates to the social reproduction according to "the causality of the probable". Place of conflicts between different social groups in order to dominate it, this space which represents essentially the middle class, pulls numbers of its properties out of its position and it seems to be dependent on the athletic and physical education in the demonstration of the corps effects. Through the analysis of the candidates, the students, the alumni, the teachers in physical education, and the teachers in the sciences and technics relative to physical and athletic activities, this research rebuilds a trajectory which allows to bring evidence of recourses to the body for a social becoming and effects of socials positions as stages of an individual trajectory