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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Copper free - Brake pad”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 6 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Copper free - Brake pad"

Riva, Gabriele, Guido Perricone i Jens Wahlström. "A Multi-Scale Simulation Approach to Investigate Local Contact Temperatures for Commercial Cu-Full and Cu-Free Brake Pads". Lubricants 7, nr 9 (4.09.2019): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7090080.

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Copper from vehicles disc brakes is one main contributor of the total copper found in the environment. Therefore, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the automotive industries started the Copper-Free Brake Initiative. The pad friction material is essentially composed of a binder, fillers, reinforcing fibres and frictional additives. Copper and brass fibres are the most commonly used fibres in brake pads. There is a need to understand how the contact temperature distribution will change if copper-based fibres are changed to steel fibres. The aim of this work is, therefore, to investigate how this change could influence the local contact temperatures. This is done by developing a multi-scale simulation approach which combines cellular automaton, finite element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approaches with outputs from inertia brake dyno bench tests of Cu-full and Cu-free pads. FEA and thermal-CFD are used to set the pressure and the temperature boundary conditions of the cellular automaton. The outputs of dyno tests are used to calibrate FEA and CFD simulations. The results of the study show lower peaks in contact temperature and a more uniform temperature distribution for the Cu-free pad friction material.

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Sathyamoorthy, G., R. Vijay i D. Lenin Singaravelu. "Synergistic performance of expanded graphite—mica amalgamation based non-asbestos copper-free brake friction composites". Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties 10, nr 1 (8.02.2022): 015019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2051-672x/ac4320.

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Abstract Recent advancements in brake pad applications emphasise various friction compositions that exclude toxic components such as asbestos, copper etc, in order to provide superior performance without hurting the environment, human life and aquarium species. In this work, brake friction materials were fabricated by the conventional manufacturing process as standard brake pads using expanded graphite with the synergetic effect of thermal resistant material mica flakes. Six standard brake pads were produced based on varying the expanded graphite by 16, 14, 12, 8, 6 & 4 weight percentage, which is compensated using the Mica flakes by 4, 6, 8, 12, 14 & 16 weight percentage, fixing the composition of other ingredients and designated as BM01, BM02, BM03, BM04, BM05 and BM06. Physical, chemical and mechanical, characterisations of the formed friction materials were carried out in accordance with IS 2742 and ISO 6312. A full-scale inertia brake dynamometer was used to determine the fade, recovery characterisations with the pressure and speed sensitivity as of JASO-C-406. From the experimental observations, BM03 friction composites reveal excellent low fade and high recovery characteristics because of the integrated effect of expanded graphite (superior lubricity) & mica (good thermal stability). Worn surface analysis was studied with the help of a scanning electron microscope. The inclusion of expanded graphite-mica as a hybrid ‘lubricant-filler’ combination in composite materials for friction braking application results in performance synergism.

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WANG, Zhenyu, Jie WANG, Fenghong CAO i Yunhai MA. "Comparative Braking Performance Evaluation of a Commercial and Non-asbestos, Cu-free, Carbonized Friction Composites". Materials Science 27, nr 2 (5.05.2021): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j02.ms.23525.

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Carbonization treatment contributes to improvement of tribological properties of friction composites. Pure Non-asbestos organic (NAO) friction raw materials were selected, friction composite specimens had been made using a new mixing process and carbonization treatment. Two types of specimens had been prepared to evaluate their performance, one was carbonized a pure non-asbestos organic friction composite specimen and the other was an original brake metal linings of a certain brand of vehicles. Two friction composites were evaluated by brake inertia dynamometer. Their performances were assessed according to the procedure in a European Union Automobile Standards (AK Master). Microscopic photographs of worn surfaces were obtained by scanning electron microscopy to characterize their tribological behavior and wear mechanism. The results showed that pure NAO friction composites had more suitable frictional properties, fade and recovery behavior than the copper-containing metal brake pad, but wear resistance was slightly lower. Carbonation promoted the formation of microporous structure in friction composites, which was helpful to reduce noise and vibration during work.

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Matějka, Vlastimil, Mara Leonardi, Petr Praus, Giovanni Straffelini i Stefano Gialanella. "The Role of Graphitic Carbon Nitride in the Formulation of Copper-Free Friction Composites Designed for Automotive Brake Pads". Metals 12, nr 1 (9.01.2022): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12010123.

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In this study, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4, labelled as gCN) was tested in the formulation of copper-free (Cu-free) friction mixtures, which are potentially interesting for brake pad manufacturing. Three formulations of friction composites were prepared starting from a common Cu-free master batch: (i) without graphite, (ii) with graphite and (iii) with gCN. The mixtures were pressed in the form of pins by hot-press moulding. The friction-wear performance of the prepared pins was investigated using a pin-on-disc (PoD) test at room temperature (RT), high temperature (HT) (400 °C) and, again, at room temperature (H-RT). The values of the friction coefficient (µ) for the composites with gCN (or graphite) were as follows: (i) RT test, µRT = 0.52 (0.47); (ii) HT test, µHT = 0.37 (0.37); (iii) RT after the HT tests, µH-RT = 0.49 (0.39). With respect to wear resistance, the samples with graphite performed better than the samples without this solid lubricant. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report regarding the evaluation of the role of gCN in friction composites designed for automotive brake lining applications. The results indicate the main role of gCN as a soft abrasive.

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Szczyglak, Piotr, Jerzy Napiórkowski i Mateusz Sydorczyk. "AN EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF SILICA DUST ON BRAKEPAD WEAR". Tribologia 304, nr 2 (30.06.2023): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.6126.

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The wear of brake pads exposed to silica dust was measured. A novel test stand was developed to analysebrake pads' wear exposed to silica dust. Brake pad wear was determined by measuring pad lining geometryand mass changes. Geometric wear was analysed by determining changes in the thickness of the brake padlining during friction tests. In order to determine changes in mass, the brake pads were weighed before andafter the test. Brake pad wear was evaluated under dust-free conditions and under exposure to silica dust. Thetests revealed significant differences in brake pad wear under dust-free conditions and under exposure to silicadust. Mass loss of brake pad lining at different silica concentrations in airborne dust was described.

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Adekunle, N. O., K. A. Oladejo, S. I. Kuye i A. D. Aikulola. "Development of Asbestos-free Brake Pads Using Bamboo Leaves". Nigerian Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology 3, nr 2 (październik 2019): 342–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2019.02.0126.

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Asbestos-based brake pads are not desirable due to the carcinogenic nature of asbestos. Organic asbestos-free brake automotive brake pad produced from bamboo leaves was evaluated in this study. Ground bamboo leaves were sieved into sieve grades of 100, 200, and 350 μm. The sieved bamboo leaves particles were then combined with 15 % steel dust, 10% graphite, 20% resin, Silicon Carbide varied five (5) times between 35-55 % and 0-20% respectively for each sieve grade to make brake pads of different ratios. The mechanical properties (hardness, compressive strength, density, porosity, wear rate, and flame resistance) of the produced samples were investigated. The results showed that the finer the particle size of the bamboo leaves, the better the mechanical properties of the produced samples. The results of this work when compared with those of the commercial (asbestos based) brake pad showed they were in close agreement except for the wear rate and porosity property. Therefore, bamboo leaves could be used in the production of asbestos free brake pads if the wear rate and porosity properties of the produced samples could be improved.

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Ghazali, Che Mohd Ruzaidi, H. Kamarudin, Shamsul Baharin Jamaludin, A. M. Mustafa Al Bakri i J. Liyana. "Mechanical Properties and Morphology of Palm Slag, Calcium Carbonate and Dolomite Filler in Brake Pad Composites". Applied Mechanics and Materials 313-314 (marzec 2013): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.313-314.174.

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The development of asbestos free brake pad composites using different fillers was investigated with a intention to substitute asbestos which is known hazardous and carcinogenic. Mechanical and morphology studies were made to clarify the mechanism for compressive strength, hardness and wear rate behavior of different filler of brake pad which were prepared by compression molding of mixture of filler (palm slag, calcium carbonate and dolomite) with phenolic as binder, metal fiber as reinforcement, graphite as lubricant and alumina as abrasive. The result showed that palm slag has significant potential to use as filler material in brake pad composite. The wear rate of palm slag composite was comparable with the conventional asbestos based brake pad. The result also supported by SEM micrograph.

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Dirisu, J. O., O. S. I. Fayomi, S. O. Oyedepo i N. E. Udoye. "Asbestos-Free Aluminium Dross Brake Pad: A Mini Review". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1107, nr 1 (1.04.2021): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1107/1/012034.

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Idris, U. D., V. S. Aigbodion, I. J. Abubakar i C. I. Nwoye. "Eco-friendly asbestos free brake-pad: Using banana peels". Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences 27, nr 2 (lipiec 2015): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2013.06.006.

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Ghazali, Che Mohd Ruzaidi, H. Kamarudin, J. B. Shamsul, M. M. A. Abdullah i A. R. Rafiza. "Mechanical Properties and Wear Behavior of Brake Pads Produced from Palm Slag". Advanced Materials Research 341-342 (wrzesień 2011): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.341-342.26.

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Brake pads are important safety devices in vehicles. An effort to avoid the use of asbestos in brake pads has led to the development of asbestos-free brake pads that incorporate various organic and inorganic fillers. Palm slag as a filler in brake pads was investigated in this paper. Different processing pressures were employed during production of samples through compression molding. The properties examined included hardness, compressive strength, and wear behavior. The results showed that brake pad samples prepared with 60 tons of compression pressure resulted in the most desirable properties. Hence, palm slag has its own potential for use as a filler in asbestos-free brake pads.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Copper free - Brake pad"

Lee, Lin. "Contribution to Development of Copper Free Automotive Brake Pad". OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1244.

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When passenger vehicle drivers hit the brakes of their cars, the friction releases airborne wear particles from the contact between rotor and brake pad onto the road which are eventually washed down storm drains and into rivers. The wear particles includes copper, which functions as solid lubricant for increasing thermal heat fade as well as increasing friction coefficient for the brake pad. Nevertheless, copper not only endangers aquatic life, but it also directly affects the economy by lowering the supply of salmon. Copper is toxic to most aquatic life and is especially harmful to the sensory systems of salmon. Copper impairs salmon's sense of smell, thus reducing their ability to escape from predators. Up to half of the copper found in waterways from urban areas are from copper brake pads and is a key factor in the reduction of salmon population. In 2010, Washington and California each passed laws to ban production of brake pads containing more than 0.5% copper which will be effective in 2025. Since then, several other states including New York, Rhode Island, and Oregon have all introduced similar bills to ban copper brake pads. The raw materials that were added to the newly developed copper free sample brake pads are geopolymers; they are synthetic mineral products that combine properties of polymers, ceramics and cements. Geopolymers have the characteristic of behaving as adhesive rubber in order to replace phenolic resin matrix in the brake materials also it can be harden at room temperature which can increase friction coefficient of the brake pad. Sample brake pads manufactured on site with known constituents were tested with friction assessment and screening test machine, which measured and recorded the friction coefficient and wear of the brake pad. According to the experience in the past, the sample brake pads will be analyzed with density test and Shore Durometer test. The results presented in this report shows that geopolymers brake pad shows promising results for copper replacement for low-metallic friction material. Developed copper free friction sample shows promising result of coefficient of friction of 0.44 with thickness loss of 0.62 mm from friction assessment and screening test machine compare to commercial brake pad.

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Lee, Poh Wah. "DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF LOW-Cu AND Cu-FREE AUTOMOTIVE BRAKE FRICTION MATERIALS". OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/724.

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The purpose of this research was to generate the knowledge for formulating low-Cu and Cu-free brake friction materials without using and releasing hazardous materials that are listed on Washington State and California State Senate Bills. Model brake material samples were manufactured and tested in the Friction Assessment and Screening Test (FAST) and the full scale automotive brake dynamometer (Dyno) using a SAE J2430 test procedure. The SAE recommended a J2430 test procedure which provided the necessary data for the Brake Effectiveness Evaluation Procedure (BEEP) by the Brake Manufacturers' Council. The newly developed low-Cu and Cu-free brake friction materials were formulated by modifying a typical Non Asbestos Organic (NAO) (T-Baseline) formulation and a typical Semi-Metallic (M-Baseline) formulation. The NAO Cu-free brake friction materials contain geopolymer and natural hemp fibers as a partial replacement of phenolic resin and synthetic Kevlar fibers, respectively. Friction performance and wear data from a series of FAST tests were used to train an artificial neural network, which was used to optimize the NAO Cu-free formulations. Then, the optimized low-Cu and Cu-free brake friction materials were tested on the Dyno. Dyno test results showed that all NAO Cu-free brake friction materials have passed the Brake Effectiveness Evaluation Procedure (BEEP), did not exhibit thermal fade when temperature was increased and were slightly sensitive to speed. The NAO Cu-free brake friction materials exhibits slightly lower average friction level when compared to the baseline materials (T-Baseline). The Cu-free brake friction materials, as well as the rotors, exhibit higher wear than the detected wear on the T-Baseline material. The semi-metallic low-Cu and Cu-free brake friction materials have also passed the BEEP. Dyno test results indicated that the semi-metallic low-Cu and Cu-free friction materials did not exhibit thermal fade and were slightly sensitive to speed. The semi-metallic low-Cu and Cu-free materials exhibited lower friction level and higher wear on the pads when compared to the M-Baseline material. The semi-metallic Cu-free material outperformed the M-Baseline material in term of rotor wear. Analyses using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) microanalysis on the tested materials show that the friction surface of the T-baseline material was covered with fully developed and stable friction layer (third body) consisting mostly of Fe-oxides, different forms of carbon and compounds of materials originally present in the bulk material. The NAO Cu-free materials (T30-15 and T30-16) did not develop a sufficient friction layer. The friction layer seemed to be responsible for the detected lower wear in the T-Baseline compared to the NAO Cu-free materials (T30-15 and T30-16), and it acted as a solid lubricant on the interface between the rubbing pad and the cast iron rotor lowering the adhesive forces. The friction and wear of the T-Baseline material was controlled by adhesive mechanisms. The NAO Cu-free materials (T30-15 and T30-16) with content of geopolymer replacing phenolic resin matrix exhibited extensive abrasive wear in addition to adhesive mechanisms. The capacity to form a friction layer on the surface plays a considerable role when lowering the wear of NAO brake friction materials. The friction layer was formed by compaction and interaction of brake wear particles, and its stability and character depend on the chemistry of the bulk materials in contact as well as the temperature, pressure and sliding speed during a friction process. SEM and EDX analyses also showed that the semi-metallic pads have developed friction layer on the friction surfaces. The difference was that the M-Baseline material had well developed friction layer, but the Low-Cu (M4) and Cu-free (M5) materials, had many smaller patches of friction layer disturbed on the surfaces.

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Barros, Liu Yesukai de. "Estudo da influência do cobre no desempenho tribológico de pastilhas de freio automotivo". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/179548.

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Estudos recentes mostram que o cobre oriundo do desgaste de materiais de fricção de freio automotivo é a principal fonte do depósito deste metal em rios e lagos, afetando negativamente o meio ambiente. Consequentemente, novas legislações de agências governamentais internacionais têm imposto uma redução drástica da utilização do cobre em materiais de fricção nos próximos anos, sendo esta uma tendência a ser seguida por governos de todo o mundo. Embora o cobre seja largamente utilizado em materiais de fricção, a compreensão dos mecanismos de ação deste metal para esta aplicação ainda é bastante limitada. Este trabalho tem como intuito contribuir para uma melhor compreensão do papel do cobre em pastilhas de freio automotivo no que diz respeito ao coeficiente de atrito e ao desgaste. Ensaios de frenagens foram realizados no tribômetro do Laboratório de Tribologia da UFRGS, onde três tipos de pastilhas de freio (contendo 0%, 10% e 30% de cobre cada) foram testadas em diferentes temperaturas (100 ºC, 200 ºC e 300 ºC). Foram aplicados métodos para avaliar o coeficiente de atrito, desgaste de pastilha, desgaste de disco, parâmetros morfológicos de platôs de contato e depósito de filme no disco O material sem cobre em sua composição apresentou valores de coeficiente de atrito maiores do que os materiais com cobre para os três patamares de temperatura. O material com 10% de cobre apresentou maior sensibilidade do atrito em função da velocidade de deslizamento do que os outros dois materiais. Correlação inversa forte foi observada entre desgaste de pastilha e desgaste de disco. A quantidade de platôs de contato foi o parâmetro morfológico que mais se correlacionou com o coeficiente de atrito em diferentes temperaturas. Em alguns ensaios foi observada uma variação abrupta do coeficiente de atrito em determinadas frenagens dos materiais sem cobre e com 10% de cobre. Juntamente com esta variação, foi constatada uma perturbação do filme depositado sobre o disco, onde este é removido quando ocorre o aumento repentino do atrito. Entretanto, este fenômeno ocorreu apenas para a temperatura de 100 ºC, indicando que esta variação de atrito e perturbação do filme ocorre apenas em baixas temperaturas, e independente do percentual de cobre.
Previous studies have shown that the copper originated from the wear of automotive brake friction materials is the main source of the deposit of this metal in rivers and lakes, leading to environmental impacts. As a result, recent legislations from international governmental agencies have forced a drastic reduction of the copper used in friction materials in next years, which is likely to be followed by other governments in the world. Although the copper is widely used in friction materials, the understanding of the action mechanisms of this metal in friction materials is quite limited. This work aims to contribute to a better understanding of the role of copper in automotive brake pads in terms of friction and wear. Tests were carried out in the tribometer of the Laboratory of Tribology of UFRGS, where three kinds of brake pads (with 0%, 10% and 30% of copper each) were subjected to different temperatures (100 ºC, 200 ºC e 300 ºC). Methodologies to evaluate friction, wear of brake pads, wear of discs, morphological parameters of contact plateaus and deposit of film on disc surface were used. The sample without copper presented higher friction than the samples with copper for the three temperature levels. The material with 10% of copper presented higher friction sensibility due the sliding speed than other samples. Strong inverse correlation between wear of brake pads and wear of discs was observed. Quantity of contact plateaus was the parameter that presented the higher correlation with the friction in different temperatures. An abrupted variation of friction was observed in some experiments for samples without copper and with 10% of copper. At the same time, it was observed a disturbance of the film deposited on the disc surface, where the film was removed when the sudden increase of the friction occurs. However, this phenomenon occurred only at 100 °C, indicating that the variation of friction and the disturbance of film occurs only at low temperatures, and seems to be regardless of percentage of copper.

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Książki na temat "Copper free - Brake pad"

Kajitvichyanukul, Puangrat, i Brian D'Arcy, red. Land Use and Water Quality: The Impacts of Diffuse Pollution. IWA Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789061123.

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Abstract The influence of landscapes – topography, soil, vegetation, geology – on water quality is an inherent part of the global water cycle. Land use has adverse impacts for example when soils are exposed, significant quantities of pollutants are released (including anthropogenic materials added to those naturally present), or pollutants are added directly to the water environment. Those impacts range from industrial development to farming and urbanisation. Whilst inefficient polluting industrial effluents are still tolerated in some countries, and poorly treated sewage globally remains a huge challenge for sanitation and public health, as well as the water environment, diffuse pollution is relatively poorly recognised or understood. The operator of a sewage or trade effluent treatment plant is consciously discharging effluent to the local river. But a farmer is simply growing crops or farming livestock, a city commuter driving to work is unlikely to be thinking how brake pad wear has released copper to the water (and air) environment and hydrocarbons and particulates too; no one is intending to cause pollution of the water environment. The same applies to industrial chemists creating fire-proofing chemicals, solvents, fertilisers, pesticides, cosmetics and many more substances which contaminate the environment. Understanding and ultimately minimising diffuse pollution is in that sense the science of unintended consequences. And the consequences can be severe, for water resources and ecosystems. It's a global problem. This book comprises 18 papers from experts around the globe, presenting evidence from tropical as well as temperate regions, and rural as well as urban land use challenges. The book explores the nature of diffuse pollution and exemplifies the issues at various scales, from high-level national overviews to particular catchment and pollutant issues. By contrast, natural or semi-natural forest cover has long been recognised as safeguarding water quality in reservoirs (examples from Australia to Thailand and UK). The final chapter looks at how landscapes generally, can be designed to minimise pollution risks from particular land-uses, arguing for a more widespread catchment approach to water-aware landscape design, allied with flood risk resilience, place-making for people, and biodiversity opportunities too. ISBN: 9781789061116 (Paperback) ISBN: 9781789061123 (eBook) ISBN: 9781789061130 (ePub)

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Części książek na temat "Copper free - Brake pad"

Vijay, R., i D. Lenin Singaravelu. "Tribological characterization of different mesh-sized natural barite-based copper-free brake friction composites". W Tribology of Polymer Composites, 279–300. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819767-7.00014-1.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Copper free - Brake pad"

Gilardi, Raffaele, Davide Sarocchi i Loredana Bounous. "Copper-Free NAO Brake Pad Formulation with Improved Electrostatic Paintability Based on Conductive Carbon Powders". W SAE 2016 Brake Colloquium & Exhibition - 34th Annual. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-1916.

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Sriwiboon, Meechai, i Seong Kwan Rhee. "An investigation of changing properties of copper-free brake pads and disc during consecutive wear test cycles of SAE J2707B procedure". W EuroBrake 2022. FISITA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/eb2022-fbr-024.

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For quality control purposes as well as for brake friction and noise modeling purposes, there is urgent need to establish good database if one is to establish correlations or trends between material properties and brake friction/noise. This investigation was undertaken to find out how pad properties change when the pads are subjected to repeated SAE J2707B wear cycles, wearing out roughly 40% of the available pad thickness. Pad natural frequencies continued to decrease while disc natural frequencies decreased initially and then slowly increased. The pad dynamic modulus continued to decrease from Wear Cycle #1 to Wear Cycle #5. Within a Wear Cycle, the pad dynamic modulus changed from one Wear Block to another Wear Block. A good relation was found between the friction coefficient and dynamic modulus, which was adjusted for pressure dependence and temperature dependence. Pad thickness loss measurement was always smaller than the thickness loss calculated from the pad weight loss due to expansion of the pad contact surface region (heat-affected layer) caused by exposure to high braking temperatures. The pad dynamic modulus increased with time while waiting for the next test and the increase was linear with waiting time.

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Kalel, Navnath, Jayashree Bijwe i Ashish Darpe. "Enhanced Performance of Eco-friendly Brake-pads by Using Plasma Treated Metallic Particles". W EuroBrake 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/6792579eb2021-mds-009.

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Metallic particles in various amounts are commonly used in the brake-pad-formulations to improve the friction, mechanical strength, thermal conductivity, heat dissipation, fade etc. The same metallic particles, however, lead to increase in wear. To overcome the wear related problem and to improve the tribo-performance further, wettability/surface free-energy (SFE) of metallic particles needs to be improved so that they will not be easily dug out contributing to higher wear that without metal particles. Current era is of copper-free friction materials. Hence, in this work, stainless steel particles (SSPs) and copper particles were treated with low pressure argon plasma gas using optimised processing parameters (viz., gas- Argon, power- 500 W, treatment time-20 min.,). A series of four multi-ingredient brake-pads using identical composition but differing in the theme-ingredients (3 vol.%) was developed. First two types of brake-pads were based on untreated identical sized particles (SSPs and Cu) and another two types of brake-pads were based on plasma treated particles. One more type of brake-pad was developed without metallic particles. The developed brake-pads were evaluated for different physical, mechanical and chemical properties. Tribological performance was evaluated on a full-scale dynamometer following test schedule (JASO C406). Additionally, noise-vibration (NV) performance was evaluated on NV test rig following SAE J 2521 (partly) test schedule. Results revealed that most of the tribological properties along with NV properties were improved for treated particles in brake-pads. The topography of worn brake-pads was done to understand the wear mechanisms.

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Nishimura, Keiichiro, Katsuyuki Masuda, Taizo Yamamura, Yasuhiro Hara, Manabu Ono i Shinya Sasaki. "Transfer Film Composition and Characteristics in Copper-Free NAO Brake Pads". W Brake Colloquium & Exhibition - 39th Annual. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2021-01-1278.

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Sriwiboon, Meechai, Saiprasit Koetniyom, Seong Kwan Rhee, Jittrathep Sukultanasorn i Kritsana Kaewlob. "An Investigation of Property Changes of Copper-Free Brake Pads During Wear Testing: Pressure and Temperature Dependence of Pad Modulus, and the Correlation Between Modulus and Friction Coefficient". W Brake Colloquium & Exhibition - 39th Annual. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2021-01-1276.

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Singh, Sandeep, Navnath Kalel, Ashish Darpe, Raffaele Gilardi i Jayashree Bijwe. "Controlling the Performance of Copper-Free Brake-Pads by Varying Size of Graphite Particles". W Brake Colloquium & Exhibition - 38th Annual. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-1604.

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Rathee, Aman, Shiv Raj Singh, Devendra Sharma i Seong Kwan Rhee. "Divergence of Thickness Losses and Weight Losses of Disc Pads for Passenger Cars: High-Copper NAOs and Copper-Free Low Mets". W Brake Colloquium & Exhibition - 39th Annual. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2021-01-1290.

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Imai, Shotaro, Katsuya Okayama, Koji Sugimoto i Noriko Matsunaga. "Study on the Brake Particle Emissions of Various Friction Materials". W EuroBrake 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/1547506eb2021-fbr-002.

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Brake wear debris and its contents have been matters of concern due to their impacts on the human body and the environment, which has led to many studies being done in the brake industry. In North America, copper is a prime example of brake wear debris impacting the environment when it’s exhausted to the atmosphere. The regulation of copper content in brake pads for new cars has been enacted and has led to the development of copper free friction materials which are used in the market today In Europe, micro particles such as PM2.5 and PM10 contained in the brake wear debris, which are also called BPE (brake particle emissions), are considered to affect human health and air pollution. As regulatory activities have accelerated, so has the work towards establishing measuring methods of BPE. As a brake supplier, fundamental research is necessary for understanding characteristics of BPE and reducing the amount of BPE for each type of friction material. As the first step of the research, BPE characteristics were investigated for various friction materials, such as Low Steel, Non Asbestos Organic, and Cu-Free Non Asbestos Organic. In addition, a hard coated rotor was also prototyped and investigated. In this study, a brake corner for a compact passenger car was used for testing. Particulate mass (PM2.5 and PM10) were obtained by a measurement system in accordance with JASO C470 (established in 2020). Also, the CPC (condensation particle counter) device was added to this system in order to measure the particulate number (PN) which was proposed in the WP29/GRPE/PMP/TF2 document. As a result, there were significant differences in the amount of BPE among the friction materials tested. The results also show good correlation between the amount of BPE and wear mass of the pad and rotor. In addition, it is suggested that PM2.5 account for 9-18% of wear mass, PM10 for 31-43% in this test condition.

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Sriwiboon, Meechai, Saiprasit Koetniyom, Seong Kwan Rhee, Jittrathep Sukultanasorn i Kritsana Kaewlob. "A Study of Moisture Sorption-Desorption and Its Influence on the Dynamic Modulus and Friction Coefficient of Copper-Free Brake Pads". W Brake Colloquium & Exhibition - 40th Annual. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2022-01-1173.

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R, Soundararajan, Karthik Soundarrajan, Jeyakumar Rengaraj i Shanthosh gopal. "Effect of Various Synthetic and Natural Fibers for the Production of Copper-Free Automotive Brake Pads". W International Conference on Advances in Design, Materials, Manufacturing and Surface Engineering for Mobility. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2021-28-0274.

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