Artykuły w czasopismach: „Cooling approaches”

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Mazzei, Lorenzo, Antonio Andreini i Bruno Facchini. "Assessment of modelling strategies for film cooling". International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 27, nr 5 (2.05.2017): 1118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-03-2016-0086.

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Purpose Effusion cooling represents one the most innovative techniques for the thermal management of aero-engine combustors liners. The huge amount of micro-perforations implies a significant computational cost if cooling holes are included in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations; therefore, many efforts are reported in literature to develop lower-order approaches aiming at limiting the number of mesh elements. This paper aims to report a numerical investigation for validating two approaches for modelling film cooling, distinguished according to the way coolant is injected (i.e. through either point or distributed mass sources). Design/methodology/approach The approaches are validated against experimental data in terms of adiabatic effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient distributions obtained for effusion cooled flat plates. Additional reynolds-averaged naver stokes (RANS) simulations were performed meshing also the perforation, so as to distinguish the contribution of injection modelling with respect to intrinsic limitations of turbulence model modelling. Findings Despite the simplified strategies for coolant injection, this work clearly shows the feasibility of obtaining a sufficiently accurate reproduction of coolant protection in conjunction with a significant saving in terms of computational cost. Practical/implications The proposed methodologies allow to take into account the presence of film cooling in simulations of devices characterized by a huge number of holes. Originality/value This activity represents the first thorough and quantitative comparison between two approaches for film cooling modelling, highlighting the advantages involved in their application.

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El-Bealy, M. "Monotonic and Fluctuated Cooling Approaches in Secondary Cooling Zones During Continuous Casting". Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 36, nr 1 (styczeń 1997): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/cmq.1997.36.1.49.

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ELBEALY, M. "Monotonic and fluctuated cooling approaches in secondary cooling zones during continuous casting". Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 36, nr 1 (styczeń 1997): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0008-4433(96)00034-1.

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Li, Yang, Zhifu Zhou, Jian Zhao, Liang Hao, Minli Bai, Yulong Li, Xuanyu Liu, Yubai Li i Yongchen Song. "Three-Dimensional Thermal Simulations of 18650 Lithium-Ion Batteries Cooled by Different Schemes under High Rate Discharging and External Shorting Conditions". Energies 14, nr 21 (25.10.2021): 6986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14216986.

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In this work, three-dimensional thermal simulations of single 18650 lithium-ion battery cell and 75 V lithium-ion battery pack composed of 21 18650 battery cells are performed based on a multi-scale multi-domain (MSMD) battery modeling approach. Different cooling approaches’ effects on 18650 lithium-ion battery and battery pack thermal management under fast discharging and external shorting conditions are investigated and compared. It is found that for the natural convection, forced air cooling, and/or mini-channel liquid cooling approaches, the temperature of battery cell easily exceeds 40 °C under 3C rate discharging condition. While under external shorting condition, the temperature of cell rises sharply and reaches the 80 °C in a short period of time, which can trigger thermal runaway and may even lead to catastrophic battery fire. On the other hand, when the cooling method is single-phase direct cooling with FC-72 as coolant or two-phase immersed cooling by HFE-7000, the cell temperature is effectively limited to a tolerable level under both high C rate discharging and external shorting conditions. In addition, two-phase immersed cooling scheme is found to lead to better temperature uniformity according to the 75 V battery pack simulations.

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Parkinson, Thomas, i Marcel Schweiker. "New Approaches to Modelling Occupant Comfort". Buildings 12, nr 7 (11.07.2022): 985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070985.

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Madani, Seyed Saeed, Erik Schaltz i Søren Knudsen Kær. "Design and Simulation of Internal Flowing Twisted Conduits for Cooling of Lithium-Ion Batteries through Thermal Characterization". Batteries 6, nr 2 (26.05.2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries6020031.

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Lithium-ion batteries are extensively used for electric vehicles, owing to their great power and energy density. A battery thermal management system is essential for lithium-ion batteries. With the extensive utilization of liquid-cooling approaches for lithium-ion batteries’ thermal management, temperature homogeneity is considerably influenced by coolant distribution. A lower temperature of the cooling fluid brings about a lower temperature of the cell, but the relation and the amount are important to be analyzed. The cooling efficiency is considerably influenced by the flowing conduit arrangement in the cooling plate. Different parameters are affected by the cooling performance of the battery pack. Consequently, the effect of entrance temperature of coolant fluid, current rate, environment temperature, entrance velocity of the coolant fluid, and plate material on the performance and efficiency of a battery thermal management system were investigated. In this investigation, the program ANSYS/FLUENT was employed as the numerical solver to solve the problem. The simulation was accomplished after the end of the discharge. It was seen that the temperature distributions were the most sensitive to the entrance velocity of coolant fluid. It was concluded that the entrance velocity of coolant fluid has the greatest impact on the cooling efficiency and performance of the cold plate.

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Paredes, S., Y. Madhour, G. Schlottig, C. L. Ong i T. Brunschwiler. "(Invited) Wafer-Level Integration of Embedded Cooling Approaches". ECS Transactions 64, nr 5 (14.08.2014): 253–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/06405.0253ecst.

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Abedrabboh, Omer, Muammer Koç i Yusuf Biçer. "Sustainability performance of space-cooling technologies and approaches". Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 44, nr 4 (4.10.2022): 9017–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2022.2127979.

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Nebot, Àngela, i Francisco Mugica. "Energy Performance Forecasting of Residential Buildings Using Fuzzy Approaches". Applied Sciences 10, nr 2 (20.01.2020): 720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10020720.

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The energy consumption used for domestic purposes in Europe is, to a considerable extent, due to heating and cooling. This energy is produced mostly by burning fossil fuels, which has a high negative environmental impact. The characteristics of a building are an important factor to determine the necessities of heating and cooling loads. Therefore, the study of the relevant characteristics of the buildings, regarding the heating and cooling needed to maintain comfortable indoor air conditions, could be very useful in order to design and construct energy-efficient buildings. In previous studies, different machine-learning approaches have been used to predict heating and cooling loads from the set of variables: relative compactness, surface area, wall area, roof area, overall height, orientation, glazing area and glazing area distribution. However, none of these methods are based on fuzzy logic. In this research, we study two fuzzy logic approaches, i.e., fuzzy inductive reasoning (FIR) and adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), to deal with the same problem. Fuzzy approaches obtain very good results, outperforming all the methods described in previous studies except one. In this work, we also study the feature selection process of FIR methodology as a pre-processing tool to select the more relevant variables before the use of any predictive modelling methodology. It is proven that FIR feature selection provides interesting insights into the main building variables causally related to heating and cooling loads. This allows better decision making and design strategies, since accurate cooling and heating load estimations and correct identification of parameters that affect building energy demands are of high importance to optimize building designs and equipment specifications.

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Dzhedzhula, V. "MODERN APPROACHES TO FORMATION HYDRAULIC MODES OF COOLING SUPPLY SYSTEMS". Modern technology, materials and design in construction 30, nr 1 (2021): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31649/2311-1429-2021-1-126-131.

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In modern conditions, the practice of building multi-storey office buildings, shopping centers and catering establishments where the installation of air conditioning systems is necessary is becoming widespread. In addition to regulatory requirements, the need for air conditioning systems is dictated by market conditions: a building in which optimal microclimatic conditions are created has significant competitive advantages in terms of renting, selling and operating compared to a building without ventilation and air conditioning systems. The main approaches to the installation of air conditioning systems are as follows: central air conditioning combined with ventilation and air heating; the use of local closers where the coolant is water - climate beams, fan coils; use of freon local systems - local and multizonal. Given the frequent inconsistency of planning and operational decisions of these buildings, due to the fact that different tenants may have different needs for the installation of air conditioning systems, different heat surpluses and other hazards, the installation of water cooling systems is one of the best solutions. within the limits of modernization of the system in accordance with the new operational features. Water cooling systems require the creation of an optimal hydraulic regime, which will not only allow optimal operation of refrigeration equipment, but also save energy. A significant difference in the formation of the hydraulic environment with constant and variable mode has formed the objectives of the study and confirms their relevance. The article considers the approaches to the formation of hydraulic modes of the refrigeration system. The results of the research were implemented during the construction of a real public facility. On the example of this object, the economic indicators of the formation of different hydraulic modes of the refrigeration system are determined. The use of the correct schemes for the formation of hydraulic modes of water cooling systems will significantly increase the energy efficiency of the process of forming the internal microclimate of these premises.

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Murphy, Conor N., Luísa Toledo Tude i Paul R. Eastham. "Laser Cooling beyond Rate Equations: Approaches from Quantum Thermodynamics". Applied Sciences 12, nr 3 (3.02.2022): 1620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12031620.

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Solids can be cooled by driving impurity ions with lasers, allowing them to transfer heat from the lattice phonons to the electromagnetic surroundings. This exemplifies a quantum thermal machine, which uses a quantum system as a working medium to transfer heat between reservoirs. We review the derivation of the Bloch-Redfield equation for a quantum system coupled to a reservoir, and its extension, using counting fields, to calculate heat currents. We use the full form of this equation, which makes only the weak-coupling and Markovian approximations, to calculate the cooling power for a simple model of laser cooling. We compare its predictions with two other time-local master equations: the secular approximation to the full Bloch-Redfield equation, and the Lindblad form expected for phonon transitions in the absence of driving. We conclude that the full Bloch-Redfield equation provides accurate results for the heat current in both the weak- and strong- driving regimes, whereas the other forms have more limited applicability. Our results support the use of Bloch-Redfield equations in quantum thermal machines, despite their potential to give unphysical results.

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Kim, Janghyun, Athanasios Tzempelikos i James E. Braun. "Review of modelling approaches for passive ceiling cooling systems". Journal of Building Performance Simulation 8, nr 3 (24.06.2014): 145–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19401493.2014.899394.

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Sameti, Mohammad, i Fariborz Haghighat. "Optimization approaches in district heating and cooling thermal network". Energy and Buildings 140 (kwiecień 2017): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.01.062.

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Verma, Rashmi, N. K. Bansal i H. P. Garg. "The comparative performance of different approaches to passive cooling". Building and Environment 21, nr 2 (styczeń 1986): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-1323(86)90012-0.

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Dragomirov, Sergei, Pavel Eydel, Anton Gamayunov, Michael Dragomirov i Ivan Kuleshov. "ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT LEVEL OF TECHNOLOGY COOLANT FILTRATION AUTOTRANSPORT ENGINES". National Association of Scientists 1, nr 30(57) (10.08.2020): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/nas.2413-5291.2020.1.57.254.

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The article deals with modern technologies and means of filtering the cooling liquid of autotransport engines. A comparative analysis of the devices used is given. Their performance characteristics are given. Promising approaches to cleaning the coolant are described. The conclusion is made about the wide prospects of hydrocyclone devices for effective cleaning of the coolant of autotransport engines.

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Grosu, Vicentiu, Chris Lindgren, Tamas Vejsz, Ya-Chi Chen i Avijit Bhunia. "Thermal Management Solutions for Network File Server Used in Avionics Applications". International Symposium on Microelectronics 2014, nr 1 (1.10.2014): 000419–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-wa24.

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In the modern era of commercial aviation there is an increasing need for establishing on-aircraft networks that interconnect legacy avionics systems for the purpose of data collection, health monitoring, and software management. At the heart of these networks are flightworthy file servers that perform similar functions to servers used in ground-based IT infrastructures. However, the size, weight, and power constraints for airborne servers are significantly more challenging than the constraints placed on groundbased equipment. As a result, the critical goals in the development of aircraft network systems are reducing the size and weight, maximizing the performance and reliability, and reducing cost. One of the main challenges includes dissipating high power in small packages within a confined space. This makes thermal management a critical component of the overall LRU (Line-Replaceable Unit) design. In addition, passive cooling systems are often required in place of internal fans in order to improve long-term reliability of the system. This presents another set of challenges, such as optimizing the airflow provided by the aircraft in the electronics compartment. This paper will present some of the critical elements of thermal management such as heat sinking, component placement, thermal interface materials, thermal vias, thermal links, heat spreader, packaging approaches and cooling strategies. The design and optimization of this system are based on analytical solutions, conjugated heat transfer and experimental results. Thermal management solutions must enable reliable operation under various environmental conditions: ground operation, flight operation, high operating temperature and loss of cooling air. Each environmental condition has different parameters for coolant airflow rate, effect of the surroundings, and ambient and coolant air temperature. Cooling airflow analyses were performed using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). We have identified multiple approaches to remove heat from the critical components through optimization of the components and subsystems. These same approaches also serve to increase the system's performance and reliability.

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Koch, L., K. Gross i G. Krueger. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FLUID COOLING SYSTEMS IN MOTORIZED SPINDLES". MM Science Journal 2021, nr 3 (30.06.2021): 4620–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17973/mmsj.2021_7_2021068.

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This paper analyzes geometrical approaches to optimize the fluid cooling circulation of motorized spindles. The spindle fluid cooling’s effectiveness, efficiency and influence on the machine’s precision are analyzed through observations of the stator temperature, pressure drop and thermal asymmetry, respectively. The observation is based on a validated coupled thermal/fluid mechanical simulation model. The widely used helix and meander shape stator cooling sleeves are primarily investigated. Additionally, a so-called S-meander shape was developed, which combines the advantages of the formerly mentioned sleeves. In order to understand the nonlinear thermal interactions properly, width and height of the cooling channels were varied separately and simultaneously. While keeping the flow rate identical, the average stator temperature could be decreased by 2.3 K solely with geometrical optimizations. Interestingly, the motor temperature is not continuously decreased by raising the fluid velocity through a reduction of the cooling channels size. For the helix and the S-meander, the temperature actually increases after passing a certain geometrical sweet spot. Additionally, this optimum is different for the helix, meander and S-meander cooling sleeve. The results imply that the geometrical optimization of fluid cooling channels in motorized spindles has a significant potential. Furthermore, the developed cooling sleeves are trans-ferable to any electric motor with fluid cooling.

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Khemchandani, Govind. "Development of Next Generation EV Coolant". Tribologie und Schmierungstechnik 69, eOnly Sonderausgabe (18.11.2022): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24053/tus-2022-0029.

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Research indicates that there are two approaches to Electric Vehicle (EV) liquid cooling: direct and indirect. Direct liquid cooling involves direct contact between the coolant and the battery pack. Indirect liquid cooling requires a medium in between the battery pack and the coolant, preventing direct contact. Many prominent EV manufacturers have adopted indirect liquid cooling for example Tesla, and GM in North America. Currently, shelf coolants used for Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) are being used in many EV vehicles for indirect cooling. One of the challenges is absence of ASTM test methods for evaluating EV coolants. Some operators have used copper wires for generating deposits by employing voltage to test low conductivity EV coolants. Dober long ago realized that copper and aluminum will be the main components of EV engines hence used copper wire under high temp and pressure to show differentiation among coolants. The present paper focuses on Dober-in-house test Parr reactor methodology for comparing electrical conductivities, pH and additive depletion of various coolants thereby showing meaningful trends with time and temperature. This ultimately helps in developing new generation EV coolants. It is concluded that low electrical conductivity along with robust corrosion inhibition package is needed for optimum performance of EV coolants.

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Mohd Hanid, Mohd Hazwan, Shayfull Zamree Abd Rahim, Joanna Gondro, Safian Sharif, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Azlan Mohd Zain, Abdellah El-hadj Abdellah, Mohd Nasir Mat Saad, Jerzy J. Wysłocki i Marcin Nabiałek. "Warpage Optimisation on the Moulded Part with Straight Drilled and Conformal Cooling Channels Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), Glowworm Swarm Optimisation (GSO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) Optimisation Approaches". Materials 14, nr 6 (10.03.2021): 1326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14061326.

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It is quite challenging to control both quality and productivity of products produced using injection molding process. Although many previous researchers have used different types of optimisation approaches to obtain the best configuration of parameters setting to control the quality of the molded part, optimisation approaches in maximising the performance of cooling channels to enhance the process productivity by decreasing the mould cycle time remain lacking. In this study, optimisation approaches namely Response Surface Methodology (RSM), Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Glowworm Swarm Optimisation (GSO) were employed on front panel housing moulded using Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS). Each optimisation method was analysed for both straight drilled and Milled Groove Square Shape (MGSS) conformal cooling channel moulds. Results from experimental works showed that, the performance of MGSS conformal cooling channels could be enhanced by employing the optimisation approach. Therefore, this research provides useful scientific knowledge and an alternative solution for the plastic injection moulding industry to improve the quality of moulded parts in terms of deformation using the proposed optimisation approaches in the used of conformal cooling channels mould.

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Pervaiz, Salman, Ibrahim Deiab, Basil Darras, Amir Rashid i Mihai Nicolescu. "Performance Evaluation of TiAlN-PVD Coated Inserts for Machining Ti-6Al-4V under Different Cooling Strategies". Advanced Materials Research 685 (kwiecień 2013): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.685.68.

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Titanium alloys are labeled as difficult to materials because of their low machinability rating. This paper presents an experimental study of machining Ti-6Al-4V under turning operation. All machining tests were conducted under dry, mist and flood cooling approaches by using a TiAlN coated carbide cutting inserts. All cutting experiments were conducted using high and low levels of cutting speeds and feed rates. The study compared surface finish of machined surface and flank wear at cutting edge under dry, mist and flood cooling approaches. Scanning electron microscopy was utilized to investigate the flank wear at cutting edge under various cooling approaches and cutting conditions. Investigation revealed that TiAlN coated carbides performed comparatively better at higher cutting speed.

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Cho, Jinkyun, Yongdae Jeong, Beungyong Park i Sangmoon Lee. "Investigation on the energy and air distribution efficiency with improved data centre cooling to support high-density servers". E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 03070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911103070.

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Cooling has become a key issue in data centers where cooling accounts for about 40% of total energy usage. This study evaluated the energy and thermal performance of two data center cooling approaches: row-based cooling and room-based cooling. This research examines the temperature and humidity distribution and air distribution efficiency of an IT environment using field measurements and six performance indices. According to the observations and index evaluation results, we suggest that a row-based cooling strategy is more efficient for server cooling. Air management helps to reduce cooling energy by enhancing optimal operation and improving cooling system efficiency.

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Yu, Xinxian, Jiaqi Chan i Chun Chen. "Review of radiative cooling materials: Performance evaluation and design approaches". Nano Energy 88 (październik 2021): 106259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106259.

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Maleki, Akbar, Arman Haghighi, Mamdouh El Haj Assad, Ibrahim Mahariq i Mohammad Alhuyi Nazari. "A review on the approaches employed for cooling PV cells". Solar Energy 209 (październik 2020): 170–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.08.083.

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Ramezanizadeh, Mahdi, Mohammad Alhuyi Nazari, Mohammad Hossein Ahmadi i Lingen Chen. "A review on the approaches applied for cooling fuel cells". International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 139 (sierpień 2019): 517–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.05.032.

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Othman, Noor Fadzlinda, Mohammad Effendy Ya’acob, Li Lu, Ahmad Hakiim Jamaluddin, Ahmad Suhaizi Mat Su, Hashim Hizam, Rosnah Shamsudin i Juju Nakasha Jaafar. "Advancement in Agriculture Approaches with Agrivoltaics Natural Cooling in Large Scale Solar PV Farms". Agriculture 13, nr 4 (12.04.2023): 854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13040854.

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The increasing concerns about the impact of large-scale solar photovoltaic farms on the environment and the energy crisis have raised many questions. This issue is mainly addressed by the integration of agriculture advancement in solar photovoltaic systems infrastructure facilities, commonly known as agrivoltaic. Through the use of these systems, the production of crops can be increased, and the efficiency of PV panels can be improved. Accordingly, adopting such synergistic paths forward can contribute toward building resilient energy-generation and food-production systems. The utilization of cooling techniques can provide a potential solution for the excessive heating of PV cells and lower cell temperatures. Effective cooling applied to PV cells significantly improves their electrical efficiency, as well as increasing their lifespan because of decreasing thermal stresses. This paper shares an overview of both active and passive cooling approaches in solar PV applications with an emphasis on newly developed agrivoltaic natural cooling systems. Actual data analysis at the 2 MWp Puchong agrivoltaic farm shows a significant value of 3% increase of the DC generation (on average) which is most beneficial to solar farm operators.

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Komeili Birjandi, Amir, Mohammad Eftekhari Yazdi, Saeed Dinarvand, Gholam Reza Salehi i Pedram Tehrani. "Effect of Using Hybrid Nanofluid in Thermal Management of Photovoltaic Panel in Hot Climates". International Journal of Photoenergy 2021 (18.09.2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3167856.

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Photovoltaic (PV) cells have been applied for direct conversion of solar radiation into electricity. Their performance is significantly affected by the working temperature. Due to the higher efficiency of the cells in lower temperatures, several thermal management approaches have been applied in recent years. Employing liquids as coolant is one of the efficient approaches in cooling down the PV cells. Using fluids with enhanced heat transfer properties would lead to further improvement in the output of the cells. In this paper, utilization of a hybrid nanofluid, with improved thermophysical characteristics, is numerically investigated by applying Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Results revealed that by employing the low concentration hybrid nanofluid instead of water, higher efficiency and consequently electrical output are achievable. The maximum enhancement in the efficiency of the cell compared with the reference case without cooling is around 35.66% which is obtained in case of using the nanofluid with mass flow rate of 0.0002 kg/s and solar irradiation of 1000 W/m2.

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Palej, Patryk, i Tomasz Palacz. "Preliminary Design Analysis of Regenerative Cooling for N2O/Alcohol Small Scale Liquid Rocket Engine". Transactions on Aerospace Research 2018, nr 3 (1.09.2018): 87–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/tar-2018-0024.

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Abstract This paper presents a concept of a small scale liquid-propellant rocket engine designed in AGH Space Systems for sounding rocket. During preliminary design of thermal aspects various ways of cooling were evaluated and described. Possible issues and design approaches for ablative, radiation and regenerative cooling are raised. The authors describe available solutions. Regenerative cooling is especially concerned as it is most popular solution in bi-liquid engines, in which alcohol fuel acts as coolant and is preheated before it reaches combustion chamber. To estimate a possible temperature distribution - and thus an applicability of such a system in the engine - a mathematical model of heat transfer was developed. Unique element of said engine is its oxidizer - nitrous oxide, which have been rarely used to date. Comparison between typical LOX bi-liquids is given and major differences that affect cooling arrangement are discussed. The authors compared different combinations of coolants, fuel/oxidizer ratios etc. to optimize the temperature distribution which is a key factor for the engine performance.

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Uhlig, Peter, Alexandra Serwa, Ulrich Altmann, Tilo Welker, Jens Müller, Dieter Schwanke, Jürgen Pohlner i Thomas Rittweg. "Liquid Cooling in an LTCC-Module for a Switched Mode Amplifier". Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2017, NOR (1.07.2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2017-nor-uhlig.

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Abstract Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC) is a proven packaging technology for microwave and millimetre-wave applications. Advanced low-loss material systems and improved manufacturing technology facilitate economic and highly reliable packaging solutions for automotive, telecom, medical and security applications. The fact that the substrate is hermetic facilitates unique packaging concepts where the LTCC multilayer is part of a hermetic package. However, there is a trade-off for the increasing complexity of these modules: When active devices are involved, the density of power dissipation is also rising. Liquid cooling provides an alternative where (forced air) convection cooling is not possible for lack of space or because of other limitations. With the integration of micro-channels into the LTCC-multilayer-stack the microwave-substrate becomes part of the piping for liquid cooling and brings the coolant in close contact to the heat source. As an example for such a solution a switched mode amplifier shall be presented that uses liquid cooling for the power transistor. Two different approaches for the routing of the cooling channels inside the LTCC are compared with cooling on a metal block at constant temperature. For the exact determination of all parameters, dissipated power and temperature on the die (junction temperature) a thermal test die is used instead of the transistor for the test vehicles.

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Bott, T. Reg. "Biofouling Control in Cooling Water". International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2009 (2009): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/619873.

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An important aspect of environmental engineering is the control of greenhouse gas emissions. Fossil fuel-fired power stations, for instance, represent a substantial contribution to this problem. Unless suitable steps are taken the accumulation of microbial deposits (biofouling) on the cooling water side of the steam condensers can reduce their efficiency and in consequence, the overall efficiency of power production, with an attendant increase in fuel consumption and henceCO2production. Biofouling control, therefore, is extremely important and can be exercised by chemical or physical techniques or a combination of both. The paper gives some examples of the effectiveness of different approaches to biofouling control.

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Wenzel, Paula M., i Peter Radgen. "Multi-Criteria Comparison of Energy and Environmental Assessment Approaches for the Example of Cooling Towers". Applied System Innovation 5, nr 5 (5.09.2022): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/asi5050089.

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Cooling towers remove economically or technically unusable heat using considerable amounts of electricity and, in many cases, water. Several approaches, which vary in methodology, scope, and level of detail, are used for environmental evaluations of these cooling systems. Although the chosen approach has a significant impact on decisions made at the plant level, no methodology has yet been standardized for selecting the approach that best serves the objectives of the evaluation. Thus, this paper provides comparison criteria for the systematic selection of suitable evaluation methods for cooling towers and classifies how the methods score in this respect. These criteria, such as ‘life cycle thinking’, ‘inventoried physical quantities’, ‘temporal resolution’, ‘formalization’, and ‘data availability’, are grouped by overall evaluation objectives such as ‘thoroughness’, ‘scientific soundness’, and ‘usability’. Subsequently, these criteria were used to compare material flow analysis, energy analysis, environmental network analysis, life cycle inventory, life cycle assessment, environmental footprint methods, emergy analysis, exergy analysis, and the physical optimum method. In conclusion, material flow analysis is best suited for the analysis of cooling towers when impact assessment is not required; otherwise, life cycle assessment meets most of the defined criteria. Moreover, only exergy-based methods allow for the inclusion of volatile ambient conditions.

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Wang, Yu Qiang, Ni Liu i Xiao Jiao Xu. "Research Developments on Improvement of Spray Cooling Performance". Advanced Materials Research 588-589 (listopad 2012): 1735–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.588-589.1735.

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Spray cooling is considered to be one of the most promising electronic cooling methods, since it has several unique advantages such as high heat dissipation, small ﬂuid inventory, and uniformity of heat removal. However the spray cooling performance could be further improved, which can be expressed by the combination of a better heat removal capability, a higher cooling efficiency, and the more uniform surface temperature distribution. In this paper, recent research developments on spray cooling characteristics under different working conditions are reviewed, possible approaches to improve the spray cooing performance are also proposed. Especially spray cooling systems with both enhanced surface and lower system pressure would be be full of attraction.

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Liqing, L., i S. Yingjie. "Study of Dry EDM with Oxygen-Mixed and Cryogenic Cooling Approaches". Procedia CIRP 6 (2013): 344–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2013.03.055.

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Nienborg, Björn, Antoine Dalibard, Lena Schnabel i Ursula Eicker. "Approaches for the optimized control of solar thermally driven cooling systems". Applied Energy 185 (styczeń 2017): 732–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.10.106.

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Zhao, Bin, Mingke Hu, Xianze Ao, Qingdong Xuan i Gang Pei. "Spectrally selective approaches for passive cooling of solar cells: A review". Applied Energy 262 (marzec 2020): 114548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114548.

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Nasser El Dine, Sleimane, Xavier Mininger, Caroline Nore, Raphael Zanella, Frederic Bouillault i Jean-Luc Guermond. "Impact of Magnets on Ferrofluid Cooling Process: Experimental and Numerical Approaches". IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 56, nr 1 (styczeń 2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2019.2949362.

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Radchenko, Mykola, Zongming Yang, Anatoliy Pavlenko, Andrii Radchenko, Roman Radchenko, Hanna Koshlak i Guozhi Bao. "Increasing the Efficiency of Turbine Inlet Air Cooling in Climatic Conditions of China through Rational Designing—Part 1: A Case Study for Subtropical Climate: General Approaches and Criteria". Energies 16, nr 17 (22.08.2023): 6105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16176105.

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The enhancement of gas turbine (GT) efficiency through inlet air cooling, known as TIAC, in chillers using the heat of exhaust gas is one of the most attractive tendencies in energetics, particularly in thermal engineering. In reality, any combustion engine with cyclic air cooling using waste heat recovery chillers might be considered as a power plant with in-cycle trigeneration focused on enhancing a basic engine efficiency, which results in additional power output or fuel savings, reducing carbon emissions in all cases. The higher the fuel efficiency of the engine, the more efficient its functioning as a source of emissions. The sustainable operation of a GT at stabilized low intake air temperature is impossible without using rational design to determine the cooling capacity of the chiller and TIAC system as a whole to match current duties without overestimation. The most widespread absorption lithium-bromide chillers (ACh) are unable to reduce the GT intake air temperature below 15 °C in a simple cycle because the temperature of their chilled water is approximately 7 °C. Deeper cooling air would be possible by applying a boiling refrigerant as a coolant in ejector chiller (ECh) as the cheapest and simplest in design. However, the coefficients of performance (COP) of EChs are considerably lower than those of AChs: about 0.3 compared to 0.7 of AChs. Therefore, EChs are applied for subsequent cooling of air to less than 15 °C, whereas the efficient ACh is used for ambient air precooling to 15 °C. The application of an absorption–ejector chiller (AECh) enables deeper inlet air cooling and greater effects accordingly. However, the peculiarities of the subtropical climate, characterized by high temperature and humidity and thermal loads, require extended analyses to reveal the character of thermal load and to modify the methodology of designing TIAC systems. The advanced design methodology that can reveal and thereby forecast the peculiarities of the TIAC system’s thermal loading was developed to match those peculiarities and gain maximum effect without oversizing.

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Albatayneh, Aiman, Dariusz Alterman, Adrian Page i Behdad Moghtaderi. "The Significance of Temperature Based Approach Over the Energy Based Approaches in the Buildings Thermal Assessment". Environmental and Climate Technologies 19, nr 1 (1.05.2017): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rtuect-2017-0004.

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Abstract The design of low energy buildings requires accurate thermal simulation software to assess the heating and cooling loads. Such designs should sustain thermal comfort for occupants and promote less energy usage over the life time of any building. One of the house energy rating used in Australia is AccuRate, star rating tool to assess and compare the thermal performance of various buildings where the heating and cooling loads are calculated based on fixed operational temperatures between 20 °C to 25 °C to sustain thermal comfort for the occupants. However, these fixed settings for the time and temperatures considerably increase the heating and cooling loads. On the other hand the adaptive thermal model applies a broader range of weather conditions, interacts with the occupants and promotes low energy solutions to maintain thermal comfort. This can be achieved by natural ventilation (opening window/doors), suitable clothes, shading and low energy heating/cooling solutions for the occupied spaces (rooms). These activities will save significant amount of operating energy what can to be taken into account to predict energy consumption for a building. Most of the buildings thermal assessment tools depend on energy-based approaches to predict the thermal performance of any building e.g. AccuRate in Australia. This approach encourages the use of energy to maintain thermal comfort. This paper describes the advantages of a temperature-based approach to assess the building’s thermal performance (using an adaptive thermal comfort model) over energy based approach (AccuRate Software used in Australia). The temperature-based approach was validated and compared with the energy-based approach using four full scale housing test modules located in Newcastle, Australia (Cavity Brick (CB), Insulated Cavity Brick (InsCB), Insulated Brick Veneer (InsBV) and Insulated Reverse Brick Veneer (InsRBV)) subjected to a range of seasonal conditions in a moderate climate. The time required for heating and/or cooling using the adaptive thermal comfort approach and AccuRate predictions were estimated. Significant savings (of about 50 %) in energy consumption in minimising the time required for heating and cooling were achieved by using the adaptive thermal comfort model.

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Canders, Wolf-Rüdiger, Jan Hoffmann i Markus Henke. "Cooling Technologies for High Power Density Electrical Machines for Aviation Applications". Energies 12, nr 23 (1.12.2019): 4579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12234579.

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This paper is aimed at giving an overview of possible cooling technologies for electrical machines and their assessment for aviation applications, e.g., fan or propeller drives. The most important demand for aircraft is the minimization of the drive system weight comprising electrical machine, power electronics, and the cooling system. The potential of aluminum winding an overview about several cooling technologies with the Rankine or Brayton cycle or utilizing the phase change of the cooling fluid is given. As an alternative approach, the cooling structure inside the machine is studied. A very interesting potential was discovered with direct slot cooling (DSC) removing the heat where it is produced and, thus, simplifying the cooling system effort and its weight. Since it is one of the most promising approaches, this cooling method is studied in depth. Furthermore, it can also be combined with one of the cooling technologies discussed above.

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Hackett, Julia, Emily Heavey i Bryony Beresford. "‘It was like an airbag, it cushioned the blow’: A multi-site qualitative study of bereaved parents’ experiences of using cooling facilities". Palliative Medicine 36, nr 2 (20.01.2022): 365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02692163211059345.

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Background: Evidence on the benefits to parents of spending time with their child in the hours after their death means this is now routine practice. UK children’s hospices offer parents the opportunity to extend this period by using cooling facilities (i.e. cooled ‘bedrooms’; cooling blankets/mattresses) to slow deterioration. Aim: To explore parents’ experiences of using cooling facilities and beliefs about how it shaped experiences of the very early days of bereavement, and on-going grieving processes. Methods: Multi-site study involving in-depth interviews with parents bereaved in the previous 3 years. Grief theories informed data analysis, which employed narrative and thematic approaches. Eight hospices supported recruitment. Results: Twenty-two mothers and eight fathers were recruited, representing 25% of families approached. Duration of use of a cooling facility varied, as did the amount of time spent with the child. All parents treasured this period, valuing the way it eased separation from their child and gave some control over when this happened. They believed all bereaved parents should have the opportunity to use a cooling facility. Using a cooling facility supported parents’ engagement with grief tasks including acceptance of loss, processing emotional pain and facing changes to their lives brought about by their child’s death. Memories and mementoes created during this period served to support on-going connections with the child. Parents who used a cooling facility at a hospice reported benefits of the setting itself. Conclusions: As well as easing the very early days of loss, use of cooling facilities may influence longer-term bereavement outcomes.

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Xiao, Ziwei, Jiaqi Yuan, Wenjie Gang, Chong Zhang i Xinhua Xu. "A NILM method for cooling load disaggregation based on artificial neural network". E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 05020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911105020.

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The demand of building energy management has increased due to high energy saving potentials. Load monitor and disaggregation can provide useful information for building energy management systems with detailed and individual loads of the building, so corresponding energy efficient measures can be taken to reduce the energy consumption of buildings. The technique is investigated widely in residential buildings known as Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM). However, relevant studies are not sufficient for non-residential buildings, especially for the cooling loads. This paper proposes a NILM method for cooling load disaggregation using artificial neural network. The cooling load is disaggregated into four categories: building envelope load, occupant load, equipment load and fresh air load. Two approaches are used to realize the load disaggregation: one is based on the Fourier transfer of the cooling loads, the other takes the cooling load, dry-bulb temperature and humidity of outdoor air, and time as inputs. By implementing the methods in a metro station, the performance of the proposed method can be obtained. Results show that both approaches can realize the load disaggregation accurately, with a RMSE less than 11.2. The second approach is recommended with a higher accuracy.

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Yang, Run-Heng, Shun An, Wen Shang i Tao Deng. "Research progress of bio-inspired radiative cooling". Acta Physica Sinica 71, nr 2 (2022): 024401. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.71.20211854.

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As a new type of cooling technology, radiative cooling achieves temperature reduction through spectral regulation. Compared with the traditional active cooling technologies such as absorption-based cooling and compression-based cooling, the radiative cooling offers unique advantages, which are of great significance in environmental protection and energy utilization. First of all, the basic principle of radiative cooling and the radiative cooling within the natural biological systems are introduced in this review. The biological systems achieve their regulations of radiative cooling through controlling the materials, microstructures and behaviors in the systems, which also provide inspiration for us to explore new radiative cooling materials and devices. We also summarize the various mechanisms of radiative cooling in the biological systems and the optimization of such cooling structures. The recent research progress of bio-inspired radiative cooling is also presented. At the end, the outlook of the research directions, potential applications, and the material fabrication approaches for bio-inspired radiative cooling are discussed. The radiative cooling materials and devices with high power output and intelligent control should be an important development direction of bio-inspired radiative cooling in the future. With the integration of advanced micro/nano fabrication technology, bio-inspired radiative cooling will have a broader market and much room of applications in the future.

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Shukla, Shubham, Rajeev Arya i Nilesh Diwakar. "A Review on Industrial Cooling System". SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJOSCIENCE 6, nr 7 (21.07.2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijoscience.v6i7.303.

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The modeling of the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system is a prominent topic because of its relationship with energy savings and environmental, economic, and technological issues. The modeling of the HVAC system is concerned with the indoor thermal sensation, which is related to the modeling of building, air handling unit (AHU) equipment’s, and indoor thermal processes. This paper shows the HVAC model and the Winter Air Conditioning System, Summer Air Conditioning System. Until now, many HVAC system modeling approaches are made available, and the techniques have become quite mature.

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Zatonskiy, A. V., P. V. Plekhov, V. V. Zakharov i N. N. Khristolyubov. "NON-STANDARD APPROACHES TO CLIMATE SYSTEMS ORGANIZATION IN DATA PROCESSING CENTERS". Bulletin of the South Ural State University. Ser. Computer Technologies, Automatic Control & Radioelectronics 23, nr 3 (2023): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/ctcr230303.

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The article is devoted to comparison of air conditioning systems in a data processing center, taking into account peculiarities of its location, in Perm Krai, RF. It is established that the use of more expensive, but modern, hybrid air conditioning system is economically feasible in this region. Purpose of work. The aim of the work is to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of different air cooling systems from an economic point of view, under the conditions of the location of the facility in the Perm region. Materials and methods. Two cooling systems are compared. The first cooling system is based on a direct supply of cold air. This system has restrictions on the temperature of application, it can only be used at ambient temperatures lower than the temperature of the cooled room, about 20 °С. Current costs in the form of consumed electricity to cool the room in this case will be less. The second, classic air conditioning system. In which cooling occurs due to boiling of freon in evaporator and the following compression by compressor and transitions to liquid phase in condenser. There are different variations of this system for almost any climate zone. Running costs (electricity) caused by operation of this system are higher. But the initial costs are less, since this system costs less. The task is to determine whether there will be a positive economic effect from the introduction of a system with direct cold air supply. The research is done with the help of theoretical methods. For this purpose, data on the air temperature in the city of Perm for 2021 by day and hour were taken. The results of the study. Determined how many days and hours, can work one or the other system. Classical air conditioning or a hybrid system, with the possibility of direct supply of cooled air. Calculated the cost of electricity when working in the first and second modes. Determined the number of necessary climate control equipment, taking into account its redundancy under the scheme N+1. Approximate costs for the implementation of the systems have been determined. Discussion and conclusion. It was found that the cost of introducing a more expensive hybrid system with the support of direct chilled air, compared with the classical air conditioning system will pay off in a few years. Significant advantages of such systems are also identified. Longer service life due to less use of the compressor in the refrigeration system.

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Kozak-Jagieła, Ewa, Piotr Cisek i Paweł Ocłoń. "Cooling techniques for PV panels: A review". Scientiae Radices 2, nr 1 (10.03.2023): 47–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.58332/scirad2023v2i1a03.

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Solar energy is considered one of the most dominant renewable energy sources. It can be used to produce electricity through PV panels. Unfortunatly, this technology is subject to limitations. High operating temperature exceeding 25°C, causes the PV panels to overheat, reducing their lifetime and efficiency. Various approaches to PV cooling are used to overcome these challenges.This paper presents a comprehensive overview of different cooling techniques to increase the performance of PV panels. Passive and active PV cooling systems are analysed using air, water, phase change materials (PCMs) and nanofluids as working agents. A review analysis showed that water cooling is better than air cooling. PCMs, which have recently been gaining in popularity, also deserve attention.

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Icoz, Tunc, Nitin Verma i Yogesh Jaluria. "Design of Air and Liquid Cooling Systems for Electronic Components Using Concurrent Simulation and Experiment". Journal of Electronic Packaging 128, nr 4 (27.03.2006): 466–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2353284.

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The design of cooling systems for electronic equipment is getting more involved and challenging due to increase in demand for faster and more reliable electronic systems. Therefore, robust and more efficient design and optimization methodologies are required. Conventional approaches are based on sequential use of numerical simulation and experiment. Thus, they fail to use certain advantages of using both tools concurrently. The present study is aimed at combining simulation and experiment in a concurrent manner such that outputs of each approach drive the other to achieve better engineering design in a more efficient way. In this study, a relatively simple problem, involving heat transfer from multiple heat sources simulating electronic components and located in a horizontal channel, was investigated. Two experimental setups were fabricated for air and liquid cooling experiments to study the effects of different coolants. De-ionized water was used as the liquid coolant in one case and air in the other. The effects of separation distance and flow conditions on the heat transfer and on the fluid flow characteristics were investigated in detail for both coolants. Cooling capabilities of different cooling arrangements were compared and the results from simulations and experiments were combined to create response surfaces and to find the optimal values of the design parameters.

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Phan, Anh D., Katsunori Wakabayashi, Marian Paluch i Vu D. Lam. "Effects of cooling rate on structural relaxation in amorphous drugs: elastically collective nonlinear langevin equation theory and machine learning study". RSC Advances 9, nr 69 (2019): 40214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra08441j.

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Harrison, Kaitlin, Zhenguo Wu i Douglas H. Juers. "A comparison of gas stream cooling and plunge cooling of macromolecular crystals". Journal of Applied Crystallography 52, nr 5 (23.08.2019): 1222–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576719010318.

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Cryocooling for macromolecular crystallography is usually performed via plunging the crystal into a liquid cryogen or placing the crystal in a cold gas stream. These two approaches are compared here for the case of nitrogen cooling. The results show that gas stream cooling, which typically cools the crystal more slowly, yields lower mosaicity and, in some cases, a stronger anomalous signal relative to rapid plunge cooling. During plunging, moving the crystal slowly through the cold gas layer above the liquid surface can produce mosaicity similar to gas stream cooling. Annealing plunge cooled crystals by warming and recooling in the gas stream allows the mosaicity and anomalous signal to recover. For tetragonal thermolysin, the observed effects are less pronounced when the cryosolvent has smaller thermal contraction, under which conditions the protein structures from plunge cooled and gas stream cooled crystals are very similar. Finally, this work also demonstrates that the resolution dependence of the reflecting range is correlated with the cooling method, suggesting it may be a useful tool for discerning whether crystals are cooled too rapidly. The results support previous studies suggesting that slower cooling methods are less deleterious to crystal order, as long as ice formation is prevented and dehydration is limited.

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Nagaiah, Narasimha R., i Christopher D. Geiger. "Evolutionary numerical simulation approach for design optimization of gas turbine blade cooling channels". International Journal for Simulation and Multidisciplinary Design Optimization 5 (2014): A22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/smdo/2014001.

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Gas turbine blade cooling system design is a multidisciplinary, iterative and often tedious task involving complex relationships among multiple design objectives. Typical blade design requires a broad range of expertise in the materials, structural, heat transfer, and cost optimization disciplines. The multiple objectives involved are often conflicting and must be solved simultaneously with equal importance. The traditional approaches researchers scalarize the multiple objectives into a single objective using a weight vector, thus transforming the original multiple objective problem into a single objective problem. This research addresses the shortcomings of existing traditional approaches of the optimization of blade cooling configuration design.

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Jia, Lizhi, Shen Wei i Junjie Liu. "A review of optimization approaches for controlling water-cooled central cooling systems". Building and Environment 203 (październik 2021): 108100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108100.

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Prudnikov, O. N., D. V. Brazhnikov, A. V. Taichenachev, V. I. Yudin, A. E. Bonert, M. A. Tropnikov i A. N. Goncharov. "New approaches in deep laser cooling of magnesium atoms for quantum metrology". Laser Physics 26, nr 9 (25.07.2016): 095503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1054-660x/26/9/095503.

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