Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Convict labor

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Convict labor”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 29 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Convict labor"

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Olkhovik, Nikolay V. "Problems of ensuring the rights and legitimate interests in the sphere of labor of persons sentenced to penalties and other measures of criminal legal nature not related to imprisonment". Ugolovnaya yustitsiya, nr 20 (2023): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/23088451/20/14.

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The problems of protecting the rights and legitimate interests in the sphere of labor of convicts sentenced to penalties and other criminal law measures not related to deprivation of liberty are identified. Penal inspectorates and the administration of correctional centers do not sufficiently take into account convicts' qualifications when ensuring that convicts follow the requirements of a court verdict. When enforcing the performance of compulsory and correctional labor, suspended sentence, penal inspectorates ignore the requirements of labor laws regarding the age of a minor, the “feasibility” of labor for minors, women, persons suffering from various types of diseases, the obligatory passage of medical examination of convicts when hiring them and further annual examination. In practice, the time free from studies when serving compulsory labor is incorrectly determined. There are cases of incorrect calculation of the term of correctional labor for convicts; groundlessness of the reasons for the convict's dismissal from the organization; problems with compensation for harm in case of injury to a convict associated with the performance of compulsory labor. In order to bring the convict to serving the sentence in a timely manner, the author proposes to establish in the criminal procedure law a rule providing for a period of time between the presentation of a sentence for execution and its acceptance for execution, and to introduce a rule in the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation providing for administrative responsibility for violations of this period. The author substantiates the necessity of improving the means of ensuring the execution by the convict of the order and conditions of serving correctional labor, and, in the penal legislation, proposes to provide for the possibility of imposing a duty on those convicted to correctional labor upon registration, as it was before, and also of changing this type of punishment to a more severe one for convicts who (a) systematically commit administrative offenses against public order or those similar to crimes for which the person was convicted; (b) evade registration or coming to the penal inspectorate for registration and do not leave their place of residence. Art. 79 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation should secure the right of the court to impose obligations on those released on parole from serving sentences during the probation period upon the penal inspectorate's presentation.
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Grubb, Farley. "The Transatlantic Market for British Convict Labor". Journal of Economic History 60, nr 1 (marzec 2000): 94–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700024669.

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Convicts account for at least one-quarter of British migration to mid-eighteenth-century America. Their transportation to and disposal in America was essentially an experiment in privatizing post-trial criminal justice. A model of this trade is developed that yields testable implications regarding the relative distributional moments of convict auction prices, the size of shipper profits, and how convicts were selected for transportation.
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Sipahi, Ali. "Convict Labor in Turkey, 1936–1953: A Capitalist Corporation in the State?" International Labor and Working-Class History 90 (2016): 244–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547916000144.

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AbstractThe article proposes the institutional analysis of convict labor as an alternative to both (profit-oriented) economic and (discipline-oriented) political explanations. The specialized labor-based prisons in Turkey from 1936 to 1953 are brought to light by archival research and are presented here as a rich case to discuss the experiential/subjective conditions of unfree labor regimes and the structural effects of institutions on the convicts’ experiences. I argue that the state department responsible for prison labor in Turkey was transformed into a capitalist corporation with bureaucratic management, and the target of convict labor system was neither profit nor discipline, but the creation of the corporate bureaucracy itself. As a consequence, both for prisoners and for the prison staff, labor-based prisons appeared as privileged places. Hence, unfree labor was volunteered.
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Stoddard, Brad. "“Slaves of the State”: Christianity and Convict Labor in the Postbellum South". Religions 11, nr 12 (4.12.2020): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11120651.

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In the wake of the Civil War, southern states incarcerated record numbers of black men and women, closed their prisons, and sent convicted criminals to convict lease camps. Inside these camps, convict laborers worked for businesses, for individual entrepreneurs, on plantations, and on public works projects contracted to private businesses. Due to the Thirteenth Amendment’s “slaves of the state” clause, these laborers were legally classified as slaves and treated as such by labor camp operators. Conditions inside these camps were quite harsh, and in most camps, state-sanctioned Protestant socialization efforts were the laborers’ primary source of leisure. This essay provides a preliminary overview of the convergence of Protestant Christianity and convict lease camps as it calls scholars to explore this convergence in greater detail in future scholarship.
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McAfee, Ward M. "A History of Convict Labor in California". Southern California Quarterly 72, nr 1 (1990): 19–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41171510.

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Olefir, L. "LEGAL BASISF OR ORGANIZING THE WORK OF PERSONS HELD IN PENITENTIARY INSTITUTIONS". Scientific journal Criminal and Executive System: Yesterday. Today. Tomorrow 2023, nr 2 (10.04.2024): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32755/sjcriminal.2023.02.087.

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Ukraine as a democratic, legal social state on the path to European integration, needs to reform all sectors of society. Particular attention in the transformation process is paid to the penitentiary system. The rights of persons who have committed a criminal offense and are held in penitentiary institutions (hereinafter – PIs), along with the rights of other citizens, are protected by the Constitution of Ukraine and international human rights law. Among the fundamental human rights is the right to work. In its turn, the work that convicted persons are involved in is a necessary component of achieving the goal of serving a sentence – the correction of a person and his or her resocialization. Labor is a significant factor in human life. It is a volitional activity aimed at creating material values. Labor as a means of correction and resocialization of a convicted person is defined by the provisions of Article 6 of the Criminal and Executive Code of Ukraine (hereinafter – the CEC). The conscientious performance of their labor duties is taken into account when applying for conditional early release of a convicted person. Therefore, socially useful labor, which convicted persons are involved in, helps to reduce crime. Given the reforms that the penitentiary system in Ukraine has undergone, legal regulation of the organization of work of persons held in PIs is an actual issue of the day. The article highlights the legal basis for organizing labor of persons held in penitentiary institutions. The essence of the constitutional right of a convicted person to work is considered. Labor is defined as a means of correction and resocialization of a convict. The legal basis of socially useful work of convicts is analyzed. The functions of socially useful activities of convicted persons are defined. The principles of involving convicts in socially useful work are defined. The author establishes the working conditions for those convicted to restraint of liberty. The author analyzes the current legislation of Ukraine in terms of the obligation to involve convicted persons in labor; the list of jobs and positions in which it is prohibited to use convicts; requirements for remuneration, working week, and salary; involvement in labor on a free basis; and pension provision for convicted persons. The author draws conclusions about the need for further reform of the penitentiary system in terms of ensuring that convicts have the right to engage in labor activity in accordance with their abilities, desire and fair remuneration. Key words: labor, work of convicts, labor activity, labor contract, penitentiary institution, socially useful work, labor functions, working conditions, involvement in work, remuneration, penitentiary system in Ukraine, European integration.
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Jean, Martine. "Liberated Africans, Slaves, and Convict Labor in the Construction of Rio de Janeiro's Casa de Correção: Atlantic Labor Regimes and Confinement in Brazil's Port City". International Review of Social History 64, S27 (26.03.2019): 173–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859019000105.

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AbstractFrom 1834 to 1850, Latin America's first penitentiary, the Casa de Correção in Rio de Janeiro, was a construction site where slaves, “liberated Africans”, convicts, and unfree workers interacted daily, forged identities, and deployed resistance strategies against the pressures of confinement and the demands of Brazil's eclectic labor regimes. This article examines the utilization of this motley crew of workers, the interactions among “liberated Africans”, slaves, and convict laborers, and the government's intervention between 1848 and 1850 to restrict slave labor at the prison in favor of free waged workers. It asserts that the abolition of the slave trade in 1850 and the subsequent inauguration of the penitentiary augured profound changes in Rio's labor landscape, from a predominantly unfree to a free wage labor force.
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Bohatyrov, I. H., i O. I. Bohatyrova. "COMMUNITY WORK OF CONVICTS IN PLACES OF UNFREEDOM AS A MEASURE OF CORRECTION AND RESOCIALIZATION". Scientific journal Criminal and Executive System: Yesterday. Today. Tomorrow 2023, nr 1 (15.09.2023): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32755/sjcriminal.2023.01.052.

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This article is about the socially useful work of convicts in places of deprivation of liberty, since this tool plays an important role in the lives of convicts while serving a criminal sentence, it creates certain prerequisites to acquire new work skills and the opportunity for a convict to be paroled from serving a criminal sentence. This article acquires special significance in connection with the ongoing scientific discussion among domestic scientists and practitioners of the penal enforcement system of Ukraine: on the recognition of community service as a right of convicts (Article 8 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine); the convict’s participation in socially useful work upon conditionally early release from serving a sentence (Article 81 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine); whether it is possible to consider socially beneficial labor in places of deprivation of liberty as forced. The article emphasizes that the socially beneficial work of convicts in places of deprivation of liberty involves many factors, in particular: how many penal institutions of the State Security Service of Ukraine have their own production; what is the capacity of production facilities where convicts are employed, and what are the working conditions at the factory; whether the rules of labor protection, safety techniques and industrial sanitation, established by the labor legislation, are observed in the places of detention; whether this number of persons is included among those who are involved by the administration of the institution of execution of punishments to work on the improvement of residential and industrial areas of places of detention, adjacent territories and to improve the living and living conditions of convicts, since according to the fifth part of Article 118 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, such convicts are involved without payment work, as a rule, on a first-come, first-served basis, during non-working hours and for no more than two hours a day; is the training of convicts organized for the most widespread professions that are relevant in society and are in high demand (for example, locksmith, plumber, specialist in wood or metal, etc.). It has been proved that the socially beneficial work of convicts in places of deprivation of liberty is an urgent problem of scientific research, domestic scientists of the penitentiary field and practical workers of criminal-executive institutions of the State Security Service of Ukraine. It is noted that the involvement of convicts in community service is primarily an attempt by the administration of penal institutions of all security levels to create favorable conditions: employment of convicts while serving a criminal sentence; timely repayment of the debt owed to the victim of the crime according to the writ of execution; preparation of the convict for reintegration into society after serving the sentence. Based on the results obtained in the course of the scientific research, the following conclusions were made: socially useful work of convicts in places of deprivation of liberty to a certain extent contributes to the psycho-emotional relief of convicts, distracts them from different opinions and conflicts and contributes to correction and resocialization; the conscientious attitude of convicts in places of deprivation of liberty to socially useful work, subject to the fulfillment of other means of correction and resocialization, gives the convict the opportunity to exercise the right to parole; socially useful work of convicts in places of imprisonment creates all the conditions for obtaining useful skills that can positively affect the further work of the convict after release from prisons; socially useful work of convicts in places of deprivation of liberty is a reliable means of their correction and resocialization. Key words: community service, convicts, personnel, places of imprisonment, punishment, correction, resocialization, material support.
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van der Linden, Marcel. "The Growth of a European Network of Labor Historians". International Labor and Working-Class History 90 (2016): 266–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547916000156.

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The first conference of the European Labour History Network (ELHN) took place on December 14–16, 2015, in Turin, Italy. It was, for the time being, the culmination of a development that has been going on for a number of years. Increasingly European labor historians work together across borders. Since the 1970s the number of research projects comparing two or more national cases has grown considerably, while in recent years transnational connections have attracted more attention as well. Likewise, labor historians now take Europe's imperial, colonial, and neocolonial past very seriously, and therefore the labor dimension of that past is explored more intensely (chattel slavery, indentured labor, convict labor, and so on).
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Bodnar, I. V., D. Yu Kondratov i A. I. Kyrienko. "SEPARATE ASPECTS OF SECURITY ENSURING IN PENITENTIARY INSTITUTIONS". Scientific Herald of Sivershchyna. Series: Law 2024, nr 2 (17.06.2024): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32755/sjlaw.2024.02.007.

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The article discusses the necessity of implementing admitted by the world community and enshrined in relevant international documents principles and norms of dynamic security as one of the forms of ensuring the security of penitentiary institutions and its implementation into the national legislation of Ukraine. In particular, the main aspects of comprehensive application of principles and forms of physical, procedural, and dynamic security are defined with the aim of transitioning from a punitive method of dealing with convicts to a rehabilitative one. The authors believe that during the study of these issues, it is necessary to outline the following questions: regarding physical security, it is a matter concerning modern approaches to equipping penitentiary institutions, modernization of perimeter security systems and other electronic security systems, physical barriers, means for localization and isolation, access control systems, means of identification and verification of people, video surveillance systems, the use of metal detectors, X-ray machines, and other detection devices; regarding procedural security, it is a matter concerning the regime as the main means of educational influence on convicts, especially related to the study of world practice regarding the organization of admission regime, search work, application of incentive and punitive measures, actions of personnel in case of emergencies while respecting the rights, freedoms, and legitimate interests of convicts; regarding dynamic security, it is a matter related to the introduction into the activities of penitentiary institution personnel of its principles and approaches in working with convicts, establishing trustful and positive relationships with them, forming interpersonal skills in personnel, and their training to resist manipulation by convicts, and so on. Key words: Penitentiary system, State Criminal and Executive Service of Ukraine, penitentiary institution, correctional colony, pre-trial detention center, security, physical, procedural, and dynamic security, convict, correction and resocialization, labor, convict labor, labor relations, ordinary and managerial personnel, discipline, responsibility, selection, conditions and terms of service.
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Convict labor"

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Janssen, Volker. "Convict labor, civic welfare rehabilitation in California's prisons, 1941-1971 /". Diss., Connected to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3179290.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2005.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed March 1, 2006). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 540-570).
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Lucko, Paul Michael. "Prison farms, walls, and society : punishment and politics in Texas, 1848-1910 /". Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Gildemeister, Glen A. "Prison labor and convict competition with free workers in industrializing America, 1840-1890". New York : Garland Pub, 1987. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/14520393.html.

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Thalmann, Vanessa. "Prison labour for private corporations : the impact of human rights". Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82672.

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In the past two decades, the prison population has increased considerably in many industrialized countries. In the United States, for example, the prison population has more than quadrupled since 1980. As a response to the considerable incarceration costs, the number of private prisons and the number of prisoners working for private corporations have increased significantly. Proponents of private sector involvement in prison industries argue that inmate labour can reduce the incarceration costs and contribute to rehabilitation of prisoners.
The question of private sector involvement in prison facilities raises significant concerns as regards to international labour standards. Opponents of private sector involvement argue that private hiring of prison labour can involve exploitation. They also argue that the authority for punishment is a core governmental function that cannot be delegated to the private sector. Furthermore, in most cases, labour and social security laws are not applied to inmates. Therefore, prison labour can constitute unfair competition with free labour or even go as far as to replace free labour.
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Nutt, Rebecca L. "After the Bureau: the rise of African-American debt peonage and convict labor in the south following reconstruction /". Connect to resource, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/6551.

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Thesis (Honors)--Ohio State University, 2006.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages: contains 47 p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 45-47). Available online via Ohio State University's Knowledge Bank.
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Haggerty, Michael. "A NECESSARY CRUELTY: VIOLENCE AND DISCIPLINE IN NORTH CAROLINA’S POST-CIVIL WAR PRISONS". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1406223803.

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Steiner, Michael. "Der Strafgefangene im System der gesetzlichen Sozialversicherung /". Frankfurt am Main ; New York : P. Lang, 2006. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=014840041&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Tuffin, Richard Lindsay. "Australia's industrious convicts: An archaeological study of landscapes of convict labour". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/14656.

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This thesis devises and tests an approach to understanding archaeological sites of convict labour in an Australian context. It is centred upon a seemingly simple question: was convict labour motivated more by punishment or profit? Focussing on those places where the government retained direct control of convict labour, this thesis proposes an analytical framework that can form the foundation of discussions into the role and residues of convict labour in Australia. Such a framework is required, with research into the convict past marked by a growing disconnect between the archaeological and historical disciplines. The model presented for discussion posits that there are two main analytical elements that should be discussed when engaging with landscapes of convict labour: the setting and process. The latter, in particular, presents a multi-faceted way of examining these landscapes, encouraging their analysis through a tripartite filter: organisation (how the convict labour was managed and deployed), supervision (how the labour was directed and controlled) and production (the economic basis of the convict labour). This thesis tests the model by applying it to five case study sites. These were established by the government to exploit Van Diemen's Land's (Tasmania) coal resource through the deployment of convict labour between ca.1822 and 1848. By drawing upon the archaeological and historical record, this research analytically deconstructs these places using the devised model. Focus is placed upon the role of penological aims in their formation and development, in particular the tension engendered between the motives of punishment and profit. It finds that these places were formed and developed in response to complex multi-scalar influences and the transformative effects of the power dynamics which were played out within them. Importantly, this thesis observes that these places of convict labour are marked by an ambiguity that resulted in a melded landscape where the formative motivators of punishment and profit co-existed, the disentanglement of which requires the application of archaeological and historical methodology.
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Hindmarsh, Bruce. "Yoked to the plough : male convict labour, culture and resistance in rural Van Diemen's Land, 1820-40". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4056.

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This thesis is a study of assigned male convict labour in rural Van Diemen’s Land in the period 1820-40. Throughout this period agriculture and pastoralism were centxal to the colonial economy, and this sector was the largest private employer of convict labour, yet there has been no prior sustained investigation of the nature and experience of rural convict employment in Van Diemen’s Land. Research has involved use of records of convict transportation, the records of the convict department, colonial court records, and the correspondence of the colonial secretary’s office. Extensive use has also been made of the colonial press, published contemporary accounts, and unpublished journals of colonists. The thesis begins with a discussion of two oppositional representations of rural convict labour: John Glover’s painting ‘My Harvest Home’, and the ballad ‘Van Diemen’s Land’. These representations demonstrate the polarised debate on the nature of convict labour. Rural convicts have been largely neglected in the recent historiography of convict transportation; this thesis argues that this neglect is unwarranted, and that rural convict labour resists reductionist understanding of convict labour. Chapter 1 examines farming in the colony, demonstrating the importance and vitality of this sector of the economy. Chapters 2-4 discuss convict assignment, management, and convict responses. It is argued that assignment effectively placed those with experience of farm work with rural employers. Convicts’ skills are seen to have been relevant and useful to the rural economy. The management of convict servants operated both formally at the level of the Convict Department regulations and the magistrates bench, and informally on individual properties. Informal management best utilised incentives rather than force. Thus convicts were able to negotiate the authority of their employers through various means, including resistance. Chapters 5-7 discuss the convict experience of rural labour. Material conditions of diet, housing and clothing are examined in chapter 5. Convict recreational culture is investigated in chapter 6; it is argued that convicts created an important site of autonomy in this form. The intimate lives of convict men are discussed in chapter 7. Often seen as brutal and brutalising, it is argued that these relationships were important and meaningful sites in male convict experience.
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Goussard, Yvette. "Die gebruik van gevangene arbeid in die Wes-Kaapse landbou". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51700.

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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The research problem of this study is "The use of prison labour in die Western Cape agriculture". The aim of this qualitative-historical study was to determine how this system of labour was established, functioned and eventually came to an end. To research this topic was not easy. Most of the documentary sources have been destroyed. Therefore, the main source of information were interviews with the relevant prison wardens and guards, as well as farmers who used prison labour in the past. Prison labour played only a small part in the penal system of the Cape Colony before the nineteenth century. The focus of punishment was on the body of the criminal - inflicting physical pain. Since the early 1800's prisoners were used for the maintenance of roads and on work in Governmental gardens. Prisoners were rented ' . out to farmers, on an informal basis, since 1806. A formal system of prison labour, based on the principle of rehabilitating punishment, was introduced by the Governor John Montagu in 1843. For example, prisoners were classified according to their behavior, rather than their crimes. In 1888 free prison labour was abolished and a standard wage was introduced. The use of prison labour by private persons increased systematically after the Second World War. The reason for this was a growing labour shortage in especially agriculture. The system of farm prisons or so-called "outposts" was established to address this problem. In 194 7 the Landsdown Commission accepted the principle of farm prisons. The first farm prison was opened in 1953. The establishment of these outposts had a twofold aim: firstly, it supplied farmers with a constant source of labour. Secondly, it served as a deliverance for the state, as this would relieve the overcrowding in prisons and reduce costs. Between 1953 and 1988 a_total of thirteen outposts were established in the Western Cape. Farmers' unions carried the costs of building the prisons and were also responsible for their maintenance. The Department of Prisons was responsible for the appointment of prisonguards and their remuneration. A Central Outpost Committee was established that served as a link between the various farmers' unions and the Department. South Africa's policy on prison labour was in line with the United Nations' "Standard Minimum Rules" for the treatment of prisoners, having rehabilitation as main objective. However, this system of farm prisons clashed with the international trade ethos of the time. It was seen as "slave labour" that gave South African farmers an unfair competitive advantage. In 1988 prison labour was terminated and outposts were closed, due to the threat of sanctions and boycotts of South African agricultural products. The empirical evidence of this study largely supports the Marxist interpretation of punishment in society. According to Ma.rXism, punishment systems and prison labour serve the economic interests of the dominant classes. At the same time it also gives credence to the Weberian interpretation, in which the systematic monitoring and treatment of prisoners are a manifestation of the tendency towards increasing rationalisation in Western society.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die navorsingsprobleem van hierdie studie is "Die gebruik van gevangene arbeid in die Wes-Kaapse landbou". Die doel van hierdie kwalitatief-historiese ondersoek was om vas te stel hoe hierdie sisteem van arbeid ontstaan, gefunksioneer en tot 'n einde gekom het. Navorsing van hierdie onderwerp was nie maklik nie. Die meeste dokumentere bronne was reeds vemietig. Gevolglik moes hoofsaaklik staatgemaak word op onderhoude met hoofde en bewaarders van gevangenisse, asook boere wat destyds van gevangene arbeid gebruik gemaak het. Gevangene arbeid het 'n relatief klein rol gespeel in die strafstelsel van die Kaapkolonie voor die negentiende eeu. Die klem van straf was op die liggaam van die beskuldigde - die toepassing van fisiese pyn. Vanaf die vroee 1800's 1s gevangenes egter gebruik vir die instandhouding van strate en vir werk m Regeringstuine. V anaf 1806 is gevangenes ook op informele basis aan boere uitgehuur. 'n Formele stelsel van gevangene arbeid, gebasseer op die beginsel van rehabiliterende straf, is in 1843 deur die destydse Goeweneur John Montagu ingestel. Gevangenes is byvoorbeeld geklassifiseer volgens hul optrede, eerder as hul misdaad. In 1888 is gratis gevangene arbeid afgeskaf en voorsiening is gemaak vir 'n standaard loon. Na die Tweede Wereldoorlog het die gebruik van gevangene arbeid deur privaat persone sistematies toegeneem. Die rede hiervoor was 'n groeiende arbeidstekort in veral die landbou. Laasgenoemde is hoofsaaklik aangespreek deur die stelsel van plaastronke of sogenaamde "buiteposte". In 194 7 het die Landsdown Kommissie plaastronke in beginsel goedgekeur. Die eerste plaastronk, of "buitepos" soos daarna verwys is, is in 1953 geopen. Die oprigting van buiteposte het 'n tweeledige doel gehad: eerstens, het dit vir boere'n konstante voorraad van arbeid te verskaf. Tweedens was dit vir die staat 'n uitkoms, aangesien dit die oorbevolking in stedelike tronke sou verlig en kostes sou besnoei. Daarbenewens sou hierdie nuwe stelsel hydra tot die rehabilitasie van korter-termyn gevangenes. Tussen 1953 en 1988 het daar altesame dertien buiteposte in die Wes-Kaap bestaan. Boereverenigings het die oprigtingskoste van die onderskeie tronke gedra. Hierbenewens moes hulle ook ondemeem om die tronke te onderhou, terwyl die Departement van Gevangenisse verantwoordelik was vir die beskikbaarstelling van bewaarders en hul vergoeding. 'n Sentrale Buiteposkomitee is gestig wat as skakel gedien het tussen die betrokke boereverenigings en die Departement. Suid-Afrika se beleid rakende gevangene arbeid was in pas met die Verenigde Nasies se "Standaard Minimum Reels" vir die behandeling van gevangenes, met rehabilitasie as sentrale motief. Die stelsel van plaastronke het egter ingedruis teen die intemasionale handels-etos van die tyd en is as "slawe arbeid" gesien wat vir SuidAfrikaanse boere 'n onregverdige mededingende voordeel gegee het. Uit vrese vir sanksies en boikotte van Suid-Afrikaanse landbou produkte, is gevangene arbeid gestaak en buiteposte teen die einde van 1988 gesluit. Die empiriese getuienis van hierdie ondersoek staaf in 'n groot mate die Marxistiese interpretasie van straf in die samelewing. Hiervolgens dien strafstelsels en gevangene arbeid die ekonomiese belange van die dominante klasse. Terselfdertyd steun dit die Weberiaanse interpretasie waarvolgens die sistematiese monitering en behandeling van gevangenes in tronke 'n manifestasie 1s van die tendens tot toenemende rasionalisasie in die Westerse samelewing.
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Książki na temat "Convict labor"

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Ian, Duffield, i Bradley James 1963-, red. Representing convicts: New perspectives on convict forced labour migration. London: Leicester University Press, 1997.

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Giovanni, Salvo, i Library of Congress. Law Library., red. Prison labor. [Washington, D.C.]: Law Library of Congress, 1993.

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Rios, Rodrigo Sánchez. Prisão e trabalho: Uma análise comparativa do sistema penitenciário italiano e do sistema brasileiro. Curitiba: Editora Universitária Champagnat, 1994.

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Brant, Vinícius Caldeira. O trabalho encarcerado. Rio de Janeiro: Forense, 1994.

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Zsuzsanna, Juhász. A börtönmunka nemzetközi áttekintése. Szeged: Szegedi Tudományegyetem Állam- és Jogtudományi Karának tudományos bizottsága, 2001.

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Ciccotti, Raffaele. Il lavoro in carcere: Aspetti giuridici e operativi. Milano, Italy: F. Angeli, 1987.

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Kireev, I︠U︡ A. Obespechenie trudovoĭ zani︠a︡tosti osuzhdennykh k lishenii︠u︡ svobody v zarubezhnykh stranakh: Posobie. Moskva: VNII MVD Rossii, 1998.

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China. Lao dong jiao yang guan li ju. Nan wang de li cheng: Lao dong jiao yang gong zuo 45 nian 1957-2002. Beijing Shi: Fa lu chu ban she, 2003.

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Pastore, José. Trabalho para ex-infratores. São Paulo, SP: Editora Saraiva, 2011.

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C. F. E. Hollis Hallett. Forty years of convict labour: Bermuda 1823-1863. Bermuda: Juniperhill Press, 1999.

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Części książek na temat "Convict labor"

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Grubb, Farley. "Convict Labour". W The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2264–65. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_2592.

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Grubb, Farley. "Convict Labour". W The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 1–3. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2592-1.

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Anderson, Clare. "Introduction: Convict Labour and Colonial Expansion". W Convicts in the Indian Ocean, 1–11. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230596542_1.

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Maxwell-Stewart, Hamish, i Michael Quinlan. "Convict Eastern Australia: Labour Bureaucracy or Police State?" W Palgrave Studies in Economic History, 55–84. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7558-4_3.

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Anderson, Clare. "Punishment, Labour and Reform: the Organisation of the Convict Workforce". W Convicts in the Indian Ocean, 34–58. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230596542_3.

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De Vito, Christian G. "Connected Singularities: Convict Labour in Late Colonial Spanish America (1760s–1800)". W Micro-Spatial Histories of Global Labour, 171–202. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58490-4_7.

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De Vito, Christian G. "Erratum to: Connected Singularities: Convict Labour in Late Colonial Spanish America (1760s–1800)". W Micro-Spatial Histories of Global Labour, E1. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58490-4_13.

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Maxwell-Stewart, Hamish, i Michael Quinlan. "Unfree Labour, Dissent, Convict-Transportation and the Building of Colonial Capital". W Palgrave Studies in Economic History, 3–34. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7558-4_1.

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Woollacott, Angela. "Women and Unfree Labour in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries: Slavery, Convict Transportation, Emancipation and Indentured Labour". W Gender and Empire, 14–37. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-20485-0_2.

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Clarke, Lames W. "Convict Labor". W The lineaments of Wrath, 109–26. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351303606-8.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Convict labor"

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Laverycheva, S. A. "Labor of convicts in remand prison: right or duty". W TRENDS OF DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND EDUCATION. НИЦ «Л-Журнал», 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/lj-08-2018-42.

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Мамаев, Омар Жиянбаевич, i Аманай Жиянбаевна Мамаева. "ROLE OF COLONIES SETTLEMENTS IN MODERN STRATEGIES OF CRIMINAL PUNISHMENT KYRGYZ REPUBLIC". W Молодежный научный форум: сборник статей всероссийской научной конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Ноябрь 2023). Crossref, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58351/231130.2023.57.50.008.

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Создание колоний поселений для осужденных, также известных как колонии трудового поселения или колонии-поселения, является одним из методов уголовного наказания. Эта концепция предполагает, что осужденные будут отправлены на отдаленные территории, где им предоставят возможность трудиться и вносить вклад в общество в условиях относительной изоляции. Такие поселения могут быть предназначены для различных категорий, осужденных, от нарушителей мелких правонарушений до более серьезных преступников. The creation of settlement colonies for convicts, also known as labor settlement colonies or settlement colonies is one of the methods of criminal punishment. This concept involves convicts being sent to remote areas where they will be given the opportunity to work and contribute to society in relative isolation. Such settlements can be designed for a variety of convicted offenders, from minor offenders to more serious criminals.
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Kulikova, Olesya N. "The Main Objectives of Labor Impact on Convicts in the Context of a Scientific Retrospective Study". W АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ РАЗВИТИЯ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОСТИ И ПУБЛИЧНОГО ПРАВА. Санкт-Петербург: Санкт-Петербургский институт (филиал) ВГУЮ (РПА Минюста России), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47645/9785604755174_162.

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Gulardo, Robert E. "Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems and the Citrus Industry". W ASME 1986 Citrus Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/cec1986-3203.

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“Automate to survive” has become an industrial cliché. Like all clichés, it contains a kernel of truth. But, again, like all clichés, it needs to be periodically reexamined to see if it really fits the situation to which it’s being applied. Automation is not an end in itself. It is a means to an end. Simple as that proposition is, surprisingly it is not one that is always immediately recognized. Just as it was once an up-hill effort to convince management that operations ought to be automated, it can now be a difficult task to persuade them they ought not to automate. The “factory of the future” — the completely automated, labor-free plant — is an appealing concept. However, it can also be misleading. Paper published with permission.
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Lara, Pedro Carlos da S., Felipe da R. Henriques i Fábio B. de Oliveira. "Converting Symmetric Cryptography to SAT Problems Using Model Checking Tools". W Simpósio Brasileiro de Segurança da Informação e de Sistemas Computacionais. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbseg.2020.19226.

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Algebraic attack is a recent technique used to break symmetric cryptography including Crypto-1, which is used in smart NFC cards around the world. The main method is to convert a cryptography algorithm to a system of equations over a finite field, to translate it into a SAT problem and to use a good solver. The main advantage of converting cryptography problems into SAT is that we can use a lot of well know tools for SAT solving and test it in an instance. However, the high degree labor intensiveness on converting cryptography to SAT instances is a difficult task for advancement of research. To pursue this problem, this work presents a technique to quickly translate symmetric cryptography into SAT problems using Bounded Model Checking (BMC) tools. Computational experiments are performed, converting the RC4 and AES algorithms into a SAT problem.
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Kurbanova, Muyassar. "The impact of the demographic transition on poverty reduction in Central Asia". W The European Union’s Contention in the Reshaping Global Economy. Szeged: Szegedi Tudományegyetem Gazdaságtudományi Kar, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/eucrge.2022.8.

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Central Asian countries are experiencing a demographic transition due to the shrinking fertility and mortality rates and are at the stage of getting benefits from the demographic tailwinds with an increased working-age population share. This potential may convert the transition into economic growth and poverty reduction. Although all countries' economies grow, poverty reduction stagnated. The main question is whether this stagnation is due to an increase in the working-age population and whether the region can utilize this benefit to reduce poverty through accumulating human recourses. This paper analyzes the main channels that impact demographic change with the human capital in the socio-economic situation and the poverty rate of Central Asian countries by using cross-section data from the period 2000 to 2019 using the fixed effects method. The results suggest that the share of working-age population, human capital, GDP per capita, and female labor force participation rate will reduce poverty in the region.
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Cheruiyot, Victor, i Baidya Nath Saha. "A Machine Learning Based Approach for Software Test Case Selection". W Intelligent Computing and Technologies Conference. AIJR Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.115.25.

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Testing is conducted after developing each software to detect the defects which are then removed. However, it is very difficult task to test a non-trivial software completely. Hence, it’s important to test the software with important test cases. In this research, we developed a machine learning based software test case selection strategy for regression testing. To develop the method, we first clean and preprocess the data. Then we convet the categorical data to its numerical value. The we implement a natural language processing to calculate bag of features for text feature such as testcase title. We evaluate different machine learning models for test case selection. Experimental results demonstrate that machine learning based models can aovid manual labour of the domain experts for test case selection.
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Zhurat, Yuliya, Tetiana Ternavska i Alla Bodnar. "Psychological and Pedagogical Investigation of the Imprisoned Persons". W ATEE 2020 - Winter Conference. Teacher Education for Promoting Well-Being in School. LUMEN Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/atee2020/40.

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The paper highlights the effective psychological and pedagogical directions of persons who are in places of imprisonment. The problem of returning to a normal lifestyle today is very topical, the social maladjustment of former convicts, unwillingness to leave the former antisocial environment, insufficient or no education in general, irrational motivational sphere, low level of self-esteem and concentration on the main criteria of psychological and social health, become obstacles to re-socialization for those who are in the imprisonment places. In order to develop psychological and pedagogical support of social adjustment for people who are or are going to leave the prison, the diagnosis of psychological characteristics is relevant, which will be the key elements to the effectiveness of the applied directions that are as follows: focus on changing the social environment; socio-psychological therapy; professional orientation during the educational process. The following methods were used for scientific research as analysis of scientific literature, theoretical research methods, which study scientific and methodological literature on the problem of individual social adjustment for those who leave the prison; empirical research methods based on psychological and pedagogical observation of cognitive, labor-intensive activities and the use of professionals working at the same time, psychologists and teachers during the re-socialization of imprisoned. The research shows two stages of a pilot study, during which there was implied the diagnosis of intellectual, educational motivation, nonverbal creativity, equal self-esteem and changes in concentration of imprisoned.
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Tripathi, Santosh K., Swati Maurya, Ajeet Kumar, Koshtubh S. Raj i Rajneesh Rawat. "IOT-BASED SMART ENERGY METER READING AND BILLING SYSTEM". W Computing for Sustainable Innovation: Shaping Tomorrow’s World. Innovative Research Publication, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.55524/csistw.2024.12.1.61.

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There has been rapid progress towards the development of smart cities in the recent past. A smart city is an urban area that uses advanced technology for efficient monitoring and managing of resources- with an aim of improving the quality of life of its residents, and also optimizing the cost and energy requirements. Focusing on energy related monitoring, the basic component which serves as the foundation for all data collection, analysis and automation is a smart energy meter. This paper takes a conventional energy meter and with few modifications like Arduino and GSM module added to it convert it into a smart energy meter. This smart energy meter is further enhanced with the use of Internet-of-Things (IoT). In order to transmit data over a GSM mobile network, such as consumed energy in kWh, generated bills, etc., the smart energy meter system will integrate an embedded controller (Arduino) with a GSM modem. The data collected from the user end can be provided to the Energy providers or Power companies, enabling them to monitor and control the services for their customers without the need for human labour can be achieved using IoT. Also integrating the smart meter with IOT, the user can access the data from anywhere in the world using an Id and Password provided to them. Our project will be helpful for major energy corporations to cut down extra labour cost and minimize the error and losses while also being User friendly.
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Xuan, Zhao, i Zheng Shengen. "Research of Task Complexity Decision System for Manual Assembly Tasks Using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps to Construct Bayesian Networks". W ASME 2022 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-93881.

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Abstract With the evolution towards intelligent manufacturing, Industry 4.0 has revolutionized and gradually improved product quality and efficiency. When applied to the assembly sector, Assembly 4.0 has also attracted widespread attention. Assembly 4.0 requires lean production, automated learning, and the ability to solve real-time design decisions through technology and convert the direct labor of operators into management information and decisions. Therefore, to better assess the complexity of manual assembly tasks, we believe it is necessary to build a multi-view and multi-dimensional decision-making system from the perspective of manual assembly. For this purpose, we propose in this study, a Bayesian network model based on fuzzy cognitive maps. Simultaneously, we use Genie3.0 to build the Bayesian network model. For optimum quantization parameter values as well as conditional probability directions’ optimization between the parent node and the child node of the Bayesian network, we use the max-min hill-climbing (MMHC) algorithm and the Expectation Maximum (EM) algorithm. The influencing factors can be managed through the Bayesian network using this model, and the users can fully understand the changing rules among task complexity factors. This model can also provide theoretical and technical support for users, starting from the initial stage of product conception down to the completion of production.
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