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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Conventionalized forms"
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Nadobnik, Renata. "Odniesienie do Boga i tradycji chrześcijańskich w codziennej komunikacji na przestrzeni wieków". Język. Religia. Tożsamość. 2, nr 24 A (22.12.2021): 271–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.6247.
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The article deals with commonly used (in typical communicative situations) conventionalized linguistic forms containing in their lexical structure elements, referring to widely understood Christian traditions. The research material includes conversational formulas in Polish extracted from the Polish-German phrasebooks. The study has a diachronic character. On the basis of the analyses carried out, it is possible to trace changes in the area of language use in the abovementioned scope, which have taken place from the 16th century to the present day.
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Müller, Cornelia. "How recurrent gestures mean". Gesture 16, nr 2 (31.12.2017): 277–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/gest.16.2.05mul.
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Abstract Drawing upon corpus analyses of recurrent gestures, a pragmatics perspective on gestural meaning and conventionalization will be developed. Gesture pragmatics is considered in terms of usage-based, embodied and interactively emerging meaning. The article brings together cognitive linguistic, cognitive semiotic and interactional perspectives on meaning making. How the interrelation between different types of context (interactional, semantic/pragmatic/syntactic, distribution across a corpus) with the embodied motivation of kinesic forms in actions and movement experiences of the body might play out in the process of conventionalization is illustrated by discussing three recurrent gestures: the Palm-Up-Open-Hand, the Holding Away, and the Cyclic gesture. By merging conventional and idiosyncratic elements recurrent gestures occupy a place between spontaneously created (singular) gestures and emblems as fully conventionalized gestural expressions on a continuum of increasing conventionalization (cf. Kendon’s continuum: McNeill, 1992, 2000). Recurrent gestures are an interesting case to study how processes of conventionalization may involve emergent de-compositions of gestural movements into smaller concomitant Gestalts (cf. Kendon, 2004, Chapters 15 & 16). They are particularly revealing in showing how those de-compositional processes are grounded experientially in contexts-of-use and remain grounded in conventionalized, yet still embodied, experiential frames.
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Al-Marrani, Yahya. "A Study on the Use of Suggestion Strategies among Yemeni Learners of English". Studies in Pragmatics and Discourse Analysis 4, nr 1 (1.07.2023): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.48185/spda.v4i1.680.
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The current study attempts to investigate the use of suggestion strategies among Yemeni learners of English at private universities. The participants of the study were 41 undergraduate students from English Department in the three private universities. The data were collected using a Discourse Completion Test (DCT). They were analyzed according to the models proposed by Martinez Flor. (2005), whose analytical framework classified suggestion strategies into three types: direct, conventionalized forms, and indirect. The results of the current study revealed that Yemeni learners of English at private universities almost tend to use the same types of suggestion strategies in the six situations with slight differences in their percentages. The results showed that there are three types of suggesting strategies used by the students namely; direct suggestion56.5%, conventionalized form 24.4%, and indirect suggestion 19.1%. Moreover, the results indicated that there are no significant statistical differences in the use of suggestion strategies according to the participants of the three universities. However, the results of the study showed that there is a slight difference in favor of Al-Nasser University in situation one and for the National University in situation four.
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Leschke, Rainer, i Norm Friesen. "Education, Media and the End of the Book: Some Remarks from Media Theory". MedienPädagogik: Zeitschrift für Theorie und Praxis der Medienbildung 24, Educational Media Ecologies (3.10.2014): 183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21240/mpaed/24/2014.10.03.x.
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This paper sketches out an understanding of contemporary educational forms and practices from a vantage point afforded by recent German media studies. In so doing, it introduces a number of concepts from continental media theory. With the book – both as an artifact and an epistemic metaphor – in evident decline, what is taking its place is not any one new medium, but rather a radically new kind of media systematicity. By relentlessly reducing all content (e. g., music, film, text) to ones and zeros, digitization effectively erases the material characteristics of separate media forms, leaving behind only their conventionalized aesthetic qualities and forms. The paper builds on these arguments by concluding that the symbolic competencies which once constituted the core of all education (reading, writing, ‘rithmatic) are increasingly at odds with performative and stylistic abilities integral to this new mediatic order.
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Svačinová, Iva. "Three forms of internal negotiation through the activity of private diary-writing". Journal of Argumentation in Context 11, nr 2 (6.10.2022): 243–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jaic.21014.sva.
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Abstract This paper is focused on the practice of private diary-writing as an act of externalizing internal communication from the point of view of the theory of argumentation. It is demonstrated that through diary-writing, various forms of internal negotiation can be implemented. The paper sheds light on three ways internal negotiation is externalized through diary writing: reflective diary writing, crisis diary writing and self-encouraging diary writing. It is shown that these communicative practices occur with respect to specific exigencies of a diarist, and with respect to these specific exigencies, they differ in the type of argumentation that can be submitted in the writings. For the argumentative characterization of these practices, the concept of the communicative activity type introduced within a pragma-dialectical approach to argumentation is used. It is shown that distinguished diary-writing practices are differently conventionalized activity types that are preconditioned by implicit norms governing the conduct of argumentation.
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Peterson, Eric E. "Narrative Identity in a Solo Performance: Craig Gingrich-Philbrook’s “The First Time”". Narrative Inquiry 10, nr 1 (17.10.2000): 229–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ni.10.1.17pet.
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In the solo performance of autobiographical narrative, the performer’s body is the primary site for the construction of narrative identity. Autobiographical performance emphasizes the tensions between conventionalized forms of representation and the contingent and relational forms of presentation. That is, presenting “a story about myself” both constitutes and performs identity in a narrative that represents this performative accomplishment as having already taken place. The tensions between the presentation and representation of narrative identity are productive opportunities for queer solo performers who seek to make visible and disrupt the power relations and structures of heterosexist discourse. Analysis of a solo performance, “The First Time” by Craig Gingrich-Philbrook, illustrates how the critical reiteration of conventions can be used to make explicit the operation of narrative identity.
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Dwiyanto, Agus, Dwi Rukmini i Widhiyanto Widhiyanto. "The Relation Between Flor’s Taxonomy and Trosborg’s Modification in Giving Suggestions in Students’ Spoken Presentation". English Education Journal 11, nr 2 (20.06.2021): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/eej.v11i1.42486.
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Considering the intense presentation activity in the graduate classroom, the use of suggestion turns to be primary in delivering points. This triggered the researchers to study the issue. The primary objective of this study is to explain the relation between Flor’s (2005) suggestion taxonomy and Trosborg’s (1995) suggestion modification through the realization of speech acts of suggestion. The study applied a descriptive qualitative research method in which the data were gathered by using Oral Discourse Completion Task (ODCT). The participants of the study were 15 EFL students of a graduate program of a university in Semarang. The responses then were analyzed based on Flor’s (2005) suggestion taxonomy and Trosborg’s (1995) suggestion modification coding scheme. The results revealed that there were 146 suggestions produced. Conventionalized forms were realized more frequently than other Flor’s taxonomies. Furthermore, negative imperative was the most used indirect strategy. The subjects realized more specific formulae of the most in conventionalized forms. The indirect strategy was realized equally. Politeness marker was used more frequently while grounder claimed the highest findings in external modification. The relation between the taxonomy and modification showed that direct taxonomy and external modification was the highest relation found in the suggestion realization. It is expected that this research can give profound contributions to university students, English teachers, and other fellow researchers to develop further research related to suggestion speech acts. At last, it is suggested that English teachers particularly are to raise EFL learners’ pragmatic awareness by implementing appropriate teaching approach and method.
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Šiškovič, Mojca Nidorfer. "The Use of Verbs in Business E-Mail Communication – A Pragmalingu Istic Corpus Study". Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 65, nr 1 (1.06.2014): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2014-0002.
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Abstract Corpus analyses conducted with the help of special tools have become more widely used in all areas of linguistics, including discourse analysis, genre analysis and pragmatics. The paper presents a pragmalinguistic research study of verbs, carried out on a specialized corpus of authentic correspondence of (chains of) Slovene business e-mails, Posle-pis. The corpus tools Oxford Wordsmith Tools 5.0 and Sketch Engine were used for analysis, and the research was followed by a comparison of language use with two Slovene reference corpora FidaPLUS and Gigafida. The study confirms the hypothesis that business discourse via e-mail has inherent characteristics that are shown through the frequency of use of certain verbs and verb forms. Certain forms were also identified which prove the conventionalized language use of business e-mail discourse.
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Konnerth, Linda, i Andrea Sansò. "Towards a diachronic typology of individual person markers". Folia Linguistica 55, s42-s1 (1.08.2021): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flin-2021-2012.
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Abstract In this introduction we propose an agenda for working towards a diachronic typology of individual person markers. Rather than tracking the development of entire paradigms, our goal is to arrive at a better understanding of the diachronic pathways of those source constructions that end up as a conventionalized means of marking a particular person or person scenario, i.e. the specific (di)transitive person configuration. We discuss how this diachronic typology will need to consider certain types, or characteristics, of person markers, such as free vs. bound forms; SAP vs. 3rd person forms; or the status of person scenario markers. With respect to the source constructions and pathways, it is useful to distinguish between category-internal (e.g., person shift) and category-external (e.g., impersonal constructions) sources that give rise to person forms. We further offer a brief summary of the types of motivations that have been argued to lie behind the observed changes. Other issues of interest involve the stability vs. susceptibility for change as well as the optionality and synchronic variation of person forms, which may precede diachronic change.
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Cissewski, Julia, i Christophe Boesch. "Communication without language". Gesture 15, nr 2 (8.07.2016): 224–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/gest.15.2.04cis.
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Great apes do not possess language or any comparable system of symbolic communication. Yet they communicate intentionally and possess cognitive competencies like categorization and decontextualization. These provide the basis for mental concepts and the meaning side of linguistic symbols. The arbitrarily linked and conventionalized forms for expressing these meanings, however, seem to be largely missing. We propose two strategies that may allow great apes to communicate a wide array of meanings without creating numerous arbitrarily linked forms. First, we suggest the existence of ‘population-specific semantic shifts’: within a population a communicative signal’s meaning is modified without changing its form, resulting in a new ‘vocabulary item’. Second, we propose that great apes, in addition to possessing sophisticated inferential abilities, intentionally display behaviors without overt communicative intent to provide eavesdropping conspecifics with ‘natural meaning’ (in the Gricean sense) and thus to influence their behavior.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Conventionalized forms"
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Burman, Anna-Karin. "An Idea Is a Life Form : An attempt to find evidence of the Conceptual MetaphorTheory by studying the Old English poem Beowulf". Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för humaniora (HUM), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-24265.
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This small study concerns occurrences of metaphor, metonymy and conceptual metaphor in the Old English poem Beowulf. The first 224 lines of Beowulf were searched for non-literal passages. Thefound passages were sorted into the groups conventionalized metaphor, metonymy and innovativemetaphor. The conceptual metaphors were in turn sorted into target domains and source domains and grouped within the domains. These were then compared to Modern English and Modern Swedish metaphors and conceptual metaphors with the help of dictionaries and corpus studies. Beowulf was also looked at as a small corpus. Words which were suspected to be used inmetaphorical senses were searched for in the full text and the results were examined and comparedwith modern language usage. It was found evident that Old English and Modern English, as well as Modern Swedish, have many conceptual metaphors in common both when in comes to experiential metaphors and culturally grounded metaphors.
Części książek na temat "Conventionalized forms"
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Müller, Cornelia. "Chapter 9. Gestural mimesis as “as-if” action". W Perspectives on Pantomime, 217–41. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ais.12.09mul.
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It is argued that gestural mimesis involves “as-if” actions that explain the transition from practical and literal actions with the hands to communicative actions of the hands. Concerning the term and the concept “pantomime,” it is suggested that it be primarily reserved for artistic practice and used for this type of communicative action only with great care. Given the fundamental role of mimesis to gestures (hand-gestures as well as full body gestures), it is proposed that gestures in general be conceived of as “mimetic expressive movements” – no matter whether they are used in the presence or absence of spoken or signed language. In order to underline the continuity between gestures created on the spot and conventionalized gestural forms, It is suggested to use the term miming or mimesis no matter whether gestures replace or accompany language. The chapter offers an introduction to the theoretical motivations and illustrates the empirical and methodological implications of this proposal. It first sketches three key aspects of an approach to gestures as mimetic expressive movements, then shows that mimesis grounds gestures with different communicative functions, illustrating its emergent productivity along the dynamics of different types of discourse and briefly touches upon dynamics in terms of historical change and how this affects the kinesics and the meaning of gestures. Finally, it is briefly indicated how conceiving of gestures as mimetic expressive movements affects the methodology for gesture analysis.
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Arbib, Michael. "Chapter 1. Pantomime within and beyond the evolution of language". W Perspectives on Pantomime, 16–57. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ais.12.01arb.
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The core of the paper is a critique of the role of pantomime in the author’s theory (the Mirror System Hypothesis, MSH, itself evolving) of the biocultural evolution that led to human brains that were “language ready” long before humans developed languages. We argue that the notion of “ad hoc” pantomime posited there should be modified to a notion of “ur-pantomime” in which pantomimes are somewhat ritualized by individual users but not yet conventionalized by the group. We extend this to offer a taxonomy of pantomime, with the above forms distinguished from both pantomime exhibited by apes and theatrical pantomime. Complex action recognition and imitation play a crucial role in MSH, as well as conventionalization of pantomime to “protosigns” as possible stepping stones to protolanguage. Pantomimes can also emphasize flexible trajectories to indicate the ways in which an action might vary depending on the current affordances of objects. Both features are shown to be helpful in pedagogy, but are not restricted to this domain. Trajectory variation may be the underpinning of present-day cospeech gestures. We then turn to a hypothesis on the cultural evolution whereby protolanguages became languages through the emergence of a broader lexicon and a grammar comprised of diverse constructions supporting a compositional syntax. Noting that MSH has focused on the emerging structure of single utterances, we assess how MSH may be modified to incorporate an account of the emergence of narrative. Finally, we assess to what extent mindreading, navigation in space, and navigation in time are to be added to the capabilities of the language-ready brain, while insisting that their form in modern humans results from an expanding spiral linked with capacities for language and narrative through cultural evolution.
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Redelinghuys, Karien. "Chapter 3. Language contact and change through translation in Afrikaans and South African English". W Contact Language Library, 58–86. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/coll.60.03red.
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Languages are constantly changing, and language contact has been identified as an important factor that contributes to language change. Even though translation is a form of language contact, it has hardly been considered as a factor in contact-induced language change. Against this background, this chapter investigates the potential role of translation in language change in Afrikaans and South African English using a bidirectional comparable and parallel corpus with synchronic and diachronic components. The investigation focuses on genitive variation – a linguistic feature that has been shown to be undergoing change in the two languages as a consequence of language contact. The results show that translation works in tandem with other factors to conventionalise change in terms of genitive preferences.
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Schmid, Hans-Jörg. "Summary of Part II". W The Dynamics of the Linguistic System, 200–202. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814771.003.0010.
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This short chapter provides a summary of Part II of the book. It highlights the multidimensional contingency of conventionalized utterance types and suggests a pseudo-technical formula for describing how the conventionality of utterance types is a function of onomasiological, semasiological, and syntagmatic conformity within a community depending on cotext and context. In addition, the chapter recapitulates how the conventionalization processes of usualization and diffusion contribute to establishing, sustaining, and adapting conventionalized utterance types. The diverse forms of interaction between the two processes control and modulate to what extent different parts of the linguistic system remain quite uniform and stable or are subject to linguistic variation and change.
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Irvine, Judith T. "Ideologies of Honorific Language". W Language Ideologies, 51–67. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195105612.003.0002.
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Abstract All sociolinguistic systems, presumably, provide some means of expressing respect (or disrespect), but only some systems have those specially conventionalized linguistic forms that linguists have called “honorifics.” This chapter compares several languages-Javanese, Wolof, Zulu, and ChiBemba-with regard to their construction of honorific expressions and the social and cultural frameworks relevant to them.1 The main question to be explored is whether one can identify any cultural concomitants of linguistic systems in which honorifics occur. Asking that question involves attention to language ideologies and their relationships with linguistic form and social life.
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Schmid, Hans-Jörg. "Usage events and utterance types". W The Dynamics of the Linguistic System, 15–28. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814771.003.0002.
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The chapter lays the foundation for the understanding of usage events and utterance types. Usage events consist of several components, all of which can become conventionalized and entrenched: utterances (including the required motor and sensory activities), communicative goals of participants, cognitive and interpersonal activities, and the linguistic, situational, and social context. Utterance types are contingent links between communicative goals and linguistics forms. They are contingent on several dimensions: the onomasiological link between goals and forms, the semasiological link between forms and meanings, combinations on the syntagmatic dimension, and the use of utterance types in cotexts and contexts. Utterance types can be defined as multiply contingent and probabilistic connections between goals and forms. Three classes of utterance types can be distinguished with regard to their function, specificity, and size, i.e. distinctors, units, and patterns. Although the notion of utterance types is similar to that of construction, it is preferred to emphasize the dynamic and contingent nature of form-meaning relations.
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"Free Music (1938)". W Grainger on Music, redaktorzy Malcolm Gillies, Bruce Clunies Ross, Bronwen Arthur i David Pear, 293–94. Oxford University PressOxford, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198166658.003.0036.
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Abstract Music is an art not yet grown up; its condition is comparable to that stage of Egyptian bas-reliefs when the head and legs were shown in profile while the torso appeared ‘front face’ —the stage of development in which the myriad irregular suggestions of nature can only be taken up in regularized or conventionalized forms. With Free Music we enter the phase of technical maturity, such as that enjoyed by the Greek sculptures when all aspects and attitudes of the human body could be shown in arrested movement.
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Schmid, Hans-Jörg. "Summary of Part I". W The Dynamics of the Linguistic System, 82–84. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814771.003.0006.
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This short chapter provides a summary of Part I of the book. It emphasizes the claim that all aspects associated with usage events have the potential to become conventionalized and entrenched. These include the forms and meanings of utterances, the interpersonal and cognitive activities involved in their production and comprehension, and the cotextual, contextual, and social characteristics of utterances. The chapter also highlights the special role played by pragmatic associations as mediators between interpersonal and cognitive activities and their conventionalization and entrenchment. Forces affecting usage are portrayed as fairly stable sociopragmatic and emotive principles whose concrete manifestations are, however, subject to change.
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Dingemanse, Mark. "Ideophones". W The Oxford Handbook of Word Classes, 466–76. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198852889.013.15.
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Abstract Many of the world’s languages feature an open lexical class of ideophones, words whose marked forms and sensory meanings invite iconic associations. Ideophones (also known as mimetics or expressives) are well known from languages in Asia, Africa, and the Americas, where they often form a class on the same order of magnitude as other major word classes and take up a considerable functional load as modifying expressions or predicates. Across languages, commonalities in the morphosyntactic behaviour of ideophones can be related to their nature and origin as vocal depictions. At the same time, there is ample room for linguistic diversity, raising the need for fine-grained grammatical description of ideophone systems. As vocal depictions, ideophones often form a distinct lexical stratum seemingly conjured out of thin air; but, as conventionalized words, they inevitably grow roots in local linguistic systems, showing relations to adverbs, adjectives, verbs, and other linguistic resources devoted to modification and predication.
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van Schaaik, Gerjan. "Adverbs and their like". W The Oxford Turkish Grammar, 174–96. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851509.003.0014.
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A popular method of classifying adverbs is by looking at what they modify: adjective or verb. Another criterion is whether or not the adverbial expression reflects an attitude of the speaker towards the content of his utterance. Both groups, objective and subjective adverbs, contain large numbers of lexical adverbs, all highly conventionalized. Other groups sharing these properties are adverbs of place and indeterminate adverbials. Adverbial phrases can be formed in several ways: by using an adjective, by drawing from the lexical stock of ready-to-use adverbs, by various forms of suffixation, and by reduplication. Adverbials based on the notions ‘with’ and ‘without’ deserve special attention, particularly with respect to possessive expressions. The final section discusses constructions based on kinship terms which do not follow the canonical suffix ordering.