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Hamadneh, Jamil, i Domokos Esztergár-Kiss. "The Influence of Introducing Autonomous Vehicles on Conventional Transport Modes and Travel Time". Energies 14, nr 14 (9.07.2021): 4163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144163.
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Introducing autonomous vehicles (AVs) on the market is likely to bring changes in the mobility of travelers. In this work, extensive research is conducted to study the impact of different levels of automation on the mobility of people, and full driving automation needs further study because it is still under development. The impacts of AVs on travel behavior can be studied by integrating AVs into activity-based models. The contribution of this study is the estimation of AVs’ impacts on travelers’ mobility when different travel demands are provided, and also the estimation of AVs’ impact on the modal share considering the different willingness of pay to travel by AVs. This study analyses the potential impacts of AVs on travel behavior by investigating a sample of 8500 travelers who recorded their daily activity plans in Budapest, Hungary. Three scenarios are derived to study travel behavior and to find the impacts of the AVs on the conventional transport modes. The scenarios include (1) a simulation of the existing condition, (2) a simulation of AVs as a full replacement for conventional transport modes, and (3) a simulation of the AVs with conventional transport modes concerning different marginal utilities of travel time in AVs. The simulations are done by using the Multi-Agent Transport Simulation (MATSim) open-source software, which applies a co-evolutionary optimization algorithm. Using the scenarios in the study, we develop a base model, determine the required fleet size of AVs needed to fulfill the demand of the different groups of travelers, and predict the new modal shares of the transport modes when AVs appear on the market. The results demonstrate that the travelers are exposed to a reduction in travel time once conventional transport modes are replaced by AVs. The impact of the value of travel time (VOT) on the usage of AVs and the modal share is demonstrated. The decrease in the VOT of AVs increases the usage of AVs, and it particularly decreases the usage of cars even more than other transport modes. AVs strongly affect the public transport when the VOT of AVs gets close to the VOT of public transport. Finally, the result shows that 1 AV can replace 7.85 conventional vehicles with acceptable waiting time.
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Hamadneh, Jamil, i Domokos Esztergár-Kiss. "Multitasking onboard of conventional transport modes and shared autonomous vehicles". Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives 12 (grudzień 2021): 100505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2021.100505.
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Lebedevas, Sergejus, Saugirdas Pukalskas i Vygintas Daukšys. "MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF INDICATIVE PROCESS PARAMETERS OF DUAL-FUEL ENGINES WITH CONVENTIONAL FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM". Transport 35, nr 1 (16.03.2020): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2020.12212.
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Modern engine research uses multi-dimensional Mathematical Models (MMs) that are applicable to multi-fuel engines. However, their use involves the availability of detailed technical data on the design and characteristics of the engine, which is not always possible. The use of a one-dimensional MM is more expedient for the prediction of engine parameters, but their application for this purpose has not yet been sufficiently investigated. This publication presents the results of numerical studies evaluating the application of a one-dimensional MM with bi-phase Vibe combustion laws for dual-fuel (DF) Diesel (D) and Natural Gas (NG) engine power parameters. The motor test results of a high-speed 4ČN79.5/95.5 Diesel Engine (DE) with a conventional fuel injection system were used as adequacy criteria. The engines were operated with D100 and DF D20/NG80, in high- (HLM), medium- (MLM), and low- (LLM) load modes, and the angle of Diesel-fuel Injection Timing (DIT) was changed from −1 to −13 °CA in the Before Top Dead Center (BTDC) range. Modelling of the single-phase Vibe combustion law has limited applicability for efficient use only in HLM (with an error of 7%). In the MLM and LLM regimes, owing to non-compliance with real bi-phasic combustion with a strongly extended NG diffusive second phase, the modelling error is 50%. Individual MM matching in MLM and LLM in a DF D20/NG80 experiment detected a burn time increase from between 45 and 50 °CA, to 110 and 200 °CA, respectively. Limited use of the one-dimensional MM in the evaluation of DF engine performance has been identified. When comparing a one-dimensional MM with experimental data, a bi-phase law of heat release characteristic should be considered for better coincidence. In addition, individual MM matching with an experiment on each engine load mode ensured acceptable accuracy in testing and optimising the parameters of the indicator process, including DIT.
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Ghoreyshi, A. A., H. Asadi i K. Pirzadeh. "A generic transport model for separation of gas mixtures by glassy polymer membranes based on Maxwell–Stefan formulation". RSC Advances 5, nr 60 (2015): 48207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra05686a.
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Unitsky, Anatoli E., Dmitry N. Tikhonov i Michael I. Tsyrlin. "On the prospects of the development of string transport for freight transportation". Innotrans, nr 3 (2021): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.20291/2311-164x-2021-3-7-10.
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This work presents the criteria for choosing a transport for the transportation of cargo. The peculiarities of SkyWay string transport are indicated. The description of various types of string cargo transport is given. The advantages over the conventional modes of transport are presented.
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Ogawa, Matsuto, Ryuichiro Tominaga i Tanroku Miyoshi. "Tight Binding Simulation of Quantum Transport in Interband Tunneling Devices". VLSI Design 13, nr 1-4 (1.01.2001): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2001/31592.
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We have studied quantum transport in both Si and GaAs interband tunneling diodes (ITD's). In the simulation, a non-equilibrium Green's function method based an empirical tight binding theory has been used to take into account evanescent-wave matching at interfaces and realistic band structures. Comparison has been made between the results of our multiband (MB) model and those of conventional two-band (2B) model. As a result, it is found that the current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of the Si ITD have considerably smaller peak current density than the conventional 2B model, since our MB model reflects correctly the indirect gap band structure. On the other hand, in the GaAs ITD, there is small difference between the two models, because tunneling occurs between the conduction band and the valence band at F point. It is also found that the matching of evanescent electron modes is essentially necessary to include the valley-mixing effects at the tunneling interfaces.
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Zhuomin, Dai. "Analysis Model of Conventional Public Transport Hub Based on Grey Correlation Degree". E3S Web of Conferences 283 (2021): 02029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128302029.
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With the continuous progress of urbanization in China, the urban public transport system has been developing in the direction of three-dimensional and diversified. As a physical carrier of various modes of transportation, the layout and operation efficiency of urban public transport hub directly affect the smoothness of the whole line network. In view of this, this paper carries out systematic analysis of the conventional bus hub and establishes an evaluation index system which can reflect the normal bus hub system effectively; Then, the paper evaluates the operation efficiency of the conventional bus hub system by using the grey correlation analysis theory; Finally, the case analysis is carried out to calculate the comprehensive evaluation value of the object and sort it. The results show that the positive indicators are the per capita transfer area, parking facility rate, transfer sign facility rate and transfer information timeliness. The results of this paper supplement and perfect the current analysis model of public transport hub. The results of the case study show that the model has a high practical value.
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Jena, Suprava, Debu Kumar Pradhan i Prasanta Kumar Bhuyan. "Modelling automobile users’ response pattern in defining urban street level of service". Transport 34, nr 3 (7.05.2019): 287–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2019.9405.
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This paper presents a qualitative study on automobile users’ response pattern to assess the provided transportation service quality under heterogeneous traffic flow conditions. An Automobile Users’ Satisfaction index (AUSi) is established using data sets of questionnaire survey collected from 34 urban street segments of three midsized Indian cities. About 977 respondents with a suitable cross-section of gender, age, driving experience etc. were participated in travellers’ intercept survey. Rasch Model (RM) was applied to identify a set of quantitative measures to analyse the complex process of measuring perceived service quality and degree of drivers’ satisfaction together. The present study comprehends the multidimensional nature of users’ perception to evaluate AUSi with the help of six-dimensional variables such as roadway geometry, traffic facilities, traffic management, pavement condition, safety and aesthetics. RM offers a particular score to each user and each dimensional attribute along with a shared continuum. This way, the attributes those are more demanding to produce satisfaction as well as the variation in response of different modes of transport are evidently identified. The key findings indicate that the participants reported lower satisfaction level mainly due to the absence of separate bike/bus pull-out lanes, improper parking facilities and interruption by non-motorised vehicles/public transit or roadside commercial activities. Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) clustering was applied to classify AUSi scores into six auto Levels Of Service (LOS) categories (A–F) for each street segment. The model was well validated with a significant matching of predicted Automobile users’ LOS (ALOS) service categories with the users’ perceived Overall Satisfaction (OS) scores for fourteen randomly selected segments. This prediction model is new to mixed traffic flow condition, which uses linguistic information and real-life issues of drivers for the current state of services. Hence, the proposed method would be more credible than conventional models to support the decision makers for long term planning and designing road networks on a priority basis
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Smirnov, Sergei A., i Olga Yu Smirnova. "Evaluation of Effectiveness of Different Transport Modes for Regular Mass Freight Transportation". Transportation systems and technology 3, nr 4 (15.12.2017): 204–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/transsyst201734204-220.
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The article deals with different transport modes for regular mass freight transportation, their efficiency evaluation is conducted on the bases of cost, operational and environmental properties. Introduction. Due to demand in ensuring mass transportations between Southeastern Asia and Europe, there is a topical issue of efficient application of different types of ground transport. There is a request rising, to use cutting edge achievements in technology, to increase speeds of freight transportation for long distance and their safety and environmental friendliness enhancement. Analysis. Consideration of cost properties of application of different transport modes for mass freight transportation allows revealing that the lowest infrastructure cost is typical for conventional railway transport; the lowest prime cost of transportation is ensured by maglev transport with permanent magnets of the “RosMaglev” technology; the lowest commercially profitable mode of transport for today’s level of science and technology is vacuum transport. Operationally, the leading project is “RosMaglev”, with the vacuum transport having the lowest operational efficiency. From environmental and carrying safety points of view, railway transport has gone pretty far in the recent two decades. However, a more sustainable and safe one is the maglev and vacuum modes of transport, which is explained by lack of emissions and other types of pollution, including noise pollution. In terms of safety, maglev transport is the most competitive mode of transport. Whereas, vacuum transport is the most dangerous one. Results. For mass freight transportation, the most promising mode of transport is the “RosMaglev” permanent magnets maglev transport, according to the authors. The technology allows significant increase of infrastructure construction costs. The second most promising mode is conventional railway transport. However, if the demand in transportation is low and the energy efficient traction rolling stock is implemented, the high-speed freight railway transport may be highly competitive, especially in countries with developed high-speed railway network. The vacuum transport holds firmly the third place. Conclusion. The relevance of maglev transport implementation for mass freight transportations is obvious. The maglev technologies now in use in many countries for carrying passengers have proved profitable, safe and convenient. Technical “maturity” of these technologies allows considering all points and factors when constructing maglev freight lines which is very topical due to increasing need in searching transport routes alternative to sea routes.
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Sugiyanto, Gito, Yanto, Aris Wibowo, Toni Tauladan i Tory Damantoro. "Demand Modeling for Taxi and Ride-hailing Transport Services (RTS)". Civil Engineering Journal 9, nr 5 (1.05.2023): 1039–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2023-09-05-03.
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The rapid growth of Ride-hailing Transport Services (RTS) demand is found to have caused a fierce market share battle with conventional taxis in previous decades. In selecting a taxi or RTS, understanding the factors affecting passenger’s decisions is substantial for better development and more reliable transit service. The aims of this study to evaluate the demand for taxis and RTS in the Jakarta Greater Area, Indonesia, using the demand-supply and dynamic models. It has been conducted by using 519 respondents, with the model inputs consisting of waiting and travel time, trip costs, and the destination of the conventional passengers. Moreover, the choice between taxi and RTS was analyzed based on the stated preferences of respondents. The results showed that the waiting and travel time, as well as costs per trip of RTS, were 1.49 and 2.67 minutes lower and IDR10,902 cheaper than a taxi, respectively. The factors influencing the demand for these transport modes were also the number of trips per-day, mode share, the average vehicle occupancy, operating hours/day, passengers and driver waiting time, as well as travel period. In the dynamic model, the addition of variable service area, peak hour, and average vehicles speed was subsequently observed. Based on the results, the requests for these transport modes in the Greater Area of Jakarta were 64,494 and 55,811 vehicle units for the demand-supply and dynamic models, respectively. This proved that the dynamic model was better than the demand-supply, due to the added parameters representing the area’s traffic characteristics. Additionally, subsequent future research are expected to focus on modeling of taxi and RTS demands through the global positioning system data, as well as analysis using machine learning and deep learning. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-05-03 Full Text: PDF
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Urano, H., H. Takenaga, T. Fujita, Y. Kamada, Y. Koide, N. Oyama i M. Yoshida. "Dependence of heat transport on toroidal rotation in conventional H-modes in JT-60U". Nuclear Fusion 48, nr 8 (24.07.2008): 085007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/48/8/085007.
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Rafiq, T., C. Wilson, L. Luo, J. Weiland, E. Schuster, A. Y. Pankin, W. Guttenfelder i S. Kaye. "Electron temperature gradient driven transport model for tokamak plasmas". Physics of Plasmas 29, nr 9 (wrzesień 2022): 092503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0104672.
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A new model for electron temperature gradient (ETG) modes is developed as a component of the multi-mode anomalous transport module [Rafiq et al., Phys Plasmas 20, 032506 (2013)] to predict a time-dependent electron temperature profile in conventional and low aspect ratio tokamaks. This model is based on two-fluid equations that govern the dynamics of low-frequency short- and long-wavelength electromagnetic toroidal ETG driven drift modes. A low collisionality NSTX discharge is used to scan the plasma parameter dependence on the ETG real frequency, growth rate, and electron thermal diffusivity. Electron thermal transport is discovered in the deep core region where modes are more electromagnetic in nature. Several previously reported gyrokinetic trends are reproduced, including the dependencies of density gradients, magnetic shear, β and gradient of β [Formula: see text], collisionality, safety factor, and toroidicity, where β is the ratio of the plasma pressure to the magnetic pressure. The electron heat diffusivity associated with the ETG mode is discovered to be on a scale consistent with the experimental diffusivity determined by power balance analysis.
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Di Nardo, Matteo, Margherita Lonero, Elisabetta Pasotti, Federica Cancani, Daniela Perrotta, Corrado Cecchetti, Francesca Stoppa i in. "The first five years of neonatal and pediatric transports on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the center and south of Italy: The pediatric branch of the Italian “Rete Respira” network". Perfusion 33, nr 1_suppl (maj 2018): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267659118766829.
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Introduction: Neonatal and pediatric ECMO is a high-risk procedure that should be performed only in expert centers. Children who are eligible for ECMO and are managed in hospitals without ECMO capabilities should be referred to the closest ECMO center before the severity of illness precludes safe conventional transport. When the clinical situation precludes safe conventional transport, ECMO should be provided on site with the patient transported on ECMO. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed our institutional database of all ECMO transports for neonatal and pediatric respiratory failure from February 2013 to February 2018. Results: Over the last 5 years, we provided 24 transports covering all requests from the center and south of Italy except for the islands. Of these transports, 20 were performed on ECMO and 4 without ECMO. No patient died during transportation. Five complications were reported only during the ECMO transports, and all of these were managed without compromising the patient’s safety. The preferred modes of transport were by ambulance (70%) and ambulance transported into the fixed wing aircraft (30%) for longer national distances. The survival to hospital discharge of the patients transported with ECMO was 75% among the neonatal transports and 83.3% among the pediatric transports. The survival to hospital discharge of the four patients transported without ECMO was 100% for both neonates and children. Conclusions: Neonatal and pediatric ECMO transports can be safely performed with a dedicated team that maintains stringent adherence to well-designed management protocols.
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Srivastava, Praveen Ranjan, Zuopeng (Justin) Zhang, Prajwal Eachempati i Hongbo Lyu. "An Intelligent Framework for Analyzing the Feasible Modes of Transportation in Metropolitan Cities: A Hybrid Multicriteria Approach". Journal of Advanced Transportation 2021 (1.03.2021): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6624129.
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The paper aims to build a hybrid personalized multicriteria model in the Indian transportation industry to identify the most feasible transport mode suitable for commuters’ customized preferences. A hybrid multicriterion model, i.e., Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), was used to compute the criteria weights, which were subsequently analyzed by three approaches, namely, Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), Fuzzy TOPSIS, Evaluation Based on Distance from Average Solution (EDA), and Interpretive Ranking Process (IRP). The case of an Indian metropolitan city, Hyderabad, is taken to illustrate the proposed approach. The paper highlights the following transport modes: metropolitan train (unconventional mode) and conventional modes such as the car, public bus transport, and bikes for Hyderabad. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis is performed to identify the consistency in ranking with variation in weights, and the Ensemble Ranking and transportation experts validate the rankings.
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Karoń, Grzegorz. "Safe and Effective Smart Urban Transportation—Energy Flow in Electric (EV) and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV)". Energies 15, nr 18 (7.09.2022): 6548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186548.
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Electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are the most appropriate alternatives for conventional vehicles (internal combustion engine (ICE)-based) for smart urban transport—as an element of sustainable modes of transportation [...]
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Liu, Jun, Isaac Nape, Qainke Wang, Adam Vallés, Jian Wang i Andrew Forbes. "Multidimensional entanglement transport through single-mode fiber". Science Advances 6, nr 4 (styczeń 2020): eaay0837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay0837.
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The global quantum network requires the distribution of entangled states over long distances, with substantial advances already demonstrated using polarization. While Hilbert spaces with higher dimensionality, e.g., spatial modes of light, allow higher information capacity per photon, such spatial mode entanglement transport requires custom multimode fiber and is limited by decoherence-induced mode coupling. Here, we circumvent this by transporting multidimensional entangled states down conventional single-mode fiber (SMF). By entangling the spin-orbit degrees of freedom of a biphoton pair, passing the polarization (spin) photon down the SMF while accessing multiple orbital angular momentum (orbital) subspaces with the other, we realize multidimensional entanglement transport. We show high-fidelity hybrid entanglement preservation down 250 m SMF across multiple 2 × 2 dimensions, confirmed by quantum state tomography, Bell violation measures, and a quantum eraser scheme. This work offers an alternative approach to spatial mode entanglement transport that facilitates deployment in legacy networks across conventional fiber.
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Owaidah, Almoaid, Doina Olaru, Mohammed Bennamoun, Ferdous Sohel i Nazim Khan. "Transport of pilgrims during Hajj: Evidence from a discrete event simulation study". PLOS ONE 18, nr 6 (8.06.2023): e0286460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286460.
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Hajj, the Muslim pilgrimage, is a large mass gathering event that involves performing rituals at several sites on specific days and times in a fixed order, thereby requiring transport of pilgrims between sites. For the past two decades, Hajj transport has relied on conventional and shuttle buses, train services, and pilgrims walking along pedestrian routes that link these sites. To ensure smooth and efficient transport during Hajj, specific groups of pilgrims are allocated with the cooperation of Hajj authorities to specific time windows, modes, and routes. However, the large number of pilgrims, delays and changes in bus schedules/timetables, and occasional lack of coordination between transport modes have often caused congestion or delays in pilgrim transfer between sites, with a cascading effect on transport management. This study focuses on modelling and simulating the transport of pilgrims between the sites using a discrete event simulation tool called “ExtendSim”. Three transport modules were validated, and different scenarios were developed. These scenarios consider changes in the percentages of pilgrims allocated to each transport mode and the scheduling of various modes. The results can aid authorities to make informed decisions regarding transport strategies for managing the transport infrastructure and fleets. The proposed solutions could be implemented with judicious allocation of resources, through pre-event planning and real-time monitoring during the event.
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Raturi, Varun, i Ashish Verma. "Competition between High Speed Rail and Conventional Transport Modes: Market Entry Game Analysis on Indian Corridors". Networks and Spatial Economics 19, nr 3 (1.10.2018): 763–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11067-018-9421-2.
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González, Rosa Marina, Concepción Román i Ángel Simón Marrero. "Values of Travel Time for Recreational Trips under Different Behavioural Rules". Sustainability 13, nr 12 (17.06.2021): 6831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126831.
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In this study, discrete choice models that combine different behavioural rules are estimated to study the visitors’ preferences in relation to their travel mode choices to access a national park. Using a revealed preference survey conducted on visitors of Teide National Park (Tenerife, Spain), we present a hybrid model specification—with random parameters—in which we assume that some attributes are evaluated by the individuals under conventional random utility maximization (RUM) rules, whereas others are evaluated under random regret minimization (RRM) rules. We then compare the results obtained using exclusively a conventional RUM approach to those obtained using both RUM and RRM approaches, derive monetary valuations of the different components of travel time and calculate direct elasticity measures. Our results provide useful instruments to evaluate policies that promote the use of more sustainable modes of transport in natural sites. Such policies should be considered as priorities in many national parks, where negative transport externalities such as traffic congestion, pollution, noise and accidents are causing problems that jeopardize not only the sustainability of the sites, but also the quality of the visit.
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Zhang, Xu, i Hans-Joachim Schramm. "Assessing the market niche of Eurasian rail freight in the belt and road era". International Journal of Logistics Management 31, nr 4 (16.06.2020): 729–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlm-12-2019-0351.
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PurposeThis paper presents an overview of the recent development of Eurasian rail freight in the Belt and Road era and further evaluates its service quality in terms of transit times and transport costs compared to other transport modes in containerised supply chains between Europe and China.Design/methodology/approachA trade-off model of transit time and transport costs based on quantitative data from primary and secondary sources is developed to demonstrate the market niche for Eurasian rail freight vis-a-vis the more established modes of transport of sea, air and sea/air. In a scenario analysis, further cargo attributes influencing modal choice are employed to show for which cargo type Eurasian rail freight service is favourable from a shipper's point of view.FindingsAt present, Eurasian rail freight is about 80% less expensive than air freight with only half of the transit time of conventional sea freight. Our scenario analysis further suggests that for shipping time-sensitive goods with lower cargo value ranging from $US1.23/kg to $US10.89/kg as well as goods with lower time sensitivity and higher value in a range of $US2.46/kg to $US21.78/kg, total logistics costs of Eurasian rail freight service rail is cheaper than all other modes of transport.Practical implicationsAs an emerging competitive solution, Eurasian rail freight demonstrates to be an option beneficial in terms of transport cost, transit time, reliability and service availability, which offers a cost-efficient option enabling shippers to build up agile and more sustainable supply chains between China and Europe.Originality/valueOur study firstly provides a comprehensive assessment of present Eurasian rail freight including a thorough comparison with alternative modes of transport from a shipper's point of view.
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Chen, Xinyuan, Ruyang Yin, Qinhe An i Yuan Zhang. "Modeling a Distance-Based Preferential Fare Scheme for Park-and-Ride Services in a Multimodal Transport Network". Sustainability 13, nr 5 (2.03.2021): 2644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052644.
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This paper investigates a distance-based preferential fare scheme for park-and-ride (P&R) services in a multimodal transport network. P&R is a sustainable commuting approach in large urban areas where the service coverage rate of conventional public transport modes (e.g., train and bus) is poor/low. However, P&R services in many cities are less attractive compared to auto and other public transport modes, especially for P&R facilities sited far away from the city center. To address this issue, this paper proposes a distance-based preferential fare scheme for P&R services in which travelers who choose the P&R mode get a discount. The longer the distance they travel by train, the better the concessional price they get. A multimodal transport network equilibrium model with P&R services is developed to evaluate the impacts of the proposed distance-based fare scheme. The travelers’ mode choice behavior is modeled by the multinomial logit (MNL) discrete choice model, and their route choice behavior is depicted by the user equilibrium condition. A mathematical programming model is then built and subsequently solved by the outer approximation method. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed distance-based preferential fare scheme can effectively motivate travelers to use a P&R service and significantly enhance the transport network’s performance.
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Li, Hongchang, Jack Strauss i Lihong Liu. "A Panel Investigation of High-Speed Rail (HSR) and Urban Transport on China’s Carbon Footprint". Sustainability 11, nr 7 (4.04.2019): 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11072011.
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Rapid urbanization and industrialization in Chinese cities have substantially elevated carbon emissions, and transportation plays a major role in these emissions. Due to data availability, research on the impact of both high-speed rail (HSR) and other urban transportation modes on urban carbon emissions is rare. Using a relatively large panel of 194 Chinese cities from 2008–2013, we examine the impact of HSR, conventional rail, bus, roads, and subways on urban carbon emissions. We further document the interaction of these transport modes with geo-economic variables, and more accurately measure HSR’s impact on emissions using a comprehensive accessibility metric. During this time, China developed, constructed and began to operate an extensive HSR network. Our results show that increases in HSR lead to rises in carbon emissions, emissions per GDP unit and per capita. We also find that transportation’s impact on carbon emissions differs by city size and region, and transportation modes significantly interact with GDP, population and urban area to affect carbon emissions. These interactions imply that the government’s promotion of HSR over conventional rail may have unintended consequences and boost urban carbon emissions.
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Chen, Yilun, Peter Stasinopoulos, Nirajan Shiwakoti i Shah Khalid Khan. "Using System Dynamics Approach to Explore the Mode Shift between Automated Vehicles, Conventional Vehicles, and Public Transport in Melbourne, Australia". Sensors 23, nr 17 (24.08.2023): 7388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23177388.
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With the increasing use of automated vehicles (AVs) in the coming decades, government authorities and private companies must leverage their potential disruption to benefit society. Few studies have considered the impact of AVs towards mode shift by considering a range of factors at the city level, especially in Australia. To address this knowledge gap, we developed a system dynamic (SD)-based model to explore the mode shift between conventional vehicles (CVs), AVs, and public transport (PT) by systematically considering a range of factors, such as road network, vehicle cost, public transport supply, and congestion level. By using Melbourne’s Transport Network as a case study, the model simulates the mode shift among AVs, CVs, and PT modes in the transportation system over 50 years, starting from 2018, with the adoption of AVs beginning in 2025. Inputs such as current traffic, road capacity, public perception, and technological advancement of AVs are used to assess the effects of different policy options on the transport systems. The data source used is from the Victorian Integrated Transport Model (VITM), provided by the Department of Transport and Planning, Melbourne, Australia, data from the existing literature, and authors’ assumptions. To our best knowledge, this is the first time using an SD model to investigate the impacts of AVs on mode shift in the Australian context. The findings suggest that AVs will gradually replace CVs as another primary mode of transportation. However, PT will still play a significant role in the transportation system, accounting for 50% of total trips by person after 2058. Cost is the most critical factor affecting AV adoption rates, followed by road network capacity and awareness programs. This study also identifies the need for future research to investigate the induced demand for travel due to the adoption of AVs and the application of equilibrium constraints to the traffic assignment model to increase model accuracy. These findings can be helpful for policymakers and stakeholders to make informed decisions regarding AV adoption policies and strategies.
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Taylor, Lawrence D. "The monorail ‘revolution’ of the 1950s and 1960s and its legacy". Journal of Transport History 37, nr 2 (24.11.2016): 236–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022526616667955.
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The paper uses a variety of primary and secondary sources to analyse why monorail proposals initiated by Goodell, Alweg, Lockheed and other manufacturers during the 1950s and 1960s failed to gain preference among transport planning authorities over alternative modes of transport such as conventional rail, subways, buses and eventually light rail. The article examines the ways in which improved versions of the monorail models developed during these two decades. In time, these changes led to a more dynamic market in which monorails continued to be built not only for use in amusement parks and exhibitions but also as ‘intermediate-capacity’ transit, airport commuting and other special-purpose applications.
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Moreno, Ana T., Andrzej Michalski, Carlos Llorca i Rolf Moeckel. "Shared Autonomous Vehicles Effect on Vehicle-Km Traveled and Average Trip Duration". Journal of Advanced Transportation 2018 (2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8969353.
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Intermediate modes of transport, such as shared vehicles or ride sharing, are starting to increase their market share at the expense of traditional modes of car, public transport, and taxi. In the advent of autonomous vehicles, single occupancy shared vehicles are expected to substitute at least in part private conventional vehicle trips. The objective of this paper is to estimate the impact of shared autonomous vehicles on average trip duration and vehicle-km traveled in a large metropolitan area. A stated preference online survey was designed to gather data on the willingness to use shared autonomous vehicles. Then, commute trips and home-based other trips were generated microscopically for a synthetic population in the greater Munich metropolitan area. Individuals who traveled by auto were selected to switch from a conventional vehicle to a shared autonomous vehicle subject to their willingness to use them. The effect of shared autonomous vehicles on urban mobility was assessed through traffic simulations in MATSim with a varying autonomous taxi fleet size. The results indicated that the total traveled distance increased by up to 8% after autonomous fleets were introduced. Current travel demand can still be satisfied with an acceptable waiting time when 10 conventional vehicles are replaced with 4 shared autonomous vehicles.
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Hassan, Ehab, D. R. Hatch, M. R. Halfmoon, M. Curie, M. T. Kotchenreuther, S. M. Mahajan, G. Merlo, R. J. Groebner, A. O. Nelson i A. Diallo. "Identifying the microtearing modes in the pedestal of DIII-D H-modes using gyrokinetic simulations". Nuclear Fusion 62, nr 2 (17.12.2021): 026008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ac3be5.
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Abstract Recent evidence points toward the microtearing mode (MTM) as an important fluctuation in the H-mode pedestal for anomalous electron heat transport. A study of the instabilities in the pedestal region carried out using gyrokinetic simulations to model an ELMy H-mode DIII-D discharge (USN configuration, 1.4 MA plasma current, and 3 MW heating power) is presented. The simulations produce MTMs, identified by predominantly electromagnetic heat flux, small particle flux, and a substantial degree of tearing parity. The magnetic spectrogram from Mirnov coils exhibits three distinct frequency bands—two narrow bands at lower frequency (∼35–55 kHz and ∼70–105 kHz) and a broader band at higher frequency (∼300–500 kHz). Global linear GENE simulations produce MTMs that are centered at the peak of the ω * profile and correspond closely with the bands in the spectrogram. The three distinctive frequency bands can be understood from the basic physical mechanisms underlying the instabilities. For example (i) instability of certain toroidal mode numbers (n) is controlled by the alignment of their rational surfaces with the peak in the ω* profile, and (ii) MTM instabilities in the lower n bands are the conventional collisional slab MTM, whereas the higher n band depends on curvature drive. While many features of the modes can be captured with the local approximation, a global treatment is necessary to quantitatively reproduce the detailed band gaps of the low-n fluctuations. Notably, the transport signatures of the MTM are consistent with careful edge modeling by SOLPS.
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Emilia M. Szumska. "Comparative Life Cycle Analysis of Hybrid and Conventional Drive Vehicles in Various Driving Conditions". Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 23, nr 4 (1.10.2021): D34—D41. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2021.4.d34-d41.
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Growing environmental concern prompts vehicle users to search for cleaner and ecological transport modes. Many consumers and organizations have decided to replace conventional diesel or gasoline powered vehicles with alternative drive or alternative-powered vehicles. Operating conditions may have a heavy influence on the operating parameters of vehicles, such as: airpollution emission, energy consumption and fuel consumption. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the life cycle of conventional and hybrid drive vehicles in various driving conditions. The presented LCA results show that replacing a conventional diesel or gasoline vehicle with a hybrid electric drive vehicle results in approximately 40 % lower total lifetime air-pollutant emissions than those of conventional drive vehicles in urban driving conditions.
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Lättman, Katrin, Margareta Friman i Lars E. Olsson. "Perceived Accessibility of Public Transport as a Potential Indicator of Social Inclusion". Social Inclusion 4, nr 3 (7.06.2016): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v4i3.481.
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Perceived accessibility has been acknowledged as an important aspect of transport policy since the 70s. Nevertheless, very few empirical studies have been conducted in this field. When aiming to improve social inclusion, by making sustainable transport modes accessible to all, it is important to understand the factors driving perceived accessibility. Unlike conventional accessibility measures, perceived accessibility focuses on the perceived possibilities and ease of engaging in preferred activities using different transport modes. We define perceived accessibility in terms of how easy it is to live a satisfactory life with the help of the transport system, which is not necessarily the same thing as the objective standard of the system. According to previous research, perceived accessibility varies with the subjectively-rated quality of the mode of transport. Thus, improvements in quality (e.g. trip planning, comfort, or safety) increase the perceived accessibility and make life easier to live using the chosen mode of transport. This study (n=750) focuses on the perceived accessibility of public transport, captured using the <em>Perceived Accessibility Scale </em>PAC (Lättman, Olsson, & Friman, 2015). More specifically, this study aims to determine how level of quality affects the perceived accessibility in public transport. A Conditional Process Model shows that, in addition to quality, feeling safe and frequency of travel are important predictors of perceived accessibility. Furthermore, elderly and those in their thirties report a lower level of perceived accessibility to their day-to-day activities using public transport. The basic premise of this study is that subjective experiences may be as important as objective indicators when planning and designing for socially inclusive transport systems.
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Mukherjee, Partha P., Bairav Sabarish Vishnugopi i Kaustubh Girish Naik. "(Invited, Digital Presentation) Heterogeneities at Solid/Solid Interfaces". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, nr 38 (7.07.2022): 1654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01381654mtgabs.
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Solid-state lithium metal batteries hold the potential to enhance the energy density, power density and safety of conventional lithium-ion batteries. Interface stability and performance of solid-state batteries is predicated on the coupled set of electrochemical-mechanical-transport interactions that underlie the solid-solid interfaces within the system. Microstructure of the solid-state cathode dictates the distribution of percolation pathways, reaction kinetics and evolution of distinct internal resistance modes. Morphological response of the anode-electrolyte interface is influenced by various aspects including the presence of defects, grain boundaries and mechanical/transport properties of the solid electrolyte and lithium. In this presentation, the mechanistic role of heterogeneities on the morphological stability of the anode, onset of mechanical/thermal hot spots and electrochemical response of the cathode will be analyzed. The implications of heterogeneous kinetic-transport interactions and chemo-mechanics interplay on the performance and failure modes in solid-state batteries will be delineated.
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Houshmandyar, Saeid, K. H. Burrell, B. A. Grierson, J. McClenaghan, G. M. Staebler, C. Chrystal, M. R. Halfmoon, D. R. Hatch, L. Zeng i M. E. Austin. "Explaining the lack of power degradation of energy confinement in wide pedestal quiescent H-modes via transport modeling". Nuclear Fusion 62, nr 5 (29.03.2022): 056024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ac583b.
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Abstract Wide pedestal quiescent H (WPQH)-mode is an attractive scenario for future burning plasmas as they operate without ELMs. WPQH is characterized by formation of a wider and higher pedestal (than quiescent H-mode), and broadband fluctuations in the pedestal. Unlike conventional H-modes, where the energy confinement time reduces with increasing heating power, the WPQH plasmas reported in this paper do not show power degradation of the energy confinement. As the injected neutral beam power was increased, reduced core (ρ ⩽ 0.45) transport calculated by transp, as well as increased core temperatures, pressure gradient and diamagnetic E × B shear rate were observed. The reduction in the heat transport and rapid decrease in the ion temperature gradient scale length suggest the formation of an ion internal transport barrier (ITB) that was accompanied by increased stored energy in the core. Quasilinear turbulent transport modeling using the trapped gyro Landau fluid (tglf) code was used to predict the ITB and its turbulence stability properties. By using profiles and equilibria produced by matching the transp transport fluxes with the tglf transport model within the tgyro transport solver, the energy confinement time captures the experimentally observed insensitivity to the increased P NBI. Linear stability analysis reveals that drift-wave instabilities in the core are stabilized by E × B shear, T i/T e ratio and Shafranov shift; the latter was found to have the strongest effect on the turbulence suppression at the highest heating level.
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Banoo, K., F. Assad i M. S. Lundstrom. "Formulation of the Boltzmann Equation as a Multi-Mode Drift-Diffusion Equation". VLSI Design 8, nr 1-4 (1.01.1998): 539–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1998/59373.
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We present a multi-mode drift-diffusion equation as reformulation of the Boltzmann equation in the discrete momentum space. This is shown to be similar to the conventional drift-diffusion equation except that it is a more rigorous solution to the Boltzmann equation because the current and carrier densities are resolved into M×1 vectors, where M is the number of modes in the discrete momentum space. The mobility and diffusion coefficient become M×M matrices which connect the M momentum space modes. This approach is demonstrated by simulating electron transport in bulk silicon.
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Hamadneh, Jamil, i Domokos Esztergár-Kiss. "Potential Travel Time Reduction with Autonomous Vehicles for Different Types of Travellers". Promet - Traffic&Transportation 33, nr 1 (1.02.2021): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v33i1.3585.
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Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) have been designed to make changes in the travel behaviour of travellers. These changes can be interpreted using transport models and simulation tools. In this study, the daily activity plans were used to study the possibility of increasing the utility of travellers through minimizing the travel time by using AVs. Three groups of travellers were selected based on the benefits that they can obtain when AVs are on the market. The groups are (a) long-trip travellers (b) public transport riders, and (c) travellers with specified characteristics. Each group is divided into one or more scenarios based on the definition of each group and the collected data. A total of seven scenarios were derived from the collected data and simulated twice to include the existing transport modes and the presence of AVs. The simulations were conducted using Multi-Agents Transport Simulation (MATSim) that applies the concept of a co-evolutionary algorithm. MATSim simulates the current plans and the ones where AVs replace all or part of the existing conventional transport modes in the daily activity plans. The results have shown a reduction in the trip time: 13% to 42% for group (a), 33% for group (b), and 16% to 28% for group (c) compared with the original trip times. In conclusion, it can be claimed that AVs could reduce the travel time in all cases, which provides benefits for people to increase their utilities.
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Alkharabsheh, Ahmad, Sarbast Moslem i Szabolcs Duleba. "Evaluating Passenger Demand for Development of the Urban Transport System by an AHP Model with the Real-World Application of Amman". Applied Sciences 9, nr 22 (7.11.2019): 4759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9224759.
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The demand for a service includes generally two major components; quality elements and the reasonable and affordable price. Public transport can be considered as a special service, there is no direct market competition for the provider, but the use of private transport modes substitutes the usage of public vehicles. The dominating competitor, the usage of private cars, causes higher CO2 emission and has a serious impact on the environment. Thus, it is important to analyze from market and sustainability point of view which are the preferences of the public for the improvement of the urban transport system. This paper aims to conduct this analysis by including quality criteria and transport fare criteria related to the current service of a city and by setting up and testing a generally applicable model for decision support. Since the acquisition of public preference was the primary objective, and the problem can be considered as decision making, the Analytic Hierarchy Process was selected as methodology. There are previous research results of applying this method on public transport, however, not in an integrated model, in which quality and cost considerations are pairwise compared. Thus, the conventional Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique was used and the well-proven requisites of consistency and sensitivity check were analyzed. The new model was tested in a case study: surveying the public transport demand in the capital of Jordan, Amman.
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Denisov, Artem, Anton Bubis, Stanislau Piatrusha, Nadezhda Titova, Albert Nasibulin, Jonathan Becker, Julian Treu i in. "Heat-Mode Excitation in a Proximity Superconductor". Nanomaterials 12, nr 9 (25.04.2022): 1461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12091461.
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Mesoscopic superconductivity deals with various quasiparticle excitation modes, only one of them—the charge-mode—being directly accessible for conductance measurements due to the imbalance in populations of quasi-electron and quasihole excitation branches. Other modes carrying heat or even spin, valley etc. currents populate the branches equally and are charge-neutral, which makes them much harder to control. This noticeable gap in the experimental studies of mesoscopic non-equilibrium superconductivity can be filled by going beyond the conventional DC transport measurements and exploiting spontaneous current fluctuations. Here, we perform such an experiment and investigate the transport of heat in an open hybrid device based on a superconductor proximitized InAs nanowire. Using shot noise measurements, we investigate sub-gap Andreev heat guiding along the superconducting interface and fully characterize it in terms of the thermal conductance on the order of Gth∼e2/h, tunable by a back gate voltage. Understanding of the heat-mode also uncovers its implicit signatures in the non-local charge transport. Our experiments open a direct pathway to probe generic charge-neutral excitations in superconducting hybrids.
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Denisov, Artem, Anton Bubis, Stanislau Piatrusha, Nadezhda Titova, Albert Nasibulin, Jonathan Becker, Julian Treu i in. "Heat-Mode Excitation in a Proximity Superconductor". Nanomaterials 12, nr 9 (25.04.2022): 1461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12091461.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Mesoscopic superconductivity deals with various quasiparticle excitation modes, only one of them—the charge-mode—being directly accessible for conductance measurements due to the imbalance in populations of quasi-electron and quasihole excitation branches. Other modes carrying heat or even spin, valley etc. currents populate the branches equally and are charge-neutral, which makes them much harder to control. This noticeable gap in the experimental studies of mesoscopic non-equilibrium superconductivity can be filled by going beyond the conventional DC transport measurements and exploiting spontaneous current fluctuations. Here, we perform such an experiment and investigate the transport of heat in an open hybrid device based on a superconductor proximitized InAs nanowire. Using shot noise measurements, we investigate sub-gap Andreev heat guiding along the superconducting interface and fully characterize it in terms of the thermal conductance on the order of Gth∼e2/h, tunable by a back gate voltage. Understanding of the heat-mode also uncovers its implicit signatures in the non-local charge transport. Our experiments open a direct pathway to probe generic charge-neutral excitations in superconducting hybrids.
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Denisov, Artem, Anton Bubis, Stanislau Piatrusha, Nadezhda Titova, Albert Nasibulin, Jonathan Becker, Julian Treu i in. "Heat-Mode Excitation in a Proximity Superconductor". Nanomaterials 12, nr 9 (25.04.2022): 1461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12091461.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Mesoscopic superconductivity deals with various quasiparticle excitation modes, only one of them—the charge-mode—being directly accessible for conductance measurements due to the imbalance in populations of quasi-electron and quasihole excitation branches. Other modes carrying heat or even spin, valley etc. currents populate the branches equally and are charge-neutral, which makes them much harder to control. This noticeable gap in the experimental studies of mesoscopic non-equilibrium superconductivity can be filled by going beyond the conventional DC transport measurements and exploiting spontaneous current fluctuations. Here, we perform such an experiment and investigate the transport of heat in an open hybrid device based on a superconductor proximitized InAs nanowire. Using shot noise measurements, we investigate sub-gap Andreev heat guiding along the superconducting interface and fully characterize it in terms of the thermal conductance on the order of Gth∼e2/h, tunable by a back gate voltage. Understanding of the heat-mode also uncovers its implicit signatures in the non-local charge transport. Our experiments open a direct pathway to probe generic charge-neutral excitations in superconducting hybrids.
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Sun, Xianglong, i Sai Liu. "Research on Route Deviation Transit Operation Scheduling—A Case Study in Suburb No. 5 Road of Harbin". Sustainability 14, nr 2 (6.01.2022): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14020633.
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Route deviation transit is a flexible “door-to-door” service method that combines the efficiency of conventional public transport modes and the flexibility of demand response modes, meeting the travel needs of people with low travel density and special groups. In this paper, the minimum value of the sum of vehicle operating cost and passenger travel cost was the optimal goal, and the RDT multi-vehicle operation scheduling model was constructed. Taking the available relaxation time as the control parameter of the RDT system and considering the insertion process of the random travel demand of the passengers during the operation process, we used a heuristic search algorithm to solve the scheduling model. This paper took Suburb No. 5 Road of Harbin as an example, using MATLAB to simulate the RDT operation scheduling model to verify the stability and feasibility of the RDT system under different demands. The results showed that under different demand conditions, the system indicators such as passenger travel time, waiting time, and vehicle mileage in the RDT system fluctuated very little, and the system performance was relatively stable. Under the same demand conditions, the per capita cost of the RDT system was 5.9% to 10.8% less than that of the conventional bus system. When the demand ρ is 20~40 person/hour, the RDT system is more effective than the conventional bus for the 5 bus in the suburbs of Harbin.
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Regidor, Jose Regin. "Transportation Systems for the New Normal: Towards a Better Normal". Transactions of the National Academy of Science and Technology 42, nr 2020 (27.05.2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.57043/transnastphl.2020.2309.
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Before the lockdown, transportation and traffic in urban areas were largely inefficient, unsafe, and unsustainable. These were associated with traffic congestion, unsafe roads, rising emission levels, and a dependency on fossil fuels that run most of the land-based transport. During the lockdown, traffic congestion largely disappeared, air quality improved, and road crash incidence was reduced with significantly fewer vehicles on the roads. Prior to the transition to General Community Quarantine (GCQ), various groups have called for reforms in transportation towards achieving a new normal. These mostly focused on active transportation such as walking and cycling, which are modes that have often been neglected in the planning and implementation of programs and projects that are supposed to improve the way people moved about (i.e., commuting). In addition, safety or risk assessments were undertaken for various transport modes. This paper discusses the conditions before, during, and after the lockdown. Assessments are made towards enabling a new normal where the transportation system is people-oriented rather than car-oriented. The conclusion is that we can have a “better normal” that involves a mass transit system backbone complemented by conventional public transport as feeders, and active transport as a major mode for enhanced mobility.
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Yamada, Ray, i Olivier Pauluis. "Annular Mode Variability of the Atmospheric Meridional Energy Transport and Circulation". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 72, nr 5 (1.05.2015): 2070–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-14-0219.1.
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Abstract Month-to-month variability in the meridional atmospheric energy transport is analyzed in the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) reanalysis for 1979–2012. The meridional transport of moist static energy (MSE) is composited onto the high and low phases of the northern and southern annular modes (NAM and SAM). While the high phase of the NAM and SAM is known to involve a poleward shift in the midlatitude storm track and jet, it is shown here that the distribution of poleward MSE transport shifts equatorward. This change is explained by examining the variability of the underlying meridional circulation. In particular, changes in the mass transport averaged on dry and moist static energy levels are considered. These circulations have an advantage over the conventional Eulerian circulation for explaining the total energy transport. They are computed using the statistical transformed Eulerian-mean (STEM) formulation, which provides a decomposition of the circulation into Eulerian-mean and eddy-driven components. The equatorward shift in the MSE transport is largely explained by a poleward shift of the Ferrel cell, while changes in the eddy-driven circulation have a comparatively small effect on the energy transport. The changes in the residual circulation and jet are shown to be consistent through momentum balance arguments. Mean-eddy feedback mechanisms that drive and sustain the annular modes are discussed at the end as a possible explanation for why the changes in the eddy-driven circulation are weak compared to the changes in the Eulerian circulation.
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Rahimdel, Mohammad Javad, i Behzad Ghodrati. "Risk Prioritization for Failure Modes in Mining Railcars". Sustainability 13, nr 11 (31.05.2021): 6195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116195.
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Railway transportation systems are generally used to transport minerals from large-scale mines. Any failure in the railcar components may cause delays or even catastrophic derailment accidents. Failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) is an effective tool for the risk assessment of mechanical systems. This method is an appropriate approach to identify the critical failure modes and provide proper control measures to reduce the level of risk. This research aims to propose an approach to identify and prioritize the failure modes based on their importance degree. To achieve this, the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is used along with the FMEA. To compensate for the scarcities of the conventional FMEA in using the linguistic variables, the proposed approach is developed under the fuzzy environment. The proposed approach was applied in a case study, a rolling stock operated in an iron ore mine located in Sweden. The results of this study are helpful to identify not only the most important failure modes but also the most serious and critical ones.
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Zaitcev, Anatoly A. "Socialization of public transport in the new technological paradigm". Transportation Systems and Technology 5, nr 3 (30.09.2019): 4–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/transsyst2019534-17.
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The humanity is entering the 6th technological paradigm. The technologies that shape it, form new sectors of the economy, will trigger change in educational programmes, and emergence of innovative modes of transport and connection.
Maglev transport system, where one of the key advantages over conventional transport is full automation, is a powerful instrument for innovative development of mainline infrastructure, and an optimal solution, that enables achieving digital the socialization of public transport.
In accordance with the laws of transition to the next technological paradigm, transport will face a technical revolution. The existing transport development model is maintained by gigantic infusion of resources. However, it is obvious that this is a backward model, being inadequate to both the society and business.
The development of projects of innovative transport based on maglev technology, will foster development of new materials, technologies and hardware.
The maglev technology is multifunctional, it allows engineering transport systems for various purposes, that correspond to consumers changing demand. Its application spheres are not fully exposed yet. However, the key issues, such as economic efficiency, aptitude to meet the societys and economys demand, are proved and obvious.
The Russian president supported project of construction of the Moscow-Saint Petersburg high-speed mainline is ideal for realisation on the basis of maglev technology.
The innovative technology that is able to provide disruptive development of Russias transport infrastructure is the maglev technology. Its application in transport industry, that plays a decisive role in development of safety and the countrys connectivity, will secure Russias leading position today and guarantee stable economy development in the future.
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Hollander, Justin B., Ann Sussman, Peter Lowitt, Neil Angus i Minyu Situ. "Analyzing Walkability Through Biometrics: Insights Into Sustainable Transportation Through the Use of Eye-Tracking Emulation Software". Journal of Physical Activity and Health 17, nr 11 (1.11.2020): 1153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2020-0127.
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Background: Understanding more about the unseen side of our responses to visual stimuli offers a powerful new tool for transportation planning. Traditional transportation planning tends to focus on the mobility of vehicles rather than on opportunities to encourage sustainable transport modes, like walking. Methods: Using eye-tracking emulation software, this study measured the unconscious visual responses people have to designs and layouts in new built environments, focusing on what makes streets most walkable. Results: The study found key differences between the way the brain takes in conventional automobile-oriented residential developments versus new urbanist layouts, with the former lacking key fixation points. Conclusion: The study’s discoveries significantly explain why new urbanist layouts promote walking effortlessly and conventional automobile-oriented residential developments cannot.
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Zaitsev, Anatoly A., i Iana V. Sokolova. "Prospects of establishment of east-west transit transport corridor deploying magnetic levitation technology". Transportation Systems and Technology 4, nr 3 suppl. 1 (19.11.2018): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/transsyst201843s121-35.
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According to economist Klaus Schwab, the today’s community is at the threshold of the Fourth Industrial Revolution which will influence transport branch especially. Today, we see a fundamental change of assessment of the place and role of transport in the world progress. At the governmental level the tasks of realisation of large-scale projects have been determined, which will be able to strengthen Russia’s positions at the world freight transport market, namely container transport, increase Russia’s transit potential, speed, quality of passenger service and freight transport.
The authors suggest options to solve the set tasks building on the idea of implementation of innovative magnetic levitation technology while establishing East-West Transport Transit Corridor.
Magnetic levitation technology is competitive with the existing modes of transport in key speed, sustainability, energy efficiency and safety parameters, namely ecological safety. The main purpose of establishment of a transit transport corridor is to introduce a new transport service with a unique number of properties. Accordingly, transport and technology tasks are solved which are associated with construction and modernisation of transport lines, terminals, information systems, etc. The project of transport transit corridor in question is suggested to undertake in three stages. The assessment of Russian container transport market and comparison study of maglev and conventional railway transport parameters confirm efficiency of the project. To deliver this project, the decision should be made at the governmental level.
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Gössling, Stefan, Andreas Humpe, Todd Litman i Daniel Metzler. "Effects of Perceived Traffic Risks, Noise, and Exhaust Smells on Bicyclist Behaviour: An Economic Evaluation". Sustainability 11, nr 2 (15.01.2019): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11020408.
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Active mode (walking, bicycling, and their variants) users are exposed to various negative externalities from motor vehicle traffic, including injury risks, noise, and air pollutants. This directly harms the users of these modes and discourages their use, creating a self-reinforcing cycle of less active travel, more motorized travel, and more harmful effects. These impacts are widely recognized but seldom quantified. This study evaluates these impacts and their consequences by measuring the additional distances that bicyclists travel in order to avoid roads with heavy motor vehicle traffic, based on a sample of German-Austrian bicycle organization members (n = 491), and monetizes the incremental costs. The results indicate that survey respondents cycle an average 6.4% longer distances to avoid traffic impacts, including injury risks, air, and noise pollution. Using standard monetization methods, these detours are estimated to impose private costs of at least €0.24/cycle-km, plus increased external costs when travellers shift from non-motorized to motorized modes. Conventional transport planning tends to overlook these impacts, resulting in overinvestment in roadway expansions and underinvestments in other types of transport improvements, including sidewalks, crosswalks, bikelanes, paths, traffic calming, and speed reductions. These insights should have importance for transport planning and economics.
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Molocchi, Andrea. "Electric cars or high-efficiency transport networks?" ECONOMICS AND POLICY OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, nr 1 (lipiec 2010): 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/efe2010-001002.
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The main drivers of the electric cars diffusion which is projected in the next decade are to be seen in the industry effort to create new spaces in mature car markets (supply side), and in demand side effects of current climate mitigation policies in the transport sector, focused on CO2 emissions and energy efficiency of new vehicles sold. Indeed the energy performances of electric vehicles are projected to be highly variable; the final results of fleet average comparisons with internal combustion engines vehicles will be affected by at least: a) the real energy efficiency of the EV models (in particu- lar by their weight), b) the battery efficiency rate; c) the average energy losses of the national grids, and d) the national thermoelectric generation efficiency. For example, if sensitivity analysis on Germany or USA power plants efficiencies is undergone, EV primary energy consumptions result to be respectively +8% and +30% higher than conventional ICE cars. Moreover, EV credentials in terms of transport external costs reduction are very poor, particularly for congestion. If we look at research results comparing the external costs of different transport modes, high net benefits may be alternatively seen in public transport and rail based mobility (and also in short sea shipping for certain freight transport types) either in terms of energy efficiency and external costs reduction. An EU27 wide transport indicator based analysis is provided in chapter 4 to better highlight this "structural" additional driver of transport external costs, which has strictly little to do with vehicle level efficiency, rather it represents an efficiency in urban planning and infrastructural planning: a "system" efficiency in providing availability and access to highly energy efficient transport modes and services. In the final chapter recommendations for transport and energy European policies are provided, starting from a target setting based on external costs indicators (capturing also and not exclusively the energy efficiency and savings potential offered by transport infrastructures and vehicles), followed by an urgently needed Long term Action plan for railways networks and intermodality development. As to EVs, it is recommended to regulate them under an extension of the current EU CO2/km average target approach, by setting a common (final) energy consumption efficiency standard for all car innovations. Public funds collected from external costs road charging may be better concentrated by EU and Member States on this infrastructural Action Plan rather than on urban electricity grids for EVs.
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Fakhreddine, Omar, Yousef Gharbia, Javad Farrokhi Derakhshandeh i A. M. Amer. "Challenges and Solutions of Hydrogen Fuel Cells in Transportation Systems: A Review and Prospects". World Electric Vehicle Journal 14, nr 6 (13.06.2023): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj14060156.
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Conventional transportation systems are facing many challenges related to reducing fuel consumption, noise, and pollutants to satisfy rising environmental and economic criteria. These requirements have prompted many researchers and manufacturers in the transportation sector to look for cleaner, more efficient, and more sustainable alternatives. Powertrains based on fuel cell systems could partially or completely replace their conventional counterparts used in all modes of transport, starting from small ones, such as scooters, to large mechanisms such as commercial airplanes. Since hydrogen fuel cells (HFCs) emit only water and heat as byproducts and have higher energy conversion efficiency in comparison with other conventional systems, it has become tempting for many scholars to explore their potential for resolving the environmental and economic concerns associated with the transportation sector. This paper thoroughly reviews the principles and applications of fuel cell systems for the main transportation schemes, including scooters, bicycles, motorcycles, cars, buses, trains, and aerial vehicles. The review showed that fuel cells would soon become the powertrain of choice for most modes of transportation. For commercial long-rage airplanes, however, employing fuel cells will be limited due to the replacement of the axillary power unit (APU) in the foreseeable future. Using fuel cells to propel such large airplanes would necessitate redesigning the airplane structure to accommodate the required hydrogen tanks, which could take a bit more time.
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Hwang, Jae-Yeol, Eun Sung Kim, Syed Waqar Hasan, Soon-Mok Choi, Kyu Hyoung Lee i Sung Wng Kim. "Reduction of Lattice Thermal Conductivity in PbTe Induced by Artificially Generated Pores". Advances in Condensed Matter Physics 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/496739.
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Highly dense pore structure was generated by simple sequential routes using NaCl and PVA as porogens in conventional PbTe thermoelectric materials, and the effect of pores on thermal transport properties was investigated. Compared with the pristine PbTe, the lattice thermal conductivity values of pore-generated PbTe polycrystalline bulks were significantly reduced due to the enhanced phonon scattering by mismatched phonon modes in the presence of pores (200 nm–2 μm) in the PbTe matrix. We obtained extremely low lattice thermal conductivity (~0.56 W m−1 K−1at 773 K) in pore-embedded PbTe bulk after sonication for the elimination of NaCl residue.
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Triantafillidi, Eirini, Panagiotis G. Tzouras, Ioanna Spyropoulou i Konstantinos Kepaptsoglou. "Identification of Contributory Factors That Affect the Willingness to Use Shared Autonomous Vehicles". Future Transportation 3, nr 3 (1.08.2023): 970–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp3030053.
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Shared autonomous vehicles (SAVs) aspire to change not only vehicles but also the way people and goods move in urban areas. However, the promotion of such services, that is, whether travelers are willing to share their trips with other service users, is still a challenge. This study aims to examine the contributory factors that influence the willingness of individuals to use shared autonomous vehicles by simultaneously identifying the differences in terms of preferences with conventional competitive transport modes, namely, private cars and public transport. A stated preference experiment combined with perception ratings was designed and conducted in Athens, Greece. Based on the collected responses, a multinomial logit model was estimated. The results show that the flexibility of SAVs and, particularly, the possibility of performing door-to-door trips has a serious added value that travelers are willing to pay. Compared with public transport, additional waiting time does not increase the disutility. Furthermore, people who belong to high-education and -income groups expressed a higher willingness to use SAVs and socialize while traveling. The familiarity of each potential user with technology is a necessary precondition. Lastly, it is confirmed that environmentally conscious people are more positive about using these new services.
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Li, Xiao. "Research on passenger flow forecast of Urban Rail Transit". E3S Web of Conferences 213 (2020): 03026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021303026.
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Urban rail transit has the characteristics of large traffic volume, fast and convenient, so it has become the urban passenger transport mode which is given priority in the planning and design of each city. The prediction and analysis of rail transit passenger flow is a very important part in the planning and design stage. And it also provides important basic data for urban rail planning, construction and operation. When the rail transit network needs to be adjusted, the passenger flow forecast is also an essential step. In this paper, Taking Dongguan urban rail transit line 2 as an example, based on the full consideration of the uniqueness of Dongguan urban rail transit and the prediction of various social and economic indicators of Dongguan City, the “four step method” is adopted to forecast passenger flow. Through the investigation of resident’s travel survey, we can master the current travel distribution of all modes. Based on the analysis of land use change, traffic development policy and related influencing factors of Dongguan City, the trip distribution of each characteristic year is predicted. Then, the OD matrix of public transport (including subway and conventional public transport) is obtained through the study of traffic mode division model, and the predicted rail passenger flow is obtained through the allocation model of cooperation and competition. In the stage of passenger flow assignment, the influence of various factors on travel route selection is comprehensively considered in the public transport allocation model. Finally, the prediction index and sensitivity of rail passenger flow are analyzed.
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Isler, Cassiano Augusto, Marcelo Blumenfeld, Gabriel Pereira Caldeira i Clive Roberts. "Stimulus Perception in Long-Distance Railway Mode Choice". Journal of Advanced Transportation 2023 (6.04.2023): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/3400555.
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In the context of countries in the so-called Global South, where passenger railway services are either nonexistent or poorly performed, discrete choice models are useful to identify the attributes that affect users’ choices and provide insights on their behaviour in regional long-distance trips. Several theories and models have been proposed to understand travel behaviour for effective strategical decision in the transport field. The well-knownRandom Utility Maximization (RUM) approach has been widely used for such purposes, while the Random Regret Minimization (RRM) approach has been recently explored in the literature. However, the magnitude in the difference of levels of the attributes, or the stimulus perception, may affect the results of such models and biases the estimations. Therefore, this paper aims to assess the stimulus perception in mode choice to compare conventional rail (CR) and high-speed rail (HSR) services for passenger transport in intercity trips in Brazil. Estimations of RUM and RRM models were performed with a dataset from a stated preference survey comparing two railway technologies (CR and HSR) with other modes of transport (car, bus, and airplanes) for long-distance trips in the Southeast region of Brazil. Findings provide useful insights about the impacts of travel costs, travel times, and frequency of services, as well as sociodemographic characteristics of users. From the modelling outputs, it was found that users are affected by the magnitude of travel costs, time, and frequency only in business trips by HSR in the Brazilian context.