Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Contributions in theory of transcendentalism”
Kliknij ten link, aby zobaczyć inne rodzaje publikacji na ten temat: Contributions in theory of transcendentalism.
Utwórz poprawne odniesienie w stylach APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard i wielu innych
Sprawdź 50 najlepszych rozpraw doktorskich naukowych na temat „Contributions in theory of transcendentalism”.
Przycisk „Dodaj do bibliografii” jest dostępny obok każdej pracy w bibliografii. Użyj go – a my automatycznie utworzymy odniesienie bibliograficzne do wybranej pracy w stylu cytowania, którego potrzebujesz: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver itp.
Możesz również pobrać pełny tekst publikacji naukowej w formacie „.pdf” i przeczytać adnotację do pracy online, jeśli odpowiednie parametry są dostępne w metadanych.
Przeglądaj rozprawy doktorskie z różnych dziedzin i twórz odpowiednie bibliografie.
1
Seetapun, David. "Contributions to recursion theory". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/251510.
Pełny tekst źródła
2
Du, Dong. "Contributions to Persistence Theory". The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1338304358.
Pełny tekst źródła
3
Li, Rui. "Some contributions to distribution theory". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/some-contributions-to-distribution-theory(f0f2b916-4908-4b13-a8f6-169b26f2b26e).html.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Distribution theory, which is widely applied to describe the features and properties of observations, and plays an important role in the development of statistics. However, some distributions have complicated or implicit forms of mathematical expressions, which is not able to solve practical problems in a transparent way. This thesis aims to make some contributions to distribution theory. Specifically, this thesis presents some exact distributions in a closed form, which is able to provide more accurate results and improve the computational efficiency in practice. The main contributions are listed in Chapters 2-7. Student's t distribution is one of the most famous distributions which was discovered by William Gosset in 1908. Chapter 2 gives a review of the Student's t (ST) distribution and its generalizations. This chapter is consisted of the collection of nearly 30 generalizations of the ST distribution. Also, the comparisons among some of ST generalizations are performed for fitting with stock index data in applications. The Behrens-Fisher problem is a famous problem in statistics regarding hypothesis testing and interval estimation. Commonly, the distribution of Behrens-Fisher statistic is approximated by a Student's t random variable. Chapter 3 provides the exact distribution of a modified Behrens-Fisher statistic, which is more convenient from the computational perspective. Chapter 4 manages to derive the true maximum likelihood estimators for the generalized Gaussian distribution (GGD) with the shape parameter p = 3; 4; 5. Compared with traditional numerical algorithms, theorems in this chapter allow one to compute the maximum likelihood estimator of the location parameter mu and the scale parameter sigma accurately. Since round off errors arise in many areas of signal processing, Chapter 5 aims to extend the work of Gadzhiev (2015) to estimate the mean and variance of round off errors for any continuous random variable defined on either the real line or a finite interval. The contributions are elaborated as some theorems with higher accuracy in computing mean and variance of round off errors, with no need to consider sample size. Chapter 6 provides an exact density of the sum of independent skew normal random variables. The out-performances of our method are shown in comparison with the corresponding central processing unit (CPU) operation time with an increasing number of random variables. Besides, our method appears good performance in fitting and predicting stock price over a long period of time. Estimation of population mean based on given measurements is one of the oldest problems in statistics. Chapter 7 investigates the relative performances of arithmetic mean, root mean square, geometric mean, and harmonic mean for the simplest case of two measurements from a uniform distribution.
4
Marcus, Sherry Elizabeth 1966. "Contributions to higher recursion theory". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/28018.
Pełny tekst źródła
5
Rowe, Paul Michael Dominic. "Contributions to metric number theory". Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.408263.
Pełny tekst źródła
6
Atmai, Rachid. "Contributions to Descriptive Set Theory". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc804953/.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
In this dissertation we study closure properties of pointclasses, scales on sets of reals and the models L[T2n], which are very natural canonical inner models of ZFC. We first characterize projective-like hierarchies by their associated ordinals. This solves a conjecture of Steel and a conjecture of Kechris, Solovay, and Steel. The solution to the first conjecture allows us in particular to reprove a strong partition property result on the ordinal of a Steel pointclass and derive a new boundedness principle which could be useful in the study of the cardinal structure of L(R). We then develop new methods which produce lightface scales on certain sets of reals. The methods are inspired by Jackson’s proof of the Kechris-Martin theorem. We then generalize the Kechris-Martin Theorem to all the Π12n+1 pointclasses using Jackson’s theory of descriptions. This in turns allows us to characterize the sets of reals of a certain initial segment of the models L[T2n]. We then use this characterization and the generalization of Kechris-Martin theorem to show that the L[T2n] are unique. This generalizes previous work of Hjorth. We then characterize the L[T2n] in term of inner models theory, showing that they actually are constructible models over direct limit of mice with Woodin cardinals, a counterpart to Steel’s result that the L[T2n+1] are extender models, and finally show that the generalized contiuum hypothesis holds in these models, solving a conjecture of Woodin.
7
Raubenheimer, Heidi. "Contributions to modern portfolio theory". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9741.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Includes bibliographical references.Fund managers and investors are confronted with the problem of selecting a single investment portfolio from a large number of possible combinations of available assets. In South Africa the set of possible portfolios has become even larger with the gradual relaxing of the constraints on foreign investment from 1995 to the present day, thereby expanding the investment universe for South African investors. Moreover, portfolio selection in South Africa is being transformed increasingly from being the exclusive domain of high net worth individuals, trustees and their investment managers to being the domain and responsibility of the man on the street. The Unit Trust industry started in South Africa in 1965 and gave the lower net worth individual a vehicle with which to invest in a diverse investment portfolio. This industry has proved very popular and has expanded from only 8 funds in 1980 to 338 funds and 136 billion rands under management in November 2000. Moreover the past two years, 1999 and 2000, has seen a change in the pension fund industry from defined benefit (DB) to defined contribution (DC) pension funds, transferring more of the risk and the responsibility of portfolio selection onto pension fund members. With increasing demand for fund management and investment advice by pension fund members and individual investors alike, the financial services industry in South Africa has also expanded. The consequent competition for assets of all descriptions have led, one hopes, to a more efficient market in equity, fixed income and derivative products. Thus modern portfolio theory has come a long way and will have to go further in meeting the demand to assist investors in their decision making.
8
Dance, Cody. "Contributions to Descriptive Set Theory". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc955115/.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Assume AD+V=L(R). In the first chapter, let W^1_1 denote the club measure on \omega_1. We analyze the embedding j_{W^1_1}\restr HOD from the point of view of inner model theory. We use our analysis to answer a question of Jackson-Ketchersid about codes for ordinals less than \omega_\omega. In the second chapter, we provide an indiscernibles analysis for models of the form L[T_n,x]. We use our analysis to provide new proofs of the strong partition property on \delta^1_{2n+1}
9
Cardoso, David Emanuel Cruz Poço Ressurreição. "Contributions on Real Options Agency Theory". Master's thesis, Faculdade de Economia da Universidade do Porto, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/57177.
Pełny tekst źródła
10
Schuerger, Houston S. "Contributions to Geometry and Graph Theory". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2020. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1707341/.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
In geometry we will consider n-dimensional generalizations of the Power of a Point Theorem and of Pascal's Hexagon Theorem. In generalizing the Power of a Point Theorem, we will consider collections of cones determined by the intersections of an (n-1)-sphere and a pair of hyperplanes. We will then use these constructions to produce an n-dimensional generalization of Pascal's Hexagon Theorem, a classical plane geometry result which states that "Given a hexagon inscribed in a conic section, the three pairs of continuations of opposite sides meet on a straight line." Our generalization of this theorem will consider a pair of n-simplices intersecting an (n-1)-sphere, and will conclude with the intersections of corresponding faces lying in a hyperplane. In graph theory we will explore the interaction between zero forcing and cut-sets. The color change rule which lies at the center of zero forcing says "Suppose that each of the vertices of a graph are colored either blue or white. If u is a blue vertex and v is its only white neighbor, then u can force v to change to blue." The concept of zero forcing was introduced by the AIM Minimum Rank - Special Graphs Work Group in 2007 as a way of determining bounds on the minimum rank of graphs. Later, Darren Row established results concerning the zero forcing numbers of graphs with a cut-vertex. We will extend his work by considering graphs with arbitrarily large cut-sets, and the collections of components they yield, to determine results for the zero forcing numbers of these graphs.
11
Durham, Wayne. "Contributions to model following control theory". Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54349.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
A standard form for linear and nonlinear perfect model following control problems is introduced, and the associated control laws developed. The error dynamics of such systems are analyzed with respect to stability of the error. The effects on the error dynamics of measurement errors and parameter variations are also analyzed, and it is seen that the perfect model following control problem is reduced to that of an error regulator.
The linear problem is analyzed to show that virtually all common problems are equivalent to standard form problems through similarity transformations. In the standard form, simple expressions for the control law and error dynamics are used to solve the problem.
The linear problem is also analyzed with respect to problems of different order model and plant systems, resulting in augmented system equations. These augmented systems are chosen so that the original dynamics are retained, and so that the higher order problem is in the standard form. The standard form problem is then solved as before.
Imperfect model following control problems are analyzed, with three associated results. First, a new t€St for perfect model following is developed. Pairs of models and plants that fail this or other tests are imperfect model following control problems. Second, the effect of using perfect model following control laws on such problems is determined to be equivalent to the addition of a forcing function on the error regulator problem. Third, a new approach to the solution of imperfect model following control problems is shown. This approach seeks to find models that simultaneously satisfy the criteria for perfect model following while retaining the desired characteristics of the intended model.
The methods developed in this analysis are applied to problems that illustrate all the principles addressed. The final example is a detailed application to a nonlinear simulation of the F-18 airplane involving control of all degrees of freedom over a large range of angles of attack.Ph. D.
12
Nayyar, Ashish. "Contributions to equilibrium price dispersion theory /". Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
Pełny tekst źródła
13
Cardoso, David Emanuel Cruz Poço Ressurreição. "Contributions on Real Options Agency Theory". Dissertação, Faculdade de Economia da Universidade do Porto, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/57177.
Pełny tekst źródła
14
Hiltgen, Alain P. L. "Cryptographically relevant contributions to combinational complexity theory /". Zürich, 1993. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=10382.
Pełny tekst źródła
15
Mandal, Abhyuday. "Some Contributions to Design Theory and Applications". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7142.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The thesis focuses on the development of statistical theory in experimental design with applications in global optimization. It consists of four parts. In the first part, a criterion of design efficiency, under model uncertainty, is studied with reference to possibly nonregular fractions of general factorials. The results
are followed by a numerical study and the findings are compared with those based on other design criteria.
In the second part, optimal designs are dentified using Bayesian methods. This work is linked with response surface methodology where the first step is to perform factor screening, followed by response surface exploration using different experiment plans. A Bayesian analysis approach is used that aims to achieve both goals using one experiment design. In addition we use a Bayesian design criterion, based on the priors for the analysis approach. This creates an integrated design and analysis framework. To distinguish between competing models, the HD criterion is used, which is based on the pairwise Hellinger distance between predictive densities.
Mixed-level fractional factorial designs are commonly used in practice but its aliasing relations have not been studied in full rigor. These designs take the form of a product array. Aliasing patterns of mixed level factorial designs are discussed in the third part.
In the fourth part, design of experiment ideas are used to introduce a new global optimization technique called SELC (Sequential Elimination of Level Combinations), which is motivated by genetic algorithms but finds the optimum faster. The two key features of the SELC algorithm, namely, forbidden array and weighted mutation, enhance the performance of the search procedure. Illustration is given with the optimization of three functions, one of which is from Shekel's family. A real example on compound optimization is also given.
16
Holcomb, Trae. "Contributions to a General Theory of Codes". Diss., Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/80.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
In 1997, Drs. G. R. Blakley and I. Borosh published two papers whose stated purpose was to present a general formulation of the notion of a code that depends only upon a code's structure and not its functionality. In doing so, they created a further generalization--the idea of a precode. Recently, Drs. Blakley, Borosh, and A. Klappenecker have worked on interpreting the
structures and results in these pioneering papers within the framework of category theory.
The purpose of this dissertation is to further the above work. In particular, we seek to accomplish the following tasks within the ``general theory of codes.'
1. Rewrite the original two papers in terms of the alternate representations of precodes as bipartite digraphs and Boolean matrices.
2. Count various types of bipartite graphs up to isomorphism, and count various classes of codes and precodes up to isomorphism.
3. Identify many of the classical objects and morphisms from category theory within the categories of codes and precodes.
4. Describe the various ways of constructing a code from a precode by ``splitting' the precode. Identify important properties of these
constructions and their interrelationship. Discuss the properties of the constructed codes with regard to the factorization of homomorphisms through them, and discuss their relationship to the code constructed from the precode by ``smashing.'
5. Define a parametrization of a precode and
give constructions of various parametrizations of a given precode, including a ``minimal' parametrization.
6. Use the computer algebra system, Maple, to represent and display a precode and its companion, opposite, smash, split, bald-split, and various parametrizations. Implement the formulae developed for counting bipartite graphs and precodes up to isomorphism.
17
Salibian-Barrera, Matias. "Contributions to the theory of robust inference". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ56613.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródła
18
Kardell, Marcus. "Contributions to the theory of peaked solitons". Licentiate thesis, Linköpings universitet, Matematiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-105710.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The aim of this work is to present some new contributions to the theory of peaked solitons. The thesis contains two papers, named "Lie symmetry analysis of the Novikov and Geng-Xue equations, and new peakon-like unbounded solutions to the Camassa-Holm, Degasperis-Procesi and Novikov equations'' and "Peakon-antipeakon solutions of the Novikov equation'' respectively. In the first paper, a new kind of peakon-like solutions to the Novikov equation is obtained, by transforming the one-peakon solution via a Lie symmetry transformation. This new kind of solution is unbounded as x tends to infinity and/or minus infinity. It also has a peak, though only for some interval of time. We make sure that the peakon-like function is still a solution in the weak sense for those times where the function is non-differentiable. We find that similar solutions, with peaks living only for some interval in time, are valid weak solutions to the Camassa-Holm equation, though these can not be obtained via a symmetry transformation. The second paper covers peakon-antipeakon solutions of the Novikov equation, on the basis of known solution formulas from the pure peakon case. A priori, these formulas are valid only for some interval of time and only for some initial values. The aim of the article is to study the Novikov multipeakon solution formulas in detail, to overcome these problems. We find that the formulas for locations and heights of the peakons are valid for all times at least in an ODE sense. Also, we suggest a procedure of how to deal with multipeakons where the initial conditions are such that the usual spectral data are not well-defined as residues of single poles of a Weyl function. In particular we cover the interaction between one peakon and one antipeakon, revealing some unexpected properties. For example, with complex spectral data, the solution is shown to be periodic, except for a translation, with an infinite number of collisions between the peakon and the antipeakon. Also, plotting solution formulas for larger number of peakons shows that there are similarities to the phenomenon called "waltzing peakons''.
19
Jiang, Xiao. "Contributions to statistical distribution theory with applications". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/contributions-to-statistical-distribution-theory-with-applications(fa612f53-1950-48c2-9cdf-135b2d145587).html.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The whole thesis contains 10 chapters. Chapter 1 is the introductory chapter of my thesis and the main contributions are presented in Chapter 2 through to Chapter 9. Chapter 10 is the conclusion chapter. These chapters are motivated by applications to new and existing problems in finance, healthcare, sports, and telecommunications. In recent years, there has been a surge in applications of generalized hyperbolic distributions in finance. Chapter 2 provides a review of generalized hyperbolic and related distributions, including related programming packages. A real data application is presented which compares some of the distributions reviewed. Chapter 3 and Chapter 4 derive conditions for stochastic, hazard rate, likelihood ratio, reversed hazard rate, increasing convex and mean residual life orderings of Pareto distributed variables and Weibull distributed variables, respectively. A real data application of the conditions is presented in each chapter. Motivated by Lee and Cha [The American Statistician 69 (2015) 221-230], Chapter 5 introduces seven new families of discrete bivariate distributions. We reanalyze the football data in Lee and Cha (2015) and show that some of the newly proposed distributions provide better fits than the two families proposed by Lee and Cha (2015). Chapter 6 derives the distribution of amplitude, its moments and the distribution of phase for thirty-four flexible bivariate distributions. The results in part extend those given in Coluccia [IEEE Communications Letters, 17, 2013, 2364-2367]. Motivated by Schoenecker and Luginbuhl [IEEE Signal Processing Letters, 23, 2016, 644-647], Chapter 7 studies the characteristic function of products of two independent random variables. One follows the standard normal distribution and the other follows one of forty other continuous distributions. In this chapter, we give explicit expressions for the characteristic function of products, and some of the results are verified by simulations. Cossette, Marceau, and Perreault [Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 64, 2015, 214-224] derived formulas for aggregation and capital allocation based on risks following two bivariate exponential distributions. Chapter 8 derives formulas for aggregation and capital allocation for thirty-three commonly known families of bivariate distributions. This collection of formulas could be a useful reference for financial risk management. Chapter 9 derives expressions for the kth moment of the dependent random sum using copulas. It also extends Mao and Zhao[IMA Journal of Management Mathematics, 25, 2014, 421-433]âs results to the case where the components of the sum are not identically distributed. The practical usefulness of the results in terms of computational time and computational accuracy is demonstrated by simulation.
20
Simon, Steven H. 1957. "Contributions to a physicalistic theory of action". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8145.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2002.Includes bibliographical references (p. 139-141).
My project of giving a general physicalistic reduction of action contrasts with Donald Davidson's view that only individual actions can be explained in physicalistic terms. The main reason for his view is that he thinks the problem of internal causal deviance is insoluble. In the first chapter, I reconstruct the theory of action Davidson develops in Essays and Events and extend the theory to solve the deviance problem. The idea of the solution is that action requires "modulated movement," an ongoing process of monitoring and modulating the movements in which actions consist. In the second chapter, I develop the theory of modulated movement in more detail and argue that it can explain a number of cases of defective agency. I defend my contention that the analysis of modulated movement solves the deviance problem against several objections. In doing so, one of the main points I argue is that "ballistic movements," movements the agent cannot modify, cannot be actions. The psychological states in terms of which I analyze modulated movement are belief and desire, and in the third chapter I develop a reductive physicalistic account of a component of belief, indication. I start with a theory of indication that Robert Stalnaker presents in Inquiry, anddevelop the theory to cope with some problems for it that I identify. In the second part of the chapter, I extend the theory to explain cases of indication in which indicators are combined so that together they indicate propositions more specific or precise than any of the propositions they indicate alone, thus reducing complex cases of indication to simpler ones.
by Steven H. Simon.
Ph.D.
21
Liu, Fu Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Contributions to the theory of Ehrhart polynomials". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34542.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mathematics, 2006.Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-91).
In this thesis, we study the Ehrhart polynomials of different polytopes. In the 1960's Eugene Ehrhart discovered that for any rational d-polytope P, the number of lattice points, i(P,m), in the mth dilated polytope mP is always a quasi-polynomial of degree d in m, whose period divides the least common multiple of the denominators of the coordinates of the vertices of P. In particular, if P is an integral polytope, i(P, m) is a polynomial. Thus, we call i(P, m) the Ehrhart (quasi-)polynomial of P. In the first part of my thesis, motivated by a conjecture given by De Loera, which gives a simple formula of the Ehrhart polynomial of an integral cyclic polytope, we define a more general family of polytopes, lattice-face polytopes, and show that these polytopes have the same simple form of Ehrhart polynomials. we also give a conjecture which connects our theorem to a well-known fact that the constant term of the Ehrhart polynomial of an integral polytope is 1. In the second part (joint work with Brian Osserman), we use Mochizuki's work in algebraic geometry to obtain identities for the number of lattice points in different polytopes. We also prove that Mochizuki's objects are counted by polynomials in the characteristic of the base field.
by Fu Liu.
Ph.D.
22
Worthing, Rodney A. (Rodney Alan). "Contributions to the variational theory of convection". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10577.
Pełny tekst źródła
23
Zhu, Haolong. "Contributions to some areas in reliability theory". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185993.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This work consists of some contributions to several areas in reliability theory. Chapter 1 is a short summary of the results obtained in this work with a brief overview of related areas. In Chapter 2, a model for k-out-of-n systems with n dependent components is studied. Sufficiency conditions on the conditional failure rate functions are given which imply that the first failure time of such a system is IFR (increasing failure rate). This result contains an earlier result of Esary and Proschan (1963) as a special case. Chapter 3 focuses on the block replacement policy, one of the most popular maintenance policies. Several new results which connect the properties of the block replacement policy with the properties of the corresponding renewal function and the excess lifetime are obtained. Some applications and relationships between these new results and some well known results are included. Chapter 4 deals with a model for discrete dependent maintenance reliability systems (DDMRS). We identify the conditions on the discrete conditional transition probabilities under which the two performance sequences associated with two DDMRS's are comparable in stochastic ordering. Further results and applications are discussed. In Chapter 5, several results on the properties of first failure times of some discrete dependent reliability systems (with or without maintenance) are presented.
24
Rosen, Asa. "Contributions to the theory of labour contracts". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1992. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2429/.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The thesis consists of thee parts. Part one considers firm-union bargain over wages and working conditions (effort). It studies in a partial equilibrium setting, the theoretical relationship between the scope of firm-union bargains and the outcome in terms of wages, employment and effort. In particular, the outcome of a bargain over wages and effort is contrasted with the outcome of a pure wage bargain. A main result is that both effort and wages are lower when effort requirements are negotiable (rather than being determined by the employer). The analysis yields implications for the impact of unions on productivity, and gives an explanation to cross-industry differences in union mark-up on wages. In the second part I study labour contracts under temporarily asymmetric information. Under the assumption that workers are more heavily credit rationed than firms, the standard model of testing and self-selection in the labour market is extended in several directions. First, it is shown that ex post inefficient termination may be used as a self-selection device. This is a new explanation for up-or-out contracts in occupations where workers' productivity is revealed slowly. Second, when risk neutral workers can be of more than two different productivities, only the best worker should be overpaid. Finally, when productivity is non-verifiable, large firms may have an advantage in hiring more able workers. The issue of discrimination in the labour market is addressed in the last part. A model in which firms have incomplete information about workers at the hiring stage is shown to entail discrimination as the unique stable equilibrium outcome, even if no agents have a taste for discrimination. Discriminated groups (e.g., blacks, women) earn lower wages, endure longer unemployment spells, and must satisfy stricter requirements in order to obtain work. The model also offers a new explanation for duration dependence in exit rates from unemployment.
25
Baudisch, Annette. "Inevitable senescence? : contributions to evolutionary-demographic theory". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2006. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445312/.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The main thrust of my dissertation is to understand whether and when senescence is an inherent characteristic of life. Hamilton (1966) claimed to have proven that "senescence is an inevitable outcome of evolution". One major result of my work is that no dogmatic statement can be made about the universality of senescence. By carefully studying Hamilton's paper on the moulding of senescence, I show that Hamilton did not prove that senescence "cannot be avoided by any conceivable organism". I have developed simple models that contribute general insights to evolution ary demographic theory. The models are designed to shed light on whether and when non-senescent life-history strategies could be optimal. All models show that senescence is not inevitable. Sustenance can be an optimal life-history strategy. The results of my size-based models suggest that species with the ca pability of continued growth after the onset of reproduction are candidates for non-senescence. The results of my vitality-based model suggest that the costs of growth and maintenance and, to an almost equal extent, the costs of reproduction are major determinants of the choice between senescence and sustenance. My dissertation can be viewed as a theoretical exploration of the inter-species diversity of aging, i.e., of how varied aging can be for different species and of what factors determine whether a species' strategy involves sustenance or senescence. My models suggest that a remarkable variety of patterns may be optimal under different circumstances. The limited empirical data available suggests that species may show a rich diversity of age-schedules of mortality, fertility and growth. This dissertation shows that senescence and sustenance are two complemen tary sides of the process of aging. One cannot be deeply understood without the other. The new, burning question that arises from my work is: In what kind of species does senescence evolve and in what kind of species is it sustenance that evolves?
26
Gonzalez, Martin. "Contributions to the theory of KZB associators". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS303.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Dans cette thèse, en suivant les travaux initiés par V. Drinfeld, poursuivis par B. Enriquez, puis par ce dernier, D. Calaque et P. Etingof, nous étudions la connexion KZB elliptique cyclotomique (ellipsitomique en plus court) universelle, associée à l’espace de modules des courbes elliptiques avec n points marqués et une structure de (M,N)-niveau. La platitude de cette connexion nous permet d’étudier des relations de monodromie, ouvrant la voie à une théorie générale des associateurs ellipsitomiques et des groupes de Grothendieck-Teichmüller qui lui correspondent, que l’on dégage via l’utilisation du formalisme des opérades (et certaines de leurs variantes) en nous basant sur les travaux de B. Fresse à ce sujet. D’une part, ce formalisme nous permet par ailleurs d’étudier la structure des associateurs en genre supérieur. D’autre part, l’associateur KZB ellipsitomique nous permet de dégager une théorie des valeurs multizêta elliptiques en des points de torsion, dont on démarque quelques unes de leurs premières propriétés du type associateurs. On commencera par mettre en place la machinerie opéradique nécessaire pour définir les associateurs ellipsitomiques en partant tour à tour de la situation déjà connue en genre 0, puis de celle en genre 1 et ensuite de leurs variantes cyclotomiques. Enfin, grâce à ce formalisme, nous dégagerons une définition des associateurs en tout genre. Ensuite, nous entrerons dans le détail de la construction de la connexion KZB ellipsitomique universelle, en premier temps sur l’espace de configurations (M,N)-décorées d’une courbe elliptique puis sur les espaces de modules des courbes à niveau, nous la lieront à sa version réalisée via l’utilisation des algèbres de Hecke doublement affines et des r-matrices classiques dynamiques. Pour finir nous présenterons les applications de cette construction, à savoir : formalité de certains sous-groupes de tresses sur le tore, l’associateur KZB ellipsitomique, valeurs multizêta elliptiques en des points de torsion ainsi qu’une application en représentations d’algèbres de Cherednik cyclotomiquesIn this thesis, following the work initiated by V. Drinfeld and pursued by B. Enriquez, then by the latter together with D. Calaque and P. Etingof, we study the universal twisted elliptic (ellipsitomic in short) KZB connection, associated to the moduli space of elliptic curves with n marked points and a (M,N)-level structure. The flatness of this connection allows us to study monodromy relations satisfied by this connection, opening the way to a general theory of ellipsitomic associators and Grothendieck-Teichmüller groups corresponding to them, which is released via the use of the formalism of operads (and some of their variants) basing ourselves on the work of B. Fresse. On the one hand, this formalism allows us to study the structure of associators in higher genus. On the other hand, the ellipsitomic KZB associator allows us to derive a theory of elliptic multiple zeta values at torsion points, from which some of their first associator-like properties are distinguished. We will begin by setting up the operadic machinery necessary to define the ellipsitomic associators starting successively with the genus 0 situation, which is well-known, then the genus 1 situation and their cyclotomic variants. Then, in light of this formalism, we will release a definition of genus gassociators. Next, we will go into the details of the construction of the universal ellipsitomic KZB connection, first over the (M,N)-twisted configuration space of an elliptic curve and then over the moduli space of elliptic curves with a level structure. We will associate this connection to its realized version by means of the use of double affine Hecke algebras and of classical dynamical r-matrices. Finally we will present the applications of this construction, namely : the formality of certain subgroups of the braid group on the torus, the ellipsitomic KZB associator, elliptic multiple zeta values at points of torsion as well as an application in representations of cyclotomic Cherednik algebras
27
Wong, Tityik 1962. "Contributions to the theory of stochastic orders". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290627.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This dissertation adds some new results to the theory of stochastic orders. Chapter 1 contains definitions and known results that are related to our study. In Chapter 2, we introduce two new stochastic orders based on ratios of Laplace transforms, and study various properties of the new orders. Among the many properties we discover, the most interesting ones are the relations between the new orders and some existing stochastic orders. In Chapter 3, we obtain various stochastic comparison results of random extrema, that is, the maxima and minima of samples with random sizes. Some results in Chapter 2 find their applications here. In Chapter 4, we study the preservation of various stochastic orders (including the new orders introduced in Chapter 2) under random mapping by point processes. Chapter 5 contains results concerning the preservation of multivariate stochastic orders under shock models. In Chapter 6 we study the preservation of multivariate stochastic orders under random mapping by point processes. Examples and applications of main theorems are presented throughout the dissertation.
28
Fang, Jie. "Contributions to the theory of Ockham algebras". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13720.
Pełny tekst źródła
29
Reeve, Fiona Jane Helen. "Contributions to the theory of factorized groups". Thesis, University of Warwick, 1992. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/110622/.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
In chapter 1 we begin by describing certain group theoretical concepts which appear during the course of this thesis. We also supply a brief survey of results concerning factorized groups, relating them to our investigations. In chapter 2, section 2.2, we consider groups which possess a triple factorization. We show that if a Cernikov group is factorized by three nilpotent subgroups it is itself nilpotent. It is then possible to generalize this result to a wider class of infinite groups, denoted by Ǽ In section 2.3 we continue this theme by examining groups which have a triple factorization by three abelian subgroups. If such a group has finite abelian total rank then it must be nilpotent. In section 2.4 we investigate the circumstances under which a subgroup inherits the factorization of the group. We show that if a Cernikov group is factorized by two abelian subgroups, then its Fitting subgroup factorizes. Once again this result holds for the class Ǽ, furthermore we are able to show that the Hirsch-Plotkiu radical also factorizes. Chapter 3 examines this question in relation to the formation subgroups of a group. Let § denote a formation of finite soluble groups as defined in section 3.1. We begin by reviewing the existence and behaviour of the L§ -covering subgroups and L§ -normalizers of a periodic (LŊ)Ø-group. Then, by taking § to be the formation of finite nilpotent groups, we prove that, if such a group is factorized by two nilpotent subgroups, then there is an L§ -covering subgroup which also factorizes. By specializing to Cernikov groups we are able to show that the above holds for an arbitrary saturated formation §. In the final chapter of this thesis we consider the situation where the product of two abelian subgroups of a group G is not itself a group. We then examine a subgroup M of G which lies in the product set. By imposing extra conditions we are able to produce some bounds on the exponent of M in terms of those of the factors. Lastly we show that if the torsion-free nilpotent group G is generated by two infinite cyclic subgroups then a subgroup which lies in their product is abelian.
30
Charoensiriwath, Chayakrit. "Competition in supply chain with service contributions". Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004, 2004. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-04062004-153214/unrestricted/charoensiriwath%5Fchayakrit%5F200405%5Fphd.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004.Prof. Chen Zhou, Committee Member ; Prof. patrick S. McCarthy, Committee Member ; Prof. Gunter P. Sharp, Committee Member ; Prof. Paul M. Griffin, Committee Member ; Prof. Jye-Chyi Lu, Committee Chair. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
31
Love, Brandon Joel. "Kant's Baconian method as a transformation of Aristotelian transcendental philosophy: a propaedeutic". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2018. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/521.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This dissertation deals with the transcendental philosophy of Immanuel Kant. I provide the background of transcendental philosophy before Kant, beginning from Aristotle. Kant transformed Aristotelian transcendental philosophy by using the method of the sciences in the Modern period. This method was initiated by Francis Bacon, in his method of induction. Isaac Newton transformed the method so that it could deal with verification and falsification. This Newtonian method was taken up into chemistry, serving as a guide for the analysis and synthesis of elements. Kant used this method in his transcendental philosophy, with a view to putting metaphysics onto the path of a science. Kant was first awakened to transcendental idealism in 1769, though he did not put forth a full transcendental philosophy until 1781. In his mature transcendental philosophy, he not only uses the scientific method, but he also illustrates the categories using biological imagery. After looking at the broad contours of Kant's transcendental philosophy, I deal with the first criticism of his transcendental philosophy. In replying to his critic, Kant made explicit his scientific method, while drawing from the thought of David Hume and Thomas Reid. With Kant's explanations of his transcendental philosophy in hand, I turn to an element of his non-transcendental philosophy, namely moral philosophy, in order to provide a contrast that serves to illuminate the precise nature of his transcendental philosophy.
32
Moher, Michael L. "Contributions to the theory of product-limit estimators". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5929.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The product-limit estimator is shown to be a strongly uniformly consistent estimator of the distribution function of a renewal process which started long before the commencement of observation. This product-limit estimator is based on the censored data obtained from independent realizations of such a process in one of two scenarios: one observation per renewal process, and multiple observations per renewal process. In the former scenario a lower bound on the rate of convergence is obtained.
33
Lachapelle, Dominic. "Stakeholder theory contributions to the corporate responsibility debate". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26684.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Different approaches to corporate responsibility can be identified throughout the business ethics and corporate responsibility literature. Stakeholder theory, one of these approaches, has emerged in recent years as the most prominent. This approach calls for a shift from the supremacy of economic interests of stockholders and attempts to derive alternatives for corporate governance that include and balance the interests of all those affected by corporate conduct. This thesis consists of a review of relevant literature to identify three major contributions stakeholder theory brings to the CR debate: (1) it implicitly introduces the organic model into the CR debate and thereby forces a fundamental change in the way corporations are conceived within ethics frameworks; (2) in recognition of the expanding ethical sphere of corporations, it extends corporate responsibility beyond economic performance, the owners of the corporation, expertise, and the law and government regulations; and (3) it provides a foundation for identifying what responsibilities corporations do have.
34
Spinks, Matthew (Matthew James) 1970. "Contributions to the theory of pre-BCK-algebras". Monash University, Gippsland School of Computing and Information Technology, 2002. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/7947.
Pełny tekst źródła
35
O'Neill, Philip Denis. "Contributions to the theory of stochastic epidemic models". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357103.
Pełny tekst źródła
36
Pacheco, Rodríguez Miguel Ángel. "Social Rights Enforcement: Some Contributions from Legal Theory". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115475.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This paper explores some of the main contributions developed bylegal theory in favour of social rights enforcement. The first part is devotedto the concept of subjective right and particularly to the conceptions due toRobert Alexy and Luigi Ferrajoli. The second part includes the analysis ofthe relationship between social rights and the principle of equality. Specialattention will be given to Luis Prieto’s theory. Finally, both post-positivisticand neo-constitutionalistic theories of Law will be evaluated in terms of theirdegree of recognition and defence of social rights.En este trabajo se exponen algunas de las principales contribuciones de la teoría del Derecho a la exigibilidad de los derechos sociales. La primera parte está dedicada al concepto de derecho subjetivo y especialmente a las propuestas de Robert Alexy y Luigi Ferrajoli. En la segunda parte, se analiza la relación de los derechos sociales con el principio de igualdad y, más concretamente, la propuesta de Luis Prieto. Finalmente, se exploran las posibilidades que tanto la teoría pospositivista del Derecho como la neoconstitucionalista ofrecen para un mayor grado de reconocimiento y eficacia de los derechos sociales.
37
Lee, Doobum. "Contributions to rational homotopy theory of S¹-spaces /". The Ohio State University, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487676847117724.
Pełny tekst źródła
38
Hertweck, Martin. "Contributions to the integral representation theory of groups". [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB11103977.
Pełny tekst źródła
39
Lundquist, Anders. "Contributions to the theory of unequal probability sampling". Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics, Umeå University, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-22459.
Pełny tekst źródła
40
Nam, In-Sun. "Contributions to the theory and practice of Biostatistics". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2000. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/105691/1/T%28S%29%20737%20Contributions%20to%20the%20theory%20and%20practice%20of%20biostatistics.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Biostatistics is the application of statistical concepts and methods to medicine and the biological sciences. The objectives of this work are twofold:
1. To develop suitable multivariate meta analysis methods which will contribute to the theory of biostatistics and to apply them to a new dataset on passive smoking and health outcomes (asthma and lower respiratory disease) in children, a topic of current interest (NHMRC report).
2. To provide case studies and details of statistical advice given to clinicians at the Prince Charles Hospital with the aim to conduct statistically sound trials and analyses.
The first section of this work is devoted to the development of methodology for multivariate meta analysis; First I define meta analysis and discuss the initial motivation
for the work. I then explain how the example dataset was constructed. Moreover, the conventional meta analysis methods are described and applied to the example data. Finally I introduce two Bayesian multivariate meta analysis
models and these are also applied to the example dataset and the results are compared to the previous ones. The distinctive benefit of the multivariate analysis is
that it is possible to evaluate the overall effect of passive smoking to childhood
respiratory health as well as its effects on single events.
The author's experience as a statistical consultant in a number of areas at the
Prince Charles Hospital is explained in the second section. It also summarises
common areas of concern arising from this experience and gives advice on general
approaches to statistical analyses.
41
Char, Shobha Gopinath. "Contributions to the study of continuous functors /". The Ohio State University, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487262825076951.
Pełny tekst źródła
42
Högberg, Johanna. "Contributions to the theory and applications of tree languages". Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1152.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This thesis is concerned with theoretical as well as practical aspects of tree languages. It consists of an introduction and eight papers, organised into three parts. The first part is devoted to algorithmic learning of regular tree languages, the second part to bisimulation minimisation of tree automata, and the third part to tree-based generation of music. We now summarise the contributions made in each part. In Part I, an inference algorithm for regular tree languages is presented. The algorithm is a generalisation of a previous algorithm by Angluin, and the learning task is to derive, with the aid of a so-called MAT-oracle, the minimal (partial and deterministic) finite tree automaton M that recognises the target language U over some ranked alphabet Σ. The algorithm executes in time O(|Q| |δ| (m + |Q|)), where Q and δ are the set of states and the transition table of M , respectively, r is the maximal rank of any symbol in Σ, and m is the maximum size of any answer given by the oracle. This improves on a similar algorithm by Sakakibara as dead states are avoided both in the learning phase and in the resulting automaton. Part I also describes a concrete implementation which includes two extensions of the basic algorithm. In Part II, bisimulation minimisation of nondeterministic weighted tree automata (henceforth, wta) is introduced in general, and for finite tree automata (which can be seen as wta over the Boolean semiring) in particular. The concepts of backward and forward bisimulation are extended to wta, and efficient minimisation algorithms are developed for both types of bisimulation. In the special case where the underlying semiring of the input automaton is either cancellative or Boolean, these minimisation algorithms can be further optimised by adapting existing partition refinement algorithms by Hopcroft, Paige, and Tarjan. The implemented minimisation algorithms are demonstrated on a typical task in natural language processing. In Part III, we consider how tree-based generation can be applied to algorithmic composition. An algebra is presented whose operations act on musical pieces, and a system capable of generating simple musical pieces is implemented in the software Treebag: starting from input which is either generated by a regular tree grammar or provided by the user via a digital keyboard, a number of top-down tree transducers are applied to generate a tree over the operations provided by the music algebra. The evaluation of this tree yields the musical piece generated.
43
Christensen, Sören [Verfasser]. "Contributions to the theory of optimal stopping / Sören Christensen". Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1020001488/34.
Pełny tekst źródła
44
Sriananthakumar, Sivagowry 1968. "Contributions to the theory and practice of hypothesis testing". Monash University, Dept. of Econometrics and Business Statistics, 2000. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8836.
Pełny tekst źródła
45
Zhang, Shunpu. "Some contributions to empirical Bayes theory and functional estimation". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq23100.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródła
46
Hu, Zuosheng. "Contributions to the theory of almost periodic differential equations". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ60955.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródła
47
Högberg, Johanna. "Contributions to the theory and applications of tree languages /". Umeå : Department of Computing Science, Umeå University, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1152.
Pełny tekst źródła
48
Baumann, Ringo. "Metalogical Contributions to the Nonmonotonic Theory of Abstract Argumentation". Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-132973.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The study of nonmonotonic logics is one mayor field of Artificial Intelligence (AI). The reason why such kind of formalisms are so attractive to model human reasoning is that they allow to withdraw former conclusion. At the end of the 1980s the novel idea of using argumentation to model nonmonotonic reasoning emerged in AI. Nowadays argumentation theory is a vibrant research area in AI, covering aspects of knowledge representation, multi-agent systems, and also philosophical questions.
Phan Minh Dung’s abstract argumentation frameworks (AFs) play a dominant role in the field of argumentation. In AFs arguments
and attacks between them are treated as primitives, i.e. the
internal structure of arguments is not considered. The major focus is
on resolving conflicts. To this end a variety of semantics have been defined, each of them specifying acceptable sets of arguments, so-called extensions, in a particular way. Although, Dung-style AFs are among the simplest argumentation systems one can think of, this approach is still powerful. It can be seen as a general theory capturing several nonmonotonic formalisms as well as a tool for solving well-known problems as the stable-marriage problem.
This thesis is mainly concerned with the investigation of metalogical
properties of Dung’s abstract theory. In particular, we provide cardinality, monotonicity and splitting results as well as characterization theorems for equivalence notions. The established results have theoretical and practical gains. On the one hand, they yield deeper theoretical insights into how this nonmonotonic theory works, and on the other the obtained results can be used to refine existing algorithms or even give rise to new computational procedures. A further main part is the study of problems regarding dynamic aspects of abstract argumentation. Most noteworthy we solve the so-called enforcing and the more general minimal change problem for a huge number of semantics.
49
Jang, Chang Young. "Contributions to the theory and applications of Hermite methods". Thesis, Southern Methodist University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3725268.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
An analysis of dispersion and dissipation properties of Hermite methods applied to linear hyperbolic equations in one and two dimensional space is discussed. We employed two approaches for this analysis. First, we derive a modified equation to approximate the leading order dissipation errors in the Hermite scheme. Second, we numerically compute the dispersion relation of discrete Fourier modes of the scheme by a modal analysis. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the resolution requirements of Hermite methods. We also discuss an implementation of Hermite methods on overlapping grids. Here we investigate the accuracy of the solution to linear acoustics in a two-dimensional disk. Numerical results show that Hermite methods accurately propagate waves without a need of artificial dissipation on overlapping regions. In support of large-scale computations of compressible flows, we study the stability of Hermite methods for hyperbolic-parabolic equations and also experiment with various methods for treating product of nonlinearities.
50
Junicke, M. "Theoretical and empirical contributions to monetary policy analysis". Thesis, City University London, 2013. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/12242/.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This thesis collects three different contributions to monetary macroeconomics, covering both theoretical and empirical aspects. First chapter builds on the DSGE models of New Keynesian tradition, and studies monetary policy around a non efficient steady state. Using a two-stage approach developed by Levine, McAdam, and Pearlman (2007), I show that in the presence of backward looking firms, the central planner improves social welfare when it allows for a steady state rate of inflation marginally above zero. In the second chapter, I estimate a simple two-country DSGE model to study the behaviour of the Eastern European central banks, obtaining some innovative important results. First, a simple monetary policy rule mimicking an optimal rule together with the assumption about the existence of non-zero steady state rate of inflation deliver a significantly better to the data. Furthermore, the empirical hypothesis that central banks systematically target CPI inflation rather than PPI inflation is rejected for all the investigated Eastern European countries (EEC). In the third chapter, I use a Bayesian VAR with economically interpretable structural restrictions and zero restrictions on lags, to analyse the transmission channels of external shocks to an extended set of EEC. I study to what extent monetary policy shocks originating from the US and from Germany can explain fluctuations on Eastern European markets. To carry out the Bayesian inference, I use a Gibbs sampling approach. I find that the US monetary policy influences the EEC macroeconomic variables at least as much as its German counterpart.