Książki: „Contrasts of observations”

1

Observations on decided cases concerning antenuptial contracts. Pretoria: Published by the Govt. Printer on behalf of the South African Law Commission, 1986.

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Groupes de contrats et ensembles contractuels: Quelques observations en droit positif. Bruxelles: Larcier, 2006.

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Berthier, Guillaume François. Observations sur Le contrat social de Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Reims: Editions "A L'écart", 1988.

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Ragland, Susan. Program Fraud Civil Remedies Act: Observations on implementation. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Accountability Office, 2012.

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Chaplain, Cristina T. Preliminary observations on DOD estimates of contract termination liability. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2013.

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Kirk, Ayers J., Weaver Steven P i Langley Research Center, red. Surface-based observations of contrail occurrence over the U.S., April 1993-April 1994. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1997.

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Kirk, Ayers J., Weaver Steven P i Langley Research Center, red. Surface-based observations of contrail occurrence over the U.S., April 1993-April 1994. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1997.

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Kirk, Ayers J., Weaver Steven P i Langley Research Center, red. Surface-based observations of contrail occurrence over the U.S., April 1993-April 1994. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1997.

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Kirk, Ayers J., Weaver Steven P i Langley Research Center, red. Surface-based observations of contrail occurrence over the U.S., April 1993-April 1994. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1997.

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E, Oseberg Terje, Nielsen Norman B i United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., red. NASA DC-8 airborne scanning lidar cloud and contrail observations. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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E, Oseberg Terje, Nielsen Norman B i United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., red. NASA DC-8 airborne scanning lidar cloud and contrail observations. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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E, Oseberg Terje, Nielsen Norman B i United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., red. NASA DC-8 airborne scanning lidar cloud and contrail observations. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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E, Oseberg Terje, Nielsen Norman B i United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., red. NASA DC-8 airborne scanning lidar cloud and contrail observations. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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14

United States. General Accounting Office., red. Federally funded R&D centers: Observations on DOD actions to improve management : statement for the record by David E. Cooper, Associate Director, Defense Acquisitions Issues, National Security and International Affairs Division, before the Subcommittee on Military Research and Development, Committee on National Security, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1996.

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Office, General Accounting. Environmental cleanup: Observations on consistency of reimbursements to DOD contractors : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: GAO, 1992.

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16

Li, Allen. Air traffic control: Observations on proposed corporation : statement of Allen Li, Associate Director, Transportation Issues, Resources, Community, and Economic Development Division, before the Subcommittee on Transportation and Related Agencies, Committee on Appropriations, U.S. Senate. [Washington, D.C.]: The Office, 1994.

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Office, General Accounting. International trade: Observations on the U.S.-Japan semiconductor arrangement : briefing report to the Honorable Lloyd M. Bentsen, U. S. Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1987.

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18

Kladiva, Susan D. Federal research: Observations on the Small Business Innovation Research program : statement of Susan D. Kladiva, Associate Director, Energy, Resources, and Science Issues, Resources, Community, and Economic Development Division, before the Committee on Small Business, United States Senate. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 1998.

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Kladiva, Susan D. Federal research: Observations on the Small Business Technology Transfer Program : statement by Susan Kladiva, Acting Associate Director, Energy, Resources, and Science Issues, Resources, Community, and Economic Development Division, before the Subcommittee on Technology, Committee on Science, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 1997.

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Kladiva, Susan D. Federal research: Observations on the Small Business Innovation Research program : statement of Susan D. Kladiva, Associate Director, Energy, Resources, and Science Issues, Resources, Community, and Economic Develoment Division, before the Subcommittee on Government Programs and Oversight, Committee on Small Business, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1998.

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U. S. General Accounting Office Staff. Observations Concerning Profit Rates on Selected Navy Contracts. Independently Published, 2019.

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22

Giancarlo, Matthew. Philology, Theory, and Critical Thinking Through the History of the English Language. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190611040.003.0006.

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This chapter summarizes recent scholarship on the history of philology and literary theory, and on calls for a “return to philology.” It explains the potential usefulness of theoretical questions for teaching the History of the English Language (HEL). It summarizes a set of relevant theoretical issues for organizing a HEL curriculum along a series of contrasts and self-critical questions: synchrony vs. diachrony; content vs. structure; levels of change; conscious vs. unconscious variation; stability vs. instability; standard vs. nonstandard; language difference and identity. The chapter then presents a series of sample inquiries and resources for foregrounding these issues in teaching practice. It concludes with a summary set of practical observations about teaching outcomes for promoting greater discourse awareness through HEL, and the potential scope for further theoretical elaboration in HEL teaching.

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23

Schneider, Antoine G., Neil J. Glassford i Rinaldo Bellomo. Choice of Renal Replacement Therapy and Renal Recovery. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0038.

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Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major complication of critical illness, associated with increased mortality and morbidity. Among survivors of AKI, a subset will develop the need for chronic dialysis. Chronic dialysis imposes a major physical, emotional, economic, and social burden on ICU survivors and their caregivers. Evidence suggests that the type of renal replacement therapy used in the acute setting may affect renal recovery differently. For example, intermittent haemodialysis (IHD) increases the risk of hypotension and acute volume and solute fluctuations, and such physiological events have been associated with fresh renal injury. In contrast, continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) does not carry such risks. Consistent with such physiological and experimental observations and differences, several observational studies and some randomized controlled trials suggest that using IHD, instead of CRRT, as the preferred form of RRT increases the risk of patients entering a chronic dialysis programme. A recent meta-analysis confirmed these findings. Clinicians making decisions about the choice of RRT modality in ICU patients should carefully consider these observations.

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Visibility Over Land from Contrast Analysis of Multi-Spectral Satellite Observations. Storming Media, 2003.

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Eckardt, Regine, i Augustin Speyer. Information Structure and Language Change. Redaktorzy Caroline Féry i Shinichiro Ishihara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642670.013.23.

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This article explores the effect of language change on focusing and focus constructions based on observations and case studies. It begins by analysing bleached focus and contrasts it with independent focus. It also makes a distinction between universal focus effects and language-specific focus operators to show how language change can affect the specific parts of the grammar of focus. The discussion then turns to the emergence of focus sensitive particles, with particular reference to the semantic units that precede focus as part of semantic composition. The Jespersen Cycle is considered as a classic example of independent focus that gets bleached and finally lost. The article concludes by looking at information structure and syntactic change in the rise and loss of V2 in Germanic languages. It demonstrates how bleached focus can bridge the gap between the formal focus and informal notions of information structure.

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26

The battle of the forms: Comparative and economic observations. 2001.

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27

Robinson, Peter. Shakespeare’s Loose Ends and the Contemporary Poet. Redaktor Jonathan Post. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199607747.013.0026.

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‘Shakespeare’s Loose Ends and the Contemporary Poet’ contains detailed readings of individual poems with a Shakespearean theme by John Ashbery (‘Friar Laurence’s Cell’), Elizabeth Bishop (‘Twelfth Morning; or What You Will’), Roy Fisher (‘Barnardine’s Reply’), alongside passages from Geoffrey Hill’s ‘Funeral Music’ and The Triumph of Love, as well as observations about a number of other Shakespeare-inspired poems. It deploys them to sustain and illustrate an argument that contrasts with the noted attempts by earlier modernist poets such as Yeats, Eliot, Auden, and Ted Hughes to incorporate theories of Shakespeare’s organic creative unity into their oeuvres. Rather, this chapter proposes that it is the heterogeneity, the loose ends and frayed edges of the Shakespearean corpus that have inspired contemporary poets, prompting them to come at their own materials by means of the oblique angles provided by minor characters, such as Barnardine in Measure for Measure or the poet Cinna in Julius Ceasar, and less highly regarded plays, such as the early Henry VI cycle, finding thematic suggestions in implications that remain to be spelt-out in Shakespearean scenes, dialogues, and plot trajectories.

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28

Mruczek, Ryan E. B., Christopher D. Blair, Lars Strother i Gideon P. Caplovitz. Size Contrast and Assimilation in the Delboeuf and Ebbinghaus Illusions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0028.

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The Ebbinghaus and Delboeuf illusions are two well-established size illusions, both of which demonstrate that the perceived size of an object depends on the physical size of the object relative to surrounding objects. This chapter reviews some of the primary observations and interpretations of these two classic illusions and some of the current theories regarding size contrast (objects appearing more different than they really are) and size assimilation (objects appearing more similar than they really are). Despite over a century of progress in visual psychology and neuroscience, many of the challenges in explaining assimilation and contrast effects on size perception remain highly relevant. Although unlikely to be due to the muscular effort of the eyes as posited by Delboeuf almost 150 years ago, the precise mechanisms that underlie size contrast and size assimilation remain unknown to this day. New discoveries about these and related effects are still being uncovered.

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29

Textor, Mark. Brentano on Awareness and Observation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199685479.003.0008.

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When we are aware of our perceiving, we cannot attend to (observe) our perceiving, only the object which we (seem to) perceive. The perceiving is therefore the secondary, the object perceived the primary object. The chapter develops and evaluates Brentano’s grounds for the distinction between the primary and the secondary object. This project is of independent philosophical interest because Brentano’s view promises to shed light on the distinctive character of awareness. Awareness cannot become observation, because mere awareness of a mental phenomenon cannot contrast it with others. I argue further that Brentano’s account of noticing and observation has room for an ‘anatomy of the soul’ that proceeds by noticing the elements of our mental life.

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30

Bernard, Schultz Alfred, Lyon Richard G i Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers., red. High-contrast imaging for exo-planet detection: 23-24 August 2002, Waikoloa, Hawaii, USA. Bellingham, Wash: SPIE, 2003.

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31

Surface-based observations of contrail occurrence over the U.S., April 1993-April 1994. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1997.

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32

Ethnicity and friendship: The contrast between sociometric research and fieldwork observation in primary school classrooms. [s.l.]: [s.n.], 1988.

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Murray, T. Jock. The History of Multiple Sclerosis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199341016.003.0001.

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This chapter provides an introduction to the history of MS. It explores the observations of multiple sclerosis that were made even before the disease was more formally framed and named by Charcot in 1868. It reviews how description of the disease advanced through the 20th century, and how classification of clinical disease types, development of various tests, and the advent of magnetic resonance imaging improved diagnosis. Early attempts at therapy are discussed and contrasted with the modern disease modifying agents that were introduced in 1993.

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34

Annabelle, Möckesch. 1 Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198795865.003.0001.

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This chapter provides an introduction to the concept of attorney–client privilege. It briefly illustrates that the nature and scope of the privilege vary between jurisdictions. It then discusses the role of attorney–client privilege in international arbitration and the difficulties that arise when determining the applicable attorney–client privilege standard in international arbitration. To enhance further discussion, the chapter also defines several key terms to be used throughout this book. These terms include ‘privilege’, ‘attorney–client privilege’, and ‘work-product protection’. Moreover, privilege is contrasted with the duty of confidentiality in international commercial arbitration and attorney–client privilege is contrasted with the lawyer’s duty of confidentiality. Lastly, the chapter makes a few practical observations on the document production process, in which attorney–client privilege is often invoked.

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Prussia and the Poor: Or, Observations upon the Systematized Relief of the Poor at Elberfeld, in Contrast with That of England. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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Hibbs, Richard. Prussia and the Poor: Or, Observations Upon the Systematized Relief of the Poor at Elberfeld, in Contrast with That of England. Franklin Classics Trade Press, 2018.

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Gilad-Gutnick, Sharon, Rohan Varma i Pawan Sinha. The Bogart Effect. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0089.

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While a geometry-based eye-gaze estimation strategy has been the basis of many theories regarding the direction of one’s gaze, such a strategy relies on relatively detailed curvature information and therefore functions suboptimally under low-resolution viewing conditions. Partly in response to this concern, the past decade has seen the rise of luminance-based theories of eye-gaze estimation. The idea of luminance-based estimation of gaze direction arose from the observation that contrast negation affects eye-gaze perception, and an early demonstration and possible explanation for this phenomenon was offered by Sinha and named the “Bogart effect.” The Bogart Effect is an illusion of perceived gaze reversal in contrast negated images. It provides clues regarding the heuristics the visual system uses to robustly estimate gaze in real-world settings. This chapter discusses this illusion and related concepts.

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38

Andreas, Maurer. Part IV The Role of Arbitrators in the Development of Shipping Law, 14 Transnational Shipping Law: The Role of Private Legal Actors in International Shipping. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198757948.003.0014.

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This chapter develops a threefold argument. First, using empirical data it shows the maritime industry’s move away from litigation and towards arbitration. Second, it argues that private actors play a major role in the development of substantial rules of international shipping by the means of standard contracts. Since these contracts do not only result from a unilateral imposition of the terms by one party on the other but from participative procedures that involve many stakeholders, these rules are not only general terms and conditions, they can claim normativity for themselves and thus are a first step in the emergence of a transnational maritime law. Finally, the chapter argues that arbitrators should view themselves as participants in the development of an emerging transnational maritime law. Preconditions for this development are the publication of arbitral awards and mutual observation of arbitrators, allowing a factually binding persuasive precedent to emerge.

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Rusten, Jeffrey. The Tree, the Funnel, and the Diptych. Redaktorzy Sara Forsdyke, Edith Foster i Ryan Balot. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199340385.013.29.

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This chapter introduces three common types of long sentence in Thucydides: the “tree,” in which the main action is presented as an initial fact to be explicated and complicated, the “funnel,” in which the main action is final culmination of a complex of motives or observations, and the “diptych,” in which the main action is a hinge that opens to the reader two tableaux, a “before” and “after,” and displays how they contrast with or mirror each other (the diptych). The chapter explicates the syntactical complexities of Thucydides’ long sentences schematically in order to demonstrate the relations between the numerous clauses; overall, it shows how these sentences serve to reveal Thucydides’ analysis.

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40

Chan, Ho Fai, Mohammad Wangsit Supriyadi i Benno Torgler. Trust and Tax Morale. Redaktor Eric M. Uslaner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274801.013.23.

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This empirical chapter examines the relation between trust and tax morale at both country and individual levels using a combined World Values Survey and European Values Study dataset covering 400,000 observations across 108 countries. The results overall indicate that although vertical trust matters, horizontal trust in the form of generalized trust is not linked to tax morale. We do, however, identify intercountry differences that warrant further exploration. We also demonstrate that generalized trust uncertainty, in contrast to vertical trust uncertainty, is negatively correlated with tax morale. Lastly, we provide some evidence that generalized trust varies under different vertical and governance conditions, but we are unable to identify any indirect path from generalized trust to tax morale using governance quality as a mediator.

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41

The United States and British provinces contrasted from personal observation: A lecture delivered before the Halifax Young Men's Christian Association. [Halifax, N.S.?: s.n.], 1993.

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42

Tushnet, Mark. Enforcement of National Law against Subnational Units in the US. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198746560.003.0019.

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This chapter is primarily an exposition of the applicable constitutional doctrine on the enforcement of national law against subnational units in the US. It also offers some general observations about the underlying theory of federalism that generates US constitutional doctrine. In the US the question of the enforceability of national law against state governments is a matter of some theoretical interest but relatively little practical importance. The reasons for that situation are a combination of institutional and historical conditions, which the chapter refers to in more detail. For those outside the US, however, the primary message here is that the constitutional doctrine dealing with this sort of enforcement is quite limited in scope and importance, in contrast to its importance in systems whose constitutions create a less centralized version of constitutional federalism.

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43

Franz, Carleen, Lee Ascherman i Julia Shaftel. The Psychoeducational Evaluation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780195383997.003.0008.

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This chapter describes the content and procedures of a comprehensive psychoeducational evaluation. Components include the referral question, review of records, history, observation, and assessment. Rating scales, standardized tests, and interviews make up the assessment portion of the evaluation process. The entire process must use multiple measures and assess multiple viewpoints and settings. Cognitive, academic, behavioral, social skills, and executive functions may be included in the assessment. A thorough integration of the findings from multiple sources must be accomplished to reach meaningful diagnostic conclusions and determine relevant recommendations. IDEA requirements for school-based evaluation processes are explained and contrasted with independent evaluation methods.

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44

Rhodes, Neil. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198704102.003.0008.

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The conclusion uses the contrast between the English verse anthology Belvedere, published by John Bodenham in 1600, and Erasmus’ proverb collection of 1499 to suggest how literary culture in England evolves in the course of the sixteenth century: the role of literary arbiter is transferred from an international scholar of formidable learning to an upwardly mobile grocer with a taste for poetry, and the resources of literature have been transferred from Latin, the common language of Europe, to common English. This concluding chapter reprises the themes and argument of the book and ends with the observation that by 1600 the commonalty was not just the labouring class, but also constituted a readership and an audience.

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45

Cohen, Margaret. Seeing Through Water. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795155.003.0011.

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In recent decades, interdisciplinary scholars have become interested in the role of the world’s oceans in shaping society and culture. While they have primarily considered travel across the ocean’s surface, the submarine environment is part of this history too. The imagination of the undersea world was particularly rich and varied from the middle of the nineteenth century, when it became a frontier of science and technology. We might think, for example, of the crystalline enchantment of illustrations for Jules Verne’s 20,000 Leagues under the Sea. This chapter contrasts such speculative imaginings with the work of an artist who, thanks to the latest developments in diving suits, was able to work en pleine mer. Walter Howlison ‘Zarh’ Pritchard (1866–1956) was the first painter to don a diving suit and take oil crayons and paints beneath the surface of the seas. What emerges is a submarine aesthetic based on careful observation.

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46

Yona, Sergio. Deficient Wealth, Excessive Frankness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786559.003.0006.

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The final chapter involves Horace’s description of the contrast between Epicurean moderation and Stoic excess through a series of portraits. The first is that of a rustic farmer, whose advice on meager fare and contentment even in the face of a financial crisis is the perfect embodiment of Epicurean teachings on the loss of wealth and the acceptance of poverty, as explained by Epicurus and Philodemus. The farmer’s sermon on how to deal with the vicissitudes of life with equanimity is followed by a humorous, long-winded, and ultimately ineffectual criticism from a lightweight Stoic, whose advice nevertheless connects in various ways with Epicurean ethics. The final consideration is a similar attack by yet another lightweight Stoic, who, as in the previous satire, employs frankness ineffectually. In the end both portrayals serve to legitimize Horace’s more gentle and compassionate approach to criticism, which owes much to Philodemus’ observations in On Frankness.

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47

Miller, Peggy J., i Grace E. Cho. Praise and Affirmation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199959723.003.0005.

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Chapter 5, “Praise and Affirmation,” is the first of three chapters that examine families’ everyday practices, based on ethnographic observations of six Centerville families over the course of a year. This chapter describes parents’ use of praise and affirmation in and around the home. Consistent with their expressed belief that praise boosts children’s self-esteem, parents dispensed praise for a wide array of accomplishments, however small, in dramatic contrast to the ethnographic cases discussed at the beginning of the chapter. Praise ranged from the automatic to the strategic and inventive. By age three, children were adept at praising themselves and soliciting praise from adults. The chapter presents vignettes of observed episodes that illustrate the complex ways in which praise was garnered, enacted, and sustained by parents and children. This chapter also describes praise and affirmation dispensed by others outside the home, including teachers and coaches who regularly interacted with the children.

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Douglas, Gordon C. C. Constructive Deviance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190691332.003.0002.

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This chapter defines do-it-yourself urban design in detail. It does so first in contrast to existing social science perspectives (in sociology, criminology, art criticism, psychology, and critical theory) on unauthorized urban space interventions more generally: place-based direct actions that challenge normative uses of particular urban spaces. It argues that DIY urban design is distinct in its intentions and its form. The chapter describes the process of inquiry and discovery at the outset of the research and initial observations. Definitions for other key terms, including informality and formality, are also given. Additional findings about the actions themselves and the people who create them flesh out the definition while introducing some points of distinction among types of DIY urban design activities. Three main categories of DIY urban design are described: spontaneous streetscaping, renegade renewal, and aspirational urbanism. The discussion raises many of the questions that guide the remainder of the study.

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49

Netz, Reviel. The Greek Canon. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818489.003.0008.

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Following the quantitative evidence where it may be found (papyri, marble portraits, ancient citations, medieval copies), the chapter studies the form of the ancient canon. This can be understood in terms of the libraries in which it was preserved (some authors, such as Homer and probably also Menander and Euripides, were owned by every reader, even the most modest book collector, others, such as Plato, would be preserved mostly in bigger libraries), and in terms of its genre: above all, this was the canon of performative literature. The key observation is the early date of the formation of the canon, its enormous stability thereafter, and the contrast between a stable performative canon and a fluid set of non-performative technical authors, in constant competition throughout antiquity, until, finally, the canon of technical literature is formed in late antiquity.

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Clark, Kelsey L., Behrad Noudoost, Robert J. Schafer i Tirin Moore. Neuronal Mechanisms of Attentional Control. Redaktorzy Anna C. (Kia) Nobre i Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.010.

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Covert spatial attention prioritizes the processing of stimuli at a given peripheral location, away from the direction of gaze, and selectively enhances visual discrimination, speed of processing, contrast sensitivity, and spatial resolution at the attended location. While correlates of this type of attention, which are believed to underlie perceptual benefits, have been found in a variety of visual cortical areas, more recent observations suggest that these effects may originate from frontal and parietal areas. Evidence for a causal role in attention is especially robust for the Frontal Eye Field, an oculomotor area within the prefrontal cortex. FEF firing rates have been shown to reflect the location of voluntarily deployed covert attention in a variety of tasks, and these changes in firing rate precede those observed in extrastriate cortex. In addition, manipulation of FEF activity—whether via electrical microstimulation, pharmacologically, or operant conditioning—can produce attention-like effects on behaviour and can modulate neural signals within posterior visual areas. We review this evidence and discuss the role of the FEF in visual spatial attention.

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