Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Contracts

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Contracts”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 25 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Contracts"

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Kim, Deborah B., Edward D. White, Jonathan D. Ritschel i Chad A. Millette. "Revisiting reliability of estimates at completion for department of defense contracts". Journal of Public Procurement 19, nr 3 (2.09.2019): 186–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jopp-02-2018-0006.

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Purpose Within earned value management, the cost performance index (CPI) and the critical ratio (CR) are used to generate the estimates at completion (EACs). According to the research in the 1990s, estimating the final contract’s cost at completion (CAC) using EACCR is a quicker predictor of the actual final cost versus using EACCPI. This paper aims to investigate whether this trend stills holds for modern department of defense contracts. Design/methodology/approach Accessing the Cost Assessment Data Enterprise (CADE) database, 451 contracts consisting of 863 contract line item numbers (CLINs) were initially retrieved and analyzed in three stages. The first replicated the work conducted in 1990s. The second stage entailed calculating 95 per cent confidence intervals and hypothesis tests regarding percentage accuracy of EACs for a contract’s final CAC. Lastly, regression analysis was conducted to characterize major, moderate and minor influencers on EAC reliability. Findings For modern contracts, EACCR aligns more with EACCPI and no longer demonstrates early accuracy of a contract’s final CAC. Contract percentage completion strongly reduced the per cent error of estimating CAC, while cost-plus-fixed-fee contracts and those with no work breakdown structure greater than Level 2 negatively affected accuracy. Social implications To militate against optimism of early assessment of a contract's true cost. Originality/value This paper provides empirical evidence that EACCR behaves more like EACCPI with respect to modern contracts, suggesting that today’s contracts have relatively high SPI. Therefore, caution is warranted for program managers when estimating the CAC from contract initiation up to and slightly beyond the mid-point of completion.
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Onufreiciuc, Raluca, i Lorena-Elena Stănescu. "Regulation of the Smart Contract in (Romanian) Civil Law". European Journal of Law and Public Administration 8, nr 2 (20.12.2021): 95–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/eljpa/8.2/164.

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The research aims to organize, examine, and analyze the provisions on smart contracts available in Romanian civil law. “Smart contracts” are not smart, and are not necessarily contracts, although they can be. As self-executing computer programs, smart contracts are operational on the blockchain and unlike traditional legal contracts, once the agreement has been concluded and the smart contract is set in motion, no party can intervene and it will be executed without interruption, modification, or breach. The crucial question in the final contract law topic is what happens when the smart contract's outcomes deviate from those required by law. To answer this issue, we must first understand that whether a smart contract becomes legally enforceable is determined by several circumstances, together with the unique use case, the type of smart contract employed, and the existing legislation. The paper addresses the subject of determining and regulating smart contracts under Romanian current laws. Particular emphasis is placed on two ambiguous definitions of smart contracts: as computer code and as a civil-law contract. The authors conclude that the concept of smart contracts requires more legal regulation, particularly in terms of managing their meaning and comprehension.
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Papp, Tekla. "Legal Dogmatic Questions about the Impact of the European Union’s Digital Legislation on Hungarian Contract Law". Juridical Tribune - Review of Comparative and International Law 14, nr 1 (25.03.2024): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.62768/tbj/2024/14/1/03.

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The complexity and flexibility of contract law, and its ability to meet various social, economic and technical-technological needs, are indicated by a number of theories (approaches) that offer a new approach to the processing of contracts. Among the predominant theories one might include the following: overview of contracts from a constitutional and human rights approach2; deriving from this the contracts related to private and family life (intimate contracts)3; by connecting the concepts of contract law and property rights, exploring the specific characteristics of existing contracts4; filling the term "digital contract type" with content5; classification of different kinds of interconnection of contracts (complex contracts).6 The author dedicates the study to the topic of whether Hungarian contract law can meet the challenges created by digitalization, which have not yet been identified in all its details, and what are the critical points that require consideration and action as soon as possible. After the summary of the digital legislation of the European Union the author identifies the effects of digitalization in relation to the Hungarian contract law and the special contracts resulting from digitalization. Finally, the author makes de lege lata and de lege ferenda conclusions in light of this topic.
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Murphy, Kevin J. "Determinants of Contract Duration in Collective Bargaining Agreements". ILR Review 45, nr 2 (styczeń 1992): 352–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399204500211.

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The author develops a model incorporating variables that previous studies have hypothesized as determinants of labor contract duration, then empirically tests the model using a data set containing bargaining pair—specific, industry-specific, and union-specific variables on 373 contracts signed over the period 1977–87. Three findings, all consistent with the model, are that the rate of wage change in a contract is positively related to the contract's duration; contracts containing cost-of-living adjustments (COLAs) tend to be considerably longer in duration than contracts without COLAs; and over the period studied, there was a substantial increase in average contract duration, even with controls for many economic factors.
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Janssen, André, i Mateja Djurovic. "The Formation of Blockchain-based Smart Contracts in the Light of Contract Law". European Review of Private Law 26, Issue 6 (1.12.2018): 753–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2018053.

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Abstract: This contribution examines the formation of (blockchain-based) smart contracts. The term smart contract is used to refer to software programmes which are often, but not necessarily, built on blockchain technology as a set of promises, specified in digital form, including protocols within which the parties perform on these promises. It is regularly said that smart contracts are neither legal contracts in the traditional sense nor they are smart and that the term is therefore a misnomer. The crucial question this article is trying to answer is whether the traditional common law concept of contract formation is seriously challenged by the rise of smart contracts. As such, are smart contracts marking the end of contract formation as we know it or is it just much ado about nothing? Résumé: Cette contribution examine la formation de contrats intelligents (basés sur la blockchain). Le terme de contrat intelligent est utilisé pour faire référence aux programmes de software qui sont souvent, mais pas nécessairement, conçus sur la technologie de la blockchain comme un ensemble de promesses, spécifiées sous forme digitale, comprenant des protocoles au sein desquels les parties accomplissent ces promesses.On a souvent dit que les contrats intelligents ne sont ni des contrats juridiques au sens traditionnel ni intelligents et que le terme est donc inapproprié. La question cruciale à laquelle le présent article tente de répondre est de savoir si le concept traditionnel dans la common law de la formation du contrat est sérieusement mis au défi par l’arrivée des contrats intelligents. Comme tels, les contrats intelligents marquent-ils la fin de la formation des contrats telle que nous la connaissons ou ne s’agit-il finalement que de ‘beaucoup de bruit pour rien’?
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Demark, Armando, i Josip Dešić. "PRIVIDNI UGOVORI IZMEĐU NIŠTETNOSTI I NEPOSTOJANJA". Pravni vjesnik 39, nr 3-4 (grudzień 2023): 7–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/pv/25648.

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In this paper, the authors discuss apparent contracts as regulated by Article 285 paragraph 1 of the Croatian Civil Obligations Act as a cause of either the nullity or the inexistence of the contract. In several recent decisions of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia, one can notice the standpoint that apparent contracts are not null contracts, but inexistent contracts. The aforementioned standpoint resulted in the rejection of many claims for the determination of nullity of apparent contracts. Therefore, in the first part of the paper, the authors analyze the subject case-law, as well as apparent contracts in Croatian and comparative law. At the same time, inexistent contracts have been the subject of discussion exclusively from the point of view of legal theory. The second part of the paper is consequently focused on the analysis of inexistent contracts, their practical value and their comparison to null contracts. The authors also give specific attention to the difference between the moment of entering into a contract and the creation of the contract’s legal effects, as well as the need for the differentiation between legal consequences of contracts that are not formed, contracts that are not entered into, contracts that do not produce legal effects and contracts that are explicitly null. In the conclusion, the authors discuss the practical necessity of distinguishing null and inexistent contracts and propose de lege ferenda suggestions for normative improvement of the Civil Obligations Act in the part that pertains to contracts with no legal effect.
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Jeon, Wooyeol, i Kwangjin Jang. "Comparative Analysis of SCE and Contract Cost for Disaster Impact Assessment System: Focus on Classification of Project Area and Relevant Government". Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 21, nr 1 (28.02.2021): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2021.21.1.83.

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This study compares and analyzes the contract amount and Standard for Calculating Expenses (SCE) concerning the Disaster Impact Assessment System (DIAS) and provides the results as basic data for improving the system. The current status of low-cost contracts based on a contract price ratio of 70% or less compared to the standard cost was analyzed. A total of 640 cases with reliable data were examined. The result indicated that the ratio of low-cost contracts was more than 70% of the total: the ratio of low-cost contracts of DIR was 76.2%, DIA 100%, and SDIA 86.7%. In particular, DIA with a large project area tends to be contracted at a price lower than that of DIR or SDIA. Further, this study found that the ratio of low-cost contracts of local government was higher than that of the central government, and private ordering projects were contracted at a cost lower than that of public ordering projects. Moreover, it verified the current contract status of DIAS agency through quantitative figures, which heretofore has not been revealed. The analysis results were used as basic data for the development of causal loop diagram.
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Dagan, Hanoch. "Intimate Contracts and Choice Theory". European Review of Contract Law 18, nr 2 (1.06.2022): 104–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ercl-2022-2040.

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Abstract Contract is one of the key tools liberal law employs in the service of its core mission of enhancing people’s autonomy, and choice theory conceptualizes this task as contract’s telos. It thus prescribes three principles – proactive facilitation, regard for the future self, and relational justice – for guiding the legal constitution of contract law in all spheres of human interaction. Spousal contracts are no exception. Thus, the law governing intimate agreements both allows people to adjust the default rules governing their marital estates and provides people off-the-shelf options for structuring their interpersonal interaction as spouses. In turn, the law of marital contracts ensures that free exit from marriage is, as it should be, immutable. Finally, relational justice guides, albeit still imperfectly, both law’s normative defaults for marital contracts and the rules that govern premarital, marital, and cohabitation agreements.
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Azab, Rania S. "Interpreting digital licensing contracts between a metaphorical and functional direction: A comparative analytical study". International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES 8, nr 8 (sierpień 2021): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2021.08.013.

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This study seeks to clarify the importance of explaining the type of digital license contracts to see if it can continue subjecting them to the metaphorical direction that adopts the direction of applying the traditional rules to this types of contract or must it be subject to the functional direction that adopts the necessity of establishing independent legal rules in the theory of contracts in Egypt. The problem of the user not reading the contract terms is still there. Although consumers do not read the terms of digital licensing contracts, some jurisprudence in the US often insist that it must be the exchange of consent must take place that the offeree must see the terms and conditions before assenting in some sort of this contracts, this differs from the nature of digital licensing contracts and the way they are contracted. It is right that the consumers discover in some the types of contracts do not express the consent by the traditional way in the contract but are subject to specific instructions set by the site, due to the inability to read and understand the terms of the contract, but rather that in some types of digital licensing contracts the consumers are not aware to be a party to a contract according to the traditional concept of contract theory. Legal recognition is important by the Egyptian and Arab legislations in the role of technical and digital in regulations next to the contract and the law (functional direction) which can contribute to help the user to read the terms of use, we must make use of digital technology to fulfill the function of the contract, which aims to create obligations on both parties, businesses and the user. The following questions were analyzed: Is it possible an individual can enter into a contract without realizing it on the internet? Is the individual obligated to contractual terms that he did not read and understand? How can the provisions of the traditional contract be applied to digital licensing contracts? Then I concluded the necessity of enacting new legal rules that regulate digital licensing contracts within Egyptian legislation.
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Alexandrowicz, Piotr. "Paolo Comitoli SJ on Contracts". Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Kanonistische Abteilung 107, nr 1 (1.06.2021): 255–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrgk-2021-0006.

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Summary Contract law in the early modern period has always been the subject of intensive research. The present article is intended as a contribution to this. It presents the contract doctrine of an Italian Jesuit, Paolo Comitoli. He was a moral theologian and author of the “Doctrina de contractu”. The paper begins with a biographical introduction and an overview of Comitoli’s writings. News about Comitoli’s life, however, is sparse and widely dispersed. The following section focuses on Comitoli’s concept of and his definition of contract. A brief explanation of Comitoli’s concept of contract attributes follows. Comitoli saw in these attributes the identity-forming characteristics of all contracts and used these elements to place the traditional problems of contract theory in a new framework.
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Contracts"

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Seibert, Guilherme. "Os contratos de EPC : entre tipicidade e atipicidade". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/170681.

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O presente trabalho analisa a qualificação do tipo social do contrato de EPC (Engineering, Procurement and Construction) na ordem jurídica brasileira em face do tipo legal do contrato de empreitada. Investiga-se, portanto, a existência de identidade ou diferença entre ambos os tipos a fim de que se possa dar ao EPC a devida qualificação jurídica. Para isso, no Capítulo I, são apresentados os caracteres gerais dos contratos de construção, com foco na delimitação do espaço normativo específico ocupado pelo contrato de empreitada. No Capítulo II, apresenta-se o Contrato de EPC. São delineadas suas principais características gerais para que, em um segundo momento, possa-se aprofundar a análise a partir do emprego do método tipológico. Por fim, no Capítulo III, demonstra-se a forma como o regulamento dos contratos atípicos mistos em geral é construído para, posteriormente, analisar-se a formação do regulamento do EPC em seus principais pontos.
The present work analyzes the qualification of the social type of the EPC Contract (Engineering, Procurement and Construction) in the Brazilian legal order in consideration with the legal type of the works and supply contract. It is therefore investigated the existence of an identity or difference between the two contractual types in order to give the EPC the appropriate legal status. For this purpose, in Chapter I the general characteristics of construction contracts are presented, focusing on the delimitation of the specific normative space occupied by the works and supply contract. In Chapter II, the EPC Contract is presented. Its main general characteristics are presented so that, in a second moment, one can deepen the analysis using the typological method. Finally, Chapter III demonstrates the way in which the regulation of mixed atypical contracts in general is constructed, so that it can be analyzed the formation of the EPC regulation in its main points.
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Pasco, Cosmópolis Mario. "Los contratos temporales: exposición y crítica". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116777.

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Temporary contracts: exposition and criticThe contract of term or fixed term or determined period constitutes one of the most frequent modalities of so-called atypical contracting. EfrénCórdova, in his famous presentation at XI World Congress of the International Society for Labor Law and Social Security (Caracas 1985), noted that, being typical the contract celebrated between an employer and a worker, to be executed to full time at the center of work and for an indefinite atypicalperiod, comes to be one that lacks any of these attributes, this is: (i) in which involves more than one employer, or (ii) the journey is partial or doesn’t fit to traditional parameters of eight hours per day and forty-eight a week at most, or (iii) performs out the usual local, or (iv) is for adefined time. It is about these lasts that is dedicated the present article.
El contrato a término o plazo fijo o de duración determinada constituye una de las modalidades más frecuentes de la llamada contratación atípica.Efrén Córdova, en su célebre ponencia en el XI Congreso Mundial de la Sociedad Internacional de Derecho del Trabajo y de la Seguridad Social (Caracas 1985), señaló que, siendo típico el contrato celebrado entre un empleador y un trabajador, para ser ejecutado a jornada completa en el centro de trabajo de aquel y por tiempo indefinido, atípico viene a ser aquél quecarece de alguno de esos atributos, esto es: (i) en el que participa más de un empleador, o (ii) la jornada es parcial o no se ajusta a los parámetros clásicos de ocho horas por día y cuarenta y ocho a la semana como máximo, o (iii) se desempeña fuera del local habitual, o (iv) es por tiempo definido.Es a estosúltimos que está dedicado el presente artículo.
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Sancho, Calderón Diego. "Selection of contract type in construction contracts: Lump-Sum, Target-cost and Cost-plus contracts". Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för industriell ekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-14823.

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The construction contract is a document which governs the business relationship of Contractor and Employer for the duration of a construction project. However, the selection of the contract type for the project tends to be performed too shallowly. The present thesis aims to analyse how the contract type is chosen among the three paradigmatic contracts considered here: lump-sum contracts, target-cost contracts and cost-plus contracts. The basis of the study is a case study performed on Project X, a large mine construction project in Western Europe. The relevant literature to the subject was reviewed, mainly the principal-agent theory, literature on risk allocation and on contract selection. After identifying several factors which may influence the contract selection in the literature and in a preliminary interview, a survey was conducted to assess their relative influence in general and in particular for the Project X. The survey was responded by a small sample of highly qualified and experienced managers. and was complemented with in-depth interviews with the majority of them. Some research on the project and on contract documents of the NEC standard contract was also performed in order to provide a context of the characteristics of Project X. The findings of the three sources made it possible to confirm the influence on the selection of the contract type of many of the factors proposed. It was possible to shortlist a small number of factors which influenced the most the selection of the contract type for Project X. These were the preferred risk allocation by the parties, the ability to adapt the contract to scope changes, the knowledge of each contract type by the contracting parties, the improvement of the project delivery by the contract type and the aim to enhance cooperation between the parties. Factors not present in previous research were also discovered, such as the different financial costs of the contract types and the requirement of financial information by the funders of the parties. The very different opinions of the respondents to the survey and interviews regarding the selection of the contract type confirm that the parties should consider in more detail that complex process, because by now the parties are not really sure why they are choosing a certain contract type. Further research should be performed in the future to analyse the factors which influenced the contract type selection in other projects. The projects could also be analysed during their whole duration. Other contract types or variants of the three contract types studied in this thesis could also be added to the analysis.
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Mallmann, Frederico Baptista. "Parâmetros para a interpretação do contrato de shopping center no direito brasileiro : atipicidade e coligação contratual". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/185048.

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Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo a respeito da interpretação do contrato de cessão remunerada de espaço para instalação de loja em shopping center, denominado como “contrato de shopping center”, visando à estipulação de parâmetros hermenêuticos que auxiliem na busca do seu conteúdo. Para isso, procede-se, em primeiro lugar, à devida caracterização deste contrato, em seus aspectos econômico-negociais e jurídicos, que são decisivos para o desenvolvimento do estudo quanto à sua interpretação. Em especial, manifesta relevância o estudo da sua qualificação jurídica, que parte das duas principais discussões percebidas na doutrina e na jurisprudência nesse tocante, a respeito da tipicidade ou atipicidade do contrato e da presença de coligação contratual nesta relação negocial. Expostas as características de cada categoria, compreende-se que o contrato de shopping center é um contrato atípico misto, que apresenta coligação com outros, para a consecução da finalidade socioeconômica do empreendimento. Tal qualificação tem repercussões na interpretação deste contrato, uma vez que atrai a consideração de fatores específicos no processo hermenêutico, em conjunto com a aplicação das normas legais sobre a interpretação dos contratos (arts. 112, 113 e 423 do Código Civil). Assim sendo, com base na doutrina e na análise de precedentes jurisprudenciais, especialmente sobre o contrato de shopping center, estabelece-se que o intérprete desse contrato deve observar a incidência das referidas normas legais sob a perspectiva de tal qualificação contratual, que atrai os seguintes parâmetros interpretativos: pela sua atipicidade mista, a preeminência das disposições contratuais estipuladas pelas partes em face dos modelos legais típicos, considerando a relevância dos usos e costumes na definição desse sentido, mediante o tipo socialmente formado, e a possibilidade de aplicação de tais modelos legais típicos, se não contrariar o significado próprio do contrato; pela presença de coligação contratual, a “ampliação” do material interpretativo, impondo a consideração dos demais contratos vinculados na interpretação do contrato coligado, e a maior relevância da função socioeconômica supracontratual exercida pelos contratos em conjunto para a definição do conteúdo do contrato na coligação.
This dissertation presents a study on the construction of the contract for the lease of premises for retail stores in shopping centers - named “shopping center contract” - in order to establish hermeneutic parameters that assist in the definition of its content. For that we will first characterize such contract according to its economic, trading and legal aspects, which are decisive for the development of the study concerning its construction. In special, the study of its legal qualification reveals importance in that matter: this qualification is grounded on two major debates perceived in the jurisprudence and in the case law in this subject - the characterization of the contract as “typical” or “atypical” and the presence of linked contracts in this business relationship. Once the features of each of these categories are exposed, we can understand the “shopping center contract” as a “mixed atypical contract”, which is linked to other contracts for the achievement of the socioeconomic purposes of the enterprise. Such legal qualification has bearing in the construction of the shopping center contract, as it draws the consideration of specific elements in the hermeneutical process, along with the application of statutory rules for the construction of contracts (articles 112, 113 and 423 of the Brazilian Civil Code). Therefore, based on the jurisprudence and on the analysis of case law, specially surrounding the “shopping center contract” in Brazil, we can establish that the legal interpreter of this contract must abide by the application of the aforementioned statutory rules under the perspective of such legal qualification, which by its turn casts construction parameters into consideration. These are: due to its nature as a mixed atypical contract, the preeminence of the contractual terms agreed upon by the parties vis-à-vis the typical statutory legal standards, considering also the importance of the customary practices in the definition of its content, through the socially formed contractual type, in addition to the possibility of the application of such typical statutory legal standards when they are not conflicting with the contract’s own meaning; and, due to the presence of linked contracts, the “enlargement” of the subject matter to be construed, which imposes the consideration of the remaining linked contracts in the interpretation of the contract at hand, and the superior relevance of the socioeconomic function of the union of all linked contracts for the definition of a contract’s content within its group.
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Ackerman, David T. "International contracts a quantitative analysis of transnational contract formation". Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/8.

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Globalization is the promise of the future, and it presents, quite literally, a world of opportunities not available in the past. International collaborations in science, research, and business now enjoy increased probabilities of success, in part, because of the advance in technology and the possibility of instantaneous communications. The convenience, simplicity and affordability of technology are helping to make the world accessible to almost everyone. With new availability of international concerns and the growth of global partnerships in all areas of interest, an increased need arises for agreements that memorialize collaborators' commitments, responsibilities and obligations. There is a corresponding concern that the agreements be enforceable across national and international lines should anything go wrong. There is no collaboration, partnership or venture that will not be touched in some way by the law. Whose law governs and how rules and regulations of different nations will be applied are of escalating concern. Empirically examining the state of international contract law is the overarching focus of my research. Adopting a research methodology involving both quantitative and qualitative techniques, I am investigating whether any consistency exists between attorneys of different practice sectors (academic, government, corporate and private) considering choice of law, enforcement of contract provisions, and the inclusion of preventative measures of international contracts. My results contribute to the future success of international collaborations of all concerns by empirically identifying the need for increased education on various dispute resolution options, as well as the effect cultural awareness has on the drafting of international contracts.
ID: 030476559; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for honors in the major in Legal Studies.; Thesis (B.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.
B.S.
Bachelors
Health and Public Affairs
Legal Studies
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Edwards, John Hairston. "Contract administration of Department of Defense environmental restoration contracts". Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/25788.

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Edwards, John Hairston. "Contract administration of Department of Defense environmental resoration contracts". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/45733.

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Bomprezzi, Chantal <1990&gt. "Implications of Blockchain-Based Smart Contracts on Contract Law". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9654/1/bomprezzi_chantal_tesi.pdf.

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Smart contracts are the most advanced blockchain applications. They can also be used in the contractual domain for the encoding and automatic execution of contract terms. Smart contracts already existed before the blockchain, but they take advantage of the characteristics of that technology. Namely, the decentralised and immutable characters of the blockchain determine that no single contracting party can control, modify, or interrupt the execution of smart contracts. As every new phenomenon, blockchain-based smart contracts have attracted the attention of institutions. For example, in its Resolution of 3 October 2018 on distributed ledger technologies and blockchain, the European Parliament has stressed the need to undertake an in-depth assessment of the legal implications,starting from the analysis of existing legal frameworks. Indeed, the present research thesis aims to verify how blockchain-based smart contracts fit into contract law. To this end, the analysis starts from the most discussed and relevant aspects and develops further considerations. Before that, it provides a detailed description and clarifications about the characteristics, the functioning, and the development of the technology, which is an essential starting point for a high-level quality legal analysis. It takes into considerations already existing rules concerning the use of technology in the life cycle of contracts, from vending machines to computable contracts, and verifies its applicability to blockchain-based smart contracts. The work does not limit to consider the mere technology, but some concrete scenarios of adoption of blockchain-based smart contracts in the contractual domain. Starting from the latter, it focuses on the implications of blockchain-based smart contracts on contract formation, contract performance, and applicable law and jurisdiction.
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ATZEI, NICOLA. "From behavioural contracts to smart contracts". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/261568.

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The notion of contract in computer science has been associated with several fields and application. The term of contract programming was firstly conceived in 1986 by Bertrand Meyer in connection with the design of the Eiffel programming language. The idea was that software systems collaborate on the basis of mutual obligations and benefits. The widespread of distributed application and the interaction with third party services brought to the adoption of contracts in defining software behaviours. In such settings, contracts are important for correctly designing, implementing, and composing distributed software services. They can be used at different levels of abstraction and with different purposes, e.g. to model the possible interaction patterns of services, with the typical goal of composing honest services which guarantee deadlock-free interactions, or to model Service Level Agreements (SLAs), specifying what has to be expected from a service, and what from the client. Recently, the notion of smart contracts was introduced in 1997 by Nick Szabo to describe agreements between two or more parties that can be automatically enforced without a trusted intermediary. With the advent of distributed ledger technologies, led by Bitcoin and Ethereum, smart contracts are rendered as computer programs under the control of a peer-to-peer network that creates and executes them. Moreover, smart contracts control valuable assets. In recent years several attacks were carried on against organization and platforms, leading to huge money losses. Formal models have always been paramount in abstracting complex and elaborated realities and providing solid bases to enable formal reasoning about problems. While this aspects were largely considered for behavioural contracts, they are still a novelty for smart contracts. Moreover, domain-specific languages (DSLs) are crucial in simplifying the adoption of new technologies and help developers in avoiding common mistakes. This thesis presents the application of formal methods and DSLs both to behavioral contracts and smart contracts.
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Rodríguez, García Gustavo Manuel. "The desorientaded aerialist: Evolutionary dynamics of contract clauses in predisposed contracts and the poor quality myth of consumer contracts". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116512.

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The standard-form agreements, pejoratively labeled as “adhesion contracts”, have bad reputation. A significant number of academics and most of consumer protection authorities often believe that the absence of negotiation and the preponderance of rights and benefits assigned to suppliers (versus costs, obligations or limitations imposed to consumers) show a kind/ sort of abuse against an alleged weak party of the consumption relationship. In this article, Professor Rodríguez García states that the skeptic and hostile vision regarding the standard-form agreements is wrong and is based on a poor understanding of the incentives and purposes that this type of contractingfulfills. On the contrary, the author intends to state that the control of clauses included in  consumption contracts  is prejudicial to consumers. Therefore,this is a control type that should be removed from the legal system.
Los contratos predispuestos  - peyorativamente conocidos como «contratos de adhesión»—  tienen  mala  fama.  Una  buena porción de académicos y un mayoritario sector de las autoridades de protección al consumidor suelen creer que la ausencia de negociación y la preponderancia de derechos o beneficios asignados al proveedor (versus los costos, obligaciones o limitaciones impuestos al consumidor) revelan una suerte de abuso en contra de una presunta parte débil de la relación de consumo. En este artículo, el profesor Rodríguez García sostiene que la visión hostil o escéptica respecto de los contratos predispuestos es equívoca y se funda en una comprensión pobre de los incentivos y fines que este tipo de contratación desempeña. Por el contrario, el autor pretende poner de manifiesto que el control de las cláusulas contenidas en contratos de consumo perjudica al consumidor y que, por tanto, es una forma de control que debería ser eliminada del sistema legal.
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Książki na temat "Contracts"

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Oregon. Dept. of Human Services., red. DHS contracts: Contractor guidelines. Salem, OR: Oregon Dept. of Human Services, Office of Contracts and Procurement, 2006.

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Le Contrat. Paris: Dalloz, 1996.

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Jefferis, Barbara. Australian book contracts: Royalty contracts, upfront contracts. [Strawberry Hills, N.S.W.]: Keesing Press, 1994.

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Barbara, Jefferis, i Australian Society of Authors, red. Australian book contracts: Print contracts, digital contracts. Wyd. 3. Strawberry Hills, N.S.W: Keesing Press, 2001.

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1945-, Thomas H. Randolph. Interpreting construction contracts: Fundamental principles for contractors, project managers, and contract administrators. United States: Am Soc Civil Engrs, 2007.

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Lizza, Robert V. Construction contracts/architect contracts. Boston, MA: MCLE, 1993.

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Riley, Joellen. Independent work contracts. Pyrmont, N.S.W: Thomson/Lawbook Co., 2007.

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Murray, John Edward. Murray on contracts: Litigating the contract dispute, and drafting contracts to avoid litigation. [Mechanicsburg, Pa.]: Pennsylvania Bar Institute, 2007.

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Marcel, Fontaine. Drafting international contracts: Analysis of contract clauses. Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers, 2006.

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Cabinets, Maritime Forum of. Government procurement and contracts =: Achats et contrats gouvernementaux. Moncton: Council of maritime Premiers, 1991.

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Części książek na temat "Contracts"

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Hyman, Stanley. "Contracts and Contractors". W Supplies Management for Health Services, 50–72. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003280231-6.

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Edison, J. C. "Contracts and contract management". W Infrastructure Development and Construction Management, 130–58. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003055624-6.

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Smith, Steven Rathgeb. "Contracts and Contract Regimes". W International Encyclopedia of Civil Society, 1–8. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99675-2_11-1.

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Franco, Raquel Campos, Lili Wang, Pauric O’Rourke, Beth Breeze, Jan Künzl, Chris Govekar, Chris Govekar i in. "Contracts and Contract Regimes". W International Encyclopedia of Civil Society, 551–57. New York, NY: Springer US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-93996-4_11.

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Schmidt, Klaus M. "Contract Renegotiation and Option Contracts". W The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics and the Law, 432–36. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-74173-1_85.

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Baily, P. J. H. "Purchase contracts and contract clauses". W Purchasing and Supply Management, 197–210. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-6902-6_11.

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Ahmadisheykhsarmast, Salar, Ferda Özdemir Sönmez i Rifat Sönmez. "Smart Contracts for Contract Management". W Blockchain for Cybersecurity and Privacy, 307–19. First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2020. | Series: Internal audit and it audit: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429324932-17.

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Nagata, Mary Louise. "Labor contracts and contract labor". W Labour Contracts and Labour Relations in Early Modern Central Japan, 53–67. London: Routledge, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203010075-4.

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Pagallo, Ugo. "Contracts". W The Laws of Robots, 79–113. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6564-1_4.

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Dawson, R. L. "Contracts". W Teacher Information Pack 5: Techniques and Information, 14–21. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09005-1_2.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Contracts"

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Aejas, Bajeela, i Abdelaziz Bouras. "Effective Smart Contracts for Supply Chain Contracts". W Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2021.0160.

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Blockchain is in its way of revolutionizing different sectors with its decentralized peer-to-peer networking. Smart contracts are the piece of software that have written rules to be executed automatically to update the state of the block chain in a systematic way. One of the main use of Smart contract is in Supply Chain management. Supply Chain management deals with lot of legal contracts at a time. Contracts are agreements between two or more parties that define the duties and obligations for execution of any kind of activities. In this research, we are trying to automate the supply chain related contracts by identifying the important entities such as contract type, start date, end date etc., by using Natural Language Processing methods, then convert the contract to smart contract. This provides an efficient template for creation of smart contracts from natural language contracts and thereby offer best smart contract template for a given type of contract in Supply Chain.
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Rapajić, Milan. "ADMINISTRATION CONTRACTS". W International scientific conference challenges and open issues of service law. Vol. 2. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of law, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xxmajsko2.305r.

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n the paper, the author deals with the topic of administration contacts, as the broadest category of contracts concluded by the state. In this sense, the term "administrative contracts" is narrower than the term "administration contracts". By the way, the administrative contract became a legal category with the adoption of the Law on General Administrative Procedure from 2016. Based on this Law, the administrative contract is concluded only when it is determined by a special law. The author expresses his opinion that the domestic legislator has not characterized any management contract as an administrative contract. The paper compares administration contracts - public procurement contracts, public service entrustment contracts and public-private partnership contracts with administrative contracts, analyzes their legal nature, but nevertheless concludes that despite the similarity of these administration contracts with administrative contracts, they are not administrative contracts
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Vanda, Božić. "CONTRACT FOR WORK AS A GENERAL TYPE OF SERVICES CONTRACT". W International scientific conference challenges and open issues of service law. Vol. 1. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of law, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xxmajsko1.003b.

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The contract for work (Locatio Conductio Operis) is the basic form (general type) of all service contracts. With these contracts, one contracting party obligates the other to provide the contracted service, while the other contracting party obligates the first to pay the contracted fee for the provided service. From the work contract, as a general type of service contract, arose the construction contract, the copyright contract, the contract for the transportation of persons, the contract for the transportation of goods and other contracts that today represent separate named contracts. For the stated reason, service contracts should primarily be viewed as work contracts. Depending on the subject or content of the service of a particular service contract, we can talk about one of the named legal-obligatory contracts. Likewise, it can be about contracts of a mixed nature, as well as about sui generis contracts. The paper points out the concept, subjects and object of the obligation of the contract for work, as well as the very meaning of the contract and its essential characteristics. It is emphasized that in the Republic of Serbia, the legal institution of the contract for work as a contract outside the employment relationship has not been adequately used. We are increasingly encountering its abuses, in order to cover up the actual employment relationship with a contract for work. Therefore, it is necessary to undertake appropriate efforts to improve positive legal regulations in order to ensure, to the greatest extent possible, the conclusion of contract for work only for flexible types of jobs and jobs that are not part of the employer's activity
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Chen, Liushan, Yu Pei i Carlo A. Furia. "Contract-based program repair without the contracts". W 2017 32nd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ase.2017.8115674.

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Harper, Christofer M., i Keith R. Molenaar. "Association between Construction Contracts and Relational Contract Theory". W Construction Research Congress 2014. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413517.136.

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Mut-Puigserver, Macia, M. Magdalena Payeras-Capella i Miquel A. Cabot-Nadal. "Blockchain-Based Contract Signing Protocol for Confidential Contracts". W 2019 IEEE/ACS 16th International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications (AICCSA). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aiccsa47632.2019.9035363.

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Chen, Weili, Xiongfeng Guo, Zhiguang Chen, Zibin Zheng, Yutong Lu i Yin Li. "Honeypot Contract Risk Warning on Ethereum Smart Contracts". W 2020 IEEE International Conference on Joint Cloud Computing (JCC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jcc49151.2020.00009.

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Laarabi, Mohamed, Abdelilah Maach i Abdelhakim Senhaji Hafid. "Smart contracts and over-enforcement: Analytical considerations on Smart Contracts as Legal Contracts". W 2020 1st International Conference on Innovative Research in Applied Science, Engineering and Technology (IRASET). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iraset48871.2020.9092138.

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Watanabe, Hiroki, Shigeru Fujimura, Atsushi Nakadaira, Yasuhiko Miyazaki, Akihito Akutsu i Jay Kishigami. "Blockchain contract: Securing a blockchain applied to smart contracts". W 2016 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icce.2016.7430693.

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Steyaert, Patrick, Carine Lucas, Kim Mens i Theo D'Hondt. "Reuse contracts". W the 11th ACM SIGPLAN conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/236337.236363.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Contracts"

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Wright, Jonathan L. Contractor Metrics for Service Contracts. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, kwiecień 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada377102.

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CORPS OF ENGINEERS WASHINGTON DC. Contracts: Service Contract Act Labor Relations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, sierpień 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada403990.

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Bolton, Patrick, i Antoine Faure-Grimaud. Satisficing Contracts. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, styczeń 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14654.

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Lazear, Edward. Incentive Contracts. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, maj 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w1917.

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CORPS OF ENGINEERS WASHINGTON DC. Contracts: Labor Relations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, sierpień 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada404245.

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Jovanovic, Boyan, i Masako Ueda. Contracts and Money. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, czerwiec 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5637.

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Klapper, Leora, Luc Laeven i Raghuram Rajan. Trade Credit Contracts. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, czerwiec 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w17146.

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Ewens, Michael, Alexander Gorbenko i Arthur Korteweg. Venture Capital Contracts. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, lipiec 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26115.

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Calahorra-Jimenez, Maria, i Richard Poythress. Exploring Performance-Based Contracts: A Good Option to Address Long-Term Road Maintenance in California? Mineta Transportation Institute, lipiec 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2024.2359.

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Performance-based contracts (PBCs) used in road maintenance provide flexibility for considering new materials, design, and technology to achieve predetermined performance targets. Several states in the U.S. have already used these types of contracts in road maintenance, and their experience can inform the use of PBCs in California. The objectives of this research are twofold. First, identify the benefits and challenges of PBCs compared to traditional contracts. Second, explore the main aspects of PBCs implementation for road maintenance and relate them to California's context. To this end, deductive-inductive content analysis was conducted on 84 peer-reviewed articles published between 1998 and 2023. Findings of this research identified the main benefits of PBCs to be: (1) cost savings, (2) improved work/service quality, and (3) reduction in risk to the transportation agency through the transfer of responsibility to the contractor. The main challenges were found to be: (1) the need for training and a shift in mindset from traditional contracting forms to PBCs, (2) the need to establish trust between contracting agencies and contractors, and (3) the temptation for contractors to abuse the system. Research findings highlighted "procurement," "performance indicators," and "incentives/disincentives" as the three major themes to consider in PBC implementation. California does not have a history of using performance-based contracts for road maintenance. Results from this research may be the first stepping stone to initiate the decision-making process to use these types of contracts for road maintenance.
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Dolado, Juan J., Etienne Lalé i Hélène Turon. Zero-hours Contracts in a Frictional Labor Market. CIRANO, styczeń 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/hvdc9170.

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We propose a model to evaluate the U.K.’s zero-hours contract (ZHC) – a contract that exempts employers from the requirement to provide any minimum working hours, and allows workers to decline any workload. We find quantitatively mixed welfare effects of ZHCs. On one hand they unlock job creation among firms that face highly volatile business conditions and increase labor force participation of individuals who prefer flexible work schedules. On the other hand, the use of ZHCs by less volatile firms, where jobs are otherwise viable under regular contracts, reduces welfare and likely explains negative employee reactions to this contract.
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