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Oh, Dahee, SeongTak Woo, Ji-Yeong Kim, Mi-Jin Kim, Sujin Kim, and Ji-Wan Ha. "Spatio-temporal Characteristics of Successive Plosive Consonants in the Same Place of Articulation: An Electropalatographic Study." Communication Sciences & Disorders 27, no. 2 (2022): 394–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.12963/csd.22901.
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Objectives: This paper used electropalatography (EPG) to investigate the actual pronunciation when two plosives with the same articulation position appear successively. We aimed to determine the presence of the preceding consonant (C₁) in two successive consonants (VC₁C₂V) with the same articulation place.Methods: Tongue-to-palate contacts were recorded during the pronunciation of 8 words and 4 sentences containing those words by 5 normal adults and the closure duration and the maximum contact frame for utterance units (word, sentence), meanings (real word, nonword), and syllable structures (VC₁C₂V, VCV) were analyzed.Results: The closure duration in the syllable structures and the maximum contact frame in the meanings showed significant differences. The closure duration of the VC₁C₂V structure was significantly longer than that of the VCV structure in case of words; however, the difference reduced in the case of sentences. The maximum contact frame of the real words was significantly higher than that of non-words.Conclusion: Since the temporal characteristics between VCV and VC₁C₂V structure was distinguished and the tensification of C₂ indirectly showed the existence of C₁. These result support the fact that the preceding consonant is not deleted in two successive consonants with the same articulation place.
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Cruschina, Silvio. "Language contact and morphological competition: Plurals in central Sicily." Word Structure 14, no. 2 (2021): 174–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2021.0186.
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This paper explores the effects of language contact in the nominal morphology of central Sicilian dialects. In particular, this study is concerned with the contact-induced changes related to the distribution of three plural formatives that give rise to competition between different inflectional classes with respect to a number of lexemes. It is shown that sociolinguistic factors such as speaker age account for the distribution of the competing plural forms and the high degree of variation. As a consequence, a slow and gradual change is leading to the disappearance of the plural form that has no equivalent in the contact language, that is, in Italian.
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Rosen, Chad M. "Contact Lens Innovations: Spread the Word." Journal of Contact lens Research and Science 1, no. 1 (2017): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.22374/jclrs.v1i1.8.
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Just as we see changes taking place in the healthcare system, we are also seeing changes take place within the publishing industry. Historically, access to peer-reviewed research and papers has been limited to those who pay membership fees to individual organizations or those working in academic institutions. As healthcare continues to change and universities are increasing the amount evidence-based medicine taught, a larger emphasis is placed on the scientific method and how to evaluate credible research. For those wanting to expand upon their education, access to scientific research can be difficult to obtain. Open-access journals have provided a platform in which individuals can easily stay up-to-date on information in his or her specialty.
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Both, Csaba Attila. "Word Structure Change in Language Contact." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica 10, no. 3 (2018): 131–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ausp-2018-0032.
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Abstract Languages have been in contact since their existence. The Hungarian and Romanian languages have been so for at least 800 years. The present article aims at analysing the structural changes in the monosyllabic Hungarian loanwords in Romanian. After the theoretical introduction, I discuss the phonological status of the /j/ sound, which is very important in this kind of investigations. After that, I present the syllable structure types of these monosyllabic Hungarian etymons and I present, as well, the changing schemes of their structures in the borrowing. The study concludes that the most affected parts of the syllables are the nucleus and the coda.
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SHEVCHENKO, TATIANA. "ENGLISH WORD STRESS IN LONG-TERM LANGUAGE CONTACT." Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, no. 2 (2021): 160–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2410-7190_2021_7_2_160_168.
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The paper summarizes the results of recent studies concerned with English accentual patterns dynamics in polysyllabic words, based on English and French language contact. Canadian English reflects the present-day situation of language contact. Intersection of a variety of tendencies is observed which are due to accentual assimilation in lexicon of Romance origin borrowed from French. The recessive and the rhythmical are the major ones in the historical perspective. The data collected in dictionaries are further supplied with sociocultural comments based on corpus and opinion survey cognitive analyses. The presence of rhythmical stress was discovered in British, American and Canadian Englishes with the growing tendency in compound words due to disappearing of the pattern with two equal stresses. The tendency is most vivid in bilingual speakers from the Province of Quebec who accentuate word-final syllable.
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Laakso, Johanna. "Language contact and typological change: The case of Estonian revisited." Word Structure 14, no. 2 (2021): 226–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2021.0188.
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The traditional hypothesis of a typological cycle from agglutination via fusion to isolation and back to agglutination, still invoked by many linguists (albeit with caveats and limitations), would imply a natural drift behind typological changes. Accordingly, such typological changes would typically result from internal developments (such as reductive sound changes), while etymological counter-currents (such as segmentable suffixes replacing earlier stem alternations) could rather be due to language contact. On the other hand, the agglutinative type seems to be stable and resistant to typological change especially in Northern Eurasia, and for the change towards a more fusional type, characteristic of some Finnic and Saami languages in the northwestern periphery of Uralic, a contact explanation might seem plausible. However, a closer scrutiny of Estonian, often mentioned as an example of typological change and characteristically impacted by Germanic, shows that in typological change, internal and external motivations intertwine and interact.
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Siegel, Jeff. "The role of substrate transfer in the development of grammatical morphology in language contact varieties." Word Structure 8, no. 2 (2015): 160–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2015.0080.
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This article shows how the psycholinguistic process of language transfer accounts for the many features of the grammatical morphology of language contact varieties that differ from those of their lexifiers. These include different grammatical categories, the use of contrasting morphological processes to express grammatical distinctions, lexifier grammatical morphemes with new functions, and new grammatical morphemes not found in the lexifier. After an introductory description of the general notion of language transfer, it presents five more specific types: transfer of morphological strategies, word order and grammatical categories, as well as direct morphological transfer and functional transfer. The article then gives some possible explanations for the distribution among different types of contact varieties of two kinds of functional transfer – functionalisation and refunctionalisation – and for the distribution of particular types of grammatical morphemes – i.e. free versus bound. The examples presented come from contact languages of the Australia-Pacific region: three creoles (Australian Kriol, Hawai‘i Creole and Tayo); an expanded pidgin (Melanesian Pidgin, exemplified by Vanuatu Bislama and Papua New Guinea Tok Pisin); a restricted pidgin (Nauru Pidgin); and an indigenised variety of English (Colloquial Singapore English).
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Zhang, Shiyang, Sibo Gao, and Karen Fingerman. "DETECTING NARCISSISM FROM DAILY LANGUAGE USE: A MACHINE LEARNING APPROACH." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (2022): 611–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2278.
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Abstract High-quality social contacts are important for older adult’s emotional well-being whereas narcissism, characterized by self-centeredness, may undermine the quality of personal relationships. Narcissism may be associated with poorer quality relationships because narcissistic adults are more self-centered in their daily social interactions. The current study examined the associations between linguistic features of conversation throughout the day and narcissism using a machine learning approach. Older adults aged 65–89 (N = 281, Mage = 74.07) wore an unobtrusive electronically activated recorder (EAR) throughout the day for 4 to 6 days. The EAR was activated 30 seconds every 7 minutes to capture conversations occurring in a natural setting. The sound files that contained participant’s speech (N = 28,243) were transcribed verbatim. We used Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) to extract linguistic features from the transcriptions (nfeature = 81; e.g., function words, affective processes). Linguistic features were analyzed using random forest algorithm which is a supervised machine learning method that can evaluate features’ performances in predicting older adult’s narcissism. The model reached an accuracy of 62% and results showed that total word count, more auxiliary verbs (e.g., will), more swear words (e.g., damn), and less assent (e.g., agree) were the most powerful predictors of narcissism. Drawing on sound files collected from real-life interactions, findings indicate higher usage of aggressive and disagreeable words among more narcissistic individuals, which probably leads to poorer quality relationships with social partners. Interventions aiming to improve contact quality and emotional well-being may consider individuals’ word use in daily interactions.
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Andersen, Christiane. "Syntax in Contact. Word Order in a Contact Variety of German Spoken in Eastern Siberia." Journal of Language Contact 9, no. 2 (2016): 264–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-00902003.
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A large number of local German language communities, language islands (Sprachinseln), were founded in different parts of Russia between 1765 and the second half of the nineteenth century. The continuity of development in the German-speaking communities was sharply interrupted by the Second World War. As a result, the specific variety ofRusslanddeutsch‘Russian German’ (rg) is in the process of dying out. This study investigates a sample of current spoken German in Eastern Siberia using the digitalized Siberian German Corpus (sgc) at the University of Gothenburg. The investigation attempts to establish (i) which word order variants are realized specifically in clauses with the German discourse markernun‘well’ and its Russian counterpartnu‘well’, and (ii) what the effect of language contact could be. The results of the analysis show a large variety of word order phenomena in the examples containing Russiannu. Verb-first orders are common in the data investigated. These variants also contain subject pro-drop. Furthermore, it is shown that a high degree of language contact is involved in these word order variants with the Russiannu. Different types of borrowing (including lexical transference) are frequent features of this contact variety.
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Good, Jeff. "Paradigmatic complexity in pidgins and creoles." Word Structure 8, no. 2 (2015): 184–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2015.0081.
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The last decade has seen increasing attention paid to questions of grammatical complexity, in particular regarding the extent to which some languages can be said to be more ‘complex’ than others, whether globally or with respect to particular subsystems. Creoles have featured prominently in these debates, with various authors arguing that they are particularly simple when set against non-creoles, with an apparent lack of overt morphology in creoles often cited as one of the ways in which their grammars are especially simplified. This paper makes two contributions to this discussion. First, it develops metrics of grammatical complexity that derive directly from a well-known model of creole development, thus providing an explicit link between the sociohistorical circumstances in which creoles formed and grammatical outcomes. Second, it applies these metrics to the newly published dataset from the Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Structures, setting this data against that from the well-known World Atlas of Language Structures, allowing for a more comprehensive and rigorous quantitative comparison of complexity in contact and non-contact languages than has previously been possible. It will be seen that there is good evidence that contact languages are simplified overall with respect to a class of complexities labelled paradigmatic here but that this general conclusion nevertheless masks significant underlying variation among them.
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Giudici, Alberto, and Chiara Zanini. "A plural indefinite quantifier on the Romance-Slavic border." Word Structure 14, no. 2 (2021): 195–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2021.0187.
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This study investigates the plural form uni/une deriving from the numeral ‘one’ in the Istriot dialect of Sissano. Sissano is located in the Istrian peninsula, an area characterized by high intensity of linguistic contact. We argue that the rise of such a peculiar form is indeed induced by contact with Croatian and that uni/une is unique in the Italo-Romance domain since, generally, the plural indefinite forms derived from the Latin numeral ‘one’ are pronouns and never occur in attributive position. The use of uni/ une is not attested in the few grammars of Istriot varieties because it is recent and still undergoing a process of grammaticalization. Therefore, we conducted interviews to verify how and to what extent contact with Croatian affects the meaning and the use of uni/une in Sissano. We found that this form is mostly used as a quantifier, bearing mainly the meaning ‘a pair of’, ‘one group of’, in the context of pluralia tantum and plural dominant nouns. We further observe that this quantifier has achieved a more advanced stage of grammaticalization in the younger generation of speakers than in the older ones. We discuss the role played by pluralia tantum as well as by the growing prestige of Croatian in triggering this borrowing and in fostering the grammaticalization process of uni/une on its way to become a marker of indefiniteness.
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Nichols, Johanna, and Peterson A. David. "Contact-induced spread of the rare Type 5 clitic." LSA Annual Meeting Extended Abstracts 1 (May 2, 2010): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/exabs.v0i0.487.
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Peterson 2001 shows that the Ingush (Nakh-Daghestanian; Caucasus) chaining particle is a Type 5 clitic: positioned relative to the final word in its domain, preceding that word, enclitic to the word before that. The host is the absolutive argument if there is one; otherwise the preverb; otherwise a dedicated reduplicate of the verb root. So far this remains the only firm example of a Type 5 clitic. We show that an identical construction, with a functionally identical clitic and reduplication, occurs in several nearby lanuages of the Avar-Andic branch. Diffusion, though unexpected, is the only explanation.
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Levkovych, Nataliya. "Gender assignment in language contact." STUF - Language Typology and Universals 77, no. 2 (2024): 235–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2024-2005.
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Abstract This paper deals with an important aspect of the integration of loan nouns into the grammatical systems of languages attesting to grammatical gender, namely gender assignment. Traditionally, it is assumed that gender assignment takes place according to the internal assignment rules of the replica language. In many cases, however, the original grammatical gender is borrowed along with the source word. This is the case of gender copy which often takes place under special (sociolinguistic) conditions and is used as assignment strategy in languages to a different extent. A special focus of my study is on gender assignment and particularly gender copy in the contact of languages of different assignment types (formal vs. semantic). The empirical data comes from five European languages in different sociolinguistic situations, attesting to different assignment systems and of different language branches of two language families – Indo-European (Romanian, Slavic, and Indo-Arian) and Nakh-Daghestanian (Lezgic and Tsezic). The analysis shows that gender copy is possible mostly in the contact of languages of the same assignment type. In the contact of languages of the formal assignment type, gender copy often goes along with the formal adjustment of the loan word. Sociolinguistic circumstances play an important role as to the possibility and frequency of the occurrence of gender copy.
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Abdul Ghaffour MUHAMMAD SALAH, Aula. "TRANSLITERATION OF SOME MODERN TERMS." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 05, no. 01 (2023): 217–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.21.14.
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Since Arabs become in contact with foreign cultures and languages, They start using foreign words in a way that goes with the Arabic rules of articulation(المعربات: Arabized items)which are different from what is called(االستعارة :borrowing).It stands for a word that is brought to Arabic without any changes in pronunciation. Besides,(التولد:coinage)meaning a newly coined term, word or phrase. Such three concepts are distinguished as a means to explain their type, then analyzing them according to the phonological, semantic and syntactic levels.
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Yelland, Gregory W., Jacinta Pollard, and Anthony Mercuri. "The metalinguistic benefits of limited contact with a second language." Applied Psycholinguistics 14, no. 4 (1993): 423–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400010687.
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ABSTRACTThis study examined whether the often-reported metalinguistic benefits of childhood bilingualism extend to children whose experience with a second language is considerably more limited, and if so, whether this metalinguistic advantage flows on to reading acquisition. Its purpose was to provide direct evidence of a causal role for metalinguistic awareness in reading acquisition. The study focused on the developing word awareness skills of two groups of preparatory and grade 1 children: one group was strictly monolingual in English; the other, the “marginal bilingual” group, consisted of English monolingual who were participating in a second language program that provided I hour of Italian instruction each week.After only 6 months of instruction in Italian, the marginal bilingual children showed a significantly higher level word awareness than their monolingual counterparts. This advantage weakened across grade 1, as both groups approached ceiling levels of performance. Nonetheless, the initial advantage flows through to the first major step in reading acquisition, with the grade 1 marginal bilinguals showing significantly greater word recognition skill than the monolinguals, thus strengthening the argument for a causal role in reading acquisition for word awareness.
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Omer, Omer Abdulrehman, and Ayob Haji Mohammed. "Le Phénomène D’emprunt Entre Langues (Arabe, Kurde et Français) à Titre D’exemple Article Sidebar." Journal of AlMaarif University College 33, no. 3 (2022): 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.51345/.v33i3.527.g293.
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Contact between languages has been going on for centuries. Languages are not immune to linguistic exchanges. The lexicons of these languages have been greatly influenced by the various languages with which they have come into contact. The exchanges of these languages are under the influence of political, social, economic, touristic and cultural relations, with countries having one or more different languages. And lexical units from other languages are called in French LOANS (des EMPRUNTS). The lexicon continues to grow, mimicking the development of the whole society. The causes of borrowing are linked to different sociocultural and sociolinguistic conditions. Some borrowings are used in technical fields, such as sport, music, and cooking, to designate a foreign word that does not exist in the language system of the so-called target language, by copying and pasting these words, such as football, crescendo, and hamburger. That is to say, we borrow a word from a source language to fill the gap in the target language. Other borrowings come from the globalization of languages, such as the word weekend which already exists in French in the form end of week. French, like almost all languages in the world, has borrowed lexical units from other languages. The issue of borrowings that interests us here is that of contact between French and Kurdish, and French and Arabic.
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Kruhlij, Olena, and Oksana Cherniak. "DISTRIBUTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF COMBINING." Germanic Philology Journal of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, no. 831-832 (2021): 156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/gph2021.831-832.156-166.
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The article is devoted to the study of distributive characteristics of combining forms in Modern English. The material of the study is words and terms taken from the Modern English dictionaries. A number of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, observation, classification, systematization), as well as purely linguistic methods (method of continuous sampling from lexicographic sources, lexico-semantic analysis, study of vocabulary definitions, contextual interpretation) is applied. The morpheme structure of derivatives with these formants is considered. The positions of the studied units in the morpheme structure of the word are analyzed, as well as the classes of morphemes that are in contact with them. The ways of word formation with the participation of combining forms in Modern English word formation and term formation are singled out. It is revealed that combining forms take an active part in terminological word formation in accordance with the existing patterns and models in the language. In derivation with the participation of the studied elements, depending on the formal means of word formation, affixation, composition and abbreviation are distinguished. The classification of distributive classes with a relatively free and fixed position in the word is given through a detailed study of the sum of all environments of combining forms, order and place, compatibility, properties of their use in relation to other elements are fixed. It was found that the studied elements are characterized by wide combinatorial possibilities, which are manifested in their ability to occupy different positions in the word, which can be relatively free or fixed. Three distributive classes are traced among combining forms the units with relatively free position in a word and fixed position. Bases and prefixes are found in the contact environment of a limited number of combining forms. The vast majority of these forms are combined with elements of the same status and suffixes. Only conditionally complex combining forms are characterized by an identical contact environment on the left and right. Combining forms are mainly characterized by the environment of units with the same status as them (right and left) and suffix environment. A characteristic feature of these elements’ compatibility is the absence of grammatical affixes among the morphemes adjacent to them, and the limited number of prefixes and root morphemes among their contact environment. It seems promising to expand the scope of the study by studying these derivational forms, which function in different terminological systems and in different styles of texts in Modern English. The comparison of combinatorial forms in different modern languages is of particular interest.
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Alshumrani, Hassan. "Productive Word Knowledge Development and Its Relation to Informal Contact with English through Various Leisure Activities." International Journal of English Linguistics 14, no. 1 (2024): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v14n1p71.
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Much of the previous research that has provided evidence for the relationship between engagement in out-of-class activities and vocabulary outcomes has focused on receptive word gains. However, little research has attempted to explore this relationship with productive word knowledge. Additionally, the contribution of various gaming genres to the relationship is particularly underexplored. The present mixed-method study fills these lacunas by employing a productive vocabulary levels test, a questionnaire, and semi-structured interviews to explore the relationship between 35 different leisure activities that English as a foreign language (EFL) learners engage in outside the classroom and their productive vocabulary growth. The study’s findings revealed that although learners frequently engaged in different activities, they spent most of their free time gaming, which contributed the most to productive word knowledge learning. Regression analysis showed that two gaming genres, massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs) and first-person shooters, significantly predicted productive knowledge of words. Qualitative analysis demonstrated that, in general, the participants had a positive perception of informal engagement with English activities outside formal learning contexts.
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Sendek, Katherine, Grit Herzmann, Valeria Pfeifer, and Vicky Tzuyin Lai. "Social acquisition context matters: Increased neural responses for native but not nonnative taboo words." Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 22, no. 2 (2021): 362–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13415-021-00951-4.
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AbstractThis study examined whether the context of acquisition of a word influences its visual recognition and subsequent processing. We utilized taboo words, whose meanings are typically acquired socially, to ensure that differences in processing were based on learned social taboo, rather than proficiency. American English-speaking participants made word/non-word decisions on American taboo (native dialect), British taboo (non-native dialect), positive, neutral, and pseudo- words while EEG was recorded. Taboo words were verified as taboo by both American and British English speakers in an independent norming survey. American taboo words showed a more positive amplitude of the Late Positive Complex (LPC), a neural correlate of emotionality and social processing, compared with British taboo words and all other word categories. Moreover, in an item-wise analysis, LPC amplitudes of American taboo words were positively correlated with their taboo ratings. British taboo words did not show this effect. This indicates that American participants, who had very limited social contact with British English, did not have the same perception of social threat from British taboo words as they had from American taboo words. These results point to the importance of social context of acquisition in establishing social-affective meaning in language.
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Fortescue, Michael. "Eskimo word order variation and its contact-induced perturbation." Journal of Linguistics 29, no. 2 (1993): 267–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700000335.
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Eskimo languages are commonly characterized as displaying rather ‘free’ word order as compared to the major western European languages. Nevertheless, there is in West Greenlandic at least a clearly dominant, pragmatically neutral ordering pattern. Deviation from this – when possible at all – results in specifiable contextual marking (the factors involved will be discussed and illustrated in section 2). In fact, the degree of ‘freedom’ involved may vary considerably from dialect to dialect (and from language to language), also through time and according to register/medium. Specifically I shall be claiming that no Eskimo dialect is of the purely pragmatically based word order type (lacking a syntactic ‘basic order’) which Mithun claims is typical for polysynthetic languages with inflected verbs that can stand as independent sentences (Mithun, 1987: 323). Unlike the type of language that Mithun describes, which includes (Iroquoian) Cayuga and (‘Penutian’) Coos, for example, I shall argue that West Greenlandic (WG), a highly polysynthetic language, behaves more like Slavic languages in this respect, though the ‘neutral’ pattern there is of course SVO rather than SOV. Much as described for Czech and Russian by the Prague School functionalists, word order in WG seems to reflect the common ‘functional sentence perspective’ whereby – ignoring postposed ‘afterthought/clarificatory’ material – early position in the sentence is associated with given material of low communicative dynamism, whereas later position is associated with new or important material of high communicative dynamism (see Firbas, 1974). This is the reverse of the situation described by Mithun.
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Duisenova, K., and Ye Turgunov. "LINGUISTIC METHODS USED IN SEMANTIC TEACHING SYNTACIS." BULLETIN Series of Philological Sciences 72, no. 2 (2020): 561–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2020-2.1728-7804.90.
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This article was discussed thethe linguistic methods used in semantic syntax training. In a semantic study of the syntax of the word prof. N. Kurmanova was guided by linguistic methods, taken into account in the technology of teaching phrase development. The article analyzes the question “What methods are effective in teaching the syntax of phrases?” and teaching collocation syntax by methods of system-structural analysis, modeling, syntagmatic analysis, valence analysis, opposition analysis, linguistic experiment, grammar analysis and cubism. Connecting word methods create forms of connecting words. It is known that words come into contact through the order of the place, conjugation, exclamation, intonation. These approaches form a paradigm, each of which has its own characteristics and communication capabilities. Because the word is often static and the phrase dynamic, the phrase takes on a new level of meaning.
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Shaw, Marlieke, and Hendrik De Smet. "Predicative and markedness bias in loan adjectives." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 123, no. 2 (2022): 6–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.51814/nm.114021.
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Previous research on loan word accommodation has shown that English‑origin verbs in Present‑day Dutch and French‑origin verbs in Late Middle English are subject to usage biases. In both language‑contact settings, loan verbs are disproportionally frequent in non‑finite and morphologically unmarked forms as compared to native verbs. The present study demonstrates that accommodation biases are also found in loan adjectives. Concretely, loan adjectives are more prevalent in predicative than in attributive syntactic position as compared to native adjectives (predicative bias), and they are more prevalent in uninflected than in inflected forms (markedness bias). The predicative bias is found to rank stronger than the markedness bias, which is consistent with the findings for verbs. Additionally, biases are more pronounced in the French‑Middle English than in the English‑Dutch contact setting. The findings indicate that direct insertion of loan-words, despite being the cross-linguistically most frequent strategy for loan word integration, is not free of obstacles, possibly due to processing costs specifically associated with loan words.
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HAEBERLI, ERIC. "Syntactic effects of contact in translations: evidence from object pronoun placement in Middle English." English Language and Linguistics 22, no. 2 (2018): 301–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674318000151.
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Whereas object pronouns regularly occurred before the main verb in Old and early Middle English, such word orders were to a large extent lost in Middle English prose by the end of the thirteenth century. Nevertheless, some isolated later texts still show regular preverbal occurrences of object pronouns. Such word orders are most frequent with three texts that are translations of French sources. This article closely examines one of these texts, the Middle English prose Brut, and its source, and argues that contact influence is the most plausible explanation for its distinct behaviour with respect to object pronoun placement. It is also shown that the translator does not slavishly follow his source and that the contact effects are mainly of the statistical type in that word orders occurring very marginally in other texts appear with high frequencies in the Brut while such a contrast is not found for a word order that is unattested elsewhere. These observations are compatible with the equally exceptional but slightly different distribution of object pronouns in another translation from French, the Ayenbite of Inwyt. The findings of this article show that translation-induced contact and, possibly, contact in bilingual language use more generally can have important quantitative effects and that these have to be seriously considered in any syntactic analysis of historical texts based on a foreign source text.
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Gabranova, Jūlija. "Poļu izcelsmes vārdi Latvijas baltkrievu presē 20. gs. sākumā." Vārds un tā pētīšanas aspekti: rakstu krājums = The Word: Aspects of Research: conference proceedings, no. 26 (November 23, 2022): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/vtpa.2022.26.219.
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This article is a continuation of the research that the author has carried out analysing the contacts between Belarusian and Latvian languages in Belarusian periodicals published in the 20th century. This study analyses the influence of Polish in the Belarusian language of Latvia, as reflected in the periodicals of the 20th century. The aim of this article is to present some aspects of the influence of Polish in the local Belarusian language. The importance of Polish and Belarusian as contact languages in Latvia is mainly determined by the historical and areal aspects of language contact. Poles and Belarusians are territorial neighbours with close genetic ties and long-standing economic, cultural, and political relations. Poles and Belarusians are Latvian minorities whose history is linked to Latgale. Polish was, for a long time, the dominant language in the religious sphere (Catholicism) and culture, so in the local Belarusian periodicals, it is possible to observe the influence of Polish in the Latvian Belarusian language, which was reflected in the use of some Polish words and word components. As languages come into contact, it can lead to borrowing from one language into another. Interference occurs when linguistic norms are mixed and other linguistic norms are picked up so that deviations from the norms of the mother tongue can occur under the influence of the contact language.
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Travis, Catherine E., and Inas Ghina. "Gender, mobility and contact." Asia-Pacific Language Variation 7, no. 2 (2021): 142–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aplv.20007.tra.
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Abstract We examine variation in a rural variety of Acehnese spoken in Aceh Province, to better understand the impact of long-term contact with Indonesian and increasing urbanization. The Great Aceh variety is characterized by variable realization of word-final (t) as a dental vs. glottal stop. Analyses of over 2,000 tokens of this variable from a corpus of spontaneous speech from 35 speakers indicate that the variability is relatively stable among men, and among women of high mobility, measured in terms of education, occupation, and time spent outside Great Aceh. Women with low mobility produce the lowest rates of [t̪], and in this group we observe a higher rate of [t̪] by younger than older women, suggesting change over time. We thus find both stability – among those who have long enjoyed high levels of mobility – and change – among those most affected by recent social changes, namely low-mobility women.
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Loui, Annie. "Contact improvisation to scene study: authenticity in word and deed." Theatre, Dance and Performance Training 3, no. 3 (2012): 362–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443927.2012.720121.
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Kang, Yoonjnung, and Suyeon Yun. "Dialect contact and word-specific phonetics: North Koreans in Seoul." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 142, no. 4 (2017): 2583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5014453.
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Pauthier Moghaddassi, Fanny. "Clashes or Frictions ? Approaches to Linguistic Contact in Medieval Britain." Recherches anglaises et nord-américaines 49, no. 1 (2016): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ranam.2016.1523.
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This paper investigates the implications of word-choices in academic accounts of contacts between different languages and dialects in British medieval history. The history of English can be studied as the result of series of military clashes and invasions (from early Germanic migrations, through Viking raids to the Norman Conquest), but it can also be read as the outcome of long periods of linguistic frictions, in other words of more or less peaceful coexistence between different linguistic groups, mutually influencing each other. Current research, in opposition to nineteenth-century nationalistic approaches, insists on this idea of linguistic frictions, rejecting analyses of British history based on the notion of clashes between radically distinct ethnic and linguistic groups. But to some extent, this perspective paradoxically fuels new versions of the national myth.
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Nekrasova, G. A. "Word break in spontaneous Komi speech." BULLETIN OF UGRIC STUDIES 14, no. 1 (2024): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.30624/2220-4156-2024-14-1-61-68.
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the paper deals with the description of word break as a type of speech failure in spontaneous Komi speech. The types of correction of a broken word are analyzed taking into account the following parameters: the presence / absence of isomorphism, the linear and structural range between the broken word and the corrected correlate, the volume of a word fragment, the frequency of the breakage. Objective: to identify and describe the peculiarities of word break in spontaneous Komi speech and ways to overcome it. Research materials: audio and video recordings contained in the Komi media library of the Interregional Laboratory of Information Support for the Functioning of Finno-Ugric Languages, as well as fragments of conversations of participants in programs shown in the Komi Republican television channel “Yurgan”. Results and novelty of the research: the paper is the first to analyze word breaks in spontaneous Komi speech. It has been established that a word fragment can be repeated, changed or canceled more often within one predication. It has been revealed that contact corrections predominate in speech, in which a full-meaning word follows directly after a rejected 62 Вестник угроведения. Т. 14. № 1 (56). 2024. fragment; less often, lexical markers of hesitation and words with a propositional meaning are inserted between them. As part of a phrase, one word is usually broken, and the break often occurs once. A specific feature of spontaneous Komi speech is the double correction of broken words: a fragment in one language can be corrected in the same or another language. Multilingual replacement of word fragments is typical for the speech of bilinguals who are fluent in Komi and Russian. A non-trivial correction is one in which only the suffix is corrected without repeating the full-valued word.
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Mithun, Marianne. "Grammar, Contact and Time." Journal of Language Contact 1, no. 1 (2007): 144–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000000007792548378.
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AbstractA continuing issue in work on language contact has been determining the relative borrowability of various structural features. It is easy to imagine, for example, how a tendency to use particular word order patterns in one language might be replicated by bilinguals in another, but difficult to understand how abstract morphological structures could be transferred. When we look at linguistic areas, however, we often find grammatical features shared by genetically unrelated languages that seem unborrowable. Here we consider the importance of adding the dimension of time to investigations into the potential effects of contact. As a point of departure we examine a relatively straightforward example from western North America, a striking parallelism in verbal structure among large numbers of languages indigenous to California. The example illustrates the fact that parallel grammatical structures in neighboring languages need not have been borrowed in their current form. They might instead be the result of an earlier transfer of patterns of expression that set the stage for subsequent parallel developments.
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Markus, Manfred. "What did Joseph Wright mean by meaning." International Journal of English Studies 20, no. 1 (2020): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/ijes.403481.
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EDD Online, the online version of Joseph Wright’s English Dialect Dictionary, was completed by a project team at the University of Innsbruck in 2019. The sophisticated search-engine of the new interface 3.0 reveals the multi-faceted role of semantics in dialect words. Its complexity is due to both the fuzziness of lexical forms and the ambiguity of their meanings. This paper, beyond the theory-biased “complexity debate”, supports the opinion that traditional regional dialects, qua low-contact varieties, have developed a higher degree of lexical complexity than high-contact varieties, i.e. pidgins and creoles, and, in terms of word formation, than the Standard variety of English. The paper first discusses the often polysemous or homophonous meanings of headwords, then of strings within word compositions and phrases. The lemmas also sometimes turn out to be (bound) morphemes or variants. A major aspect in this paper is the wealth of figurative meanings in dialect. This is simply due to the essential role of iconicity, that is, a result of the fact that dialect speakers (“people”) want to “see” in their minds what they mean.
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Searl, Jeff, Stephanie Knollhoff, and Richard J. Barohn. "Lingual–Alveolar Contact Pressure During Speech in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Preliminary Findings." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 60, no. 4 (2017): 810–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2016_jslhr-s-16-0107.
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Purpose This preliminary study on lingual–alveolar contact pressures (LACP) in people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) had several aims: (a) to evaluate whether the protocol induced fatigue, (b) to compare LACP during speech (LACP-Sp) and during maximum isometric pressing (LACP-Max) in people with ALS (PALS) versus healthy controls, (c) to compare the percentage of LACP-Max utilized during speech (%Max) for PALS versus controls, and (d) to evaluate relationships between LACP-Sp and LACP-Max with word intelligibility. Method Thirteen PALS and 12 healthy volunteers produced /t, d, s, z, l, n/ sounds while LACP-Sp was recorded. LACP-Max was obtained before and after the speech protocol. Word intelligibility was obtained from auditory–perceptual judgments. Results LACP-Max values measured before and after completion of the speech protocol did not differ. LACP-Sp and LACP-Max were statistically lower in the ALS bulbar group compared with controls and PALS with only spinal symptoms. There was no statistical difference between groups for %Max. LACP-Sp and LACP-Max were correlated with word intelligibility. Conclusions It was feasible to obtain LACP-Sp measures without inducing fatigue. Reductions in LACP-Sp and LACP-Max for bulbar speakers might reflect tongue weakness. Although confirmation of results is needed, the data indicate that individuals with high word intelligibility maintained LACP-Sp at or above 2 kPa and LACP-Max at or above 50 kPa.
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Cohen, Andrew D. "Attrition in the Productive Lexicon of Two Portuguese Third Language Speakers." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 11, no. 2 (1989): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100000577.
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This study investigates loss of productive vocabulary in oral language, specifically in Portuguese as a third language for two English-Hebrew bilingual children, ages 9 and 13. The study investigated the lexical loss in Portuguese storytelling behavior after 1, 3, and 9 months of discontinued contact with the language. The analysis focused on the nature of the attrited productive lexicon, lexical production strategies used to compensate for forgotten vocabulary, and lexical retrieval processes during storytelling in Portuguese and in the children's two dominant languages.A significant decrease was found in the total number of words produced in the Portuguese stories of the two children after 9 months, both in comparison to word total in earlier months and in comparison to total words in English and Hebrew stories. There was greater attrition in the case of the younger subject after 9 months than in that of his older sister. He used a more limited number of different words, as well as fewer and shorter T-units per utterance, which was not the case with regard to his sister. He also attrited proportionately more nouns than words from other word classes.The subjects used at least six lexical production strategies in order to compensate for forgotten words—two of them L1-based (borrowing and foreignizing), and four of them intralingual (the use of a general word, approximation, circumlocution, and word abandonment). Their data also provided evidence of lexical retrieval processes. Examples of lexical production strategies and lexical retrieval processes are given.
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Rini, Elizabeth Ika Hesti Aprilia Nindia. "KATA SERAPAN DALAM BAHASA JEPANG." KIRYOKU 2, no. 2 (2018): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/kiryoku.v2i2.72-77.
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(Gairaigo) Loan word was born as a result of cultural and language contact with other countries. Loan word in Japanese or commonly known as gairaigo is known generally comes from English, but not entirely so. The purpose of this research is to describe the origin, form, and formation process of the loan word in Japanese, The method used is descriptive method. As the result of the research, it is found that Japanese loan word is not only from English; the form of loan word consists of 3 - 7 syllables; and entered into Japanese through adaptation and adoption process.Keywords: gairaigo, adaptation, adoption
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Mandiela, Ahdri Zhina, Alison Sealy-Smith, and Djanet Sears. "Honouring the Word." Canadian Theatre Review 118 (June 2004): 6–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ctr.118.001.
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Caution: Copyright for this script remains with its creators, and copyright for the individual scenes remains with the playwrights who are identified as authors; in the case of material where publishers acquired rights, those rights remain with the publishers. This script is protected under the copyright laws of Canada and all other countries of the Copyright Union. Changes are forbidden without the written consent of the creators/author(s)/publishers). Rights to produce, film or record in any medium, in any language, by any group, are retained by the creators/author(s)/publisher(s). The moral right of the creators/author(s)/publisher(s) has been asserted. For performance rights contact the Playwrights’ Guild of Canada. All previously published material is reprinted here with permission. The plays were first published by Sister Vision Press (dark diaspora . . . in dub); Scirocco (Riot, Harlem Duet); Talon, for Blizzard (Consecrated Ground); Playwrights Canada Press (Angélique, yagayah, Prodigals in a Promised Land, da Kink in my hair, Sistahs, Whylah Falls); Mercury Press (Coups and Calypsos); and Gutter Press (Lambton Kent).
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Bibi, Aasima. "The Morphological Adaptation Process and Borrowing in Urdu Language." Qlantic Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 3, no. 1 (2022): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.55737/qjssh.657269003.
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In Language is always subjected to changes and this dynamic process goes on. This process makes the languages more sophisticated and up to date. Language changes occur through many processes, word formation processes are the key processes among them. Borrowing and word's adaptation is the most common process through which languages evolve mostly in this global era as languages' contact takes place widely. Borrowing is the process in which one language borrows words from another language and adapts those words in its vocabulary. The Urdu language is the national language of Pakistan, as it has come in contact with different languages, and it has a wide capacity to adapt many words and borrow them. It has a rich phonetic system so it can easily own borrowed words. This paper analyzes the process of borrowing and words adaption in the Urdu language. The research has been carried out qualitatively by using a descriptive-analytical approach.
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Mudrinich, S. "Valency of the Words of Semantics of State in Ukrainian and English Languages." Studia Linguistica, no. 12 (2018): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/studling2018.12.74-84.
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The article studies the point of the levels of valency of the words of semantics of state with further comparative analysis of their valency in Ukrainian and English languages. The meaning of categorical valency and lexical compatibility of the words of semantics of state in both languages are being analyzed. The notion of lexical and syntactic valency of the words of semantics of state in Ukrainian and English languages is being determined. Defining the lecxical valency of the word aware, we used data about its syntactic valency and investigated its lexical compatibility. When we considering lexical valency, the lexical filling of syntactic valency models and the lexical filling of the Sub – St Prdv і Sub – StAttr syntactic constructions were traced. The lexical valency of the word булострашно (was scary) and its synonyms is being defined. The word of semantics of state було страшно (was scary) and its synonyms have the following types of syntactic valence: predicative valency (V ↔ StPrd), subjective valency (Obj′→ StPrd), object valency (St Prd/Attr/Com → Obj). The method of determing the lexical, syntactic, categorical valency of the words of semantics of state in Ukrainian language is the same as in the English language. To establish the categorial valency of the words of semantics of state, the words that belong to the main part-language digits of the words of semantics of state were analized, on the basis of which the words of semantics of state in the English language were formed: it is dangerous, it is comfortable, asleeр, afraid. The syntactic valency of the word of semantics of state aware and the units with which it is connected were considered from the point of view of connectivity of the word awarein the language, and the syntactic valency of the word of semantics of stateбуло страшно (was scary) and its synonyms and words with which it comes into contact was also figured out.
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M. Arkadiev, Peter. "Borrowing non-canonical inverse between Kabardian and Abaza." Word Structure 14, no. 2 (2021): 148–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2021.0185.
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Abaza, a polysynthetic ergative Northwest Caucasian language, shares with its neighbour and distant relative Kabardian a typologically peculiar use of the deictic directional prefixes monitoring the relative ranking of the subject and indirect object on the person hierarchy. In both languages, the cislocative (‘hither’) prefixes are used if the indirect object outranks the subject on the person hierarchy, and the translocative (‘thither’) prefixes are used in combinations of first person subjects with second person singular indirect objects. This pattern, reminiscent of the more familiar inverse marking and hence called ‘quasi-inverse’, is observed with ditransitive and bivalent intransitive verbs and is almost fully redundant, since all participants are unequivocally indexed on verbs by pronominal prefixes. I argue that this isogloss, shared by West Circassian (a close relative to Kabardian) but not with Abkhaz, the sister-language of Abaza, is a result of pattern replication under intense language contact, which has led to an increase of both paradigmatic and syntagmatic complexity of Abaza verbal morphology.
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Salazar Rodó, Sergio J., Eden Stafstrom, Miriam Alrahil, and Julia Cambridge. "Utilizing acoustic methods to investigate word-boundary vowel sequences in one Arabic-Spanish contact situation." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 154, no. 4_supplement (2023): A203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0023273.
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In the modern world, the globalized nature of both Arabic and Spanish has led to distinct contact situations in different countries. This investigation focuses on word-boundary vowel sequences, which are typically realized as hiatuses or diphthongs in native Spanish speakers. By contrast, native Arabic speakers will not utilize diphthongs across word boundaries, instead preferring to lengthen one vowel or produce a glottal stop (Mohamed 2020).This investigation examines how these distinct strategies are reconciled in the contact situation of Moroccan immigrants to Spain by utilizing acoustic methods to identify and qualify the bilingual approach to word-boundary vowel sequences. This investigation compares monolingual Spanish speakers (n = 3) to two groups of L1 Arabic (Arabic-dominant and Spanish-dominant, n = 7) in Alicante, Spain. Participants completed a language survey, a reading task, and a sociolinguistic interview. All linguistic tasks were recorded and analyzed acoustically on Praat (Boersma & Weenink 2023) utilizing the waveform and spectrogram to identify the strategies utilized to resolve the phonological boundaries. Results from Spanish-dominant bilinguals differ from previous studies in Puerto Rico (Mohamed, 2020), suggesting that this language contact situation differs in Spain and opening up new avenues for study in this area.
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Boddy, Bethany. "The health visitor's role in narrowing the word gap." Journal of Health Visiting 11, no. 4 (2023): 170–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/johv.2023.11.4.170.
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Brunelle, Marc, and Pittayawat Pittayaporn. "Phonologically-constrained change." Diachronica 29, no. 4 (2012): 411–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.29.4.01bru.
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Changes in word shapes in Mainland Southeast Asia are usually attributed to contact-induced typological convergence. However, little attention has been paid to the role of structural constraints in defining paths of change. In this paper, we describe two distributional gaps in paths of word shape shifts: (1) there are no attested cases of direct shift between trochaic and iambic rhythm and (2) monosyllabization does not occur in trochaic languages. We argue that universal phonetic tendencies and structural constraints on their phonologization that derive from the Iambic-Trochaic Law are sufficient to explain these gaps and seem to account for at least part of the typological convergence usually attributed to contact.
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Molnár Csikós, László. "Idegen szavak elavulása határon innen és túl." Acta Academiae Beregsasiensis, Philologica I, no. 2 (2022): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.58423/2786-6726/2022-2-149-160.
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In my study, I would like to deal with those foreign words that have become obsolete in Hungary, but are still in live use in other parts of the Hungarian language area. This is usually explained by the fact that speakers in the regions have adopted them from the language of contact, ie they are modeled on Serbian, Croatian, Slovenian, German, Slovak, Ukrainian or Romanian. Obsolescence can be complete, it can cover the whole word, then it is obsolete in all its meanings, but sometimes the use of the word only in a certain sense is old, obsolete, it is considered partial obsolescence. An obsolete foreign word or its equivalent in the motherland may appear in use in several ancient ways, and sometimes it appears only in one of the regions. For example, the word advokát 'lawyer, legal adviser', which is obsolete in Hungary, can be found in the same form, meaning 'lawyer' in the Hungarian regional languages of Transylvania, the Highlands, Vojvodina, Transcarpathia, Croatia and Mura region. In the meaning of ‘general trade’, the obsolete equivalent of the main name of the bazár occurs only in the Highlands, in the form of a bazár and a autóbazár, denoting a used car dealership following the Slovak model. It seems a coincidence that the same word in one language becomes obsolete, is not required by speakers, and the other language needs and uses it, does not allow it to become obsolete. En pre-sumably has a rational explanation. It should be borne in mind that the acquisition of foreign words is not a phenomenon that takes place equally in different languages, so the path of a foreign word taken from contact languages is not necessarily the same as the etiology of an obsolete foreign word in Hungary. The time, place and method of receipt must also be taken into account for a proper evaluation. Quite a few foreign words came to Hungarian in Hungary through German me-diation, but their counterparts reached Hungarian Serbs via French and Serbian mediation. There are some obsolete ones among them. For example, obsolete kredit meaning ‘loan’ is of German origin in Hungarian in Hungary. In Vojvodina's parlance, the meaning of kredit of French-Serbian origin is, on the one hand, a 'loan, a loan' and, on the other hand, an amount of ‘money that can be negotiated (on a mobile phone); frame'. It has its first meaning in Transylvania, Croatia, the Mura region and the Guardian region, and the second in Transylvania and the Highlands. The phenome-non may also be related to the fact that speakers living in regions outside Hungary rarely use the Hungarian equivalent of an outdated foreign word, or do not know the foreign word at all under the influence of another language, in which case the kredit noun is used instead of the hitel noun used.
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Adamou, Evangelia, Walter Breu, Lenka Scholze, and Rachel Xingjia Shen. "Borrowing and Contact Intensity: A Corpus-Driven Approach From Four Slavic Minority Languages." Journal of Language Contact 9, no. 3 (2016): 513–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-00903004.
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Numerous studies on language contact document the use of content words and especially nouns in most contact settings, but the correlations are often based on qualitative or questionnaire-based research. The present study of borrowing is based on the analysis of free-speech corpora from four Slavic minority languages spoken in Austria, Germany, Greece, and Italy. The analysis of the data, totalling 34,000 word tokens, shows that speakers from Italy produced significantly more borrowings and noun borrowings than speakers from the other three countries. A Random Forests analysis identifies ‘language’ as the main predictor for the ratio of both borrowings and noun borrowings, indicating the existence of borrowing patterns that individual speakers conform to. Finally, we suggest that the patterns of borrowing that prevail in the communities under study relate to the intensity of contact in the past, and to the presence or absence of literary traditions for the minority languages.
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Karatsareas, Petros. "Convergence in word structure." Diachronica 33, no. 1 (2016): 31–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.33.1.02kar.
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Cappadocian Greek is reported to display agglutinative inflection in its nominal system, namely, mono-exponential formatives for the marking of case and number, and nom.sg-looking forms as the morphemic units to which inflection applies. Previous scholarship has interpreted these developments as indicating a shift in morphological type from fusion to agglutination, brought about by contact with Turkish. This study takes issue with these conclusions. By casting a wider net over the inflectional system of the language, it shows that, of the two types of agglutinative formations identified, only one evidences a radical departure from the inherited structural properties of Cappadocian noun inflection. The other, on the contrary, represents a typologically more conservative innovation. The study presents evidence that a combination of system-internal and -external motivations triggered the development of both types, it describes the mechanisms through which the innovation was implemented, and discusses the factors that favoured change.
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Naccarato, Chiara, Anastasia Panova, and Natalia Stoynova. "Word-order variation in a contact setting: A corpus-based investigation of Russian spoken in Daghestan." Language Variation and Change 33, no. 3 (2021): 387–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095439452100017x.
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AbstractThis paper deals with word-order variation in a situation of language contact. We present a corpus-based investigation of word order in the variety of Russian spoken in Daghestan, focusing specifically on noun phrases with a genitive modifier. In Daghestanian Russian, the nonstandard word order GEN+N (prepositive or left genitive) often occurs. At first glance, this phenomenon might be easily explained in terms of syntactic calquing from the speakers’ left-branching L1s. However, the order GEN+N does not occur with the same frequency in all types of genitive noun phrases but is affected by several lexicosemantic and formal features of both the head and the genitive modifier. Therefore, we are not dealing with simple pattern borrowing. Rather, L1 influence strengthens certain universal tendencies that are not motivated by contact. The comparison with monolinguals’ Russian, in which prepositive genitives sporadically occur too, supports this hypothesis.
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François, Alexandre. "Social ecology and language history in the northern Vanuatu linkage." Journal of Historical Linguistics 1, no. 2 (2011): 175–246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhl.1.2.03fra.
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This study describes and explains the paradox of related languages in contact that show signs of both linguistic divergence and convergence. Seventeen distinct languages are spoken in the northernmost islands of Vanuatu. These closely related Oceanic languages have evolved from an earlier dialect network, by progressive diversification. Innovations affecting word forms — mostly sound change and lexical replacement — have usually spread only short distances across the network; their accumulation over time has resulted in linguistic fragmentation, as each spatially-anchored community developed its own distinctive vocabulary. However, while languages follow a strong tendency to diverge in the form of their words, they also exhibit a high degree of isomorphism in their linguistic structures, and in the organization of their grammars and lexicons. This structural homogeneity, typically manifested by the perfect translatability of constructions across languages, reflects the traditions of mutual contact and multilingualism which these small communities have followed throughout their history. While word forms are perceived as emblematic of place and diffuse to smaller social circles, linguistic structures are left free to diffuse across much broader networks. Ultimately, the effects of divergence and convergence are the end result, over time, of these two distinct forms of horizontal diffusion.
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Baldi, Philip. "Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language Contact and the Written Word (review)." American Journal of Philology 125, no. 2 (2004): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ajp.2004.0012.
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Eska, Joseph F. "Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language Contact and the Written Word (review)." Language 80, no. 4 (2004): 872–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2004.0184.
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Mira, Nábělková. "Ještě dneska mám zimomriavky, když si na ten nádherný příběh vzpomenu... Slovakizmy v češtine ako výsledok aj dôkaz česko-slovenského jazykového kontaktu." Česko-slovenská historická ročenka 24, no. 1 (2022): 107–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cshr.2022.24.1.5.
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Slovakisms in Czech as a result of the linguistic contact of Czechs and Slovaks are a specific subject of interest from the viewpoint of linguistic, but not only linguistic analysis. The contacts between Czech and Slovak,which are closely-related and mutually understandable Western Slavic languages, led to the presence of contact phenomena in the both languages. While bohemisms in Slovak have been attracting wide expert and lay attention, slovakisms in Czech, which originated in various historical periods, remain, by comparison, less explored. The paper introduces the view on slovakisms based on several sources, including their description in the Czech dictionaries of the National Revival period, compared with the dictionaries of the 20th century. Furthermore, various linguistic works focussed on slovakisms and also specific forms of their introduction into contemporary Czech texts, often come with metalinguistic comments that document their evaluation from the point of view of Czech speakers. The word zimomriavky is a suitable example for such procedure. A deeper look at the slovakisms in Czech confirms them not only being a result of the mutual language contact but, at the same time, as the clear proof of the language contact and a way to gain specific knowledge of the historical, social and political background of the Czech-Slovak language contact.
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Berge, Anna, and Lawrence Kaplan. "Contact-induced lexical development in Yupik and Inuit languages." Études/Inuit/Studies 29, no. 1-2 (2006): 285–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/013946ar.
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Abstract Lexical change in Yupik and Inuit languages was relatively slow until the period of widespread cultural change brought about by contact with Europeans over the past few centuries, probably because there had been little earlier contact with other language families. The colonial period brought various groups to the Arctic and different waves of language contact, primarily with Danish, French, English, and Russian. Lexical borrowing has been significant, and old borrowings, often the result of early trade, can be distinguished from later ones and often pertain to food, tobacco, tools, fabric and other areas where new goods were introduced. Later borrowings came about largely when European political structures were set up and may be less thoroughly integrated phonologically than older borrowings. Numbers of borrowings can be taken to reflect the extent of the foreign contact, as is clearly the case with Russian words in Alaskan languages, most numerous in Aleut, which had the most sustained Russian presence. New religious terms to describe Christianity came into the languages during the colonial period, sometimes as borrowings, but also as relexicalizations of old words pertaining to shamanism. A third means of lexical expansion is coinage, where new terms are invented based on native roots and suffixes. The languages and dialects may thus develop words for the same object or concept by borrowing from different European languages, by relexicalizing an old word, or by coining a new one, with a different result in each case. Different sources for new lexical items have resulted in an important level of differentiation among the languages, and this differentiation needs to be recognized.