Artykuły w czasopismach: „Consumer price indexes – Methodology”

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Cavallo, Alberto, i Roberto Rigobon. "The Billion Prices Project: Using Online Prices for Measurement and Research". Journal of Economic Perspectives 30, nr 2 (1.05.2016): 151–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.2.151.

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A large and growing share of retail prices all over the world are posted online on the websites of retailers. This is a massive and (until recently) untapped source of retail price information. Our objective with the Billion Prices Project, created at MIT in 2008, is to experiment with these new sources of information to improve the computation of traditional economic indicators, starting with the Consumer Price Index. We also seek to understand whether online prices have distinct dynamics, their advantages and disadvantages, and whether they can serve as reliable source of information for economic research. The word “billion” in Billion Prices Project was simply meant to express our desire to collect a massive amount of prices, though we in fact reached that number of observations in less than two years. By 2010, we were collecting 5 million prices every day from over 300 retailers in 50 countries. We describe the methodology used to compute online price indexes and show how they co-move with consumer price indexes in most countries. We also use our price data to study price stickiness, and to investigate the “law of one price” in international economics. Finally we describe how the Billion Prices Project data are publicly shared and discuss why data collection is an important endeavor that macro- and international economists should pursue more often.

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Juszczak, Adam. "The use of web-scraped data to analyze the dynamics of footwear prices". Journal of Economics and Management 43 (2021): 251–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22367/jem.2021.43.12.

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Aim/purpose – Web-scraping is a technique used to automatically extract data from websites. After the rise-up of online shopping, it allows the acquisition of information about prices of goods sold by retailers such as supermarkets or internet shops. This study examines the possibility of using web-scrapped data from one clothing store. It aims at comparing known price index formulas being implemented to the web-scraping case and verifying their sensitivity on the choice of data filter type. Design/methodology/approach – The author uses the price data scrapped from one of the biggest online shops in Poland. The data were obtained as part of eCPI (electronic Consumer Price Index) project conducted by the National Bank of Poland. The author decided to select three types of products for this analysis – female ballerinas, male shoes, and male oxfords to compare their prices in over one-year time period. Six price indexes were used for calculation – The Jevons and Dutot indexes with their chain and GEKS (acronym from the names of creators – Gini–Éltető–Köves–Szulc) versions. Apart from the analysis conducted on a full data set, the author introduced filters to remove outliers. Findings – Clothing and footwear are considered one of the most difficult groups of goods to measure price change indexes due to high product churn, which undermines the possibility to use the traditional Jevons and Dutot indexes. However, it is possible to use chained indexes and GEKS indexes instead. Still, these indexes are fairly sensitive to large price changes. As observed in case of both product groups, the results provided by the GEKS and chained versions of indexes were different, which could lead to conclu- sion that even though they are lending promising results, they could be better suited for other COICOP (Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose) groups. Research implications/limitations – The findings of the paper showed that usage of filters did not significantly reduce the difference between price indexes based on GEKS and chain formulas. Originality/value/contribution – The usage of web-scrapped data is a fairly new topic in the literature. Research on the possibility of using different price indexes provides useful insights for future usage of these data by statistics offices. Keywords: inflation, CPI, web-scraping, online shopping, big data. JEL Classification: C43, C49.

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Jabarin, Mai, Abdulnaser Nour i Sameh Atout. "Impact of macroeconomic factors and political events on the market index returns at Palestine and Amman Stock Markets (2011–2017)". Investment Management and Financial Innovations 16, nr 4 (5.12.2019): 156–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.16(4).2019.14.

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This study aims to investigate the effect of macroeconomic factors on Palestine and Amman Stock Exchange returns. Also, the study handles the political events in the area and their impact on Palestine and Amman stock markets returns. This study applied the macro-econometric model based on Arbitrage Pricing Theory. In addition, the most important political events are selected, and their effect was tested using the event study methodology. The results show that the consumer price index, gross domestic product, and exchange rate have a significant impact on stock index returns, but industrial production index and balance of trade have no significant effect. In addition, the results reveal that the political events have a significant effect on Palestine and Amman stock markets returns. For instance, at Palestine Stock Exchange, seven out of eleven events had a significant impact on the Palestinian general index returns. Regarding the Amman Stock Exchange, there were nine out of eleven events, which had a significant impact on the Jordanian general index returns. The main results show that the macroeconomic factors and political events have a significant impact on the Palestine and Amman stock market returns. Both Palestine and Amman Stock Markets are inefficient and the markets do not absorb uncertain information and noisy events.

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White, Alan G. "Measurement Biases in Consumer Price Indexes". International Statistical Review / Revue Internationale de Statistique 67, nr 3 (grudzień 1999): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1403708.

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White, Alan G. "Measurement Biases in Consumer Price Indexes". International Statistical Review 67, nr 3 (grudzień 1999): 301–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-5823.1999.tb00451.x.

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Moulton, Brent R., i Kenneth J. Stewart. "An Overview of Experimental U.S. Consumer Price Indexes". Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 17, nr 2 (kwiecień 1999): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1392469.

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Moulton, Brent R., i Kenneth J. Stewart. "An Overview of Experimental U.S. Consumer Price Indexes". Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 17, nr 2 (kwiecień 1999): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07350015.1999.10524804.

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Greenlees, John. "Consumer price indexes: methods for quality and variety change". Statistical Journal of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 17, nr 1 (1.06.2000): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/sju-2000-17105.

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Bourassa, Steven C., Eva Cantoni i Martin Hoesli. "Robust hedonic price indexes". International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 9, nr 1 (7.03.2016): 47–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-11-2014-0050.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the application of robust techniques to the estimation of hedonic house price indexes. Design/methodology/approach – The authors use simulation analysis to compare an index estimated using ordinary least squares (OLS) with several indexes estimated using robust techniques. The analysis uses sales transactions data from a US city. The authors then explore how robust methods can correct for omitted variables under some circumstances and how they affect the revision problem that occurs when longitudinal hedonic indexes are updated. Findings – Robust methods can resolve missing variable problems in some circumstances and also can substantially reduce the revision problem in longitudinal hedonic indexes. Practical implications – Robust techniques may be preferable to OLS when constructing longitudinal hedonic indexes. Originality/value – This is the first paper to undertake a systematic analysis of the applicability of robust techniques in constructing hedonic house price indexes.

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Collier, Irwin L. "The DM and the Ossi Consumer: Price Indexes During Transition". Journal of Economic Integration 27, nr 2 (15.06.2012): 245–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.11130/jei.2012.27.2.245.

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Faryna, Oleksandr, Oleksandr Talavera i Tetiana Yukhymenko. "What Drives the Difference between Online and Official Price Indexes?" Visnyk of the National Bank of Ukraine, nr 243 (29.03.2018): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.26531/vnbu2018.243.021.

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This paper examines the associations between online price indexes and official statistics. First, we generate online CPI component sub-indexes, which are later aggregated to an Online Price CPI. This approach is applied to our unique dataset which contains about 3 million observations of online retail prices for consumer goods in Ukraine’s five largest cities. The data span over the period 2016m1 – 2017m12 and cover about 46% of Ukraine’s Consumer Price Inflation basket. We find that online inflation is generally consistent with official estimates, but the matching capability varies across sub-indexes. Although the differences can partially be explained by poor dataset coverage, we find that online prices may indeed represent new information that is not captured by official statistics.

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Dubey, Amaresh, i Palmer-Jones Richard. "Prices, Price Indexes and Poverty Counts in India during 1980s and 1990s: Calculation of Unit Value Consumer Price Indexes". Artha Vijnana: Journal of The Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics 47, nr 3-4 (1.12.2005): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.21648/arthavij/2005/v47/i3-4/115623.

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Asano, Seki, i Eduardo P. S. Fiuza. "Estimation of the Brazilian Consumer Demand System". Brazilian Review of Econometrics 23, nr 2 (2.11.2003): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.12660/bre.v23n22003.2726.

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In this study we estimate the Brazilian consumer demand system through family expenditure data, which cover all consumption categories. The model is estimated from family-level expenditures on seven consumption categories, and a new set of regional cost-of-living indexes. The sources for expenditures are the national household expenditure surveys (POFs) conducted in 1987/88 and 1995/96, which collected data from eleven metropolitan areas. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study of this type and extent based on both waves of POF. Corresponding price indexes were constructed from detailed commodity prices, also from each metropolitan area. The salient features of our study are 1) price variations come from both time and regional differences, which allows us to estimate price elasticities with high precision, 2) we have large variations in income (total expenditures), which is rarely available in aggregate data, and 3) we control for time specific factors by exploiting the panel structure of the data set.

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Ferrari, Guido, Tiziana Laureti i Franco Mostacci. "Time–Space Harmonization of Consumer Price Indexes in Euro-Zone Countries". International Advances in Economic Research 11, nr 4 (listopad 2005): 359–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11294-005-2275-7.

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Copeland, Adam. "Seasonality, consumer heterogeneity and price indexes: the case of prepackaged software". Journal of Productivity Analysis 39, nr 1 (8.02.2012): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11123-012-0266-2.

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Prada, Sergio I., Julio C. Alonso i Julián Fernández. "Exchange rate pass-through into consumer healthcare prices in Colombia". Cuadernos de Economía 38, nr 77 (1.07.2019): 523–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/cuad.econ.v38n77.66189.

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The exchange rate pass-through into the consumer price index on healthcare goods and services was measured by estimating a FAVAR model for Colombia. Results provide evidence of an incomplete and heterogeneous effect. There is no indication of transmission to the services or insurance indexes, but there is a significant effect on the medicines and devices indexes that have implications for out-of-pocket expenditure. Therefore, this indicates that the Colombian healthcare system effectively protects consumers from exchange rate volatility, but may need to design policies to protect consumers from price rises in medicines and goods that are not covered by the national benefits package.

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Fares, Florencia Melisa, Guido Zack i Ricardo Gabriel Martínez. "Sectoral Price and Quantity Indexes of Argentine Foreign Trade". Lecturas de Economía, nr 93 (9.07.2020): 297–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.le.n93a338277.

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Argentina does not have a sufficiently complete and developed system of sectoral statistical data on foreign trade. This paper tries to make a contribution showing a methodology to calculate foreign trade indexes, based on unit values obtained from Foreign Trade Consultation System of INDEC. This methodology is applied to the quarterly data of Argentine sectoral imports and exports and its accuracy is shown from the comparison with price indexes published by INDEC (aggregate level) and Brazilian statistical institute (sectoral level). Our indexes show a correlation above 80% and variability close to the benchmark in almost all sectors. Finally, we analyzed the contribution of each sector to foreign trade growth during 1996-2016 using the estimated quantity indexes, something impossible to obtain without the estimated price indexes. Both real exports and imports show a weak growth pace of 2.3% and 2.4% per year, respectively. The leading sectors are Foodstuff industry and Agricultural products in exports, and Motor vehicles and Chemical products in imports for the whole period

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Jain, Raj K. "The Seasonal Adjustment Procedures for the Consumer Price Indexes: Some Empirical Results". Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 7, nr 4 (październik 1989): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1391647.

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Jain, Raj K. "The Seasonal Adjustment Procedures for the Consumer Price Indexes: Some Empirical Results". Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 7, nr 4 (październik 1989): 461–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07350015.1989.10509758.

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Bessonov, Vladimir. "What Opportunities Do New Technologies Bring About for Price Statistics?" Russian Journal of Money and Finance 80, nr 1 (marzec 2021): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31477/rjmf.202101.120.

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The paper discusses new opportunities for Russian price statistics that present-day information and communication technologies bring about. The paper is a response to the study Isakov et al. (2021) dedicated to the effort of developing a toolset to build a price quotation database through automated internet data collection and construction of consumer price indexes based on it. Discussed are the potential implications of this activity for price statistics.

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21

Armknecht, Paul A., i Mick Silver. "Post-Laspeyres: The Case for a New Formula for Compiling Consumer Price Indexes". IMF Working Papers 12, nr 105 (2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781475502954.001.

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Armknecht, Paul, i Mick Silver. "Post-Laspeyres: The Case for a New Formula for Compiling Consumer Price Indexes". Review of Income and Wealth 60, nr 2 (29.11.2012): 225–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12005.

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Krsinich, Frances. "The FEWS Index: Fixed Effects with a Window Splice". Journal of Official Statistics 32, nr 2 (1.06.2016): 375–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jos-2016-0021.

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Abstract This article describes the estimation of quality-adjusted price indexes from ‘big data’ such as scanner and online data when there is no available information on product characteristics for explicit quality adjustment using hedonic regression. The longitudinal information can be exploited to implicitly quality-adjust the price indexes. The fixed-effects (or ‘time-product dummy’) index is shown to be equivalent to a fully interacted time-dummy hedonic index based on all price-determining characteristics of the products, despite those characteristics not being observed. In production, this can be combined with a modified approach to splicing that incorporates the price movement across the full estimation window to reflect new products with one period’s lag without requiring revision. Empirical results for this fixed-effects window-splice (FEWS) index are presented for different data sources: three years of New Zealand consumer electronics scanner data from market-research company GfK; six years of United States supermarket scanner data from market-research company IRI; and 15 months of New Zealand consumer electronics daily online data from MIT’s Billion Prices Project.

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Amin, Hanudin, Abdul-Rahim Abdul-Rahman i Dzuljastri Abdul Razak. "Theory of Islamic consumer behaviour". Journal of Islamic Marketing 5, nr 2 (3.06.2014): 273–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jima-06-2013-0042.

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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to propose a theory of Islamic consumer behaviour to explain the factors that influence the Islamic mortgage industry. Although previous works have shown that conventional marketing theories were, to a certain extent, able to predict factors influencing halal marketing and Islamic mortgage, these theories fail to capture or accommodate the Islamic perspectives of consumer behaviour. Conventional marketing theories have also been found to be inadequate to explain the Islamic mortgage preference among consumers. Design/methodology/approach – Drawing upon the Maqasid al-Shariah, this study develops an Maqasid al-Shariah index (MSI) and religious satisfaction (RS) for Islamic mortgage industry in Malaysia. These indexes are developed as the basis of the theory development in this setting. The model developed is later examined using survey data. Findings – This study reveals that education and RS are instrumental in determining the Islamic home financing preference. In contrast, justice and welfare are insignificantly related to the Islamic home financing preference. Religious satisfaction, to a certain extent, plays role not only as a mediator but also as a moderator. We find that RS has a full mediation effect on the relationship between welfare and willingness to consider applying Islamic mortgage. We discover justice is moderated by RS. Education and welfare however are not moderated. Originality/value – This study contributes to the development of an empirical Islamic framework in predicting consumers’ behaviour in an Islamic mortgage market using a Maqasid approach. This study is also pioneering in introducing two indexes, notably MSI and RS, and applying these indexes to Islamic home financing context.

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Chevalier, Judith A., i Anil K. Kashyap. "Best Prices: Price Discrimination and Consumer Substitution". American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 11, nr 1 (1.02.2019): 126–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20150362.

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This paper proposes a method for aggregating prices when retailers use periodic sales to price-discriminate amongst heterogeneous customers. In the motivating model, loyal customers buy one brand and do not strategically time purchases, while Bargain Hunters always pay the lowest price available, the “best price.” In the model, the best price is part of an exact price index. Accounting for the best price also substantially improves the empirical match between conventional price aggregation strategies and actual prices paid by consumers. The methodology improves inflation measurement while imposing little burden on the data-collection agency. (JEL C43, D12, E31, L13, L81, M31)

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Ericson, Lars-Erik, Han-Suck Song, Jakob Winstrand i Mats Wilhelmsson. "REGIONAL HOUSE PRICE INDEX CONSTRUCTION – THE CASE OF SWEDEN". International Journal of Strategic Property Management 17, nr 3 (23.09.2013): 278–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648715x.2013.822032.

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The academic literature on the construction of regional house price indexes usually uses geographic areas whose boundaries are administratively drawn. However such administrative regions might not be optimal for the construction of regional price indexes. When producing housing price indexes, we often encounter problems with insufficient number of observations. One way to remedy this problem is to estimate a quarterly index instead of a monthly index. Another possible way to mitigate the thin markets problem is to construct indexes for geographically aggregated regions. However, the literature that discusses methods of dealing with the problem of thin markets and especially geographical aggregation is very rare. The goal of this paper is to construct a housing price index for a major part of Sweden, and to construct price index series for a number of regions. The number of regions, and how their boundaries should be created in order to construct reliable regional price indexes, is however an open question. We apply traditional hedonic methodology in order to estimate house price indexes for both predefined regions whose boundaries are based on a division of labor markets in Sweden, as well as a division of regions based on statistical cluster analysis. The results from this study suggest that regions should be clustered together based on regional price levels and/or price development as clustering variables. If only geographical proximity is used as clustering variable, our computations show that there is a high risk that we end up with some clusters having large standard errors, which in turn might result in inaccurate indexes.

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Gorbunov, V. K., L. A. Kozlova i A. G. Lvov. "To the Problem of Constructing Analytical Indexes of Market Demand: A Variative Approach". Voprosy statistiki 27, nr 3 (30.06.2020): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.34023/2313-6383-2020-27-3-65-80.

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The article develops methods for constructing economic (analytical) indexes in the framework of the holistic theory of market demand, built in recent years. By this, the economic indexes presented in the world literature within the framework of the theory of individual demand and, accordingly, related to households, acquire practical value.The introduction provides a brief overview of the main problems of modern indexology and the implementation of an economic approach dating back to the classical work of 1924 by the Soviet statistician A.A. Konüs. The properties of the most well-known «formula» indexes of Laspeyres, Paasche, and Fischer with respect to the fulﬁllment of the Fisher test criteria are described. These indexes play an important role in the methods proposed by the authors for constructing analytical indexes, which are determined through the function of consumer expenditures. The latter is determined by a utility function that rationalizes trade statistics. The rationalizing utility function is constructed ambiguously, and the corresponding task should be speciﬁed. Methods for its solution are proposed, developed within a non-parametric demand analysis of Afriat-Varian. The core of this analysis is the system of linear Afriat’s inequalities that determine the values of the utility function and marginal utility corresponding to statistical demand. This system can be inconsistent and unstable with respect to variations of non-exact demand statistics. In the case of compatibility, inequalities have many solutions, and the choice of different solutions of inequalities gives different values of analytical indexes. The authors suggest three types of tasks for the stable solution of Afriat’s inequalities, which deﬁne indexes with characteristics of optimism (low price indexes and high quantity indexes), pessimism (vice versa) and objectivity.Therefore, the problem of increasing the objectivity of consumer demand indexes receives a theoretically justiﬁed toolbox methods for calculating analytical market demand indexes that take into account, in contrast to formula indices, consumer preferences.

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Waltl, Sofie R. "A hedonic house price index in continuous time". International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 9, nr 4 (3.10.2016): 648–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-10-2015-0066.

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Purpose This paper aims to develop a methodology to accurately and timely measure movements in housing markets by constructing a continuously estimated house price index. Design/methodology/approach The continuous index, which is extracted from an additive model that includes the temporal and the locational effects as smooth functions, can be interpreted as an extension of the classical hedonic time-dummy method. The methodology is applied to housing sales from Sydney, Australia, between 2001 and 2011, and compared to three types of discrete indexes. Findings Discrete indexes turn out to approach the continuously estimated index with decreasing period lengths but eventually become wiggly and unreliable because of fewer observations per period. The continuous index, in contrast, is stable, has favourable robustness properties and is more objective in several ways. Originality/value The resulting index tracks movements in the housing market precisely and in “real-time” and is hence suited for monitoring and assessing housing markets. Because turbulence in housing markets is often a harbinger of financial crises, such monitoring tools support policymakers and investors in tailoring their decisions and reactions. Additionally, the index can be evaluated arbitrarily frequently and therefore is well suited for use in property derivatives.

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Hsieh, Heng-Hsing, Kathleen Hodnett i Paul Van Rensburg. "Fundamental Indexation For Global Equities: Does Firm Size Matter?" Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 28, nr 1 (17.07.2012): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v28i1.7154.

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Market capitalization is often used as the weighting methodology for broad market indexes to reflect the performances of large established firms in the market. The market capitalization of a firm is a price-sensitive measure of firm size that self-adjusts to reflect the firms intrinsic value in an efficient capital market. In the presence of investor overreaction, the price-sensitive cap-weighted indexes cease to be mean-variance efficient in that they overweigh overvalued assets and under weigh undervalued assets. Fundamental indexation, proposed by Arnott, Hsu and Moore (2005), argue that fundamental values of a firm such as book value, revenues and earnings are price-insensitive, and hence are not subject to the systematic overshooting of asset prices through noise trading. The aim of this paper is to test whether fundamental-weighted indexes are more mean-variance efficient proxies for large established firms in the global equity market compared to cap-weighted indexes over an extensive 18-year period from 1991 to 2008. Test results show that fundamental-weighted indexes outperform cap-weighted indexes over two sub-periods as well as the overall examination period, during an expansionary market and in turbulent times. A strong negative relationship between the degree of index concentration and the index performance is detected for cap-weighted indexes while no such relationship is detected for the fundamental-weighted indexes. Our results suggest that price-insensitive fundamental-weighted indexes are more mean-variance efficient proxies for the performances of large firms for global equities relative to cap-weighted indexes. By removing the price-element in measuring firm size, the small firm anomaly is not present in fundamental-weighted indexes.

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Zhang, Chengsi, Chunming Meng i Lisa Getz. "Food prices and inflation dynamics in China". China Agricultural Economic Review 6, nr 3 (26.08.2014): 395–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-12-2012-0140.

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Purpose – China has witnessed low and stable consumer price inflation in conjunction with high and volatile food price inflation over the past decade. The purpose of this paper is to examine questions about whether or not the link between consumer price inflation and food price inflation has weakened and the determinants of consumer price inflation. Design/methodology/approach – This paper explores these questions by estimating error correction terms for monetary and external sectors using the Johansen cointegration method. Findings – Empirical results suggest that the link between consumer price inflation and food prices has not been weakened, food price inflation, especially cereal price inflation, remains a significant driving force for overall consumer price inflation, and international food prices also play a significant role in determining China's inflation dynamics. Originality/value – The paper construct a multivariate dynamic model that features the link between consumer price inflation and its potential driving variables. It also develops error correction models for food price, non-food price and consumer price inflation, which can accommodate dynamic interactions among the underlying variables.

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M. Barrutia, Jose, i María Paz Espinosa. "Consumer expertise matters in price negotiation". European Journal of Marketing 48, nr 11/12 (4.11.2014): 1962–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-04-2013-0208.

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Purpose – The main purpose of this paper is to study the effect of consumer expertise on mortgage loan prices. We argue that consumer expertise should affect price due to two reasons: (1) loan mortgage prices in non-price-regulated settings are usually the result of a bank-customer negotiation process; and (2) a mortgage loan is a complex product. Design/methodology/approach – Data on mortgage loan prices were used for a sample of 1,055 households for 2005 (Bank of Spain Survey of Household Finances, EFF-2005). Findings – The regression results indicate that consumer expertise-related metrics are highly significant as predictors of mortgage loan prices. Findings also indicate that cost-related variables and a measure of risk with low discrimination power (i.e. having a permanent employment contract, which accounts for 70 per cent of contracts in Spain) affect price. Surprisingly, more sophisticated measures of credit risk do not have such a significant impact on mortgage prices. Research limitations/implications – Empirical results refer to the credit conditions prior to the financial crisis and could shed some light on the factors that led to it. Practical implications – Findings seem to indicate that, in the period under study, bank managers prioritized capturing new business in the short-term against normative prescriptions, which suggest that price should be credit-risk adjusted (financial literature) and long-term consumer potential adjusted (marketing literature). The post-2008 difficult economic situation of Spanish banks (linked to an excessive portfolio of mortgage loans granted at very low prices) shows that these strategies were wrong. Originality/value – An uncommon perspective was adopted. The importance of consumer expertise-related variables on price has been underemphasized by prior research. The effect of consumer expertise is assessed by using a large and comprehensive database.

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Abraham, Katharine G. "Toward a Cost-of-Living Index: Progress and Prospects". Journal of Economic Perspectives 17, nr 1 (1.02.2003): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/089533003321164949.

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The author considers the improvements the Bureau of Labor Statistics has made to the Consumer Price Index since the mid 1990s. These include changes designed to make the index more representative of current expenditure patterns; to account for consumer substitution in response to relative price change; and to account for changes in the quality of the goods and services that consumers purchase. Drawing on selected recommendations made by the National Academy of Sciences Panel on Conceptual, Measurement, and Other Statistical Issues in Developing Cost-of Living Indexes recently chaired by Charles Schultze, the author highlights those additional areas for exploration that she believes have the greatest potential and discuss those areas she believes to be less promising.

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Ferenczi, B., S. Valkovszky i J. Vincze. "What are consumer price statistics good for?" Acta Oeconomica 52, nr 2 (czerwiec 2002): 163–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.52.2002.2.1.

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This paper studies five different aspects of inflation. Undoubtedly, there are manifold requirements made on the consumer price index. It is designed to measure changes in the cost of living and the cost of holding money, to serve as basis for calculating real interest rate and real exchange rates and to fulfil the coordinating role of a core inflation index. The authors of this paper believe that seeking to capture inflation in terms of a single “universal” indicator may lead to an oversimplification of the concept. In its current form, the Hungarian consumer price index does not “purely” suit any one of the theoretical concepts of inflation. The objective of this paper is to draw up a number of proposals related to the methodology of consumer price statistics, which appear to be one of the best data sources. In an attempt to make full use of this quality and illustrate the problems noted above, we shall propose a set of indicators, for analytical purposes, designed to be appropriate for the various “areas of application”.

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Krishnamurthi, Lakshman, i S. P. Raj. "The Effect of Advertising on Consumer Price Sensitivity". Journal of Marketing Research 22, nr 2 (maj 1985): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224378502200202.

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The authors investigate how increased advertising affects consumer price sensitivity. First, a conceptual framework integrating the role of advertising content is presented. Next, a methodology for studying the impact of advertising on consumer price sensitivity to brand purchase quantity and consumption is developed. Analyses of diary panel data for an established, frequently purchased brand from an ADTEL advertising field experiment clearly demonstrate that increased advertising lowers price sensitivity. Further, this effect is strong in the high price sensitivity segment for purchase quantity and consumption. In the low price sensitivity segment the effect is marginal. Additional support for these results was obtained by choosing different cutoff points for high sensitivity segmentation.

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Kenning, Peter, Heiner Evanschitzky, Verena Vogel i Dieter Ahlert. "Consumer price knowledge in the market for apparel". International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 35, nr 2 (27.02.2007): 97–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09590550710728075.

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PurposeThe aim of this study is to analyze consumers' price knowledge in the market for apparels.Design/methodology/approachAfter reviewing earlier attempts at assessing the construct, the price estimation error “PEE” was used, a measure based on explicit price knowledge stored in long‐term memory, as a valid indicator of price knowledge.FindingsThe results, including data from about 1,527 consumers on 66 products from the German apparel market, indicate that price knowledge is relatively low.Originality/valueAlthough, in the literature, there are several studies on price knowledge in the food industry, little is known about price knowledge in other industry sectors. This is quite surprising since pricing strategy is a concept which is vitally important to all retailers. Therefore, this study is a first contribution to extending the concept of behavioral pricing to the apparel market.

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Ji, Xingquan, Ziyang Yin, Yumin Zhang, Xuan Zhang, Haishu Gao i Xinyi Zhang. "Comprehensive Pricing Scheme of the EV Charging Station considering Consumer Differences Based on Integrated AHP/DEA Methodology". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (10.10.2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8657258.

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Scientific pricing of the electric vehicle charging station is closely related to consumer behavior inevitably. Existing studies have not considered the impacts of consumer differences on the charging price, which will fail to meet the interests of various types of consumers. This paper proposes a novel pricing method based on consumer classification and comprehensive evaluation strategies. First, the basis for consumer classification is established according to a single factor sensitivity analysis of the consumer benefit model; then, the nonlinear expression of the basis is piecewise linearized. Additionally, with the principle of least fitting error to determine consumers’ classification, the initial charging price schemes for various types of consumers are formulated. Second, this paper defines evaluation indices and establishes the hierarchy model for comprehensive evaluation schemes. Finally, the integrated analytic hierarchy process and data envelopment analysis are adopted for comprehensive evaluation of schemes. Simulations results illustrate that the proposed method can formulate the comprehensive optimal charging price considering consumer differences, and the method can reflect the impacts of both subjective and objective factors conveniently and accurately.

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Hill, Robert J., i T. Peter Hill. "RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF PRICES AND REAL OUTPUT". Macroeconomic Dynamics 13, S2 (wrzesień 2009): 194–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100509090129.

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Three important current areas of research in the field of international comparisons are the construction of price indexes at the basic heading level, price indexes at higher levels of aggregation, and the linking of comparisons across regions. We consider recent innovations in each of these areas. These innovations have largely arisen out of International Comparisons Program (ICP) 2005, and hence we discuss them in this context. We give particular emphasis to the construction of price indexes at the basic heading level, because we believe it is here that the biggest problems lie. For example, the apparently anomalous results obtained for China and India in ICP 2005 can be traced back to problems at the basic heading level. We also highlight some inconsistencies in current ICP methodology and some promising areas for future research that warrant closer scrutiny in the next round of ICP.

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Rudzkis, Rimantas, Roma Valkavičienė i Virmantas Kvedaras. "Prediction of Baltic Sectorial Share Price Indices". Lietuvos statistikos darbai 53, nr 1 (20.12.2014): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ljs.2014.13894.

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Extending the research started in [31], the paper uses econometric methods for the short-term forecasting of quarterly values of sector indexes of stock prices from the OMX Baltic stock exchange. The ARMA models and modelling methodology that was used to build the statistical models in the previous paper are now augmented with the algorithms of time series aggregation and identification of special features of the series. Here, the search for informative factors relies on the study of related literature. The specification of models is further tailored using the traditional significance (p-value) analysis of regressors and a cross-validation analysis. The latter is implemented in this paper using the Jack-knife approach. The data period analysed covers the years 2000–2013. The results of the analysis indicate that the inclusion not only of recent autoregressive terms but also of some aggregated characteristics (as certain special features of indexes) improves the precision of forecasting substantially. The calculations were performed using the statistical analysis software SAS.

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Kozlova, М. A. "Törnqvist Formula for Сalculating a Consumer Price Index in Russia: Theory and Practice". Voprosy statistiki 27, nr 5 (26.10.2020): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.34023/2313-6383-2020-27-5-87-94.

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The article reflects the author’s position on the adjustment of the so-called substitution bias, which affects the value of the consumer price index, currently calculated using the Laspeyres formula. The author proposes a solution to the problem of the adequacy of statistical measurements of the dynamics of consumer prices in the case when, as a result of changing cost of the consumer basket, a buyer replaces a relatively expensive product with a relatively cheaper one. This solution is based on the existing index construction methodology (axiomatic, economic and stochastic approaches). The article substantiates the use of the Törnqvist formula, which has better properties in comparison with other formulae used in the construction of superlative indices. The authors calculated the Törnqvist price index for Russia based on Rosstat methodology and data using country-level quarterly group price indices and shares of consumer spending. To evaluate the results of empirical testing Laspeyres price index was compiled using the same quarterly data as the Törnqvist index. The values of the Törnqvist price index in most cases are less than the price dynamics obtained according to the Laspeyres formula. This conclusion is proved both theoretically and empirically, and it is confirmed for Russia as well. However, due to the non-observance of the conditions of smooth trends in consumer prices, the difference between the values of the Törnqvist and Laspeyres indices is significantly larger in certain quarters than that presented in empirical studies in other countries. Consumer price index, calculated using the Törnqvist formula, in the system of indicators of price statistics in Russia can be defined as an indicator that specifies the main consumer price index. Calculation of its value is necessary for a more realistic description of the processes taking place in the consumer market.

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Jürkenbeck, Kristin, Achim Spiller i Stephan G. H. Meyerding. "Tomato attributes and consumer preferences – a consumer segmentation approach". British Food Journal 122, nr 1 (30.09.2019): 328–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-09-2018-0628.

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Purpose Vegetables are an important component of a healthy diet. Given that tomatoes are the most purchased vegetable in Germany, the purpose of this paper is to focus on how consumers evaluate tomatoes during their food choice. Each consumer has different preferences and, in order to target them, it is necessary to identify consumer groups. The study segments tomato consumers into homogenous target groups. Design/methodology/approach A choice experiment was used to simulate the buying situation in a supermarket. The data were analysed using latent class analysis, as well as principal component factor analysis to measure food-related lifestyles. The sample consisted of 1,027 consumers and was representative of the characteristics of gender, age, educational level and income for the German population. Findings Consumers perceive air transportation and plastic wrapping as most climate damaging in tomato production. Six different tomato consumer groups were identified and named according to the attribute they found most important, i.e. “Balanced consumers”, “Price-conscious consumers”, “Taste enthusiasts”, “Colour-sensitive consumers”, “Price-conscious consumers with a taste preference” and “Colour- and price-sensitive consumers”. In three clusters, colour was the most important attribute. However, green and yellow tomatoes were rejected by all segments, indicating communication problems. Originality/value The results of this study provide breeders and marketers with valuable insights into the factors driving tomato choice. The information was based on a large sample and will help breeders to select the types of tomatoes that are in demand by consumers.

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Hamdi, Haykel, i Jihed Majdoub. "Risk-sharing finance governance: Islamic vs conventional indexes option pricing". Managerial Finance 44, nr 5 (14.05.2018): 540–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-05-2017-0199.

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Purpose Risk governance has an important influence on the hedging performances in option pricing and portfolio hedging in both discrete and dynamic case for both conventional and Islamic indexes. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach This paper explores option pricing and portfolio hedging in a discrete and dynamic case with transaction costs. Monte Carlo simulations are applied to both conventional and Islamic indexes in US and UK markets. Simulations show that conventional and Islamic assets do not exhibit the same price and portfolio hedging strategy governance. Findings The authors conclude that Islamic assets show different option price and hedging strategy compared to their conventional counterpart. Originality/value The research question of this paper aims at filling the gap in the empirical literature by exploring option price and hedging structure for both conventional and Islamic indexes in US and UK stock markets.

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Abraham Jackson, Emerson, Edmond Tamuke i Abdulai Sillah. "Modelling Monthly Headline Consumer Price Index (HCPI) through Seasonal Box-Jenkins Methodology". International Journal of Sciences 4, nr 01 (2018): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18483/ijsci.1507.

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Kirikkaleli, Dervis, i Ibrahim Darbaz. "The Causal Linkage between Energy Price and Food Price". Energies 14, nr 14 (11.07.2021): 4182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144182.

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This paper aims to reveal the causal relationship between energy prices and food prices and whether this relationship is similar in the food sub-groups forming the food price index used. As food prices more than doubled during the 2008 economic crisis, this relationship has received considerable attention from researchers. Many researches have been conducted to determine the causes and consequences of the 2008 food price crisis. Researches are mainly focused on crude oil and bio-energy in terms of “energy”. This research is not only differentiated by the data used but also by the methodology employed. The study attempts to add new findings to the empirical food price literature by utilizing relatively newly developed methods, namely Toda–Yamamoto causality, Fourier Toda–Yamamoto causality, and spectral BC causality tests. The spectral BC causality test clearly reveals that there is bidirectional causality between the energy price index and food price indexes (grains, other food, and oils) at different frequencies.

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Houseman, Susan, Christopher Kurz, Paul Lengermann i Benjamin Mandel. "Offshoring Bias in U.S. Manufacturing". Journal of Economic Perspectives 25, nr 2 (1.05.2011): 111–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.25.2.111.

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In this paper, we show that the substitution of imported for domestically produced goods and services—often known as offshoring—can lead to overestimates of U.S. productivity growth and value added. We explore how the measurement of productivity and value added in manufacturing has been affected by the dramatic rise in imports of manufactured goods, which more than doubled from 1997 to 2007. We argue that, analogous to the widely discussed problem of outlet substitution bias in the literature on the Consumer Price Index, the price declines associated with the shift to low-cost foreign suppliers are generally not captured in existing price indexes. Just as the CPI fails to capture fully the lower prices for consumers due to the entry and expansion of big-box retailers like Wal-Mart, import price indexes and the intermediate input price indexes based on them do not capture the price drops associated with a shift to new low-cost suppliers in China and other developing countries. As a result, the real growth of imported inputs has been understated. And if input growth is understated, it follows that the growth in multifactor productivity and real value added in the manufacturing sector have been overstated. We estimate that average annual multifactor productivity growth in manufacturing was overstated by 0.1 to 0.2 percentage points and real value added growth by 0.2 to 0.5 percentage points from 1997 to 2007. Moreover, this bias may have accounted for a fifth to a half of the growth in real value added in manufacturing output excluding the computer and electronics industry.

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Cheng, Andy Wui Wing, i Iris Wing Han Yip. "China’s Macroeconomic Fundamentals on Stock Market Volatility: Evidence from Shanghai and Hong Kong". Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 20, nr 02 (18.05.2017): 1750014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021909151750014x.

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This paper examines the effect of Chinese macroeconomic variables, the industrial production growth rate, the producer price index, the 3-month short-term Shanghai Interbank Offer Rate and the consumer price index, on the volatility of the Shanghai and Hong Kong stock markets. We apply the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic mixed data sampling model for the study. Our empirical findings on various indexes and enterprises in the Shanghai and Hong Kong markets show that Chinese macroeconomic variables have a greater power to explain the volatility in Hong Kong than in Shanghai. They also contribute significantly to Hong Kong’s market volatility.

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Greenlees, John S., i Robert McClelland. "Does Quality Adjustment Matter for Technologically Stable Products? An Application to the CPI for Food". American Economic Review 101, nr 3 (1.05.2011): 200–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.3.200.

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Most indexes in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) use a form of the “matched-model” approach. It is frequently assumed that this approach accurately reflects inflation for items that have no major trend in quality. In this paper we investigate that hypothesis using CPI data for retail food items. We find that CPI analysts may be correct on average when they decide that new and replacement items are similar in quality. We also find, however, that when sample items are replaced by items of significantly different quality the CPI imputation procedures may underestimate price change and overstate quality change.

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Kozlova, M. A. "U.S. consumer price index in the second half of XX century: calculation strategy and ways of its changes". Statistics and Economics 16, nr 6 (26.12.2019): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2500-3925-2019-6-67-76.

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The purpose of this research is a detection of U.S. consumer price index development and change ways emerged in the second half of XX century. Consumer price index is considered as a practically evaluable index number.Materials and methods. This research is based on the methodology documents of U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and its theoretical and practical papers published in Monthly Labor Review. The basic method is historical and descriptive techniques.Results. Data generalization for U.S. consumer price index across five revisions is realized in structure of the calculation method, adapted by ROSSTAT for the national consumer price index. Firstly the dynamic of number of cities, included in consumer price survey and changes of its sample is analyzed. Secondly the principles of point of purchase sampling is in focus. Thirdly the set of goods and services and dynamics of its structure are considered. Fourthly there is a generalization of pricing procedure principles that is frequency according to the type of cities and feature of goods and services. Fifthly the source and limits of data collecting for weights which needed for consumer price index calculation on the high level of aggregation. And sixthly there is description of mean price and price index calculation.Conclusion. The main ways of development and transformation in U.S. consumer price index are defined. It may be considered as alternative solutions in consumer price index of other countries. The main ways are the increase of city and goods sampling, extension of probability use, formation of good classification, equal temporal interval of weight renovation and creation of price index system.

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Grewal, Dhruv, Anne Roggeveen i Jens Nordfält. "Pricing in the modern world: the role of price-related and non-price related cues". Journal of Product & Brand Management 23, nr 6 (9.09.2014): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-06-2014-0649.

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Purpose – This editorial aims to discuss how the modern world is causing pricing practices of both retailers and consumers to evolve. The contributions of seven papers included in this special issue have been highlighted. Design/methodology/approach – The purpose is to explore how different cues impact consumer reactions to prices. Findings – These cues include both cues regarding the price itself (e.g. the level of the discount, how the price is broken into component parts, the starting price in an auction), as well as non-price-related cues (e.g. private labels, brand familiarly, consumer ratings, creativity of an ad). In addition, this special issue includes a review article which provides a comprehensive review of behavioral pricing research. Originality/value – The contributions of seven papers included in this special issue have been highlighted.

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Kuo, Hsiao-Ching, i Chinintorn Nakhata. "Price promotions and products with low consumer ratings". Journal of Consumer Marketing 33, nr 7 (14.11.2016): 517–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-04-2016-1767.

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Purpose Previous research indicates the aversive effect of low consumer ratings on consumers’ purchasing decisions. This paper aims to apply decision justifiability theory to investigate how price promotions – price discount and price bundling – can reduce this effect. Design/methodology/approach Two scenario-based experiments were administered among college students (Experiment 1) and online consumer panels (Experiment 2) to test the research hypotheses. Findings When time-to-purchase is long (vs short), a large discount is more effective in alleviating consumers’ negative responses toward products with low consumer ratings. However, when a price discount is presented as a bundle rather than a separate deal, a small discount size becomes as attractive as a large discount size for consumers with a longer time-to-purchase. Practical implications This paper identifies two controllable factors, price discounts and price bundling, that could help to alleviate the negative impact of low consumer ratings. Marketing managers can apply the findings of this paper as guidelines to deal with the aversive effect of low consumer ratings. Originality/value This paper makes an initial attempt to examine situations where consumers would be less averse to products with low consumer ratings. It identifies the roles of two price promotions (i.e. price discount size and price bundling) and an important contextual factor (i.e. time-to-purchase) that influence consumers’ decision justifiability and, subsequently, alter consumers’ online purchase decisions for such products.

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Guevara, Porfirio, Robert Hill i Michael Scholz. "Hedonic indexes for public and private housing in Costa Rica". International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 10, nr 1 (6.02.2017): 140–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-02-2016-0014.

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Purpose This study aims to show how hedonic methods can be used to compare the performance of the public and private sector housing markets in Costa Rica. Design/methodology/approach Hedonic price indexes are computed using the adjacent-period method. Average housing quality is measured by comparing hedonic and median price indexes. The relative performance of the public and private sector residential construction is compared by estimating separate hedonic models for each sector. A private sector price is then imputed for each house built in the public sector, and a public sector price is imputed for each house built in the private sector. Findings The real quality-adjusted price of private housing rose by 12 per cent between 2000 and 2013, whereas the price of private housing rose by 9 per cent. The average quality of private housing rose by 45 per cent, whereas that of public housing fell by 18 per cent. Nevertheless, the hedonic imputation analysis reveals that public housing could not be produced more cheaply in the private sector. Social implications The quality of public housing has declined over time. The hedonic analysis shows that the decline is not because of a lack of competition between construction firms in the public sector. An alternative demand side explanation is provided. Originality/value This study applies hedonic methods in novel ways to compare the relative performance of the public and private housing sectors in Costa Rica. The results shed new light on the effectiveness of public sector housing programs.

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