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Schiopu, Nicoleta. "Caractérisation des émissions dans l'eau des produits de construction pendant leur vie en oeuvre". Lyon, INSA, 2007. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2007ISAL0076/these.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe various French and European regulatory or voluntary actions push more and more the construction products manufacturers to an environmental assessment policy. A « horizontal » approach (i. E. , applicable to one or several families of products used in a certain scenario) is considered the best route for the assessment. Moreover, it is required by the Mandate M/366 addressed to CEN. The aim of this research is to contribute to the development of this kind of approach, in order to assess the substances emission from construction products into water, during their service life. Three products were tested: concrete slabs, wood duckboards and zinc gutters. The experiments were carried out at two scales: laboratory scale (controlled conditions) and pilot scale (outdoor / not-controlled conditions, with meteorological monitoring). At pilot scale the products were exposed to meteoric water, during one year. A release model (chemical and transport modelling) was developed for the case of the concrete slabs. PHREEQC software was adapted and used. The main results show that in order to assess the substances emission from construction products into water, in a « horizontal » approach framework, the following steps are required and must take into account the product and the exposure conditions specificities: - physicochemical characterisation of the product, which could be more or less complex, depending on the product and on the knowledge already available ; - characterisation of leaching behaviour, under static (equilibrium) and dynamic conditions, which must take into account especially the use and the evolution of the product during its service life. The Continuous Monolithic Leaching Test (CMLT) seems more suitable for release dynamic assessment ; - modelling of the products behaviour in a specific exposure scenario. The laboratory data cannot be directly transferred to service conditions but they are essential for the modelling of environmental behaviour
Youssef, Alice. "Prise en compte des apports mécaniques du béton de chanvre pour le calcul de structure bois/béton de chanvre et métal/béton de chanvre". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lorient, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORIS431.
Pełny tekst źródłaLime and hemp concrete (LHC) is nowadays the most developed bio-based aggregate building material in Europe. It consists of hemp shiv and mineral binder mixing with water. Generally, bio-based materials like LHC are used for their thermal insulation properties in building. Most blocks of Lime Hemp Concrete which have been studied, show a brittle behavior and a very low mechanical strength. The formulations are generally rich in binder and slightly compacted. Up to now, this material is then not considered as a load bearing material and is mainly used as filler insulation, combined with structure components made of wood, concrete or masonry. A study has tested other formulations, with higher contents of aggregates thanks to a compaction process, in order to improve both the rigidity and the strength of the hardened mixtures. In these formulations, shiv which has higher amount is definitely lighter and more porous than lime, which prevents a significant increase in thermal conductivity. The present work of my PhD is an experimental study of the compressive and shearing behavior of hemp concrete, in order to study the load-bearing capacity and bracing of this bio based material, while maintaining good qualities of thermal insulation in building. Two compacted formulations were tested M1 & M4, as well as samples obtained from trade-blocks Chanvribloc®. Two series of tests were performed. The first one is a uniaxial compression test in each direction for characterizing the mechanical anisotropy of the material. This anisotropy is induced by the compacting process. The second one permits to characterize the shearing behavior of the different mix-designs. In this study, an original shear device was developed, specifically designed for this kind of material, which allows shearing under controlled normal stress. An image processing performed was carried out, using a camera and ARAMIS image processing software during shear tests, to evaluate the fields of deformations and to study the behavior of the specimen during the shear test. The compressive experiments results have shown that this material is anisotropic, even when it is industrially molded by vibrations. The material has a transverse isotropic behavior. The behavior in the longitudinal direction is characterized by very high ductility, while the transverse behavior is very brittle, with a highly variable and unsteady behavior. The experimental results in shear show a high ductility of this material. These results are very promising, an interesting behavior of LHC walls in term of potential bracing. Numerical modeling and applications have been carried out to illustrate the use of hemp concrete blocks for bracing buildings. The formulation M4 exhibits a better behavior under moderate and average seismic actions, compared to the formulation M1, while the Chanvribloc walls in the present state do not allowthe buildings to be braced in moderate or medium seismic zones
Bouchenafa, Othmane. "Mécanosynthèse et matériaux de construction : optimisation et application pour la clinkérisation et la géopolymérisation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC1003.
Pełny tekst źródłaConstruction materials are an essential need for humans. After Water, concrete is the most widely used material in the world and cement production is constantly increasing due to the increase in the world population. In 2010, the annual cement production reached 3.3 billion tonnes. An increase of +6.9% was recorded in 2015 for a production that reached 4.6 billion tonnesStudies conducted on the environmental impact of the clinker manufacturing process have revealed that for a production of one tonne of clinker, a quantity of 0.7 to 0.8 tonnes of CO2 is released into the atmosphere or an annual emission of 2.8 billion tonnes of CO2. These greenhouse gas emissions are responsible for 5% of global emissions. In order to reduce this impact, solutions already proposed such as the use of alternative fuels for clinker manufacture, the partial substitution of cement by industrial co-products or carbon capture and storage.This thesis is part of a desire to reduce the carbon impact in the manufacture of construction materials by introducing the mechanosynthesis process into the production process of clinker and cement as well as geopolymers.The thesis work has been divided into 3 main parts:The first part concerns the mechanosynthesis process optimization by adding process control agents (PCAs). The use of these agents for the grinding of fly ash and blast furnace slag has reduced the milling time to 15 minutes, whereas without PCA, 1 hour milling time is required, or even 3 hours for optimal milling. Cement pastes which we have substituted up to 50% clinker with industrial co-products activated by mechanosynthesis with PCAs (we have used alcohol and water) have shown higher mechanical performance than those prepared with 100% Portland cement.Cement pastes prepared with a substitution of 50% milled slag 15 min + 4% alcohol has shown an improvement in mechanical performance (compression) of + 10%, + 15% and + 40% compared to a reference cement paste for 7, 28 and 90 days respectively.The second part aims to propose a clinkerization process by indirect mechanosynthesis. We have used limestone and clay (traditional products for clinker manufacturing) to produce an equivalent clinker. To achieve our objective, we have used indirect mechanosynthesis, which consists of coupling a mechanical activation with short milling time and a heat treatment not exceeding 900°C. This technique has allowed us to produce the essential compounds of clinker, C3S alite (Ca3SiO5), β-C2S belite (Ca2SiO4) and C3A aluminates.The last part is focused on the direct mechanosynthesis process used for the production of a ready-to-use geopolymer powder only by adding water. This process consists of mixing aluminosilicates such as slag, fly ash or metakaolin with chemical activators by grinding to obtain a final geopolymer product.Geopolymer paste formulations have been made and encouraging results in terms of compressive strength have been obtained
Wignacourt, Alex. "Caractérisation, mesure et évaluation des indicateurs techniques, économiques et financiers des éco-matériaux : application au secteur du bâtiment". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole centrale de Lille, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ECLI0020.
Pełny tekst źródłaEco-materials, have revealed a number of interesting characteristics compared with more traditional technical or architectural solutions. The criteria so far used to differentiate them were often related to the preservation of the environment or health. The main research objective has been to study the technical, economic and financial advantages of such more environmentally friendly materials by collecting selected referential information- assessment indicators and criteria- inside a proposed system of reference. The first part of my work has been devoted to identifying eco-materials in the broader context of the conception of high environmental quality buildings. The position of eco-materials in international and European Environmental Quality Management Systems for Buildings- SMQEB- has then been reviewed in a second part. The third part of this work has consisted in designing a technical, economic and financial prescription decision tool for eco –materials. In the final part, the main concern has been to implement this designed and tested methodology within the Nord Pas De Calais region. An elaborate construction system - a flat roof - has been selected to compare a set of eco-built solutions with more conventional ones. The technical, economic, financial, environmental and health criteria have in-fine been used in easily understood language: the cost/profit ratio
Tornay, Nathalie. "Vers des outils d'aide à la conception pour intégrer les dimensions techniques, écologiques et sensibles des matériaux de construction". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse, INSA, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ISAT0003.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe choice of materials and way of implementation is known and will be known as a significant growth in the world of architecture. Actually, changes are largely induced by technical dimension, but also representations and precepts that appear with the emergence of the concept of sustainable development in our society.Design support tools about materials scale focus on the physical dimensions (thermal, life cycle, refreshments, etc.). Our work is questioning the integration of technical, environmental and sensible dimensions in a design support tool based on reference. The referential activity is a specific approach in the initial phases of designing on a project. These phases correspond to crucial choice, which remain poorly assisted by digital tools.Our work aims to highlight the different characteristics of materials, but also their interactions. This study differs from conventional approaches of materials, which generally, constructive solutions are presented material by material. Indeed, we rely on a data structure and interdisciplinary knowledge (architecture, urbanism, landscape, aesthetic, technical, cognitive, perception approach, environmental approach, etc.).This research tends to be a first proposal for a design support tool named DILEM'MAtériaux that takes into account materials in their contribution to origin of founding ideas and definition of concept, in the initial phases of designing on a project
Chen, Maozhe. "Faisabilité technique et environnementale de l'utilisation dans des matériaux de construction cimentaires de cendres d'incinération de boues de station d'épuration". Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00759490.
Pełny tekst źródłaTlijani, Mohamed. "Contribution à la caractérisation thermophysique de matériaux bio-isolants : valorisation des déchets de bois de palmier". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1157.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe growing interest in new concrete and their use in many fields of civil engineering was that we wanted to bring a new approach to the design of a new product consisting of a reinforced concrete with basel end frond palm fibers. This led us to conduct the experimental study of thermal properties of natural fibers of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). The analysis of experimental results showed that the essential factors affecting the thermal conductivity are the variety of date palm and the fiber orientation and that the basel end of the frond palm is the most interesting part as thermal insulation. However, the main problem encountered when using plant fibers as reinforcement is cohesion, bonding with the matrix and dimensional instability so the composite loses its mechanical properties. In this context, an alkaline pretreatment of palm fibers was envisaged to clean and modify the fiber surface to address the problems of dimensional stability of the fibers and degradation before their use as reinforcement in the cement matrix. We also studied the influence of chemical treatment with sodium hydroxide on the mechanical properties of processed samples, they were subjected to the tensile test to estimate the fracture strength for each treatment concentration, the Young's modulus and elongation at break corresponding. Subsequently, we conducted experimental and theoretical research on the thermal conductivity of different formulations of basel end palm wood concrete composite. The study of the theoretical apparent thermal conductivity was based on an approach that relies on a process whereas the material consists of a solid matrix combined with a fluid phase (air). Finally, we performed a numerical simulation of heat transfer phenomena to assess the thermal conductivity of basel end frond palm concrete composite and validate subsequently the theoretical prediction model selected. The results showed that the numerical approach based on the isotropic orientation of the particles in the composite coincides and approaches the physical reality
Lupsea, Maria-octavia. "Contribution to the environmental impact assessment of buildings : numerical modelling of dangerous substances’ release to water". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAT0007.
Pełny tekst źródłaAny construction product and building undergoing contact with water during its life cycle can release chemical compounds potentially hazardous for the human health and the environment. The release of dangerous substances is presently investigated especially by experimental approaches commonly by laboratory leaching tests while the environmental impacts of construction products and buildings are evaluated by a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach. The dangerous substances release during use stage of construction products (leaching behaviour) is currently very poorly represented in the existing data bases and methods for environmental assessment of construction products and buildings.In this context, the main objectives of this study were: (i) to develop a methodology for the assessment of the leaching behaviour of various construction products and (ii) to integrate the leaching data in LCA approach at building scale. The methodology developed for the assessment of the leaching behaviour of construction products is based on: (1) characterisation leaching tests at lab scale, following the horizontal standardised assessment methods for harmonised approaches relating to dangerous substances under the Construction Products Regulation (CPR), (2) modelling and simulation of coupled chemical and transport phenomena at lab and field scale, and (3) utilisation of simulated leaching data for the construction products exposed in natural condition with the LCA method for the characterization of the hazardous effect during the use stage. The proposed methodology was applied and validated on three different classical construction products i.e. CBA (Copper-Boron-Azole) treated wood, fibre-cement sheets and bitumen membranes. The leaching behaviour of CBA treated wood and fibre-cement sheets was simulated over several years under natural exposure conditions, using the geochemical software PHREEQC. The chemical models consider both the mineral and the organic matrixes and their interaction with treatmentcompounds. Mass transfer and transport phenomena were modelled. The developed coupled chemical-transport models are able to represent the dynamic leaching behaviour of the respective products in various leaching conditions. For bitumen membranes only experimental characterisation was possible. The leaching data obtained by simulation over the whole use stage of the products were integrated in the life cycle inventory (LCI) and the relevant life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods were applied with the enriched inventory. A simplified single-family house was modelled using a software designed to evaluate the intrinsic environmental performances of a building over its entire life cycle. ELODIE software was used in this work. The building scale assessment methodology is based on coupling the methodology developed for the product scale with the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) at building scale. This methodology allows a proper integration of leaching data in LCA tools and answers several technical questions raised in the field
Nguyen, Thanh Binh. "Valorisation des sédiments de dragage traités par le procédé NOVOSOL(R) dans des matériaux d'assises de chaussée : comportement mécanique et environnemental". Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/704/.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe management of dredged sediments is a challenge for our society because of their huge volume. The contamination of heavy metals and organic micro pollutants make that the majority of dredged sediments are regarded as dangerous waste and are put in discharge. This isn't in the same point of view of the durable development policy: the French law supports the valorization so that only ultimate waste is put in discharge. In this context, Solvay Company has developed the process NOVOSOL(r) for the treatment of the dredged sediments polluted. The process comprises two stages: an immobilization of heavy metals by formation of apatite under a phosphatising reaction with acid phosphoric and a destruction of the organic matter by a calcination. The goal of this thesis is to use river sediments treated by the process NOVOSOL(r) in road base materials. Experimental studies in laboratory comprise two aspects: mechanical performance and leaching behaviour. The treated sediments by NOVOSOL(r) are introduced into road base mixes treated with cementitious binders as substitute for regular sand. The preparation of materials according to the normalized methodology in laboratory does not present any difficulty. As the treated sediments content increases, the water demand increases and the materials are less compact than reference material. This is due to the characteristics of treated sediments: important ratio of fines, friability and the porosity of granular. These characteristics have as a consequence to weaken the granular skeleton, which results in a reduction in the stiffness module of materials. On the other side, the reactivity of treated sediments NOVOSOL(r) in the matrix of cimentitious binder and a better homogeneity of materials lead to an improvement of the tensile strength. Mechanical performance of all the materials with of treated sediments NOVOSOL(r) evaluated by index of elastic quality is better than that of the reference material. .
Fernandez, Laure. "Transposition en architecture des connaissances d'ingénierie environnementale et des savoirs relatifs au choix des matériaux". Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ISAT0020/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaNowadays, environmental proceedings can use more and more methods and design tools to start with the conception. However, these technical methods turn out to be untapped into architectural projects. This question orientated our research towards environmental quality of materials and processes of implementation. Through the update of the knowledge and innovative methods, our work tends to increase the capacity of operational practice in architecture. The implementation of a design assistance tool - easy to use for non experts and providing several clearly configuration fields, based on caseworks and linked to quality of materials - is a significant evolution in architectural communities. We point up several innovative propositions for future design assistance tools. We illustrate it by the setting up of a prototype named MaTerre’iO. This mock up informs architectural designers about the knowledge upon materials, and more specifically on the environmental engineering knowledge.The main repercussion of our researched work is to contribute to initiate an innovating interface between environmental engineering topics and expectations of architectural design
Wignacourt, Alex. "Caractérisation, mesure et évaluation des indicateurs techniques, économiques et financiers des éco-matériaux : application au secteur du bâtiment". Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00581767.
Pełny tekst źródłaAbakar, Malloum. "Analyse des mécanismes d'endommagement et du comportement vibratoire d'un composite à constituants naturels dans un environnement hydrique". Thesis, Le Mans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LEMA1020/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn recent decades, polymer composites reinforced with plant fibers have received significant attention from scientists. The use of reinforcing vegetable fibers makes it possible to improve the environmental performance of these materials reaching higher specific properties. Nevertheless, a major lock still hinders the development of these materials. Indeed, their sensitivity to water ageing, due to their hydrophilic nature, restricts their use. In this context, we propose, as part of this thesis, to analyze the effect of water ageing on static and dynamic behavior, to identify and monitoring the damage mechanisms of a sandwich structure biobased and its constituents. The composites used consist of a greenpoxy resin associated with flax fibers and a cork core for sandwich materials. In the first part of this work, we studied the static an dynamic behavior of the resin, the composites, cores and sandwich structures. This study led on the one hand to the determination of the mechanical characteristics and to the identification and the follow-up of the mechanisms of damage by acoustic emission and microscopic observations and on the other hand to the determination of the dynamic characteristics. In the second part, we first analyzed the kinetics of water diffusion in resin, skins, cores and sandwichs by identification of their diffusion parameters by the Fick model approach. Then, we are interested in the impact of water ageing on the behavior and mechanical properties iof sandwichs and its constituents
Blanck, Gaëtan. "Utilisation de produits non traditionnels pour le traitement des matériaux de terrassement : impact sur les propriétés géotechniques et bilan environnemental". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0126.
Pełny tekst źródłaSustainable development principles lead earthworks companies to use all natural materials and to reduce the environmental impact of their activities. In this context, the use of industrial organic products derived from the processing of renewable matter has been proposed. In this study, three non traditional products have been selected: an enzymatic solution, a lignosulfonate and an acid solution. In a first approach, hydromechanical properties of four treated soils (a silt, a clayey soil and two sands) were investigated. The experimental results showed interesting applications for the silt when its natural water content is low. Indeed, the compaction ability of the soil was increased after enzymatic and lignosulfonate treatments. Thus, savings of water and energy could be expected during the construction stage. To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms of the treatment products, the microstructure of treated soil were investigated with scanning electron microscopy, mercury injection porosity and was completed by the study of a surfactant addition in soils. The global aim of the study was beyond the characterization of mechanical behavior of treated soils, therefore, environmental balance was also estimated for the different applications defined in accordance to the experimental results. For enzymatic and lignosulfonate treatments, a comparison of the global environmental impact was done thanks to a life cycle assessment methodology. This approach showed that technical and environmental interest are associated for the compaction of dry soils when the production and transport steps have limited environmental impact as demonstrated in the sensitivity analysis
Youssef, Nicolas. "Mise en place d’une brique géopolymère pour la construction durable : études géotechnique, environnementale et économique". Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ECLI0005.
Pełny tekst źródłaAfter the economic crisis in 2008, construction activity in France grew rapidly. The increase in demand for building materials was accompanied by an increase in the quantities of construction waste and emitted CO2. In 2018, CO2 emissions from human activities reached a world historic level of 37.1 billion tons. This encourages the development of building materials that meet the changing needs of today's and tomorrow's society. Geopolymers, prepared by alkaline activation, present an opportunity to produce new, more efficient and environment-friendly materials in the construction sector. On the other hand, industrialization and robotization are emerging in the construction sector, with many benefits such as increased productivity, reduced waste, cost and arduous work, as well as improved quality and safety.This doctoral thesis is being conducted to address these scientific challenges and issues. These are divided into three research directions: the development of new geopolymer brick formulations, the integration of geopolymer materials into the industrialization and robotization of construction processes, and finally the environmental and economic assessment of the new automated manufacturing system
Tittelein, Pierre. "Environnements de simulation adaptés à l'étude du comportement énergétique des bâtiments basse consommation". Phd thesis, Chambéry, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00350664.
Pełny tekst źródłaLes environnements de simulation énergétique existants ont été conçus pour des bâtiments classiques pour lesquels les consommations sont beaucoup plus importantes que celles fixées pour 2012, il faut donc voir si les modèles mais aussi les méthodes de simulations utilisés correspondent toujours aux spécificités de ces nouveaux bâtiments. L'objectif de ce travail est de montrer l'intérêt d'utiliser un environnement de simulation basé sur les systèmes d'équations pour étudier le comportement énergétique des bâtiments basse consommation.
Pour cela, plusieurs modèles ont été implémentés dans l'environnement SIMSPARK. Il s'agit d'un modèle de matériau à changement de phase, d'un modèle de prise en compte du rayonnement de courtes longueurs d'onde par calcul de la tache solaire et d'un modèle d'échangeur air-sol. Ils ont été intégrés dans un modèle global de bâtiment basse consommation ce qui a permis de montrer les avantages de l'environnement de simulation utilisé. Le fait qu'il soit orienté objet permet de valider indépendamment les nouveaux modèles puis de les intégrer facilement à un modèle de niveau hiérarchique supérieur. Le fait qu'il soit basé sur les systèmes d'équations a permis grâce à la non orientation a priori du modèle d'inverser le sens de résolution de plusieurs problèmes dans une simulation dynamique. Enfin, la robustesse des méthodes de résolution utilisées a été éprouvée.
Khezami, Issameddine. "Approche expérimentale de valorisation des sédiments de dragage dans des applications de Génie Civil". Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10179/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe topic on the use of sediments is booming for several years. It mainly concerns marine and river sediments. As for the latter, they have a particular physico-chemical composition with higher amounts of minerals and organic matter compared to marine sediments. Moreover, compared with other parts of French territory, the sediments of the region of Nord –Pas-de-Calais are characterized as "contaminated". That's why many researchs were initiated to find new avenues for development of dredged sediments in civil engineering. The main purpose of this research aims to propose a solution for the use of dredged sediment mainly three river sediments from the Nord-Pas-de Calais region for a valuation on road under layers , eco modeled landscape and the development of cementitious materials. In experimental management point of view, the choice of sediment mixtures was determined by the requirements of each reclamation operation. For this, a mixture of sediment of Deule and Croix was chosen for the valuation landscaped mound, a formulation containing sediments of Deûle and Hem has been studied for a valuation road construction. As for the valuation cementitious materials, we used the sediment of the Deule. A mathematical model of decision support validated the choice of different formulations. This work was done in collaboration with the GPMD and LMCU. The validation of the scientific method has been tested on a semi-industrial scale, through the construction of two experimental boards, which helped, initially, to assess the impact of sediments on valuation and the industrial feasibility on site
Guerfala, Wassim. "Élaboration de bio-composite hybride à matrice thermoplastique : formulation optimale et modélisation du comportement statique en vue d'une application pour pièces de structure dans l'automobile". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ECDN0022.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe environmental impact is becoming increasingly important in the automotive industry, pushing OEMs to reduce CO2 emissions through clean engines and structural weight reduction. Composite materials, combining lightness and mechanical strength, offer a good alternative to standard steels with a considerable weight reduction. This study mainly aims to apply bio-composite materials in the automotive structure.To meet the various mechanical, thermal and economic requirements, the first objective of this study is to develop ahybrid composite material based on two natural fibers with complementary characteristics to optimize its performance while guaranteeing the homogeneity of its mechanical behavior. The second objective is the development of a numeric tool that would allow rapid pre-design of structural parts reinforced with this hybrid composite material. Indeed, the obligations of the automotive industry are quickly and continuously changing; it is necessary to provide quick and cost-effective responses (compared to the long and expensive experimental campaigns especially when there is sensitivity to the environmental conditions to consider)
Lecomte, Tristan. "Évaluation environnementale des sédiments de dragage et de curage dans la perspective de leur valorisation dans le domaine du génie civil". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LILUI032.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe management and beneficial reuse of non-immersible dredged sediments are major scientific and industrial issues. The industrial research chair " Circular Economy of Sediments: EcoSed ", launched in 2014 by IMT Lille Douai, aims at answering these issues through a multidisciplinary approach. As part of this Doctoral Thesis, investigations were carried out under a partnership research context by combining sediment managers and industrial partners. More specifically, this work aims at (i) to set up a methodological approach to measuring the intrinsic eco-toxicity of sediments prior to their beneficial reuse; (ii) to implement the multi-scale national approach “SEDIMATERIAUX” to check the environmental safety of marine dredged sediment used as aggregates in road concretes; (iii) to compare the national approach on the reuse of alternative materials in road engineering with the European framework developed for environmental assessment of construction products. The results of this work allowed to propose a preparation protocol for the sediment matrix and a sensitive battery of bioassays. Environmental assessment of marine sediments reuse in the field of civil engineering (road concrete, roadbed, roller compacted concrete) allowed validating the environmental safety of these materials and to highlight the achievement of the good trace elements stabilization through their microstructure
Pibre, Guillaume. "Polymérisation du décaméthylcyclopentasiloxane à l’aide de superbases : vers une nouvelle voie de synthèse des copolymères à blocs". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO10182.
Pełny tekst źródłaNowadays the development of performing new materials using an environmental friendly route is a challenge. To produce hard-soft block copolymers based on a high polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) content using reactive extrusion process is a milestone to reach thermoplastic elastomers. Because of the low reactivity of high molecular weight macromolecule chain ends an original route is described. It consists in the synthesis of copolymers containing low central PDMS and then increasing the molecular weight of this central part. This crucial step is performed using phosphazene bases as polymerization agents of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5). Firstly, the polymerization of D5 by phosphazene bases has been investigated by chemiorheological means. To define intrinsic data of this reaction allows modelling the viscosity change during the chemical reaction. Thus, it is observed this polymerization system is compatible with reactive extrusion. Secondly, we investigate the hypothesis of increasing the molecular weight of a short central PDMS part in a triblock copolymer by D5 insertion using the catalysis system previously described. Naphtyl end-chain functionalized PDMS was used as a model. So we confirmed this route as an interesting one to achieve the targeted macromolecular architectures. Finally, we tried to produce poly(styrene-b-dimethylsiloxane-b-styrene) through this way. In this case, early investigations are not so convincing. This may come from the experimental device used. This last observation stresses out the great potential of extrusion process to implement such a route to reach thermoplastic elastomers based on high polysiloxane content
Argane, Rabei. "Valorisation des rejets miniers à faible teneur en sulfures comme granulats pour mortiers". Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAL0039.
Pełny tekst źródłaMine tailings represent the finely ground industrial by products generated throw beneficiation of ore minerals. During mine exploitation, these tailings are generally transported in slurry form to large storage facilities, called tailings ponds or impoundments. These facilities are, in most cases, difficult to manage and expensive to rehabilitate. They are responsible for the generation of important environmental impacts and significant ecological disruptions, depending on their pollution potential, management technique, physical stability and the climate conditions. In this context, numerous studies have been conducted to develop new techniques for a sustainable management of mine tailings. The feasibility of reusing some tailings in the construction sector as cementing materials and additives for mortars or concretes were successfully achieved. However, the majority of the conducted studies are still at laboratory stages. Moreover the reuse of tailings as construction material is yet subject of numerous difficulties in term of social acceptance. Various parameters are also of concern, especially the physical and chemical stability of tailings as well as their eco-compatibility. In parallel, the uncontrolled reuse of low sulfide tailings as construction material is increasing in some developing countries (e.g. Morocco). In fact, nearby some abandoned mine sites, these tailings are considered as natural sands and are used for the manufacture of surface finishing mortars. This traditional recycling may constitute mechanical and environmental risks, principally related to tailings mechanical unconformity and to their non-negligible residual metal concentrations. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to evaluate the actual impact of two Moroccan mine tailings (named Zeida and Mibladen), commonly used as aggregates in the Upper-Moulouya region, on the mechanical properties of mortars and on their long term environmental behavior. This work has also as specific aim, to study the technical feasibility of using low sulfide tailings as sand substitute for the manufacture of rendering and masonry mortars. To attain this aim, a thorough characterization of the physical, chemical and mineralogical properties as well as the geochemical behavior of mine tailings was carried out. Mechanical properties of tailings-based mortars were then measured and compared to reference samples (sand-based mortars) using different tests such as setting time, entrained air volume and compressive strength. In parallel, mortars durability and hydration products were evaluated by mean of durability tests (wetting drying cycles, sulfate attack and acid rain simulation) and analytical methods (scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and thermo-gravimetric analysis). Finally, mortar samples were submitted to various leaching tests to evaluate the pollution potential of these matrices
Renaut, Maxime. "Calcination des déchets industriels : synthèse de ciment et stabilisation/solidification des résidus de combustion". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Artois, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ARTO0203.
Pełny tekst źródłaSince 20th century’s end, our society started to take conscience of environmental protection and sustainable development are required to our future blooming. Directives have obliged public authorities, communities, such as industry to be reacted particularly while being implied in research. The cement-manufacturers are also concerned. The process cement-manufacturer requires large quantities of raw materials. The main objective of the thesis is to value industrial by-products by cementitious materials. Context and problem of wastes were discussed, as well as the possibility of valorization such as the cements. The methodology set up for the thesis and its originality are explained. First, the protocol of characterization of mineral wastes was developed. The results in laboratory are promising for the replacement of limestone and clay in the cement’s raw meal and different formulations. The cookings in laboratory allowed obtaining a cement containing 4 phases of Portland. The synthesis in bigger quantity of a formulation in laboratory highlighted good mechanical performances on mortars at the young age. In a second stage, the best formulations were tested on an industrial scale in the ARF’s kiln. The raw meal, mixed by hoppers agitators, was a success. Finally, immobilization of pollutants in a cement matrix of the residues after combustion, resulting from secondary fuels of ARF, was studied to be able to downgrade the waste stabilized/solidified by grading reduction of the material before stabilization/solidification
Hannawi, Kinda. "Conception, caractérisation physico-mécanique et durabilité de nouveaux matériaux de construction à caractère environnemental : application dans la technologie des constructions". Rennes, INSA, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ISAR0012.
Pełny tekst źródłaOur research is part of sustainable development. It studies the potential use of waste plastics as a new source of material for construction sector and attempts to develop new composite materials incorporating plastic aggregates. To elaborate these composites, three types of plastic (PC, PET1 and PET0. 1) were introduced into cement mortars by replacing defined volume percentages of sand (3%, 10%, 20% and 50%). The mortars obtained were characterized by studying their microstructural, physical and mechanical properties. Their durability has also been studied using the tests of physical, thermal and chemical degradation. The results obtained show that the introduction of plastic aggregates in cementitious mortars causes a change in the microstructure, an increase in connected porosity and permeability, and a decrease in compressive and tensile strength. In counterpart of this reduction in strength, the incorporation of plastics aggregates gives lighter materials, significantly more ductile, which show a large deformation capacity and low ability to shrinkage cracking. These mortar composites also show a real interest in terms of thermal and acoustic insulation because their conductivity is lower and the acoustic wave propagation is slowed. All results presented allow concluding that in many applications where resistance to cracking due to imposed deformations is a performance criterion, the incorporation of plastic aggregates can be an effective solution to improve the durability. The Concretes with plastic aggregates represent ultimately a real path for plastic valorization at the end of life
Benkhaled, Maroua. "Modélisation théorique et expérimentale du comportement énergétique et environnemental des matériaux de construction biosourcés". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CLFAC053.
Pełny tekst źródłaFacing the energy problems of the building and the environmental impact, hygroscopic envelopes constitute a very interesting alternative to improve the thermal comfort, the quality of the indoor air, the regulation of the indoor humidity and to reduce the energy consumption. This thesis work aims to study the coupled heat and mass transfers within porous materials such as hemp concrete. The aim is to predict the hygrothermal behaviour of these materials, through a macroscopic model, based on transfer motors; temperature for heat transfer, water vapour pressure for moisture transfer and pressure for air transfer. The difficulty of using this model lies in the identification of the numerous parameters characterizing the hygrothermal properties of the materials. Part of the work has been devoted to the evaluation of the main intrinsic properties of the materials through the elaboration of different experimental prototypes in the laboratory within the framework of an investigation recommended by the RILEM TC-275 HDB committee. Moreover, the variability of the parameters resulting from this last campaign as well as the lack of knowledge of the remaining parameters lead us to a sensitivity analysis of the parameters. This study allowed to identify the most influential parameters on the hygrothermal response of a hemp concrete wall. On this basis, a scale model was deduced according to these last parameters (thermal conductivity, thermal capacity, vapour permeability and storage capacity). This work was implemented using discretization by the finite element method implemented in a Matlab code. Subsequently, an adimensional study was undertaken, which identified the most important parameters in the prediction of the hygrothermal behaviour of a hemp concrete wall. The parameters remaining from this sensitivity study are a determining factor in the distinction between materials that are both thermal insulators and water vapour permeable (water regulators). Finally, a comparison of the results of the reduced model with those of the literature is presented. This comparison highlighted the influence of the sorption isotherm on the hygrothermal behaviour of a hemp concrete wall
Bouilly, Cristiana Monica. "Caractérisation de l'influence de l'humidité sur les interactions entre les polluants gazeux et les matériaux du bâtiment". La Rochelle, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LAROS186.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe indoor air quality (IAQ) field has gained considerable interest of many researchers, interest clearly justified by the fact that the citizens spend more then 80% of their time inside of the buildings. During the past 15 years, many experimental studies have dealt with the environmental parameters (temperature, humidity, air velocity…) influence of on the volatiles organic compounds (VOC) emission and the reversible sink effect of materials. While for the temperature all this lead to a general consensus on its influence, the conclusions are very different sometimes even divergent for humidity. This appears as the main reason of our study. Our work implies an experimental study on the phenomena parameters identification involved into the pollutants transport through the building materials and a static and a dynamic modeling on the gaseous contaminants/humidity/wall interactions. To accomplish these items, the phenomena that appear in the pollutant transport process through the building materials are described. The lack in amount of data concerning the transfer coefficients give a good reason to research and to find some relations between the physical - chemical characteristics of VOC and transfer coefficients. The last part of this work implies the integration of the mass transfer models into a simulation code on the Matlab environment. This approach is similar with the thermal transfer models used by CSTB. Within these models we are able to reproduce the gaseous pollutant and humidity transfer in the materials and also we can study the humidity influence on the VOC/ wall interactions at many levels: diffusion level, adsorption and absorption level
Androšević, Renata. "Vers les systèmes constructifs à faible production de déchets : l'enveloppe des bâtiments résidentiels du XXIème siècle en Bosnie-Herzégovine". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022PESC1005.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis research is inspired by the visionary projects which are trying to find the way to create built environment with low impact on the nature and all living creatures, especially human beings. It will help decision making process for all stakeholders to choose the best option when considering the materials, building technologies and building systems, which will have the lowest negative environmental impact, providing all necessary data.Analysing the existing methods and tools with their barriers and opportunities, the research attempts to find the way to overcome observed obstacles.Existing methodologies point out the importance of environmental impact predictions and they can show the differences between compared systems. Existing tools give precise numerical data of environmental impact.The approach proposed here shows that symbiosis of methodologies and tools can give the result that reaches the goal - to achieve low or no waste building construction.The new method includes building system evaluation (with comparison and ranking) and quantification of environmental impact. This provides a picture of the chosen system's impact and facilitates decision making. At the end of the process, it is evidently clear what could and should be changed and upgraded in order to have better performance and lower impact.This new method provides comparison, evaluation and quantification in terms of generation of the construction waste and contributes in lowering negative environmental impact
Lupsea, Maria-octavia. "Contribution to the environmental impact assessment of buildings : numerical modelling of dangerous substances’ release to water". Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAT0007/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaAny construction product and building undergoing contact with water during its life cycle can release chemical compounds potentially hazardous for the human health and the environment. The release of dangerous substances is presently investigated especially by experimental approaches commonly by laboratory leaching tests while the environmental impacts of construction products and buildings are evaluated by a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach. The dangerous substances release during use stage of construction products (leaching behaviour) is currently very poorly represented in the existing data bases and methods for environmental assessment of construction products and buildings.In this context, the main objectives of this study were: (i) to develop a methodology for the assessment of the leaching behaviour of various construction products and (ii) to integrate the leaching data in LCA approach at building scale. The methodology developed for the assessment of the leaching behaviour of construction products is based on: (1) characterisation leaching tests at lab scale, following the horizontal standardised assessment methods for harmonised approaches relating to dangerous substances under the Construction Products Regulation (CPR), (2) modelling and simulation of coupled chemical and transport phenomena at lab and field scale, and (3) utilisation of simulated leaching data for the construction products exposed in natural condition with the LCA method for the characterization of the hazardous effect during the use stage. The proposed methodology was applied and validated on three different classical construction products i.e. CBA (Copper-Boron-Azole) treated wood, fibre-cement sheets and bitumen membranes. The leaching behaviour of CBA treated wood and fibre-cement sheets was simulated over several years under natural exposure conditions, using the geochemical software PHREEQC. The chemical models consider both the mineral and the organic matrixes and their interaction with treatmentcompounds. Mass transfer and transport phenomena were modelled. The developed coupled chemical-transport models are able to represent the dynamic leaching behaviour of the respective products in various leaching conditions. For bitumen membranes only experimental characterisation was possible. The leaching data obtained by simulation over the whole use stage of the products were integrated in the life cycle inventory (LCI) and the relevant life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods were applied with the enriched inventory. A simplified single-family house was modelled using a software designed to evaluate the intrinsic environmental performances of a building over its entire life cycle. ELODIE software was used in this work. The building scale assessment methodology is based on coupling the methodology developed for the product scale with the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) at building scale. This methodology allows a proper integration of leaching data in LCA tools and answers several technical questions raised in the field
Hammoud, Ola. "Caractérisation, prétraitement et valorisation dans un béton prêt à l'emploi de Mâchefers d'Incinération de Déchets Non Dangereux (MIDND)". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI039.
Pełny tekst źródłaValorisation of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash (MSWI-BA) in building materials in order to reduce their expansive storage in technical burying center and preserve the natural ressources constitutes a challenge. A hindrance of this valorisation is the pollutant potential of metals (especially mineral traces elements MTE) and anions likely to be released in use scenarios. This thesis evaluates the impact of incorporation of MSWI-BA into ready-mix concrete formulation. It helps to improve the understanding of MTE and anions behaviour in different leaching conditions and to find adequate solutions to limit their mobility. The first part presents the technical and environmental performances of ready-mix concrete formulated by partially replacing of the natural aggregates with different size fractions of BA incorporated at different substitution rates. The results demonstrate that the environmental performances of the scenario comply with the regulatory requirements of the Netherlands. On the other hand, the compressive strength is reduced by half compared to the standard formulation. Pretreatment of MSWI-BA could improve the mechanical performances. The second part describes the influence of thermal and chemical pretreatments on the mobility of MTE. The results show that the efficiency of the thermal treatment depends on the temperature and the target element. Optimised chemical treatment used in this study appears to be more effective. The third part, dedicated to the geochemical modeling of BA behaviour in leaching scenarios, allowed us to identify the mineralogical phases that control the mobility of MTE. It shows that the majority phases impose the parameters of the solution such as the pH and consequently, influences on the release of the MTE. This knowledge facilitates the definition of the possible pretreatments to be applied on the MSWI-BA before its valorisation
Shakouri, Reza. "Habitat résidentiel durable en Iran : savoirs-faire traditionnels et les technologies nouvelles à Yazd". Grenoble 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008GRE29013.
Pełny tekst źródłaTo catch up with the development, should continue an economic growth model or change turn towards a new sustainable model of development? How this global question should be addressed in the Iranian society? The main research's aim is to provide a base of knowledge, which enable to instruct the steps of a project on reliable sources of knowledge and information, concerning in particular of these two models of development in the residential sector. After a general study on the sustainable model development, this research concentrates on the architectural scale of technical expertise in the construction of the houses. The desert city of Yazd, with a valuable built heritage, provides our corpus of research. The contemporary and traditional habitat was studied with the emphasis on the relationship between habitat and the society of Yazd. After deducting 30 criteria for "the sustainability of the application of materials in a building", our discussion focuses on the strategic choices in terms of construction materials. That makes our central hypothesis of research and constitutes the principal subject of our social-technical survey in Yazd. Our study expands its focus even beyond Yazd to learn experiments followed through similar contexts in Algeria, Egypt, India, Morocco and Arizona. Finally, the research presents five criteria for a sustainable habitat
Prieto, Sonia. "Nouvelle approche de la polychromie architecturale : sources et méthodologies d'une pratique artistique et sociale à l'époque contemporaine". Paris 8, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA080719.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis work closely follows the historical evolution of the principal architectural styles in the contemporary epoch and the technical discoveries concerned. But it treats in particular the manifestations of the architectural polychromatics (wich constitutes the focus of the research), and it refers, first; to the classical antiquity in its contemporary interpretations, thereafter studying the eclecticism, the employment of materials like brick and its derivatives, and modern'style, movements that have confered chomatical diversities upon the urban space, up to the birth of the colourless functionalism (with finds its active contestors, the folleowers of the coloration of the facades). Passing in review are the movements of modern art, where the principal preoccupation has been the integration of colour in architecture. This development has led to a new artistic (and social) practice of architectural polychromatics, exercised by plastic artists who have elaborated new operational methods for colouring the built environment
Blanck, Gaëtan. "Utilisation de produits non traditionnels pour le traitement des matériaux de terrassement : impact sur les propriétés géotechniques et bilan environnemental". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0126/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaSustainable development principles lead earthworks companies to use all natural materials and to reduce the environmental impact of their activities. In this context, the use of industrial organic products derived from the processing of renewable matter has been proposed. In this study, three non traditional products have been selected: an enzymatic solution, a lignosulfonate and an acid solution. In a first approach, hydromechanical properties of four treated soils (a silt, a clayey soil and two sands) were investigated. The experimental results showed interesting applications for the silt when its natural water content is low. Indeed, the compaction ability of the soil was increased after enzymatic and lignosulfonate treatments. Thus, savings of water and energy could be expected during the construction stage. To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms of the treatment products, the microstructure of treated soil were investigated with scanning electron microscopy, mercury injection porosity and was completed by the study of a surfactant addition in soils. The global aim of the study was beyond the characterization of mechanical behavior of treated soils, therefore, environmental balance was also estimated for the different applications defined in accordance to the experimental results. For enzymatic and lignosulfonate treatments, a comparison of the global environmental impact was done thanks to a life cycle assessment methodology. This approach showed that technical and environmental interest are associated for the compaction of dry soils when the production and transport steps have limited environmental impact as demonstrated in the sensitivity analysis
Tornay, Nathalie. "Vers des outils d'aide à la conception pour intégrer les dimensions techniques, écologiques et sensibles des matériaux de construction". Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ISAT0003/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe choice of materials and way of implementation is known and will be known as a significant growth in the world of architecture. Actually, changes are largely induced by technical dimension, but also representations and precepts that appear with the emergence of the concept of sustainable development in our society.Design support tools about materials scale focus on the physical dimensions (thermal, life cycle, refreshments, etc.). Our work is questioning the integration of technical, environmental and sensible dimensions in a design support tool based on reference. The referential activity is a specific approach in the initial phases of designing on a project. These phases correspond to crucial choice, which remain poorly assisted by digital tools.Our work aims to highlight the different characteristics of materials, but also their interactions. This study differs from conventional approaches of materials, which generally, constructive solutions are presented material by material. Indeed, we rely on a data structure and interdisciplinary knowledge (architecture, urbanism, landscape, aesthetic, technical, cognitive, perception approach, environmental approach, etc.).This research tends to be a first proposal for a design support tool named DILEM'MAtériaux that takes into account materials in their contribution to origin of founding ideas and definition of concept, in the initial phases of designing on a project
Magniont, Camille. "Contribution à la formulation et à la caractérisation d'un écomatériau de construction à base d'agroressources". Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/980/.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe main aim of this work was to contribute to the development of an innovative building material that complies with legislations and users actual requirements concerning environmental and health impacts as well as thermal or hygroscopic comfort. An original pozzolanic matrix has been formulated while conventional admixtures, reinforcement fibres and aggregates were substituted by renewable raw materials. Hardening mechanisms and long term behaviour of that binder (mix of metakaolin and hydraulic lime) have been explored. The benefits of incorporating two organic admixtures on early age properties and long term behaviour of the pozzolanic binder have been explained by the identification of interaction mechanisms between mineral and organic species. A comparative study has been realised on flexural reinforcement of this matrix by vegetable fibres of flax, hemp and yucca and on the durability of these different composites. Finally, the compatibility of this matrix with vegetable aggregates (hemp chènevotte and sunflower stem pith) has been checked and demonstrated in order to formulate self-supporting insulation ecomaterial
Poulhet, Guillaume. "Développement et applications de capteurs passifs pour la mesure in situ des émissions de composés organiques volatils dans les environnements intérieurs". Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10168/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIndoor atmospheres are rich in volatile organic compounds (VOC), with indoor concentrations 2 to 10 times higher than outdoor concentrations. Even though indoor pollution is a sanitary topical issue, the wide diversity of VOC sources and the lack of tools for the measurement in-situ of the emissions from materials make difficult the application of strategies of VOC concentration reduction.The main objectives of this thesis were to develop, to qualify and to use passive samplers into different type of buildings in order to demonstrate the potential of these cheap tools for (i) the measurement in-situ of VOC emissions and (ii) the evaluation of strategies of VOC concentration reduction. The first part of this work allowed the development and the qualification of three passives samplers for the measurement of the emissions of aldehydes (formaldehyde and acetaldehyde) and aromatic compounds (BTEX, styrene and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene). Analytical performances are adequate for a in-situ application. In a second part, the deployment of these samplers in accommodations and schools allowed to show the potential and limits of these tools for emissions sources diagnosis in indoor environments
Perrot, Yves. "Influence de la matrice sur le comportement mécanique de matériaux composites verre/polyester utilisés en construction navale de plaisance : cas des résines polyester limitant les émissions de styrène". Lorient, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LORIS074.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe work performed in this study is concerned with the characterization of glass/polyester composites for the pleasure boat industry. In particular the properties of polyester resins limiting styrene emissions have been evaluated. Physico-chemical and mechnanical tests were first performed in order to understand the roles played by the constituants (matrix, fibres and fibre/matrix interface). Then a study of damage mechanisms, delamination and impact resistance, was carried out on composite specimens. Durability and the influence of the marine environment was also examined through two parameters, temperature and sea water aging. Finally the transfer from material to structure was illustrated through three aspects : the influence of fabrication (over-lamination), the behaviour of panels subjected to uniform pressure loading, and the design rules. The results of the study show that a multi-disciplinary approach, including investigation at different scales, is necessary to understand the specific characteristics of these composite materials
Youssef, Alice. "Prise en compte des apports mécaniques du béton de chanvre pour le calcul de structure bois/béton de chanvre et métal/béton de chanvre". Thesis, Lorient, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORIS431/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaLime and hemp concrete (LHC) is nowadays the most developed bio-based aggregate building material in Europe. It consists of hemp shiv and mineral binder mixing with water. Generally, bio-based materials like LHC are used for their thermal insulation properties in building. Most blocks of Lime Hemp Concrete which have been studied, show a brittle behavior and a very low mechanical strength. The formulations are generally rich in binder and slightly compacted. Up to now, this material is then not considered as a load bearing material and is mainly used as filler insulation, combined with structure components made of wood, concrete or masonry. A study has tested other formulations, with higher contents of aggregates thanks to a compaction process, in order to improve both the rigidity and the strength of the hardened mixtures. In these formulations, shiv which has higher amount is definitely lighter and more porous than lime, which prevents a significant increase in thermal conductivity. The present work of my PhD is an experimental study of the compressive and shearing behavior of hemp concrete, in order to study the load-bearing capacity and bracing of this bio based material, while maintaining good qualities of thermal insulation in building. Two compacted formulations were tested M1 & M4, as well as samples obtained from trade-blocks Chanvribloc®. Two series of tests were performed. The first one is a uniaxial compression test in each direction for characterizing the mechanical anisotropy of the material. This anisotropy is induced by the compacting process. The second one permits to characterize the shearing behavior of the different mix-designs. In this study, an original shear device was developed, specifically designed for this kind of material, which allows shearing under controlled normal stress. An image processing performed was carried out, using a camera and ARAMIS image processing software during shear tests, to evaluate the fields of deformations and to study the behavior of the specimen during the shear test. The compressive experiments results have shown that this material is anisotropic, even when it is industrially molded by vibrations. The material has a transverse isotropic behavior. The behavior in the longitudinal direction is characterized by very high ductility, while the transverse behavior is very brittle, with a highly variable and unsteady behavior. The experimental results in shear show a high ductility of this material. These results are very promising, an interesting behavior of LHC walls in term of potential bracing. Numerical modeling and applications have been carried out to illustrate the use of hemp concrete blocks for bracing buildings. The formulation M4 exhibits a better behavior under moderate and average seismic actions, compared to the formulation M1, while the Chanvribloc walls in the present state do not allowthe buildings to be braced in moderate or medium seismic zones
Tlijani, Mohamed. "Contribution à la caractérisation thermophysique de matériaux bio-isolants : valorisation des déchets de bois de palmier". Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1157/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe growing interest in new concrete and their use in many fields of civil engineering was that we wanted to bring a new approach to the design of a new product consisting of a reinforced concrete with basel end frond palm fibers. This led us to conduct the experimental study of thermal properties of natural fibers of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). The analysis of experimental results showed that the essential factors affecting the thermal conductivity are the variety of date palm and the fiber orientation and that the basel end of the frond palm is the most interesting part as thermal insulation. However, the main problem encountered when using plant fibers as reinforcement is cohesion, bonding with the matrix and dimensional instability so the composite loses its mechanical properties. In this context, an alkaline pretreatment of palm fibers was envisaged to clean and modify the fiber surface to address the problems of dimensional stability of the fibers and degradation before their use as reinforcement in the cement matrix. We also studied the influence of chemical treatment with sodium hydroxide on the mechanical properties of processed samples, they were subjected to the tensile test to estimate the fracture strength for each treatment concentration, the Young's modulus and elongation at break corresponding. Subsequently, we conducted experimental and theoretical research on the thermal conductivity of different formulations of basel end palm wood concrete composite. The study of the theoretical apparent thermal conductivity was based on an approach that relies on a process whereas the material consists of a solid matrix combined with a fluid phase (air). Finally, we performed a numerical simulation of heat transfer phenomena to assess the thermal conductivity of basel end frond palm concrete composite and validate subsequently the theoretical prediction model selected. The results showed that the numerical approach based on the isotropic orientation of the particles in the composite coincides and approaches the physical reality
Piégay, Clément. "Approche conjointe acoustique et thermique pour l’optimisation des laines végétales du bâtiment". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSET010.
Pełny tekst źródłaIf we consider today's context, it is essential for our planet to provide answers to major environment challenges. One of the main domain to look at is the building trade. Indeed, in 2019, most flats are still badly insulated from a thermal but also an acoustic point of view. Therefore, solutions can be provided using biobased insulation materials such as vegetal wools, which are able to store atmospheric carbon dioxide and have in the same time multifunctional properties of high potential. Nevertheless, a number of scientific barriers are still to be removed to allow the development of these materials on the insulation market. They are linked to ignorance about vegetal wools in particular, and also to the lack of modelling methods that would highlight their acoustic and thermal efficiency. In order to address this problem, a new approach has been developped. It is based on a joint acoustic and thermal Self-Consistent Method with a cylindrical geometry (cylindrical SCM) for optimizing the building's vegetal wools. Thus, the thermal conductivity is determined statically from the coupling of a cylindrical SCM model for conduction transfer with a semi-empirical model for radiation transfer. Sound absorption is determined by a dynamic cylindrical SCM model. Therefore, this method will allow us to link the parameters of fibrous material microstructure to their macroscopic properties by establishing analytical relationships. The validation of the joint modelling method thereby developed, is carried out by comparing predictions and experimental results. These results are based from databases consisting of large scale experimental characterisations that were carried out throughout this thesis on a variety of twenty materials. They concern both the parameters specifically related to vegetal wool microstructure and the acoustic absorption and thermal insulation properties of these wools
Deodonne, Kunwufine. "Etudes des caractéristiques physico-chimiques de bétons de granulats recyclés et de leur impact environnemental". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAD013/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaPromoting the use of demolition waste as recycled aggregates presents a double objective: first to preserve natural resources and secondly to relieve storage site. In regards to natural aggregates, recycled aggregates contain mortar that influences theirs properties and those of concrete in which they are used. The objective of this thesis is to develop the use of 100 % recycled aggregates in concrete. This study was realised in patnership with the company CHYRSO. Properties of recycled concrete aggregates collected from several sources were studied to identify and analyse their specificities ; results were compared to natural ones. Normalised methods were modified in order to be applied on recycled aggregates and new methods were also proposed. Recycled aggregates present higher water absorption, lower mechanical strength, spreader granular distribution and a less circular shape compared to natural aggregates. The granulometry of recycled sand, fines content and the water absorption are properties that depend on the sampling and the robustness of protocols used. A reactivity of fines obtained from materials made at the laboratory have been established, meanwhile their influence on concrete properties is considered as minor. Finally, the absorption and morphology of recycled aggregate depend on the granular fraction. Correlation between morphological and mechanical properties with water absorption have been demonstrated. After analysing these properties, correction were proposed on mechanical performance forecasting models. It was also shown that the use of fines in recycled aggregate concretes provides better mechanical properties. For such materials, keeping aggregates less than 63μm is advisable because it provides correct granular skeletton. In order to balance the loss of workability and mechanical strength observed with the use of recycled aggregates, studies were carried with several superplasticisers. Polycarboxylates were identified as appropriate superplasticisers. Interpretations facilitate understanding of concrete formulation and concrete equivalent mortar formulation made with recycled aggregates. Thus, the complexity of absorption and desorption kinectics lead to a discusion around effective water definition. The difference between the morphology of recycled aggregates and natural ones involved a correction of the granular skeletton; finally, their weakness during mechanical test modifies the granular skeletton and need to be taken into consideration.Finally, studies on environmental impacts of recycled aggregates concrete were done and compared with those of natural aggregates concrete. This study starts interesting perspectives
Lecomte, Tristan. "Évaluation environnementale des sédiments de dragage et de curage dans la perspective de leur valorisation dans le domaine du génie civil". Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1I032/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe management and beneficial reuse of non-immersible dredged sediments are major scientific and industrial issues. The industrial research chair " Circular Economy of Sediments: EcoSed ", launched in 2014 by IMT Lille Douai, aims at answering these issues through a multidisciplinary approach. As part of this Doctoral Thesis, investigations were carried out under a partnership research context by combining sediment managers and industrial partners. More specifically, this work aims at (i) to set up a methodological approach to measuring the intrinsic eco-toxicity of sediments prior to their beneficial reuse; (ii) to implement the multi-scale national approach “SEDIMATERIAUX” to check the environmental safety of marine dredged sediment used as aggregates in road concretes; (iii) to compare the national approach on the reuse of alternative materials in road engineering with the European framework developed for environmental assessment of construction products. The results of this work allowed to propose a preparation protocol for the sediment matrix and a sensitive battery of bioassays. Environmental assessment of marine sediments reuse in the field of civil engineering (road concrete, roadbed, roller compacted concrete) allowed validating the environmental safety of these materials and to highlight the achievement of the good trace elements stabilization through their microstructure
Gonzales, Ramirez Maria Lorena. "Gestion et valorisation des Mâchefers d’Incinération de Déchets non Dangereux (MIDND) : Etude du comportement des polluants inorganiques traces au cours de la maturation et en fonction de la granulométrie". Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0131.
Pełny tekst źródłaCurrent challenge of Municipal Solid waste Incineration (MSWI) bottom ash management lays in its valorization, mainly to be used in road construction projects. The process must take into account environmental regulations and conduct rigorous monitoring from production to utilization. One constraint in the assessment of MSWI bottom ash is related to quality criteria which is becoming more restrictive. Among potential pollutants that can cause environmental use restrictions are metal trace elements (MTE), whose behavior based on weathering and grain size is not yet well known and represent one of greatest concern. In this thesis, the developed research approach defined the favorable conditions for Cu, Cr, Pb, Sb, Ni and Zn release. The aforementioned approach is based on three pillars: The first pillar focuses on the development of a pertinent characterization method for bottom ash (including the polluting organic and mineral fraction) aiming at a better assessment of its properties. The initial study matrix, taken from an industrial site, was carefully analyzed from both, physico-chemical and environmental performances. Geochemical modeling based on physico-chemical and leaching data, allowed to identify the main mineral phases and to simulate material behavior with the purpose of predicting the evolution of MSWI bottom ash in specific storage or valorization conditions. The second pillar describes the impact of weathering conditions and size partitioning on MSWI bottom ash quality evolution. Three different weathering conditions (natural on industrial scale heap; accelerated on small heap; and forced) were studied. The results showed that changes in the chemical and mineralogical composition of MSWI bottom ash as well as in its size fractions are more significant when the weathering proceed. The natural accelerated weathering and the forced carbonation limited the leaching of Cu, Pb and Zn, whereas, the leaching of Cr, Sb, Cl and the SO42- increased as pH decreased. The third pillar focuses on the study of MSWI bottom ash alternative utilization as secondary raw material for the typically practiced road sub-layers construction. It consisted of incorporating MSWI bottom ash in a self-compacting material used for pavement sub-layer or coated road shoulders structures. A formulated material was obtained by mixing MSWI bottom ash, water and cement as a hydraulic binder. The results of the mechanical, geotechnical and environmental assessment are promising for MISWI bottom ash potential use in road construction
Renaut, Maxime. "Calcination des déchets industriels : synthèse de ciment et stabilisation/solidification des résidus de combustion". Thesis, Artois, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ARTO0203/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaSince 20th century’s end, our society started to take conscience of environmental protection and sustainable development are required to our future blooming. Directives have obliged public authorities, communities, such as industry to be reacted particularly while being implied in research. The cement-manufacturers are also concerned. The process cement-manufacturer requires large quantities of raw materials. The main objective of the thesis is to value industrial by-products by cementitious materials. Context and problem of wastes were discussed, as well as the possibility of valorization such as the cements. The methodology set up for the thesis and its originality are explained. First, the protocol of characterization of mineral wastes was developed. The results in laboratory are promising for the replacement of limestone and clay in the cement’s raw meal and different formulations. The cookings in laboratory allowed obtaining a cement containing 4 phases of Portland. The synthesis in bigger quantity of a formulation in laboratory highlighted good mechanical performances on mortars at the young age. In a second stage, the best formulations were tested on an industrial scale in the ARF’s kiln. The raw meal, mixed by hoppers agitators, was a success. Finally, immobilization of pollutants in a cement matrix of the residues after combustion, resulting from secondary fuels of ARF, was studied to be able to downgrade the waste stabilized/solidified by grading reduction of the material before stabilization/solidification
Pibre, Guillaume. "Polymérisation du décaméthylcyclopentasiloxane à l’aide de superbases : vers une nouvelle voie de synthèse des copolymères à blocs". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO10182/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaNowadays the development of performing new materials using an environmental friendly route is a challenge. To produce hard-soft block copolymers based on a high polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) content using reactive extrusion process is a milestone to reach thermoplastic elastomers. Because of the low reactivity of high molecular weight macromolecule chain ends an original route is described. It consists in the synthesis of copolymers containing low central PDMS and then increasing the molecular weight of this central part. This crucial step is performed using phosphazene bases as polymerization agents of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5). Firstly, the polymerization of D5 by phosphazene bases has been investigated by chemiorheological means. To define intrinsic data of this reaction allows modelling the viscosity change during the chemical reaction. Thus, it is observed this polymerization system is compatible with reactive extrusion. Secondly, we investigate the hypothesis of increasing the molecular weight of a short central PDMS part in a triblock copolymer by D5 insertion using the catalysis system previously described. Naphtyl end-chain functionalized PDMS was used as a model. So we confirmed this route as an interesting one to achieve the targeted macromolecular architectures. Finally, we tried to produce poly(styrene-b-dimethylsiloxane-b-styrene) through this way. In this case, early investigations are not so convincing. This may come from the experimental device used. This last observation stresses out the great potential of extrusion process to implement such a route to reach thermoplastic elastomers based on high polysiloxane content
Gonzales, Ramirez Maria-Lorena. "Gestion et valorisation des Mâchefers d’Incinération de Déchets non Dangereux (MIDND) : Etude du comportement des polluants inorganiques traces au cours de la maturation et en fonction de la granulométrie". Thesis, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0131.
Pełny tekst źródłaCurrent challenge of Municipal Solid waste Incineration (MSWI) bottom ash management lays in its valorization, mainly to be used in road construction projects. The process must take into account environmental regulations and conduct rigorous monitoring from production to utilization. One constraint in the assessment of MSWI bottom ash is related to quality criteria which is becoming more restrictive. Among potential pollutants that can cause environmental use restrictions are metal trace elements (MTE), whose behavior based on weathering and grain size is not yet well known and represent one of greatest concern. In this thesis, the developed research approach defined the favorable conditions for Cu, Cr, Pb, Sb, Ni and Zn release. The aforementioned approach is based on three pillars: The first pillar focuses on the development of a pertinent characterization method for bottom ash (including the polluting organic and mineral fraction) aiming at a better assessment of its properties. The initial study matrix, taken from an industrial site, was carefully analyzed from both, physico-chemical and environmental performances. Geochemical modeling based on physico-chemical and leaching data, allowed to identify the main mineral phases and to simulate material behavior with the purpose of predicting the evolution of MSWI bottom ash in specific storage or valorization conditions. The second pillar describes the impact of weathering conditions and size partitioning on MSWI bottom ash quality evolution. Three different weathering conditions (natural on industrial scale heap; accelerated on small heap; and forced) were studied. The results showed that changes in the chemical and mineralogical composition of MSWI bottom ash as well as in its size fractions are more significant when the weathering proceed. The natural accelerated weathering and the forced carbonation limited the leaching of Cu, Pb and Zn, whereas, the leaching of Cr, Sb, Cl and the SO42- increased as pH decreased. The third pillar focuses on the study of MSWI bottom ash alternative utilization as secondary raw material for the typically practiced road sub-layers construction. It consisted of incorporating MSWI bottom ash in a self-compacting material used for pavement sub-layer or coated road shoulders structures. A formulated material was obtained by mixing MSWI bottom ash, water and cement as a hydraulic binder. The results of the mechanical, geotechnical and environmental assessment are promising for MISWI bottom ash potential use in road construction