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1
Hopkins, Ben, and John R. Argue. "Constructed “Source” Wetland Concepts Applied to Urban Landscapes." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 4 (February 1, 1994): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0175.
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A class of wetland is introduced which employs engineering practices and installations to collect, store, dispose of, retrieve and use stormwater, at source, in the urban landscape. Two Adelaide (South Australia) examples of “source wetlands” are described. At New Brompton Estate, roof runoff from (eventually) a cluster of 15 residences is diverted to a 106 m gravel-filled trench in a central reserve. The collected water sustains a row of deciduous trees bordering the reserve and provides frequent (winter) charges, via a bore, to a Quaternary aquifer at depth 30 m. At Northfield a swale/trench system which handles all storm runoff from a residential street (including domestic contribution) will be trialled. Runoff seeping to the trench from the swale will be of high quality and will provide charges of water to a 5 m Quaternary aquifer. Some runoff of good quality will pass from the catchment in large storm events. In both cases, New Brompton and Northfield, water retrieved from the Quaternary aquifers in summer will be used for open space irrigation. Constructed source wetlands offer a valuable new option in urban stormwater quantity/quality management.
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Raisin, G. W., and D. S. Mitchell. "The use of wetlands for the control of non-point source pollution." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 3 (August 1, 1995): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0139.
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There is increasing interest in the use of wetlands to intercept nutrients in diffuse run-off from rural catchments. However, the scientific basis for this strategy is far from secure. While research in several countries provides support for this approach, there is a general lack of rigorous data sets of nutrient balances showing the real effect of such wetlands on the quality of run-off emanating from rural catchments. Research being conducted on two natural and one constructed wetlands in south-eastern Australia will contribute to filling this gap. In each of these three wetlands, volume of inflow and outflow is being measured at 15 minute intervals. Automatic water samplers connected to the flow measurement device are measured and are triggered to take samples at appropriate intervals during run-off events. All these water samples are analysed chemically and the total loads of selected chemicals entering and leaving a wetland are calculated for several storm events over the winter and spring period during 1993. Results for Total Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus show that during winter there is a net release of these nutrients from the linear wetlands with greater flows resulting in greater flushing. However, in spring and early summer there was a net retention of nutrients in the wetlands despite similar hydrological loadings. These results were affected by the size of the wetland relative to the catchment (and therefore retention time), land use of the catchment, any intrusion of ground water and the nature of the wetland in terms of its shape and vegetation.
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Adcock, P. W., and G. G. Ganf. "Growth Characteristics of Three Macrophyte Species Growing in a Natural and Constructed Wetland System." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 4 (February 1, 1994): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0166.
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Total, above and below ground biomass, growth, and tissue nutrient concentration of three species growing in two contrasting environments (a horizontal flow, constructed wetland fed tertiary effluent at Bolivar, South Australia, and a natural wetland, Bool Lagoon, south-eastern South Australia) were compared to determine relative performance of each species. Overall Baumea articulata and Phragmites australis performed poorly in trenches compared with natural wetland. Total biomass was 4.0 and 2.7, compared with 7.7 and 10.9 kg/m2 however, above ground (AG)/below ground (BG) ratios were similar at both locations (1 (Baum) and 0.42(Phrag)). Below ground mass was restricted to the top 25cm in the trenches but penetrated to > 50cm in the natural wetland. Phragmites showed a marked decline in standing biomass during the winter period in both environments but Baumea increased standing biomass in the trenches. Although the mean tissue nutrient concentrations of N and P for plants grown in trenches were higher than their natural counterparts [3.18(Baum), 2.56(Phrag) vs. 0.68(Baum), 0.49(Phrag) mg P/g DWt.; 12.99(Baum), 23.06(Phrag) vs. 5.39(Baum), 8.92(Phrag) mg N/g DWt.], this was offset by the lower biomass of the plants in the trenches. In contrast, the semi-emergent Triglochin procerum performed exceptionally well in the trenches, compared with the other species, and with itself growing in Bool Lagoon. Total biomass was 15.4 kg/m2, AG/BG ratio was 6. Triglochin continued to grow vigorously throughout the winter and had a mean tissue concentration of 5.19 mg P, 22.63 mg N and 368 C/g dry weight. These data suggest that the effective removal of nitrogen and phosphorus by harvesting was 5 times higher for Triglochin than for Baumea or Phragmites in the trenches. The nitrogen concentrations in Triglochin suggest a protein content of 16–18% which compares favourably with lucerne.
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Dobbie, Meredith Frances. "Typing Colonial Perceptions of Carrum Carrum Swamp: The Expected and the Surprising." Land 11, no. 2 (February 18, 2022): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11020311.
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Carrum Carrum Swamp was a vast wetland to the south-east of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, at the time that it was first sighted by white colonists in 1803. By 1878, the colonists had commenced converting the swamp to dry land for agricultural and horticultural pursuits, and 100 years later it was predominantly residential land. Shifting values in the 1970s led to environmental concerns about water quality in local creeks and Port Phillip Bay and subsequent residential development on the former swamp included the construction of stormwater treatment wetlands. Perceptions of wetlands are now diverse, including positive perceptions that support their presence in urban settings. In contrast, traditionally, wetlands have been perceived negatively, as waste lands, leading to their drainage. Nevertheless, alternative, perhaps positive, perceptions could have existed, only to be overwhelmed by the negative perceptions driving drainage. Understanding the full range of past perceptions is important to ensure that the historical record is correct and to provide historical context to contemporary perceptions of wetlands. It will better equip natural resource managers and designers and managers of constructed wetlands in urban locations to ensure that wetlands are healthy, functioning and appreciated by their local and wider communities. Thus, the perceptions of Carrum Carrum Swamp by colonists from 1803 to 1878 were examined through qualitative content analysis of historical documents, and a typology was developed. Seven different perceptions were identified: scientific, premodern, exploitative, romantic, aesthetic, medico-mythic and ecological. Most could be traced to the colonists’ predominantly British heritage, but one perception arose in the colony in response to the specific environmental conditions that the colonists encountered. This ecological perception valued wetlands as places of predictable water supply in a land of unpredictable rainfall. It recognised wetlands as part of a broader hydrological system, with influences on the local climate. Its proponents promoted the need for a different approach to the management of wetlands than in Britain and Europe. Nevertheless, a dominant exploitative perception prevailed, leading to the drainage of Carrum Carrum Swamp. The typology developed in this study will be useful for exploring perceptions of other wetlands, both colonial and contemporary.
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Ranieri, E. "Hydraulics of sub-superficial flow constructed wetlands in semi arid climate conditions." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 7-8 (April 1, 2003): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0670.
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This paper reports the evaluation of the hydraulics of two constructed wetland (cws) plants located in Apulia (the South Eastern Italy region characterized by semi arid climate conditions). These fields were planted with Phragmites australis hydrophytes and are supplied with local secondary wastewater municipal treatment plant effluent. Each plant - Kickuth Root-Zone method based - covers an area of approx. 2,000 m2. The evapotranspiration phenomenon has been evaluated within perforated tubes fixed to the field bottom and very high values - up to 40 mm/d - were found. Hydraulic conductivity has been evaluated by in situ measurements at different field points. Hydraulic gradients and the piezometric curve within the field are also reported.
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Bavor, H. J., and E. F. Andel. "Nutrient Removal and Disinfection Performance in the Byron Bay Constructed Wetland System." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 4 (February 1, 1994): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0191.
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A constructed wetland system has been developed for polishing of treated sewage effluent at Byron Bay, northern New South Wales, Australia. Nutrient removal and disinfection performance of the system has been monitored in preliminary investigations and has been found to be promising. The system, monitoring program and ongoing research program are described
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Zang, Zheng. "Conceptual Model of Ecosystem Service Flows from Carbon Dioxide to Blue Carbon in Coastal Wetlands: An Empirical Study Based on Yancheng, China." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (April 21, 2021): 4630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094630.
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Large amounts of blue carbon exist in the ecosystems of coastal wetlands. Accurate calculations of the stocks and economic value of blue carbon in various plant communities can facilitate vegetation rehabilitation. Based on this objective, first, a blue carbon estimation model was constructed by combining a Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA) model, and second, the distribution pattern of blue carbon and flow direction of ecosystem services (carbon sequestration) in a coastal wetland in China was analyzed utilizing a combination of field surveys, remote sensing data, and laboratory analysis techniques. Finally, the wetland carbon sequestration value and its income-expenditure status were measured using the carbon tax method. The results show that the aboveground net primary productivity of coastal wetland vegetation exhibits a non-zonal distribution in the south-north direction, whereas it presented a three-level gradient distribution, characterized as “low (200–300 g/m2∙y)–intermediate (300–400 g/m2∙y)–high (400–500 g/m2∙y)”, in the east-west direction. The accumulation of carbon gradually increased from the ground surface to the underground (litter < underground roots < soil) in Spartina alterniflora and Phragmites australis. On the type scale, Spartina alterniflora and Phragmites australis wetlands were of the “blue carbon” net outflow type (supply type), with mean annual outflow carbon sequestration values of 3272.3 $/ha and 40.9 $/ha, respectively. The Suaeda glauca wetland was of the “blue carbon” net inflow type (benefit type), with a mean annual inflow carbon sequestration value of 190.7 $/ha.
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Zhai, Jun, Chuan Qin, Hai Wen Xiao, Qiang He, and Jie Liu. "Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment in Mainland China: Two Decades of Experience." Applied Mechanics and Materials 90-93 (September 2011): 2977–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.90-93.2977.
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Constructed wetlands (CWs) have been applied for wastewater treatment since 1987 in Mainland China. There were about 150 public owned CWs operated to treat different types of wastewater, including urban domestic wastewater, rural sewage, effluent from secondary treatment, industrial wastewater, urban and agricultural runoff. About 44% of the CWs are designed for urban and rural sewage treatment. Hybrid CW takes a majority role for wastewater treatment in China. There are 24 full-scale hybrid CWs among the surveyed 59 systems in this paper. The most frequently used filtration media for vegetated beds are gravel and cobble. Phragmites australis is the dominate plant used in CWs in north China, while cyperus alternifolius and Typha latifolia are commonly applied in south China. The statistical average removal efficiencies of CWs for industrial wastewater treatment are the highest in terms of COD and BOD5, followed by the efficiencies of treating urban domestic wastewater, rural sewage, effluent from secondary treatment, urban and agricultural runoff in a decline order with a revise trend of the designed hydraulic loading rates.
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Davison, L., T. Headley, and K. Pratt. "Aspects of design, structure, performance and operation of reed beds – eight years' experience in northeastern New South Wales, Australia." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 10 (May 1, 2005): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0359.
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Reed beds (horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands) have been employed as secondary treatment devices in on-site and decentralised wastewater management systems in the northeast of the Australian state of New South Wales (NSW) for over a decade. This paper summarises some of the practical and research findings that have come to light in that time. Experience with various aspects of reed bed structure is discussed. A study of the evaporative performance of four small beds planted with Phragmites australis yielded an annual crop factor of 2.6. A total of 28 studies on reed beds treating a variety of commonly encountered wastewater streams yielded the following mean pollutant removal efficiencies: total suspended solids (TSS) 83%, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) 81%, total nitrogen (TN) 57%, total phosphorus (TP) 35% and faecal coliforms (FC) 1.9 logs. The reed bed is becoming the preferred on-site technology for removing TN and BOD and polishing TSS from primary settled domestic wastewater. Sizing beds for a residence time of approximately five days has become standard practice. A study of six reed beds found six different species of earthworm present, mainly Perionyx excavatus (Indian Blue). A mesocosm experiment subsequently showed that the worms were translocating clogging material from the substrate interstices to the surface of the bed thereby indicating a possible method for prolonging reed bed life.
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Adcock, P. W., G. L. Ryan, and P. L. Osborne. "Nutrient partitioning in a clay-based surface flow wetland." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 3 (August 1, 1995): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0142.
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A constructed, clay-based, surface flow wetland located in Byron Bay, New South Wales, Australia, was studied to determine the relative importance of living plant tissue, plant litter, sediment, and the water column as nutrient stores. The nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon contents of each nutrient compartment were determined throughout the wetland. The nitrogen and phosphorus content of the plants was higher at the inlet end of the wetland and declined with distance away from it. Nutrient levels in the sediment and water column did not vary significantly with distance through the wetland. Phosphorus concentrations in the sediments were high, but plants were shown to be responsible for the majority of nutrient accumulation from this system. The plants had failed to penetrate the clay substrate and a solid mat of adventitious roots had developed in the overlying water. In essence the plants, mainly grasses, were growing hydroponically.
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Levengood, Jeffrey M., Walter J. Marcisz, Allison M. Klement, and Margaret A. Kurcz. "Black-crowned Night-Herons of the Lake Calumet Region,Chicago, Illinois." Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 37, no. 1-6 (August 31, 2005): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.21900/j.inhs.v37.113.
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We examined the nesting ecology of a Blackcrowned Night-Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) colony located at wetlands associated with Lake Calumet in south Cook County, Illinois, during the 2002 and 2003 nesting seasons. This area of southeastern Chicago has been greatly impacted by heavy industry, solid and chemical waste disposal, urbanization, and altered hydrology. Black-crowned Night-Herons (BCNH) have nested at five known locations at Lake Calumet wetlands during 1984–2003. Emergent cover (giant reed, Phragmites australis) was of primary importance to this colony for nesting during that time. Cottonwoods (Populus deltoides) also were used for nesting from the late 1980s to mid-1990s. During 1993–2003 the herons began arriving at the colony as early as March 10. During the two years of this study the earliest indications of nest building and courtship occurred during the first week in April; the first pairs and precopulatory displays were observed during second week of April in both years. The egg-laying period extended from April 20 to June 12 in 2002, and from April 16 to May 27/28 in 2003. Hatching occurred from mid-May to the first few days of July in 2002, and from mid-May to June 19/20 in 2003. Juvenile dispersal in 2002 occurred from mid-July through late August, and from early July through mid-August in 2003. Reproductive parameters in BCNH nesting at the north end of Indian Ridge Marsh (IRM), the primary nesting location for this colony in both years, were typical for this species. In 2002 the “recruitment” rate (number of young/nest surviving to 15 days) of 1.74 young/pair was below the threshold of 2.0–2.1 young/nesting pair thought to be necessary to maintain BCNH populations. However, recruitment increased to 2.22 young/ pair in 2003, which was among the highest previously reported. The most important cause of nest failure was poorly constructed (flat) nests which allowed the eggs to roll out into the water. Although some eggs were lost to gulls and some hatched young were taken by unknown mammalian or avian predators, predation was not an important cause of nest losses at IRM.
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Coombes, C., and P. J. Collett. "Use of constructed wetland to protect bathing water quality." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 3 (August 1, 1995): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0136.
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The European Bathing Water Directive imposes strict limits on the bacterial quality of waters used by the public for bathing. At Thurlestone the site chosen for the sewage treatment works needed to improve bathing water quality is adjacent to a site of special scientific interest (SSSI), into which the treated effluent discharges. The effluent is required to be of a high bacteriological quality to protect the bathing water and high chemical quality to protect the SSSI. South West Water Services (SWWS) in conjunction with their consultants, WS Atkins, designed and installed a horizontal flow Phragmites australis reed bed to give tertiary treatment to the effluent from a trickling filter plant. The media for the reed bed consists of crushed basalt and limestone chippings to try to maximise the phosphate removal from the effluent. The reed bed has been in operation for two years and produced an effluent of excellent quality soon after it was commissioned. Particular attention has been paid to bacteria removal. Total and faecal coliform removal have averaged two logs. Suspended solids and biochemical oxygen demand have averaged less than 5 mg/l in the effluent, with removals greater than 75%. Ammoniacal nitrogen has averaged less than 2 mg/l. The bathing water into which the effluent eventually discharges has not failed the Directive criteria since the works was commissioned.
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Lee, Hye Won, Bo-Min Yeom, and Jung Hyun Choi. "Modelling Water Quality Improvements in a South Korean Inter-Basin Water Transfer System." Water 12, no. 11 (November 13, 2020): 3173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113173.
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In this study, we investigated the feasibility of using constructed wetlands for non-point source pollution reduction. The effect of constructed wetlands in reducing suspended solids (SS) was analyzed using an integrated modeling system of watershed model (HSPF), reservoir model (CE-QUAL-W2), and stream model (EFDC) to investigate the behavior and accumulation of the pollution sources based on 2017 water quality data. The constructed wetlands significantly reduced the SS concentration by approximately 30%, and the other in-lake management practices (e.g., artificial floating islands and sedimentation basins) contributed an additional decrease of approximately 7%. Selective withdrawal decreased in the average SS concentration in the influents by ~10%; however, the effluents passing through the constructed wetlands showed only a slight difference of 1.9% in the average SS concentration. In order to meet the water quality standards, it was necessary to combine the constructed wetlands, in-lake water quality management, and selective withdrawal practices. Hence, it was determined that the model proposed herein is useful for estimating the quantitative effects of water quality management practices such as constructed wetlands, which provided practical guidelines for the application of further water quality management policies.
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Halse, SA, MR Williams, RP Jaensch, and JAK Lane. "Wetland characteristics and waterbird use of wetlands in south-western Australia." Wildlife Research 20, no. 1 (1993): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9930103.
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The presence or absence of 61 waterbird species on 95 wetlands in south-western Australia was related to six wetland characteristics: salinity, emergent vegetation, water depth, pH, phosphorus level and wetland size. More species were associated with salinity and vegetation than with other wetland characteristics. There were more positive associations with brackish than with fresh or saline wetlands and few species occurred in hypersaline wetlands. Trees or shrubs and sedges were the vegetation with which most species were associated; few species were recorded on completely open wetlands or those with only samphire. The 95 wetlands were classified into five groups on the basis of waterbird use. All wetland characteristics differed between groups but larger differences occurred in salinity, vegetation and water depth. The wetland group that supported most species also supported the highest numbers of waterbirds and most breeding species.
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Magmedov, Vyacheslav G., Michael A. Zakharchenko, Ludmila I. Yakovleva, and Margaret E. Ince. "The use of constructed wetlands for the treatment of run-off and drainage waters: the UK and Ukraine experience." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 4-5 (February 1, 1996): 315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0521.
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It is now clear that constructed wetlands for waste water treatment and nature conservation are wide spread in the USA and becoming more common in most European countries, Australia, in some regions of Asia and Africa. In this paper we analysed more than ten years experience of constructed wetlands implementation in the United Kingdom and Ukraine. A design, construction features and equations for constructed wetlands area estimation used in both countries are compared. The efficiency of BOD, SS and nitrogen removal by subsurface flow type and combined type flow constructed wetlands also discussed. On the basis of experience obtained on constructed wetlands implementation in both countries for storm water, run-off and drainage treatment, we suggest that they may be the best option to block diffuse sources of pollution.
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Gibson, N., G. J. Keighery, M. N. Lyons, and B. J. Keighery. "Threatened plant communities of Western Australia. 2 The seasonal clay-based wetland communities of the South West." Pacific Conservation Biology 11, no. 4 (2005): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc050287.
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The communities of seasonal clay-based wetlands of south-west Australia are described. They are amongst the most threatened In Western Australia. It is estimated that >90% of the original extent of these communities has been cleared for agriculture, and the remaining areas, despite largely occurring in conservation reserves, are threatened by weed invasion and rising saline groundwater. Thirty-six taxa are identified as claypan specialists occurring in six floristic communities. Composition was strongly correlated with rainfall and edaphic factors. The most consistent attribute shared between the seasonal clay-based wetlands of south-west Australia, and the analogous vernal pools systems of California, Chile, and South Africa was the widespread conversion of these wetlands to agricultural systems. The south-west Australia wetlands had a richer flora, different lifeform composition, higher species richness but fewer claypan specialists than the vernal pools of California. The dissimilarity in the regional floras and vegetation types from which the pool floras were recruited explain these differences.
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Choi, Hyeseon, Nash Jett DG Reyes, Minsu Jeon, and Lee-Hyung Kim. "Constructed Wetlands in South Korea: Current Status and Performance Assessment." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 18, 2021): 10410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810410.
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The efficiency of nature-based facilities is mostly evaluated in terms of their pollutant removal capabilities; however, apart from water purification functions, constructed wetlands also perform ecological, cultural, and environmental education functions. A multi-criteria performance index was developed in this study to evaluate the overall efficiency of constructed wetlands. A total of 54 constructed wetlands installed across South Korea were monitored to evaluate the pollutant removal performance of the facilities. A comparison between the conventional pollutant removal-based evaluation and the developed multi-criteria index was also performed to determine the key changes in the results of evaluation when different methods are employed. Among the different types of wetlands studied, hybrid systems were found to be the most effective in terms of pollutant removal due to their complex configurations and functions. Newly constructed treatment wetlands have unstable performance and thus, a stabilization period ranging from two to five years is required to assess the facility’s pollutant removal capabilities. As compared to the conventional pollutant removal-based efficiency evaluation, the comprehensive evaluation method provided a more strategic tool for identifying the facilities’ strengths and weaknesses. Generally, the multi-criteria performance index developed in this inquiry can be utilized as a general tool for evaluating the sustainability of similar nature-based facilities.
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Boon, Paul I., Kerri L. Muller, and George G. Ganf. "Methane emissions from diverse wetlands in south-eastern Australia." SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010 27, no. 3 (November 2000): 1382–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03680770.1998.11901462.
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Greenway, Margaret. "Nutrient content of wetland plants in constructed wetlands receiving municipal effluent in tropical Australia." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 5 (March 1, 1997): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0182.
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Several pilot wetlands have been constructed in Queensland to treat municipal wastewater. The wetlands are in tropical, subtropical and arid geographical locations. Most wetlands are free water surface and contain a variety of macrophyte types and species. A total of 49 native and 11 exotic species of wetland plants have been identified. This paper examines tissue nutrient content in different species and plant components from 7 wetlands. Most species translocated to the constructed wetlands flourished indicating their ability to tolerate nutrient enriched waters, and tended to have higher tissue nutrient concentrations than their controls in natural wetlands. Submerged and free floating species exhibited higher nutrient concentrations than floating leaved and emergent species. Maximum dry weight nutrient concentrations (mg.g−1) were recorded in duckweed 18 mgP.g−1; 58 mgN.g−1; Ceratophyllum 14 mgP.g−1, 35 mgN.g−1; Monochoria cyanea (a native relative of the water hyacinth) 13 mgP.g−1, 30 mgN.g−1; waterlilies: Nymphoides indica 16 mgP.g−1, 40 mgN.g−1; aquatic vines Ipomoea diamantinensis 10 mgP.g−1, 53 mgN.g−1, I. aquatica 9.5 mgP.g−1, 53 mgN.g−1; Ludwigia peploides 10 mgP.g−1, 52 mgN.g−1; and the water ferns Ceratopteris thalictroides 10 mgP.g−1, 31 mgN.g−1,Marsilea 10 mgP.g−1, 43 mgN.g−1. Emergent species with the highest nutrients (P or N) were Eleocharis sphacelata 9.4 mgP.g−1, 31.7 mgN.g−1, Baumea articulata 8.7 mgP.g−1, 24 mgN.g−1,Typha domingensis 7.2 mgP.g−1, 51.8 mgN.g−1 and Cyperus involucratus 7 mgP.g−1, 44.6 mgN.g−1. Pooled data showed no significant difference between tissue nutrient content in plant components, though nitrogen was highest in the leaves and phosphorus highest in the roots of most species. There was some evidence of spatial variation in tissue nutrient content between different wetlands but it has not been possible to correlate this with nutrient loadings or removal efficiencies.
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Worrall, P., K. J. Peberdy, and M. C. Millett. "Constructed wetlands and nature conservation." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 5 (March 1, 1997): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0199.
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By reference to examples in the UK this paper examines the wildlife potential of reedbed treatment systems, both in their ability to act as pollutant buffers to protect or create downstream wetlands of conservation importance and as wildlife resources in their own right. The constraints of size, structural diversity, pollution stresses and design criteria of constructed wetlands are evaluated in terms of wildlife conservation opportunities, and the more stringent water quality requirements for wildlife functions are discussed. As a case study example, the paper examines in detail the South Finger Reedbed developed by The Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust. This system has been designed with the dual objectives of improving the quality of effluent from a large collection of captive wildfowl in order to buffer sensitive downstream wetlands and of creating a wetland habitat of nature conservation value. The performance of this system, constructed in 1993, indicates good treatment levels, with suspended solids reduction around 80% and BOD generally above 60%. In terms of wildlife performance the system rapidly evolved to support a broad range of vertebrate and invertebrate species. The paper concludes that constructed wetlands for waste water treatment can be designed and managed to achieve optimal wildlife potential if approached from an ecological perspective as opposed to a strictly engineering viewpoint.
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Wahren, C. H., R. J. Williams, and W. A. Papst. "Alpine and Subalpine Wetland Vegetation on the Bogong High Plains, South-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 47, no. 2 (1999): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt97106.
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The botanical composition and structure of wetland vegetation from seven sites in the alpine and subalpine tracts of the Bogong High Plains was sampled in 1995 and 1996. Sites were in the vicinity of Mts Nelse, Cope and Fainter. Sampling was based on contiguous 1-m2 quadrats along transects 20−70 m long across each wetland. Samples were ordinated using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). Floristic variation was assessed both within selected individual wetlands, and between wetlands from different regions. The relationship between the ordinations and environmental variables such as soil surface texture, soil depth and the amount of bare ground was tested by fitting vectors. Three dominant vegetation assemblages were identified. Closed heath, of hygrophyllous, scleromorphic shrubs such as Richea continentis and Baeckea gunniana, the rush Empodisma minus and the moss Sphagnum cristatum occurred on the deeper peats. Low open heath of Epacris glacialis and Danthonia nivicola occurred on shallow peats. Herbfields of Caltha introloba and Oreobolus pumilio occurred on stony pavements in two different physiographic situations&horbar;on relatively steep slopes (10−20°) at the head of wetlands, and on flat ground (slope < 2°), below the head of wetlands. The pavements on the steeper sites appeared to be associated with periglacial features such as solifluction lobes and terraces. Those on the flatter ground appeared to have been derived more recently. Wetlands in the Mt Cope region consisted of closed heath, low open heath and pavement herbfield in various proportions. Wetlands on Mt Fainter, which are subject to heavy trampling by cattle, were in a degraded condition, with a low cover of major hygrophyllous mosses and shrubs, and a high cover of introduced species. Long-ungrazed wetlands in a 50-year exclosure at Rocky Valley had high cover of closed heath, no pavements, numerous ponds and virtually no entrenched drainage channels or exposed peat. The Caltha herbfields are significant features nationally, both floristically and geomorphologically. Alpine and subalpine wetlands have been listed under the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988, and continued grazing by cattle is not compatible with the conservation objectives for this alpine vegetation type.
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Greenway, M., P. Dale, and H. Chapman. "An assessment of mosquito breeding and control in four surface flow wetlands in tropical-subtropical Australia." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 5 (September 1, 2003): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0330.
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In Queensland, Australia, the tropical-subtropical climate is ideal to promote macrophyte growth in surface flow wetlands; however, there have been concerns that constructed wetlands are potential breeding sites for disease-bearing mosquitoes. The aim of this study was to assess whether mosquitoes were breeding in these constructed wetlands, and if so, where they breed, and what parameters might influence breeding: e.g. water quality, vegetation, or macroinvertebrate communities. A study of four surface flow constructed wetlands located in different climatic regions was undertaken. Mosquito larvae were sampled using 240 ml dippers and macroinvertebrates using dip nets. The wetland with the greatest biodiversity of macrophytes and macroinvertebrates had the least number of mosquito larvae (&lt; 1% of all dips). Samples with most mosquito larvae occurred amongst dense mats of Paspalum grass or dead Typha. Despite the presence of larvae in some parts of these wetlands very few late instars or pupae were found i.e. completion of the mosquito life cycle to adult mosquitoes was unsuccessful. This study has shown that the presence of mosquito larvae can be minimised by increasing macro-invertebrate biodiversity, by planting a variety of macrophyte types and species, excluding aggressive plant species, and maintaining at least 30% open water. Macroinvertebrates are probably a crucial factor in the control of mosquito larvae ensuring that predation of the early instars prevents or limits the development of pupae and the emergence of adults.
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Bachmann, Mark R. "Restoration journey of the Piccaninnie Ponds Karst Wetlands, South Australia." Ecological Management & Restoration 17, no. 2 (May 2016): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/emr.12207.
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Méndez, H., P. M. Geary, and R. H. Dunstan. "Surface wetlands for the treatment of pathogens in stormwater: three case studies at Lake Macquarie, NSW, Australia." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 5 (May 1, 2009): 1257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.470.
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The treatment of stormwater using surface constructed wetlands has become common in the last decades. However, the use of constructed wetlands for stormwater management has not been thoroughly evaluated in their capacity to treat microbial loads. The case studies presented in this paper are situated at Lake Macquarie, a large estuarine lagoon located approximately 150 km north of Sydney, Australia. To protect the lake ecosystem from the impact of increasing urban development, the local Council constructed numerous stormwater quality improvement devices (SQIDs) at selected locations. The SQIDs typically consisted of trash racks, gross pollutant traps and surface constructed wetlands. To evaluate the effectiveness of three of these devices in reducing faecal contamination, water samples were collected for faecal coliforms (FC) during and following rainfall at inlets and outlets of the structures. Results indicated one of the SQIDs as the most efficient for bacterial reduction, while the other two provided low or non reduction of FC. Results also illustrated dependence of bacteria reduction on flow conditions. Comparison of devices suggested that hydraulic residence times and other design parameters strongly influenced the capacity of each device to reduce FC counts during different weather conditions.
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Mitchell, D. S., A. J. Chick, and G. W. Raisin. "The use of wetlands for water pollution control in Australia: an ecological perspective." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 3 (August 1, 1995): 365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0159.
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The potential use of natural and constructed wetlands to treat rural and urban wastewaters and run-off has been under active investigation in Australia by the authors and others associated with them for about 15 years. The results of these investigations will be briefly summarised in relation to factors affecting their performance and their application for management of water pollution. Investigations have included rigorous experimentation with wetland microcosms, calculation of nutrient balances for natural and artificial wetlands, fundamental research on the role of wetland plants, the construction of experimental wetlands of various designs at a pilot scale, and the installation of operating systems. The results confirm the potential of wetland systems to ameliorate water quality but do not demonstrate how to do this consistently under normal day-to-day operating conditions. Issues that now need to be addressed include hydraulic short-circuiting, the role and management of the wetland plants, the extent to which constructed systems should mimic natural systems, and problems associated with scaling up from successful experimental systems to full scale operating treatment plants.
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Bolton, Lise M. W., and Keith G. E. Bolton. "Design, construction and performance of a horizontal subsurface flow wetland system in Australia." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 9 (October 19, 2013): 1920–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.434.
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Malabugilmah is a remote Aboriginal community located in Clarence Valley, Northern NSW, Australia. In 2006, seven horizontal subsurface flow wetland clusters consisting of 3 m × 2 m wetland cells in series were designed and constructed to treat septic tank effluent to a secondary level (Total Suspended Solids (TSS) &lt; 30 mg/L and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) &lt;20 mg/L) and achieve &gt;50% Total Nitrogen (TN) reduction, no net Total Phosphorus (TP) export and ≥99.9% Faecal Coliform (FC) reduction. The wetland cell configuration allowed the wetlands to be located on steeper terrain, enabling effluent to be treated to a secondary level without the use of pumps. In addition to the water quality targets, the wetlands were designed and constructed to satisfy environmental, economic and social needs of the community. The wetland systems were planted with a local Australian wetland tree species which has become well established. Two wetland clusters have been monitored over the last 4 years. The wetlands have demonstrated to be robust over time, providing a high level of secondary treatment over an extended period.
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Noller, B. N., P. H. Woods, and B. J. Ross. "Case Studies of Wetland Filtration of Mine Waste Water in Constructed and Naturally Occurring Systems in Northern Australia." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 4 (February 1, 1994): 257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0205.
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A problem common to mines operating in the tropics is the disposal of water, which may be alkaline, acidic, or contain toxic elements such as arsenic or cadmium. The availability of year-round water supply at many mine sites in Northern Australia, particularly from pit dewatering, together with the monsoonal climate, provide appropriate conditions for the formation of natural wetlands or establishment of artificial wetlands. Wetland species (particularly Typha spp.) flourish in the presence of flowing or shallow water from dewatering, and data collected from natural and experimental wetlands show reduction of metal concentrations by wetland filtration of mine waste water. The following case studies are considered:Constructed wetlands, used to remove uranium from waste rock runoff before release to an adjacent creek provide a means of “polishing” runoff water prior to discharge to the creek.Creek-Billabong systems with existing wetlands adjacent to mine sites adventitiously “filter” waters discharged from mine sites. Trace elements in dewatering water from a gold mine discharged into an oxbow show reduction of elemental concentrations downstream, compared to discharge water.Naturally generated wetlands at several Northern Territory mines have developed along channels for discharge of pit water, with ingress of Typha domingensis. Such wetlands, associated with dewatering, have been examined at four mines, some with acid mine drainage. Water quality measured after wetland treatments shows reductions in concentrations of various heavy metals and sulfate. Volunteer Typha domingensis grows and spreads in shallow flowing channels, providing an inherent “filtration” of the water.Natural swamplands are incorporated in the waste rock runoff management design of a new gold mine, to reduce potentially high arsenic levels in the waste water. Constructed and naturally occurring wetlands may be used in the treatment of most mine waste waters to achieve levels of constituents acceptable for discharge to the surrounding environment.
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Hurst, Thomas, and Paul I. Boon. "Agricultural weeds and coastal saltmarsh in south-eastern Australia: an insurmountable problem?" Australian Journal of Botany 64, no. 4 (2016): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt16027.
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It is often assumed that saline coastal wetlands experience environmental conditions so severe that they are largely immune to invasion by exotic plant species. The belief is implicit in many older reviews of threats to mangroves and coastal saltmarshes, where a limited range of vascular plant taxa, often focussing on *Spartina, (throughout the paper an asterisk denotes an introduced (exotic) species as per Carr 2012) have been invoked as the major species of concern. Even though the weed flora of southern Australia is derived largely from agriculture and horticulture, neither of which includes many species tolerant of waterlogged, variably saline environments, a recent assessment of Victorian saline coastal wetlands indicated that exotic plants were the third-most pervasive threat, after land ‘reclamation’ and grazing. Tall wheat grass, *Lophopyrum ponticum (Podp.) A.Love., is one of the most severe and widely distributed weeds of saline coastal wetlands in south-eastern Australia. It is promoted by the agricultural extension arm of the Victorian government as a salt-tolerant pasture grass; however, its broad ecological amplitude and robust life form make it a most serious invader of upper saltmarsh in Victoria. We assessed the effectiveness of different control measures, including slashing and herbicides, for the management of *L. ponticum infestations (and their side effects on saltmarsh communities) in the Western Port region of Victoria. A nominally monocot-specific herbicide widely used to control *Spartina, Fluazifop-P, was ineffective in controlling *L. ponticum. The broad-spectrum systemic herbicide glyphosate was more effective in controlling *L. ponticum, but had undesirable impacts on native plant species. Controlling weeds in coastal wetlands using available herbicides for use near coastal waterways would seem to remain problematic.
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Greenway, Margaret, and John S. Simpson. "Artificial wetlands for wastewater treatment, water reuse and wildlife in Queensland, Australia." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 10-11 (May 1, 1996): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0678.
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Queensland, Australia has a subtropical-tropical climate with dry winters and wet monsoonal summers. Arid climatic conditions prevail inland with hot dry days and cold nights. The climatic conditions are conducive to high plant growth rates and hence offer great potential for constructed wetlands for water pollution control. The water (a scarce resource during the dry season and in arid regions) can also be used to irrigate crops, playing fields, parks and gardens or golf courses. The water discharged from the wetlands is also of an acceptable quality to flow into estuarine and riverine environments. Many natural wetlands are only seasonally inundated and during the dry season wildlife has to seek alternative refuges. Artificial wetlands receiving sewage effluent provide permanent wildlife habitats and improve the landscape amenity. The Queensland government's Department of Primary Industries has initiated an Artificial Wetlands for Water Pollution Research Program. Under this scheme 10 experimental pilot artificial wetlands have been established and a further 6 university research projects are being conducted on various aspects of artificial wetlands including nutrient and heavy metal uptake and bioavailability in wetland plants, sediment biogeochemistry and mass balances. One gold mine rehabilitation project has an artificial wetland to treat mine leachate. This paper presents 3 case studies which include significant results with respect to wastewater polishing and re-use.
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Fell, A., V. Jegatheesan, A. Sadler, and S. H. Lee. "BASELINE MEASUREMENTS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF FOUR CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS IN TROPICAL AUSTRALIA." Environmental Engineering Research 10, no. 6 (December 31, 2005): 316–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/eer.2005.10.6.316.
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Carnell, Paul E., Saras M. Windecker, Madeline Brenker, Jeff Baldock, Pere Masque, Kate Brunt, and Peter I. Macreadie. "Carbon stocks, sequestration, and emissions of wetlands in south eastern Australia." Global Change Biology 24, no. 9 (June 24, 2018): 4173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14319.
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Bino, G., R. T. Kingsford, and K. Brandis. "Australia's wetlands – learning from the past to manage for the future." Pacific Conservation Biology 22, no. 2 (2016): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc15047.
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Australia has diverse wetlands with multiple threats. We reviewed knowledge about the extent of wetlands, representativeness, impacts and threats to integrity and options for effective conservation. Natural Australian wetlands cover an estimated 33 266 245 ha (4.4%), with 55% palustrine (floodplains and swamps), followed by 31% lakes, 10% estuarine systems, and 5% rivers and creeks. The Lake Eyre (1.1%), Murray–Darling (0.73%), Tanami–Timor Sea Coast (0.71%) and the Carpentaria Coast (0.55%) drainage divisions have more wetlands, also reflected in the distributions among states and territories. Ramsar sites and wetlands in protected areas were generally biased towards the southern continent. Overall representation of mapped wetlands was good for lacustrine (40.6%) and estuarine (34.4%), fair for riverine (16.8%), but inadequate for palustrine (10.8%) wetlands. Within drainage divisions, representation varied considerably, with shortfalls from the Aichi target of 17%. Agriculture, urbanisation, pollution and invasive species have degraded or destroyed wetlands, particularly in the developed south-east, south-west and north-east of the continent. Water resource developments, primarily the building of dams, diversion of water and development of floodplains, seriously threaten Australian wetlands, with all threats exacerbated by climate change impacts of rising sea levels and high temperatures. Management and policy for wetlands is dependent on data on distribution, type and extent of wetlands, a key national constraint. Some States are well advanced (e.g. Queensland) and others lack any comprehensive data on the distribution of wetlands. Mitigation of increasing development (e.g. northern Australia) will be critical for conservation, along with increased representativeness in protected areas and restoration, particularly with environmental flows.
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Greenway, M. "Suitability of macrophytes for nutrient removal from surface flow constructed wetlands receiving secondary treated sewage effluent in Queensland, Australia." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 2 (July 1, 2003): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0101.
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From a botanical perspective the major difference between waste stabilisation ponds and wetlands is the dominance of algae or floating plants in the former and emergent plants in the latter. Algae, floating and submerged plants remove nutrients directly from the water column whereas emergent species remove nutrients from the sediment. Water depth is a crucial factor in determining which plant types will become established. Surface flow constructed wetlands offer the greatest potential to grow a wide variety of different types of macrophytes. In assessing the suitability of plant species for nutrient removal, consideration must be given not only to nutrient uptake for growth but also storage of nutrients as plant biomass. A survey of macrophytes in 15 surface flow constructed wetlands treating secondary effluent was conducted in Queensland; 63 native species and 14 introduced species were found. Emergent species have been able to tolerate deeper water than in their natural environment and permanent waterlogging. All species grew well in the higher nutrient enriched wastewater. Submerged, floating leaved-attached and free floating species had the highest tissue nutrient content, followed by aquatic creepers. All these species remove nutrients from the water column. Emergent species had lower nutrient content but a greater biomass and were therefore able to store more nutrients per unit area of wetland. In order to maximise the efficiency of constructed wetlands for nutrient removal, a range of species should be used. Native species should be selected in preference to introduced/exotic species.
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Bolton, Keith G. E., and Margaret Greenway. "A feasibility study of Melaleuca trees for use in constructed wetlands in subtropical Australia." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 5 (March 1, 1997): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0209.
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Three tree species from the genus Melaleuca are being examined for use in constructed wetlands in subtropical SE Queensland, Australia. Growth responses of Melaleuca to secondary treated effluent (100% - approximately 5mgPL−1 and 8mgNL−1), half strength (50%), P enriched (+P) and N enriched (+N) secondary treated effluents were monitored in a 2 year pot trial. A growth index was derived from measurements of height, girth diameter, branch number and new leaf number. Highest rates of growth were achieved in the +N and 100% treatments, and lowest rates in the +P and 50% treatments. Seasonal growth trends were evident. Continuously waterlogged trees had slightly higher growth rates than those subjected to aeration cycles, demonstrating their suitability to wetland environments. An aerated network through the bark extending to the roots may provide a mechanism of root aeration. Biomass and nutrient partitioning were measured in an experimental constructed Melaleuca wetlands receiving pure effluent. Biomass nutrient accumulation rates were comparable to studies of other macrophytes. M. alternifolia stored approximately three times more N and P than M. quinquenervia. However, M. quinquenervia had higher rates of litter fall induced by severe insect damage, increasing the rate of transfer of nutrients to the long term sediment sink. P concentrations in the senescent leaves were highly responsive to external concentrations, and may be used as an indicator of P loading rates in constructed wetlands. Since senescent leaves provide a major pathway of biomass nutrients into the sediment sink, this provides a self regulating P storage mechanism.
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Kingsford, R. T., K. Brandis, R. F. Thomas, P. Crighton, E. Knowles, and E. Gale. "Classifying landform at broad spatial scales: the distribution and conservation of wetlands in New South Wales, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 55, no. 1 (2004): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf03075.
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Relatively few large-scale inventories of the world's wetlands exist because of the difficulties of spatial scale, associated cost and multiple objectives, often temporally confounded, that drive classification. The extent of wetlands across a large part of Australia (New South Wales, 80.6 million ha) was determined using satellite image analyses. These data allowed analyses of the distribution of wetlands, their conservation status and potential threats at different spatial scales; that is, State, coastal and inland, and catchment. Approximately 5.6% of New South Wales is wetland (4.5 million ha), mostly (96%) in inland river catchments. Broad classification allowed identification of the extent of wetland types: (i) floodplains (89%); (ii) freshwater lakes (6.6%); (iii) saline lakes (< 1%); (iv) estuarine wetlands (2.5%); and (v) coastal lagoons and lakes (1.5%). Conservation reserves protect only 3% of wetland area. The analyses identified the north-west as the key area for wetland conservation as most other catchments have lower wetland extent and more potential threatening processes. The first stage of a large-scale inventory is to determine the extent and location of wetlands, with immediate benefits for strategic conservation and management. Other objectives (e.g. classification, biotic composition, hydrology and threats) seldom have sufficient data available for large-scale inventories but can be completed later with resources.
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Chapman, H. "Removal of endocrine disruptors by tertiary treatments and constructed wetlands in subtropical Australia." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 9 (May 1, 2003): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0514.
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The controversial topic of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) in aquatic environments is of international and Australian significance with the need for sustainable management of water resources increasing. The issues have been highlighted on the major continents of Europe and North America but so far have received less attention in Australia. A major source of these compounds has been identified as sewage effluent, which is treated prior to release to the environment with a primary focus on pathogen and nutrient removal. Sewage effluent is a complex mixture, which can contain many organic and inorganic compounds some of which may remain after treatment processes. More recently, technologies such as ozonation, UV treatment and advanced filtration have improved the quality of effluent discharged to the environment but there are still unresolved issues relating to poorly understood chemistries relating to EDCs in effluent discharges and the possible impacts in aquatic environments and to human health. This paper reports on an investigation of the removal from sewage effluent of selected chemicals that are known or suspected environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs) by sand filtration, ozonation and UV treatment at the Landsborough Water Reclamation Plant in Queensland, Australia. Compounds detected in the raw effluent included pesticides, herbicides, some heavy metals and the human hormones 17bestradiol and estrone. Most of these were removed by the advanced treatments at the water reclamation plant, with only trace concentrations of some compounds present in the final effluent. Removal of toxicants by a free water surface wetland is also reported on. Some of the constraints of direct chemical measurements are discussed and some solutions proposed.
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Gibson, Robert, Barry J. Conn, and Jeremy J. Bruhl. "Morphological evaluation of the Drosera peltata complex (Droseraceae)." Australian Systematic Botany 25, no. 1 (2012): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb11030.
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A phenetic study of morphological characters of the Drosera peltata complex (Droseraceae) supports the recognition of the following taxa: D. peltata from wetlands of south-eastern Australia; D. auriculata from south-eastern Australia and New Zealand; the morphologically variable D. hookeri from south-eastern Australia and northern New Zealand; the widespread D. lunata from southern and South-East Asia, as well as northern and north-eastern Australia; and the new species D. yilgarnensis R.P.Gibson & B.J.Conn is here described, from around granite outcrops of south-western Australia. D. bicolor from south-western Australia is recognised as a distinct species outside of the D. peltata complex. D. insolita, considered until recently as a distinct species, is reduced to synonymy of D. lunata. Phenotypic plasticity, vegetative similarity and fleetingly produced diagnostic floral and seed characters within the complex pose significant challenges in understanding the taxonomy of these taxa.
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Gibson, N., K. Brown, and G. Paczkowska. "Temporal changes in threatened ephemeral claypans over annual and decadal timescales in south-west Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 66, no. 8 (2018): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt18067.
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The vegetation of the ephemeral claypans of south-west Australia were first described over 100 years ago. Since then they have been almost totally cleared for agriculture and urban development and are currently listed as critically endangered. These claypans have many similarities with ephemeral wetlands found in other Mediterranean climate regions with significant species turnover both within and between claypans and fine scale patterning highly correlated with micro-topography. Although annual variation in species composition was apparent there was also a consistent trend of increasing exotic taxa richness due to higher recruitment rates. This increasing exotic richness is of note, as the major threat to these communities is the invasion by a small number South African taxa, which can establish dense monocultures across these wetlands. Over the last two decades these invasive taxa have spread into 37% of the previously non-invaded quadrats. As remnant size was not a good predictor of their occurrence all remnants should be considered vulnerable. Management of these invasive taxa will be the major conservation issue in these threatened wetlands into the future.
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Moss, Patrick, John Tibby, Felicity Shapland, Russell Fairfax, Philip Stewart, Cameron Barr, Lynda Petherick, Allen Gontz, and Craig Sloss. "Patterned fen formation and development from the Great Sandy Region, south-east Queensland, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 67, no. 6 (2016): 816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf14359.
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The Great Sandy Region (incorporating Fraser Island and the Cooloola sand-mass), south-east Queensland, contains a significant area of Ramsar-listed coastal wetlands, including the globally important patterned fen complexes. These mires form an elaborate network of pools surrounded by vegetated peat ridges and are the only known subtropical, Southern Hemisphere examples, with wetlands of this type typically located in high northern latitudes. Sedimentological, palynological and charcoal analysis from the Wathumba and Moon Point complexes on Fraser Island indicate two periods of swamp formation (that may contain patterned fens), one commencing at 12 000 years ago (Moon Point) and the other ~4300 years ago (Wathumba). Wetland formation and development is thought to be related to a combination of biological and hydrological processes with the dominant peat-forming rush, Empodisma minus, being an important component of both patterned and non-patterned mires within the region. In contrast to Northern Hemisphere paludifying systems, the patterning appears to initiate at the start of wetland development or as part of an infilling process. The wetlands dominated by E. minus are highly resilient to disturbance, particularly burning and sea level alterations, and appear to form important refuge areas for amphibians, fish and birds (both non-migratory and migratory) over thousands of years.
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Junk, Wolfgang J. "Long-term environmental trends and the future of tropical wetlands." Environmental Conservation 29, no. 4 (December 2002): 414–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892902000310.
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Tropical wetlands assume important functions in the landscape and contribute considerably to the welfare of large parts of the human population, but they are seriously threatened because they are considered free resources of land and water. This review summarizes long-term environmental trends for tropical wetlands and predicts their future to the time horizon 2025. Many tropical countries do not have the economic strength, scientific and technological capacity, and/or administrative infrastructure to adequately react to the challenges of increasing population pressure and globalization of the economy with respect to the sustainable use of the resources. Furthermore, political instability and armed conflicts affect large areas in several tropical countries, hindering wetland research and management. Detailed wetland inventories are missing in most countries, as are plans for a sustainable management of wetlands in the context of a long-term integrated watershed management. Despite large regional variability, a continental ranking shows, in decreasing order of wetland integrity, South America, Africa, Australia and Asia, while efforts to mitigate human impacts on wetlands are largest and most advanced in Australia. Analysis of demographic, political, economic and ecological trends indicates fairly stable conditions for wetlands in tropical Australia, slight deterioration of the large wetland areas in tropical South America excepting the Magdalena and Cauca River flood plains where human population is larger, rapidly increasing pressure and destruction on many African and Central American wetlands and serious threats for the remaining wetlands in tropical Asia, by the year of 2025. Policy deficiencies, deficient planning concepts, limited information and awareness and institutional weakness are the main administrative reasons for wetland degradation and must be overcome to improve wetland management and protection in future. Intensification of international cooperation and assistance is considered of fundamental importance for most tropical countries to solve problems related to wetland research, protection and sustainable management.
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Geetha, R., N. Chandramohanakumar, and Lizen Mathews. "Seasonal Variability of Dissolved Nutrients in Mangrove Ecosystems along South West Coast of Kerala, India." Journal of Wetlands Ecology 3 (December 21, 2009): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jowe.v3i0.2264.
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The mangroves of Kerala are fast disappearing due to developmental activities. There are very few studies conducted in the chemical aspects of these ecosystems. The main objective of this study is to assess the spatial and seasonal variation of hydrographical as well as nutrients in mangrove ecosystems along Kerala coast. Five sampling sites least intervened by industries were selected for the study. Sampling was done for a period of six months in monthly intervals. A monsoonal hike of dissolved nutrients was observed in all ecosystems except in the constructed mangrove wetland. The constructed wetland exhibited a different hydrography and nutrient level in all seasons. The mangrove forest in this area consists of the species Bruguiera gymnorrhiza which has been planted since forty years. Key words: wetlands; mangroves; nutrients; season; constructed wetland DOI: 10.3126/jowe.v3i0.2264 Journal of Wetlands Ecology, (2009) Vol. 3, pp 32-42
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Davies, T. H., and P. D. Cottingham. "The Use of Constructed Wetlands for Treating Industrial Effluent (Textile Dyes)." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 4 (February 1, 1994): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0197.
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Constructed wetlands bave the capability to treat industrial wastewater containing a wide range of chemicals, including priority pollutants such as phenols and cresols, by processes such as absorption and bacterial breakdown, chemical oxidation, adsorption onto the bed matrix and sedimentation. A brief overview of this technique is presented along with details of preliminary trials carried out on textile dyeing and processing water. The trials were conducted in a horizontal flow, gravel bed reed (30m × 5m), located in Melbourne, Australia. The textile dye wastewater was applied at an influent rate of 10 1/min., resulting in a retention time in the reed beds of 3–4 days, results indicated that breakdown of the visible dye occurred mainly in the first one third of the bed.
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Erskine, Wayne D., M. J. Saynor, J. M. Boyden, and K. G. Evans. "Sediment fluxes and sinks for Magela Creek, Northern Territory, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 69, no. 7 (2018): 1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf16107.
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Sediment fluxes and sinks based on total sediment load for Magela Creek in the Australian wet–dry tropics have been constructed from detailed measurements of stream suspended sediment (turbidity and suspended sand) and bed load for the 10-year period, 2001–2002 to 2010–2011. This work shows that the sediment trap efficiency of the vegetated wetlands on lower Magela is high at ~89.5%. Sediment fluxes are the lowest in the world because of low soil erosion rates and because upstream floodplains and downstream wetlands trap and store sediment. Bedload yields are less than suspended sediment yields, but the amount of silt and clay is much less than the amount of sand (suspended sand and bedload). All sand is stored upstream of the East Alligator River. Downstream connectivity of sediment movement does not occur. Therefore, sediment moves discontinuously from the upper to the lower catchment.
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Venables, Anne, and Paul I. Boon. "What environmental, social or economic factors identify high-value wetlands? Data-mining a wetlands database from south-eastern Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 22, no. 4 (2016): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc15034.
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Large amounts of potentially useful information are collected by management agencies as they attempt to identify high-value wetlands and rank them for investment, protection or rehabilitation. Resource constraints frequently mean these information-rich databases are not fully interrogated, with the result that much of their expensively obtained information is only partially analysed or, worse, is not analysed at all. The present paper shows the benefit of rigorously interrogating such databases to identify wetlands of high social, economic or environmental value. Three data-mining methods, namely, univariate analysis, multivariate analysis and artificial neural networks (ANNs), were applied to a large (7.6 MB) but hitherto unanalysed database of 163 wetlands in the Gippsland region of south-eastern Australia. Simple statistical techniques, such as univariate analysis and binary logistic regression, identified high-value wetlands with a prediction accuracy of >90%, using only a small set of environmental indicators. Artificial neural network models with nine environmental-value inputs (six direct indicators plus three threat indicators) correctly also identified 90% of high-value wetlands. Outcomes generated by ANNs were in close agreement with those obtained with more traditional univariate and multivariate analyses. There seems little justification for undertaking economic assessments, and for environmental assessments the best indicators consistently included the presence of listed fauna or flora, vegetation intactness and the absence of hydrological modification. The overall approach, although developed from the analysis of a single (but large) wetland database of wetlands in south-eastern Australia, is likely to find conservation applications in many other regions of the Pacific.
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Peacock, David, Gresley A. Wakelin-King, and Ben Shepherd. "Cane toads (Rhinella marina) in south-western Queensland: invasion front, spread and how Cooper Creek geomorphology could enable invasion into north-eastern South Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 62, no. 5 (2014): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo14025.
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The invasion of northern Australia by the poisonous cane toad is well recognised, as is its devastating impacts on numerous local native species. However, there is little recognition that the toads are spreading into south-western Queensland. Utilising local knowledge, a limited survey was undertaken within the Cooper Creek catchment to locate the invasion front. Dispersal during 2010–11 floods has established cane toads as far south as Jundah. Integrating this information with landform mapping indicates that cane toad invasion can continue south-west down the Cooper Creek. Though arid, Cooper Creek’s geomorphology renders it partially independent of local climate, and permanent and semipermanent waterholes (including RAMSAR-listed wetlands) are found downstream from Windorah and into the Strzelecki Desert. Natural landforms provide potential daytime shelter and breeding sites, and additional suitable habitat created by human activity is also widespread. Even unsuccessful attempts at breeding may be detrimental to regional ecology, especially fish populations, at critical stages of their boom/bust cycle. We conclude that there is no reason why cane toads cannot penetrate further down the Cooper Creek, threatening wetlands in north-eastern South Australia. Published models of cane toad expansion, which conclude that north-eastern South Australia is too dry for cane toad populations to establish, are based on climatic parameters that significantly under-represent true habitat availability.
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Vymazal, Jan. "The Use of Constructed Wetlands for Nitrogen Removal from Agricultural Drainage: a Review." Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica 48, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sab-2017-0009.
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Abstract Diffuse pollution from agricultural drainage is a severe problem for water quality and it is a major reason for eutrophication of both freshwaters and coastal waters. Constructed wetlands were proposed as a suitable tool for removal of nitrogen from agricultural drainage in the early 1990s. Since then constructed wetlands with free water surface have been successfully used in Europe, North America, Asia, and Australia. The predominant form of nitrogen in agricultural drainage waters is nitrate and therefore denitrification is considered as the major removal process. The literature survey of 41 full-scale constructed wetlands revealed that removed nitrogen amount varied widely between 11 and 13 026 kg N ha-1 per year with the median removal of 426 kg N ha-1 per year. A very close relationship was found between inflow and removed nitrogen loads but the overall percentual efficiency decreases with increasing inflow nitrogen load. It has also been found that nitrogen removal depends on the size of constructed wetland (W) as compared to catchment (C) area. The survey indicated that the W/C greater than 1% does not result in any substantial increase of nitrogen removal. There are still some gaps in our knowledge that need to be evaluated, namely the optimum vegetation maintenance.
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Maher, MT, and LW Braithwaite. "Patterns of waterbird use in wetlands of the Paroo, A river system of inland Australia." Rangeland Journal 14, no. 2 (1992): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9920128.
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The significance of inland wetlands to Australian waterbirds has been overlooked until recently. One important area identified from regular aerial survey centres on the Paroo River in north-western New South Wales. Between April 1983 and December 1985, a period covering a major flood, waterbird populations were estimated on five wetland systems associated with the Paroo during 14 trips. Fifty- three waterbird species were recorded with the anatids, Anas gibberifrons and Malacorhynchus membranaceus, accounting for 75 per cent of total estimated populations. Most breeding events were observed in those wetlands dominated by Muehlenbeckia florulenta (lignum). Breeding accounted for shifts in waterbird populations between wetland systems. A model of waterbird usage of the five wetland systems in relation to a complete flood event is described. The importance for waterbird conservation of wetlands used for breeding and maintenance of populations between flood events, and threats to the integrity of these wetlands are discussed.
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Mackenzie, Lydia, Henk Heijnis, Patricia Gadd, Patrick Moss, and James Shulmeister. "Geochemical investigation of the South Wellesley Island wetlands: Insight into wetland development during the Holocene in tropical northern Australia." Holocene 27, no. 4 (September 28, 2016): 566–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683616670219.
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The South Wellesley Islands in the Gulf of Carpentaria, northern Australia, were the recent focus of a palynological investigation which found vegetation change during the Holocene was driven by coastal progradation and regional climate. Here, we present new elemental data from x-ray fluorescence core scanning which provides non-destructive, continuous and high resolution analysis from three wetlands across Bentinck Island, the largest of the South Wellesley Islands. Elemental data and grain size analyses are combined with lead-210 (210Pb) and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) carbon-14 (14C) dates. An open coastal environment was present 1250 cal. a BP on the south east coast of Bentinck Island, with sediment supply incorporating fluvial deposition and detrital input of titanium and iron from eroding lateritic bedrock. Prograding shorelines, dune development and river diversion formed a series of swales parallel to the coast by ~800 cal. a BP, forming the Marralda wetlands. Wetlands developed at sites on the north and west coasts ~500 and ~450 cal. a BP, respectively. Geochemical and grain size analyses indicate that wetlands formed as accreting tidal mudflats or within inter-dune swales that intercepted groundwater draining to the coastal margins. The timing of wetland initiation indicates localised late-Holocene sea level regression, stabilisation and coastal plain development in the Gulf of Carpentaria. Elemental data provide new records of wetland development across Bentinck Island, highlighting the value of a multi-proxy approach to understanding environmental change during the Holocene in tropical northern Australia.
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Lal, Kirti K., Carla Bonetti, Colin D. Woodroffe, and Kerrylee Rogers. "Contemporary distribution of benthic foraminiferal assemblages in coastal wetlands of south-eastern Australia." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 245 (October 2020): 106949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2020.106949.
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Beck, Wendy, Robert Haworth, and John Appleton. "Aboriginal resources change through time in New England upland wetlands, south-east Australia." Archaeology in Oceania 50 (April 2015): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arco.5048.
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