Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Constitutional engineering”

In modern society, children are acknowledged as bearers of both children‟s rights and all other rights in the Bill of Rights which generally apply to children. One important right, outside of section 28, is that of bodily integrity or the right to control and decide what happens to their body. Therefore, children theoretically have the right to consent to medical treatment and surgery. However, children are generally deemed to lack the necessary maturity to make decisions of this nature and require parental consent before any medical procedure may be performed. Following the enactment of the Children‟s Act 38 of 2005, the age of consent for medical intervention was lowered to the uniform age of twelve. Children above the age of twelve are recognised as having the capacity to make their own decisions in respect of bodily integrity, whereas those under twelve still require parental consent. While this may be a positive evelopment, it is potentially problematic for two groups of children, known as „benefactor children‟ and „saviour siblings‟. In the last 50 years, there has been a noticeable advancement in the field of genetic research. One such development is the possibility of creating one child to save the life of another through tissue or organ donation. This has provided options to parents of children with life threatening conditions where before, there was little hope of a cure. Now, at the request of these parents, children can be specifically “genetically engineered” as an embryo, to become a tissue or organ match to a sick sibling. These children are known as „saviour siblings‟. Another group of children has emerged. While not the result of “genetic engineering”, they serve a similar purpose in being potential life-saving donors to an ill sibling and are known as „benefactor children‟. Both categories of children enjoy the protection of fundamental rights. For those who are under twelve years of age however, the right to bodily integrity can be infringed upon by the proposed surgical removal of organs or tissue for the benefit of a sick sibling, based purely on a parent‟s consent. At stake too, is the right to reproductive autonomy. Parents bear children for a number of different reasons, which can include raising a child to save the life of another. As they have the right to reproductive autonomy, adults are able to decide when they want children and for what reason they want children, which can include the various techniques used to bring about „saviour siblings‟. However, as rights are mutually interrelated and nterdependent, they cannot be viewed in isolation. Therefore, it must be asked: does a person‟s right to reproductive autonomy, as guaranteed by the Constitution, justify interference with an embryo? As an embryo is not recognised in South African law as a legal subject, it will be difficult to justify interference with this right on this basis. The right to consent to medical intervention only from age twelve was described as potentially problematic for „benefactor children‟ and „saviour siblings‟, as parents with seriously ill children may become so emotionally burdened, that they place the welfare of the sick child over that of the healthy child. Thus, it is possible that parents will consent to any and all procedures on the „benefactor child‟ or „saviour sibling‟, regardless of the implications to the health and suffering of the healthy child. Section 28(2) of the Constitution states that the child‟s best interests are of paramount importance but, it must be asked, whose best interests are more important when more than one child is involved? As this is a decision parents are incapable of making at that time, the decision should be made by a neutral, impartial and unemotional third party such as the Court, which can be assisted by the Family Advocate and an ombudsman, who are experts in assisting children and promoting their best interests. Presently, South African law does not expressly address „saviour siblings‟. However, with few changes to the National Health Act and other Regulations, this is an area which could be regulated in time. These changes could include finalising the draft regulations as well as providing a list of the medical and dental purposes for which blood and tissue can be removed and should make specific reference to the removal of tissue, blood or blood products to treat a sick sibling. It is also imperative that South Africa regulates these matters now, as „saviour siblings‟ are no longer simply a matter for the future. Furthermore, legislation needs to be amended and enacted to prevent the law from becoming out-dated and redundant, leaving „benefactor children‟ and „saviour siblings‟ vulnerable while law is being drafted. In that international law is silent on the matter, South Africa would be well advised to consider foreign law such as the United Kingdom, in developing its law. As the United Kingdom has developed a National Board, so too should South Africa, as this would assist in regulating „saviour siblings‟ by allowing members to review each proposed case of „saviour siblings‟. This is merely one recommendation of several which could facilitate a smooth, controlled regulation of a highly emotional topic. Children remain one of the most vulnerable groups in society and their rights are often susceptible to infringement or abuse. It is incumbent on the law to ensure that, wherever possible, these rights are protected, especially as science continues to advance and it becomes more difficult to determine what is morally correct.

Conflict in deeply divided societies often has a profound impact both on the societies in which the conflict is located, and on the surrounding states and societies. Constitutional engineers working in such societies are inevitably attracted to power-sharing as a means of stabilising inter-group relations. Consociational democracy is a form of power-sharing democracy which is particularly attractive for a divided society, because its demands on the society are relatively few. It aims to separate the communities in the conflict as much as possible, while emphasising elite co-operation in the formal institutions of government. A difficulty with consociational democracy, however, is that the elite co-operation it requires to function is also required for the system to be adopted, yet will not necessarily be present. Cyprus is an excellent example of the difficulty of gaining agreement on a consociational regime for a divided society. In 1963, the consociational Republic of Cyprus collapsed as a result of mistrust between Greek and Turkish Cypriots. In 2004, a consociational system of government was designed for Cyprus by a team of UN experts under the direction of then-Secretary-General, Kofi Annan. The system of government was rejected in April 2004 at a referendum, and, consequently, was not adopted. This thesis examines why Cyprus has thus far been unable to adopt a political settlement. Failure is as hard to explain as success. Success may have many fathers and failure none, but there are as many possible causes of a failure as of a success. There is also the difficulty of the counter-factual: what facts would need to be different to produce success where experience is only of failure. The thesis systematically examines possible causes of failure, including the idea of consociational democracy itself, the particular consociational designs proposed for Cyprus, and the influence of historical aspirations and experiences. Particular attention is paid to the idea that there may be key factors which must be present before a consociational solution can be adopted. The factors, selected for this case study for their apparent relevance to Cyprus, are elite co-operation, segmental isolation, a balance of power between the disputant groups, and the ability of the international community to offer incentives for compromise. It is argued that these factors, especially elite relations and the complex web of causes which determine these, are central to an explanation of the Cyprus experience.

付記する学位プログラム名: 京都大学大学院思修館<br>Kyoto University (京都大学)<br>0048<br>新制・課程博士<br>博士(総合学術)<br>甲第22613号<br>総総博第13号<br>新制||総総||2(附属図書館)<br>京都大学大学院総合生存学館総合生存学専攻<br>(主査)教授 山口 栄一, 教授 山敷 庸亮, 教授 植田 充美, 大嶌 幸一郎<br>学位規則第4条第1項該当

This research is less the practical development of solar technology and more the fundamental understanding behind the critical adsorption bonding, electron coupling and charge transfer processes which underpin that technology. The goal of this thesis was to better understand the charge transfer dynamics in model molecular solar cells particularly nanoscale alumina lms, C60, dye molecules and their derivatives. Hence the focus of this thesis was firstly to study the charge transfer dynamics due to oxide passivation layers which form recombination barriers in DSCs and secondly to further study the core-hole decay of a charge transfer and core hole decay process which lead to a constant kinetic energy features on RPES images of C60 on Au and Ag(111).

In this thesis, the form of the current-voltage characteristics and the resulting current oscillations in graphene-hexagonal boron nitride heterostructures are explored by means of theoretical investigation and are supported by experimental observations. The conditions for resonant tunnelling and the effect of device and circuit parameters are examined through simulation of the charge dynamics using the Bardeen Transfer Hamiltonian method. Studies of the effect of induced moir\'e patterns between the crystallographically aligned graphene and the boron nitride lattices are also undertaken, with recommendations for future investigation. It is theoretically shown that samples containing two layers of graphene, separated by hexagonal boron nitride tunnel barriers, produced higher frequency oscillations when the graphene lattices are aligned. This was found to be due to the decrease in wavefunction overlap in the misaligned samples, which is not compensated by the higher density of states available for tunnelling. Chemical doping of the graphene layers are also found to increase the frequency, as it allows the Dirac cones to be brought into alignment for resonant tunnelling with a higher number of states available. It is known that the mismatch in lattice constant between the graphene lattice and the hexagonal boron nitride lattice creates a moir\'e pattern. This, in turn, induces additional Dirac points in the band structure and thus leads to new features in the current-voltage characteristics. The theoretical simulations presented in this thesis are substantiated by recently-published experimental results, and provide insight into possible future high-frequency, room-temperature solid state oscillators and amplifiers. In conclusion, the mechanisms for resonant tunnelling in multiple graphene heterostructures are identified and demonstrated in this work, and provide promising evidence for novel high frequency technologies and further research.

Lors de l'engagement d'un projet, un chef de projet doit structurer le projet de conception. Il s'agit de définir une architecture préliminaire du produit, de structurer le processus de conception et de regrouper les acteurs du projet en équipes interdépendantes (le regroupement est appelé "architecture des acteurs"). Ces trois activités sont fortement inter-reliées et critiques lors de la phase de conception préliminaire, car les décisions prises auront un impact fort sur les performances de l'ensemble du projet. Cependant, peu de méthodes formelles ont été proposées pour les considérer conjointement. Par ailleurs, lors de l'affectation des tâches du processus aux acteurs, le chef de projet doit s'assurer que les acteurs sont compétents pour réaliser une tâche. Il doit aussi prendre en compte des besoins de futurs projets qui pourraient nécessiter des apprentissages dans les projets en cours. Dans la réalité, la complexité de l'organisation d'un projet empêche d'avoir une vision globale des conséquences des choix d'affectation, qui plus est, sur plusieurs périodes et sur plusieurs projets. Peu de travaux se sont intéressés à ce type de problème. Or aujourd'hui, les tâches et les compétences nécessaires dans les projets de conception évoluent rapidement en lien avec la forte évolution des technologies et des besoins du marché. Le développement des compétences des ressources humaines devient une des priorités de l'entreprise qui ne les considère plus comme des ressources statiques (comme des machines) mais comme des ressources dynamiques auxquelles il faut attacher des objectifs de développement. Dans ce mémoire, nous proposons une méthode d'aide à la constitution d'équipes permettant de coupler la structuration du projet et le pilotage des compétences. Ce travail consiste alors à optimiser l'affectation des tâches aux acteurs et le regroupement des acteurs en équipes, en tenant compte à la fois des contraintes liés à l'architecture du produit et des objectifs de développement de compétences, sur de multiples projets et de multiples périodes. Ce problème étant complexe, ce mémoire de thèse présente des contributions à des sousproblèmes (affectation mon-période, affectation multi-périodes avec prise en compte du développement des compétences, architecture des acteurs avec prise en compte de l'architecture du produit), avant de proposer une formulation du problème global et une méthode de résolution en deux phases intégrant un algorithme de recuit simulé.

Nous avons cherché, dans ce travail doctoral, à caractériser les pratiques de coopération de professeurs, formateurs, encadrants et chercheurs. Ceux-ci ont œuvré à la constitution et la mise en place conjuguées d’une ingénierie didactique sur la construction des nombres au début de l’enseignement primaire. Ils ont fondé pour cela un collectif, considéré comme une institution au sein du projet de recherche Ace-Arithmécole. Nous avons décrit une telle institution au travers d’un dialogue spécifique, le dialogue d’ingénierie.Pour analyser un tel dialogue, nous nous sommes appuyés principalement sur le cadre de la théorie de l’action conjointe en didactique. La notion de contrat / milieu nous a permis d’appréhender les transactions entre les membres du collectif dans une perspective didactique et de montrer qu’elles ont construit des faits d’expérience, c’està-dire des faits appris de l’expérience vécue collectivement. En effet, les transactions ne relèvent pas d’un jeu de questions /réponses entre les protagonistes mais d’un travail d’enquête commune sur la mise en place d’une ingénierie didactique coopérative. Chacun est alors capable de passer du topos de celui qui apprend au topos de celui qui désigne ce qui pourrait être appris, remarqué ou étudié. Au sein de cette nouvelle forme de l’étude, après un certain temps de pratique ingénierique, chacun est à même de réorienter l’action didactique collective et de participer à l’élaboration de praxéologies d’ingénierie<br>This doctoral thesis seeks to characterise the cooperative practices of a team of teachers, pedagogical trainers, pedagogical advisors and researchers during the implementation of a didactic engineering on the construction of number concepts for 6-year-old and 8-year-old pupils (first &amp; second grades). The collective group founded by these various actors are viewed as an institution within the research project Acearithmécole with a specific dialogue, that of the engineering dialogue of the project.In order to analyse this dialogue, we use the Joint Action Theory in Didactics. We refer to the notion of the dialectic of contract / milieu in order to identify the transactions between the collective members from a didactic point of view. We show how experience-facts have been developed by these transactions, that is to say facts that have been learnt from the collective, lived experience. Such transactions are not about a game of questions and responses between the various members of the group, but rather the result of a common investigation of the didactic engineering in which each member of the group is able to change learning positions and indicate a factor which they could learn, observe or study. Therefore, after an initial period of engineering practice, this new form of study enables each member to re-orientate the collective engineering action and to take on a share of the construction of the engineering knowledge

Ce travail porte sur la caractérisation optique et électrique ainsi que la modélisation mathématique du contournement d'isolateurs pollués en tenant compte de la forme de tension appliquée, de la répartition ainsi que de la constitution chimique du dépôt polluant. Sous tension de choc de foudre (1,2/50μs), la morphologie des décharges ainsi que les courants associés dépendent de la tension (forme, amplitude, polarité),de la répartition de la pollution et de sa conductivité. Les vitesses moyennes de la décharge mesurées dépendent de la polarité appliquée à la pointe et de la conductivité de la pollution. Le temps critique correspondant aux conditions critiques est de l'ordre de 9/10 du temps total de contournement quelles que soient la polarité de la tension et la conductivité de la pollution. La constitution chimique de la couche de pollution a peu d'effet sur la tension critique contrairement aux courants critiques. Les valeurs des constantes caractéristiques n et N sont fonction de la nature chimique des dépôts et de la polarité de la tension. Le modèle élaboré montre que les constantes caractéristiques de la décharge n et N sont des paramètres dynamiques et dépendent des éléments du circuit électrique équivalent du système et des paramètres thermiques de la décharge. Les relations des conditions critiques du contournement développé relient les paramètres électriques et thermiques du circuit équivalent et la condition de propagation de la décharge. L'application de ce modèle, pour différentes formes de tension et pour plusieurs types de pollution, donne des résultats satisfaisants. L'hypothèse selon laquelle la colonne de la décharge ne contient que de la vapeur d'eau et de l'air constitue une bonne approximation des grandeurs critiques. Sous tension de choc de foudre, les courants et les tensions critiques dépendent de la configuration de la pollution et de la polarité de la tension. Le courant circule à travers une section effective de la pollution. L'introduction de la notion d'épaisseur critique effective et son application au calcul des grandeurs critiques donne de bons résultats pour les cas de figures étudiés. L'épaisseur effective du dépôt est proportionnelle la résistivité de la pollution et dépend dela configuration de la pollution et de la polarité de la pointe. Dans le cas de dépôt de pollution discontinue et/ou non uniforme, les conditions de propagation des décharges sont locales et leurs paramètres caractéristiques varient selon la configuration et la conductivité du dépôt ainsi que la polarité de la tension appliquée. Le modèle développé pour ce cas de figure donne de bons résultats.

It is the aim with this paper, to research the shortcomings experienced in the appeal procedures as contained in the Engineering Profession Act ("EPA"), in order to determine whether the process should be revised or if only certain relevant sections of the EPA should be rewritten. Due to the administrative nature of certain duties of the Council as authorised by the EPA, it makes it inevitable that appeals will follow. It is therefore imperative that the procedures to appeal, must be both functional and effective. The relevant sections of the EPA as well as the appeal procedures of the Health Professions Act's will be researched, taking into account the stipulations of the Constitution and the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act ("PAJA"). Relevant legal administrative principles and doctrines, court judgments, as well as the views of authors are also taken into account. Two major areas of concern in certain sections of the EPA have been identified: • The fact that the whole council has to decide on appeals, and • the fact that such hearings have to take place within a very limited time frame. Relevant court findings have made it clear that decisions made by authorities, have to comply with the requirements set out in the Constitution in coherence with PAJA. In conclusion, based on the Constitutional and the legal administrative requirements, it is found to be necessary to rewrite the relevant sections of the EPA, as well as the rules of appeal, as these do not make the grade at present.<br>Thesis (LL.M. (Public Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

The subject of this thesis is the value of the easement at the usual price and the price determined in accordance with the internal regulations of municipalities. The theoretical part is focused on general analysis of the easements, their legislation and the most important changes in the legislation, the difference between servitudes and real loads, the cause of its constitution, modification and terminativ. It also describes the methodology of valuation of easements, the distinction between price and value of their species, determining the annual benefit or detriment of the easement and the definition of the methods used for the valuation of easements. In the practical part of these findings are applied to specific value encumbrances arising in connection with the engineering lines.

Ce mémoire constitue une synthèse de nos activités de recherche, d'animation scientifique, d'enseignement et de responsabilité pédagogique entre 1998 et 2008. <br />Depuis une dizaine d'années, les concepteurs de systèmes mécatroniques doivent satisfaire des exigences de plus en plus sévères et nombreuses. Pour cela, ils doivent créer des solutions qui tendent à se complexifier, pour porter de multiples fonctions de service ou intégrer les dernières technologies innovantes. La conception d'un système mécatronique passe par la conception architecturale qui réalise l'identification de l'architecture du système. Cette activité requiert l'implication d'un métier émergent et stratégique : l' "architecte système". En même temps que l'ingénierie technique, l'architecte système doit assurer l'ingénierie organisationnelle de la conception, c'est-à-dire, définir une organisation adéquate du système de conception. Ce double rôle est critique lors de la phase de conception préliminaire, car les décisions prises auront un impact fort sur les performances de l'ensemble du projet.<br />La finalité de nos travaux est de développer des modèles, méthodes et outils d'aide à la décision permettant de supporter les activités à la fois technique et organisationnelle d'un architecte système. L'originalité majeure de notre projet réside dans le couplage que nous recherchons entre les architectures du système-produit, du système-projet et du système de compétences de conception.<br />Nous avons structuré nos contributions selon trois thématiques et répondu aux questions suivantes :<br />T1 - Identification d'une architecture modulaire du produit : comment identifier une architecture modulaire ? Comment modéliser l'architecture d'une famille de produits et générer la diversité ?<br />T2 - Organisation du système de conception : comment constituer des équipes compétentes ? Comment piloter les systèmes de compétences ? <br />T3 - Co-conception des architectures produit-projet : Comment propager des évolutions des modules du produit vers l'organisation du système de conception ? Comment coupler l'architecture du produit et l'organisation du système de conception ?<br />Des perspectives sont proposées propres aux deux thématiques majeures de notre projet (T1 et T2), ainsi que quatre extensions possibles : <br />1) Vers une conception collaborative consciente,<br />2) Vers une performance durable du système de conception,<br />3) Vers un système agile de systèmes de conception,<br />4) Vers une conception intégrée de systèmes micro-mécatroniques.

博士<br>國立臺灣科技大學<br>營建工程系<br>92<br>Effect of Aggregate Gradation Constitution on Engineering Properties and Pavement Performance of Asphalt Mixture Dissertation Advisor: Der-Hsien Shen Ph.D. Student: Ming-Feng Kuo This study is to investigate the effects of aggregate gradation constitution on the engineering properties and pavement performance. The gradation is applied to dry packing, in accordance with ASTM D3515 and criteria of Ministry of Transportation and Communication. Intelligent selection system (ISS) and traditional method are conducted to analysis the engineering properties and pavement performance that establish in gradation constitution and aggregate content groups. Based on test results, IVb gradation are denser than IVc gradation in aggregate gradation constitution group. Omitted sieve size of No.4(4.75mm) and control of IVb and omitted sieve size of 3/8”(9.5mm)for IVc have maximum VDA. Omitted sieve size of No.8 for IVb and omitted sieve size of No.4 have optimum engineering properties. However, increasing flow and slips between aggregates are caused by too much asphalt content in minimum VDA. This study is performed using grey model to predict engineering properties of gradation constitution group. The results show that fine aggregate constitution provided better construction predicted model. Traditional and Rolled model are more precise than Non EquiGap model in this study. Based on the pavement performance test analysis, omitted sieve sizes of No.200 and No.8 for IVb and omitted sieve sizes of 3/4” and 3/8” for IVc have optimum pavement performance, omitted sieve sizes of No.30 and lime for IVb and IVc have worth pavement performance. However, ISS model is more objective than traditional method. In aggregate content group, when the ratios of coarse and fine aggregate contents (ACR) increased the VDA has increased, and the ratios decreased the VDA has increased as well. The properties of asphalt concrete mixtures become worse.. In view of pavement performance, the ability of resistant skid is increased by ACR increasing and rutting test results shows that higher ACR values have lower rut depth. The other hand, lower ACR values have higher rut depth. Resilient modulus of IVc gradation is more than IVb’s, and MR decreased by ACR increasing. The MR for low ACR is more than MR for high ACR. The ACR for better performance is recommended between 1 and 2.