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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Constitutional"
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de Raadt, Jasper. "Contested Constitutions". East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 23, nr 3 (5.05.2009): 315–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325409333192.
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What were the effects of constitution-making procedures on the acceptance of the new “rules of the political game” in postcommunist Central Europe? This article sets out to scrutinise the increasingly popular claim among politicians and scholars of democratisation that inclusiveness and popular involvement in constitution-making processes enhance a constitution's legitimacy. The concept of constitutional conflict, referring to political contestation over the interpretation and application of constitutional relations among state institutions, is introduced as a way to assess constitutional acceptance among politicians. The investigation concentrates on constitutional conflict patterns during the five years following constitution-making in seven Central European countries: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia. Constitution-making procedures varied substantially among the cases, as did the intensity and timing of constitutional conflict. The article finds that differences in constitution-making procedures do not necessarily determine the legitimacy of constitutions among political elites. Instead, ambiguity on the allocation of formal competencies among political actors and increasing political tensions between pro-reform and anti-reform parties during the early 1990s proved to be more important triggers of constitutional conflict. Accordingly, studies on constitution-making and democratisation should focus less on procedural aspects and take into account the fuzziness of important constitutional provisions and the extent to which constitutions can survive periods of intense political polarisation.
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Marwiyah, Siti, M. Syahrul Borman, Ruba'ie Ruba'ie, M. Chotib Ramadhani, Retno Saraswati i Non Naprathansuk. "The Educational Role of The Constitutional Court in Compliance of Indonesian Citizens". LAW REFORM 19, nr 1 (11.08.2023): 148–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/lr.v19i1.53971.
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The Constitutional Court (MK) has a strategic position, authority, and obligation to determine the future of the Indonesian nation. This study aims to examine the educational role of the Constitutional Court in developing a constitutional understanding of Indonesian citizens constitutionally. This research used doctrinal legal research method, a process to find the rule of law, legal principles, and legal doctrines to answer the legal problems faced. The results showed the educative role of the Constitutional Court in fostering constitutional understanding of Indonesian citizens by creating programs to promote constitutional understanding of Indonesian citizens, i.e.: increasing the understanding of citizens' constitutional rights; disseminating information on the Constitutional Court, and development of constitutional awareness culture.; debate on student constitutions between universities throughout indonesia; telling the values of Pancasila on social media; and increasing understanding of the constitutional rights of civics with outstanding teachers; and educating people's attention. The Constitutional Court's products in the form of decisions contain public education on compliance with the Constitution correctly and rationally. The Constitutional Court's decision will always be linked to the public with the Constitution and the interests of justice seekers because the court examines the interests of justice seekers related to the Constitution.
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Costa, Renato. "John Finnis and the central case constitution". Journal of Legal Philosophy 49, nr 1 (26.04.2024): 25–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/jlp.2024.01.02.
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This article formulates a novel conception of constitutions based on John Finnis’s jurisprudential work. The ‘central case constitution’ transcends the formal or functionalist analyses currently dominant in constitutional theory by considering a constitution as having a ‘double life’. Constitutions are necessarily and intrinsically normative and factual. The article explores Finnis’s natural law philosophy, emphasizing the central case constitution’s alignment with the practical reasonableness viewpoint and its role in directing a political community towards its common good. Focusing on key elements such as the rule of law and the context of a political community, the central case constitution emerges as a legal determination that structures society, frames political institutions and authoritatively directs communities towards justice. This ontological understanding has theoretical and practical implications, including identifying genuine constitutional purposes, safeguarding private associations from the overwhelming state presence, promoting community identity and accommodating diverse constitutional choices for self-determination.
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Boyron, Sophie. "The ‘New’ French Constitution and the European Union". Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 11 (2009): 321–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/152888712802730675.
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AbstractFor a long time, French constitutional law did not appear to concern itself unduly with the European Communities and the process of European integration: the French Constitution did not contain any reference to the European Communities and the Conseil constitutionnel had little involvement with international treaties and their enforcement as a result of an early decision. However, the ratification of the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 triggered a process of deep constitutional change in France. Since then, the text of the French Constitution has been repeatedly amended to respond to the quickening pace of European integration. Furthermore, the Conseil constitutionnel has totally transformed its control of the constitutionality of international treaties. An assessment of these constitutional changes seems opportune at this juncture. More specifically, an investigation into the manner in which the French constitution reacted to the changing European Union helps cast some light on the impact of European integration on national constitutions.
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Boyron, Sophie. "The ‘New’ French Constitution and the European Union". Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 11 (2009): 321–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1528887000001622.
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AbstractFor a long time, French constitutional law did not appear to concern itself unduly with the European Communities and the process of European integration: the French Constitution did not contain any reference to the European Communities and the Conseil constitutionnel had little involvement with international treaties and their enforcement as a result of an early decision. However, the ratification of the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 triggered a process of deep constitutional change in France. Since then, the text of the French Constitution has been repeatedly amended to respond to the quickening pace of European integration. Furthermore, the Conseil constitutionnel has totally transformed its control of the constitutionality of international treaties. An assessment of these constitutional changes seems opportune at this juncture. More specifically, an investigation into the manner in which the French constitution reacted to the changing European Union helps cast some light on the impact of European integration on national constitutions.
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Alexander, Larry. "WHAT ARE CONSTITUTIONS, AND WHAT SHOULD (AND CAN) THEY DO?" Social Philosophy and Policy 28, nr 1 (30.11.2010): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052510000038.
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AbstractA constitution is, as Article VI of the United States Constitution declares, the fundamental law of the land, supreme as a legal matter over any other nonconstitutional law. But that almost banal statement raises a number of theoretically vexed issues. What is law? How is constitutional law to be distinguished from nonconstitutional law? How do morality and moral rights fit into the picture? And what are the implications of the answers to these questions for such questions as how and by whom should constitutions be interpreted? These are the issues that I shall address.Alexander proceeds as follows: In section I he takes up law's principal function of settling controversies over what we are morally obligated to do. In section II he then relate law's settlement function to the role of constitutional law. In particular, he discusses how constitutional law is distinguished from ordinary law, and he also discusses the role of constitutions in establishing basic governmental structures and enforcing certain moral rights. In section III he addresses the topic of constitutional interpretation, and in section IV the topic of judicial review. Finally, in section V, he discusses constitutional change, both change that occurs through a constitution's own rules for amendments and change that is the product of constitutional misinterpretations and revolutions.
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Regassa, Tsegaye. "The making and legitimacy of the Ethiopian constitution: towards bridging the gap between constitutional design and constitutional practice". Afrika Focus 23, nr 1 (25.02.2010): 85–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-02301007.
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This article describes the making of the 1995 constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FORE) and analyzes its implications for legitimacy. It contends that legitimacy of the constitution, which fosters fidelity to it, can –as one among other factors– help bridge the gap between constitutional design and constitutional practice. By making a process-content-context analysis of the constitution, it argues that the Ethiopian constitution which had a weak original legitimacy, can earn a derivative legitimacy through aggressive implementation. Aggressive implementation, it is maintained, demands fidelity to the constitution. Fidelity and other components of a redemptive constitutional practice (such as creative constitutional interpretation, constitutionally informed legislation, positive constitutional amendment, and constitutionally responsible voting) help deal with the perennial question of how to bridge the gap between constitutional design and constitutional practice in Ethiopia and beyond.
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Roznai, Yaniv. "What are We Talking About When We Talk About “Mixed Constitutions”? Towards a Typology of Constitutional Mixture". Law & Ethics of Human Rights 16, nr 2 (1.11.2022): 193–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lehr-2022-2010.
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Abstract This article argues that constitutional mixture should be regarded as an inherent, inevitable feature of constitutions, and to some degree all constitutions are mixed. Thus, “mixed constitutions” should not be regarded as a distinct category of constitutions. Instead of asking whether a constitution is mixed, it might therefore be more useful to ask in which characteristics and to what extent a constitution is mixed. To demonstrate this, the article provides a preliminary typology of constitutional mixture considering the form or system of government; the nature or character of government; the religious or secular identity; the flexibility or rigidity of the constitution; and its model of judicial enforcement—judicial or parliamentary supremacy. Examining these constitutional features, allows to shed light on the three different dimensions of “constitutional mixture”: First, the various features of the constitutional order do not function in a binary yes-or-no manner but appear and move along a spectrum. Second, the various features of the constitution change with time. Third, the various features of the constitutional text may be in tension with the features of the society.
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Palmer, Sir Geoffrey. "The Hazards of Making Constitutions: Some Reflections on Comparative Constitutional Law". Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 33, nr 3-4 (1.12.2002): 631–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v33i3-4.5815.
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After teaching comparative constitutional law in the United States, Sir Geoffrey Palmer explores the nature of constitutional law in general terms and how New Zealand could learn from others. The author compares New Zealand's uncodified constitution to, for example, the United States who has a codified written constitution. The article then discusses the entrenched nature of some constitutions, compared to New Zealand's flexible and fluid constitution that exists largely in several ordinary statutes. Because of New Zealand's fragmented constitution, it is argued that its constitution has an unclear and indeterminate status; indeed, constitutional policy hardly makes an appearance in New Zealand politics. The author briefly looks at how constitutions protect fundamental rights and constitutional design in general terms, concluding that New Zealand's discussions on constitutional themes are too infused with analytical positivism, legalism, and traditionalism for policy issues. Finally, the author discusses the role of Fiji's constitution in light of its military coups. The author concludes that constitutional reform is needed in New Zealand in the form of a written and codified constitution.
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Kaczmarczyk-Kłak, Katarzyna. "The principle of property protection in the Constitutionof the Republic of Poland - past and present". Nieruchomości@ III (30.09.2023): 121–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.8970.
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The purpose of this article is to present ownership as defined in the Constitution. The authoranalyses the issue from its recognition in the Constitutions of the interwar period, the Constitutionof 1952, to the current understanding in the Constitution of 1997. The problem ofinterpretation of ownership in selected jurisprudence of the Constitutional Tribunal, commonand administrative courts, as well as the limits of its protection is presented
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Constitutional"
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Wamunyima, Mbololwa. "Constitution making in Zambia : the need for a new perspective". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/1243.
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"While public participation in constitution-making is recognised under international law, its extent is not elaborated. This has resulted in governments pursuing constitution-making processes that, despite involving public participation, do not involve meaningful public participation. As shall be illustrated in this study, this is the dilemma faced in Zambia. Zambia has experienced constitutional instability since independence. It has had four constitutions since then, and is currently in the process of making its fifth. This will represent an average of a new constitution every eight years: one of the highest rates of constitutional change in Commonwealth Africa. This is an unimpressive record in so far as it is generally accepted that a constitution defines and limits the exercise of governmental power, and regulates major political activities in a country. It cannot, therefore, be frequently subjected to change like any other ordinary piece of legislation. ... This study constitutes five chapters. Chapter one introduces the study. Chapter two analyses the origins and nature of government and constitution. Chapter three examines and analyses the constitutional development process in Zambia from the pre-colonial period to the current time. In chapter four, the making of the current constitution of South Africa is duscussed and analysed. Chapter five provides the conclusion and recommendations." -- Introduction.Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2006.
Prepared under the supervision of Prof. Edward Kofi Quashigah at the Faculty of Law, University of Ghana, Legon
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Cadinot, Clément. "Les Préambules des constitutions : approche comparative". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0340.
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Les préambules constitutionnels sont répandus à travers le monde, depuis le constitutionnalisme de la fin du XVIIIème. A ce jour, plus de deux constitutions sur trois dans le monde en sont précédées. Pourtant, leur nature suscite un faible intérêt pour la doctrine, voire même un rejet. Pourtant, l'intérêt que leur porte constituants contemporains et l'utilisation qui en est faite par les juges constitutionnels invalide cette position de principe. Il convient de s'attacher à la variété des préambules constitutionnels à travers le monde, en dégager des fonctions et comprendre leurs utilisations contentieuses (ce qui n'exclut nullement la possibilité que certaines juridictions constitutionnelles ne s'y réfèrent pas). A ces fins, une approche marco-comparative puis micro-comparative semblent nécessaires pour embrasser cet objet juridique rarement étudié de manière systématiqueConstitutional Preambles are worldwide spread from the late 18st Century constitutionalism. And today, more than two to three constitutions are opened with such a Preamble. Yet, regarding to their particuliar nature, law studies dealing with them are quite rare, if not deny them. However, the certain onstituents'interest to them and their use by constitutional judges just disprove it. A broad and methodic study dealing with the wide range of Preambles shall be established in ordre to understand their functions and their judicial uses - though a jurisdiction can not use them. To that end, a broad - macro-comparativ - and then a micro-comparativ study must be done, since a systematic study on Preambles has not been done
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SCHOLTES, Julian. "The abuse of constitutional identity : Illiberal constitutional discourse and European constitutional pluralism". Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/73873.
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Defence date: 21 January 2022Examining Board: Professor Gábor Halmai, (EUI); Professor Martijn Hesselink, (EUI); Professor Alexander Somek, (University of Vienna); Professor Neil Walker, (University of Edinburgh)
‘Constitutional identity’ has become a key argument in the negotiation of authority between national legal orders and the legal order of the European Union. Many national constitutional courts have declared that the reach of EU law is limited by certain core elements of the national constitution, often labelled ‘constitutional identity’. However, the rise of ‘illiberal democracies’ within the European Union, especially exemplified by the democratic backsliding of Hungary and Poland, has put constitutional identity into a questionable spotlight. Both countries have been leaning on the constitutional identity to both erode European legality and defend their authoritarian constitutional projects againstEuropean criticism. This dissertation deals with the question of how to delimit legitimate invocations of constitutional identity from abuses of constitutional identity. It develops a typology of constitutional identity abuse in three dimensions: The generative, the substantive, and the relational. The generative dimension is concerned with how a constitutional identity claim has come about, its relation to constituent power, constitutional enactment and amendment, the independence of courts, and the regulation of historical memory. The substantive dimension deals with what a constitutional identity claim entails, digging into the normative expectations invoked by the concept and the ways in which it ought to be regarded as intertwined with and embedded in a normative conception of constitutionalism. Finally, the relational dimension is concerned with how a constitutional identity claim is advanced. Advancing a constitutional identity claim in the European legal space evokes notions of diversity, dialogue, recognition, and pluralism, which need to be reciprocated. In each of these dimensions, ways in which constitutional identity can be abused will be identified, using Europe’s ‘backsliding democracies’ Hungary and Poland as the primary case studies, while discussing other countries where appropriate.
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Estanguet, Pauline. "Rejuger la constitutionnalité de la loi". Thesis, Pau, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PAUU2021/document.
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La loi organique relative à la question prioritaire de constitutionnalité prévoit qu’en principe, une disposition législative peut être examinée par le Conseil constitutionnel si elle n’a pas été déjà déclarée conforme dans une précédente décision. Mais, par exception, l’existence d’un changement de circonstances peut néanmoins justifier son réexamen. A l’instar de toute décision de justice, un jugement rendu en application de l’article 61 ou 61-1 de la Constitution demeure circonstancié. Il paraît, dès lors, nécessaire de permettre à tout justiciable de remettre en cause de ce qui a été précédemment jugé. Toutefois, ce contrôle vise des lois déjà en application et ayant produit des effets. Il constitue, alors, un facteur non-négligeable d’insécurité juridique.C’est donc un véritable numéro d’équilibriste auquel le Conseil constitutionnel s’adonne depuis presque sept ans. D’un côté, poser une QPC constitue un véritable droit pour le justiciable dont l’effectivité tient aux possibilités réelles d’accès au prétoire du juge constitutionnel. D’un autre côté, la juridiction a le devoir de préserver les situations juridiques existantes ainsi que les droits légalement acquis. L’âge de raison étant atteint, cette étude a vocation à exposer et analyser l’attitude du juge, mais également à proposer quelques ajustements nécessaires au développement d’une justice constitutionnelle de qualitéAccording to the organic law relating to the « question prioritaire de constitutionnalité » (QPC), a law may essentially be reviewed by the constitutional council, if it hasn’t already been validated in a former court decision. But exceptionally, a court review may be justified by a change circumstances. Just like every court decision, a court ruling based on both articles 61 or 61-1 of the Constitution must be detailed. Thus, it appears to be necessary to make possible for every litigant to question what had already been ruled. However, this judicial control is about laws that already entered into force and took effect. Indeed, it may represent a significant cause of legal insecurity.Then, the constitutional judge has been spending seven years balancing those issues. On one hand, the possibility to submit a QPC is a real right for the litigant, which efficacy is made possible by an effective access to the constitutional court. On the other hand, the court has to preserve all existing legal situations and acquired rights. Now that the age of reason has been reached, this study is aimed at showing and analysing the behaviour of the judge, and also proposing some adjustments necessary to the development of a quality constitutional justice
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Stanic, Adjacotan Dossou Bernard. "La licéité en droit constitutionnel". Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01D005.
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Bien que constituant une notion a priori étrangère au droit, la licéité imprègne le discours juridique. Cette présence ostensible est caractéristique de l'influence originelle de cette notion, sous-jacente au droit. La propension normative de la licéité place celle-ci à la source de tout ordre juridique. La licéité, en raison de son empreinte axiologique, entretient avec le droit une relation dialectique. Elle participe à la formulation de la norme juridique, inspire ses prescriptions, guide son application au nom de la fondamentalité des valeurs et principes qu'une société entend préserver de toute altération. Corrélativement, le droit, notamment le droit constitutionnel contemporain, par le projet normatif qu'il formule et qui se concrétise dans les constructions jurisprudentielles, concourt au repérage de la licéité. En tant qu'une notion au caractère fuyant, la licéité ne se laisse pas enserrer dans les termes figés de la règle de droit. Elle est inspiratrice dans les phases de formation des actes normatifs ainsi qu'au moment de leur application. Sortie de son champs classique de systématisation, cette notion, sur la base de son potentiel moral, a été introduite dans le milieu constitutionnel. De toute évidence, son caractère métajuridique constitue un référant utile à la découverte de nouveaux horizons du néoconstitutionnalisme. Sollicitée pour apprécier l'adéquation de la règle de droit aux valeurs et principes portées par les nombreuses Constitutions modernes, la licéité marque les limites infranchissables opposables aux pouvoirs publics dans un ordre constitutionnel démocratique. Le but que s'est assigné cette étude, c'est de s'appuyer sur une notion omniprésente au sein du droit, et qui par ailleurs s'y révèle comme une source de moralisation des actes et des comportements. Au-delà de tout, le droit constitutionnel, tant normativement que jurisprudentiellement, reçoit et consigne les exigences axiologiques par lesquelles se définit la notion de licéitéAlthough constituting a concept a priori and foreign to the law, licitness permeates the legal discourse. This conspicuous presence is characteristic of the original influence of this notion, wich underlies the law. The normative propensity of licitness places it at the source of any legal order. Licitness, because of its axiological imprint, maintains a dialectic relationship with the law. It participates to the formulation of the legal norm, inspires its prescriptions, and guides its application in the name of the fundamental values and principles a society intends to preserve from any alteration. Correlatively, the law, in particular, the contempory constitutional law, through the normative project wich it formulate and wich is concretized in the jurisprudential constructions, contributes to the identification of the licitness. As a notion with a fleeting character, lawfulness cannot be buried in a fixed termes of the rule of law. It is inspiring in the phases of formation of normative acts as well as at the time of their application. Out of this classical field of systematization, this notion, on the basis of its moral potential, has been introduced in the constitutional field. Clearly, its metajuridic character is a useful reference for discovering the new horizons of neo-constitutionalism. Usually licitness is referred to, to appreciate the adequacy of the rule of law to the values and the principles of the many modern Constitutions ; though it is marked by impassable limits opposable to the public authorities in a democratic constitutional order. The goal of this study rely on omnipresent of the notion in the law, and wich has presented itself as a source of moralization of acts and behaviors. Beyond the whole, constitutional law, based on his normative and jurisprudential aspect, receives and transmits the axiological requirement by definition of the notion of licitness
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Mendes, Conrado Hübner. "Deliberative performance of constitutional courts". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5974.
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Political deliberation is a classic component of collective decision-making. It consists in forming one’s political position through the give-and-take of reasons in the search of, but not necessarily reaching, consensus. Participants of genuine deliberation are open to transform their preferences in the light of persuasive arguments. Constitutional theory has borrowed this notion in its effort to reconstruct a justificatory discourse for judicial review of legislation. Constitutional courts were ascribed the pivotal role of implementing fundamental rights in most contemporary democracies and called for a more sophisticated picture of democratic politics. One influential defence has claimed that courts are not only insulated from electoral competition in order to guarantee the pre-conditions of majoritarian politics, but are deliberative forums of a distinctive kind: they are better located for public reasongiving. This belief has remained, from the normative point of view, largely underelaborated. The thesis proposes a model of deliberative performance to fill that gap. This qualitative concept unfolds the institutional and ethical requirements for courts to be genuinely deliberative. Instead of taking a stand on the old dispute about which institution is more legitimate to have the “last word” on constitutional meaning, this research leaves this question suspended and systematizes the large range of variations that can exist in constitutional courts’ performances. Discussions about the potential roles of constitutional courts, in this perspective, become more sensitive to contexts and to their varying degrees of legitimacy. The thesis offers a comprehensive picture of what is at stake if a constitutional court plans to be truly deliberative. This picture comprises the virtues presupposed by an ethics of deliberation, the institutional devices that facilitate deliberation, the approach to constitutional reasoning that is more hospitable to deliberation and, finally, the political perception to grasp the limits of deliberation itself.
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Burgess-Jackson, Keith. "Constitutional interpretation". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184796.
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"Judges should interpret the law, not make it." Nearly everyone assents to this proposition (or something like it), so why is there controversy? In this essay I examine three grounds or sources of disagreement. First, the concept of interpretation is unclear. Second, there is uncertainty about whether legal interpretation raises special interpretive problems. Third, there is an implicit assumption among legal theorists that constitutional interpretation is a specially problematic kind of legal interpretation. My goal is to clarify these and other misconceptions. In Chapter 2 I connect normative theories of adjudication to the concept of interpretation. In Chapters 3 and 4 I develop a conception of interpretation that explains how constitutional interpretation is possible and why it is necessary, thus refuting proponents of the invention and discovery models of adjudication. In Chapters 5 and 6 I develop theories of expression meaning and constitutional interpretation, respectively. Chapters 7 and 8 are critical analyses of the interpretive theories of H. L. A. Hart, Lon L. Fuller, and Ronald Dworkin.
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Proksch, Sven-Oliver. "Drafting constitutions a comparative institutional analysis of constitutional conventions in the European Union and Germany /". Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1693063591&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Bertrand, Marine. "Documents parlementaires et écriture de la loi". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0495/document.
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Les choix réalisés par les parlementaires dans l’exercice de leurs fonctions sont le résultat d’une analyse des motivations des citoyens. La morale est de plus en plus invoquée au sein de la sphère politique. De la vision portée sur le monde dépend la stabilité d’un système politique car une crise de moralité peut tout bouleverser. Les religions ne sont plus les premières sources de conduites, les mœurs non plus, et l’altérité n’est plus d’aucun secours. L’être humain est plus que jamais en quête d’un idéal. La référence à une norme supérieure pourrait-elle être remplacée par la référence à une norme suprême ? C’est sous ce vocable qu’apparaît la constitution dont l’importance va alors au-delà de l’impact normatif. Le droit constitutionnel et le droit parlementaire sont étroitement liés. Les citoyens ont non seulement besoin de définir la place du parlement au prisme d’une aspiration idéalisée, mais aussi que le rôle du parlement doit s’y conformer autant que possible. La difficulté est alors de savoir si la vie parlementaire doit immuablement s’accorder aux règles constitutionnelles ou si à l’inverse la construction évolutive des pratiques parlementaires doit guider des mutations constitutionnelles. Le pouvoir législatif exercé par les parlementaires dépend des fondements juridiques de leurs prérogatives mais aussi des éléments qui fondent leurs choix ainsi que les conséquences qui y sont attachées. Autrement dit, écrire la loi est un phénomène qui présente nécessairement des antécédents. Ces éléments peuvent être appréhendés sous forme de documents. Ainsi le sujet s’intitule : « Documents parlementaires et écriture de la loi »The choices made by parliamentarians in the exercise of their functions are the result of an analysis of the motivations of citizens. Morality is more and more invoked within the political sphere. The vision of the world depends on the stability of a political system because a crisis of morality can upset everything. Religions are no longer the first sources of conduct, nor is morality and otherness no longer helpful. The human being is more than ever in search of an ideal. Could the reference to a higher standard be replaced by the reference to a supreme standard? It is under this term that the constitution appears whose importance goes beyond the normative impact. Constitutional law and parliamentary law are closely linked. Citizens not only need to define the place of parliament through the lens of an idealized aspiration, but also that the role of parliament must conform as much as possible to it. The difficulty is then to know if the parliamentary life must immutably agree to the constitutional rules or if conversely the evolutionary construction of the parliamentary practices must guide constitutional changes. Legislative power exercised by parliamentarians depends on the legal basis of their prerogatives but also on the elements that underpin their choices and the consequences attached to them. In other words, writing the law is a phenomenon that necessarily has antecedents. These elements can be apprehended as documents. The subject is entitled "Parliamentary documents and the writing of the law"
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Amit, Roei. "Les paradoxes constitutionnels : le cas de la constitution israélienne /". Paris : Connaissances et Savoirs, 2007. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/528178245.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaKsiążki na temat "Constitutional"
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1956-, Funston Bernard W., i Meehan Eugene Rankin, red. Canadian constitutional documents consolidated. Scarborough, Ont: Carswell, 1994.
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Canada. Government Services Canada. Terminology and Linguistic Services Directorate., red. Lexique constitutionnel =: Constitutional glossary. [Ottawa]: Services gouvernementaux Canada, 1993.
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Khan, Serajul Alam. Constitution and constitutional issues. Dhaka: University Press, 1985.
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Panama. quien creo la constitucion de 1972 Constitución política de la República de Panamá de 1972: Reformada por los actos reformatorios de 1978 y por el Acto constitucional de 1983. Panamá: Editorial Universitaria, 1987.
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Panama. Constitución política de la República de Panamá. Panamá: Editorial Alvarez, 2005.
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Panama. Constitución política de la República de Panamá de 1972: Reformada por los actos reformatorios de 1978, por el acto constitucional de 1983 y el acto legislativo no. 2 de 23 de agosto de 1994. Panamá: Manfer, 1995.
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Panama. Constitución de la República de Panamá. Panamá: Editorial Alvarez, 1995.
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1949-, Smith Eivind, red. Constitutional justice under old constitutions. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1995.
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Kharel, Laxmi Prasad. Constitutional law & comparative Nepalese constitutions. Kathmandu: Laxmi Prasad Kharel, 2012.
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Parliament, Cornish Stannary. The Cornish constitution: Constitutional law. Redruth: Cornish Stannary Publications, 2002.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Constitutional"
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de Ghantuz Cubbe, Giovanni. "Populisms, Constitutions, Constitutional Courts, and Constitutional Democracy". W Populism and Contemporary Democracy in Europe, 43–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92884-1_3.
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Rakowska-Harmstone, Teresa. "Communist Constitutions and Constitutional Change". W The Politics of Constitutional Change in Industrial Nations, 203–31. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-06991-0_8.
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Wolff, Birgitta. "Constitutional Contracting and Corporate Constitution". W Contributions to Economics, 95–108. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46988-6_6.
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Herrmann, Peter. "The Constitutional State Without Constitution". W Pandemics as Matter of a System Crisis, 29–34. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-43450-2_6.
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Hoyer, Daniel, Eric P. Zorrilla, Pietro Cottone, Sarah Parylak, Micaela Morelli, Nicola Simola, Nicola Simola i in. "Constitutional". W Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 349. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_3167.
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Wilson, Gary. "The British Constitution and constitutional reform". W Constitutional Reform and Brexit, 8–27. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003179313-2.
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Nann, John B., i Morris L. Cohen. "Constitutional Law, 1780s". W The Yale Law School Guide to Research in American Legal History, 98–119. Yale University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300118537.003.0005.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This chapter discusses sources for information about the United States and state constitutions; constitutional conventions, especially the Constitutional Convention of 1787; the ratification of the U.S. Constitution; and the ratification of the Bill of Rights and other amendments. Although the Constitution of the United States is extremely important to American law and legal history, researchers should keep in mind that it is not the only constitution in play, nor was it the first. Even before the Declaration of Independence was promulgated on July 4, 1776, states had begun to work on their own constitutions. Meanwhile, sources of information about the Constitutional Convention of 1787 include materials about the Continental Congress. While comparatively little material is available from the actual constitutional convention, a great deal of information from the process of the Constitution's ratification exists.
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Albert, Richard. "The Boundaries of Constitutional Amendment". W Constitutional Amendments, 61–92. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190640484.003.0003.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Some constitutional amendments are not amendments at all. They are self-conscious efforts to repudiate the essential characteristics of the constitution and to destroy its foundations. They dismantle the basic structure of the constitution while at the same time building a new foundation rooted in principles contrary to the old. Changes on this scale are not properly called constitutional amendments. They are better understood as constitutional dismemberments. A constitutional dismemberment is incompatible with the existing framework of the constitution. It intends deliberately to disassemble one or more of the constitution’s elemental parts by altering a fundamental right, an important structural design, or a core aspect of the identity of the constitution. To use a rough shorthand, the purpose and effect of a constitutional dismemberment are the same: to unmake the constitution. But what, then, is a constitutional amendment? This chapter explains that there are four fundamental features to a constitutional amendment: its subject, authority, scope, and purpose. The most important feature of an amendment is its scope, which at all times must not exceed the boundaries of the existing constitution. This chapter therefore defines a constitutional amendment in terms of what it is and what it is not, with illustrations drawn from around the globe. This chapter considers constitutions from Barbados, Belize, Brazil, Canada, Dominica, Guyana, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, New Zealand, and the United States.
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Brown, Adam R. "Specificity and Amendments". W The Dead Hand's Grip, 49—C3.P71. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197655283.003.0003.
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Abstract Democratic constitutions must balance opposing ideals of democratic responsiveness and constitutional stability. State constitutions strike this balance with a diverse range of amendment procedures, from the simple to the byzantine. In this chapter’s analysis, burdensome amendment procedures do turn out to reduce amendment rates—but not as much as constitutional specificity raises them. Adding detail to a constitution launches a vicious cycle of amendment after amendment as new generations seek to keep diverse constitutional provisions current with changing circumstances. Specificity disrupts a democratic constitution’s balance between responsiveness and stability, leading to frequent constitutional amendment whether founders provide simple amendment procedures or not.
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Tew, Yvonne. "Constitutional History". W Constitutional Statecraft in Asian Courts, 69–91. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198716839.003.0004.
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This chapter explores the constitutional founding and road to independence in the post-colonial states of Malaysia and Singapore. It provides the historical context for understanding the constitution’s text and the foundations of the constitutional framework. Understanding the broader purposes that motivated the constitutional project provides us with the context necessary to interpret the constitutional text. For example, Malaysia’s constitutionalization of Islam as the state religion was part of a social contract memorialized in a constitutional bargain that also sought to protect minorities and individuals. This historical context is vital for understanding the role that religion would play in the new constitutional order. More generally, the constitutions of Malaysia and Singapore set in place an overarching framework for governance that envisaged continuing constitutional construction in these independent democracies. Rather than mandating a narrow focus on the framer’s specific expectations, as reflected by the Singapore Court of Appeal’s originalist approach, constitutional history helps reveal the foundational elements of a polity that can guide a contemporary adjudication approach. Faithfulness to the constitution calls for a deeper understanding of the foundational principles that underlie its structure and rights guarantees.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Constitutional"
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Alawaq, Abdulhamid. "constitutional inflation". W INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF DEFICIENCIES AND INFLATION ASPECTS IN LEGISLATION. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicdial.pp1-17.
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One of the methods that the authority uses to empty the constitutional text of its content and prevent it from achieving its goal is its resort to the two phenomena of “constitutional inflation” in sites that the nation does not need, and “constitutional failure” in sites that are expected from the text to protect public rights and freedoms or prevent an authority from overpowering the rest of the authorities. This is how the authority did in the Syrian constitution of 2012. It resorted to both phenomena together to achieve its goal of using the constitution as a tool and not as a control of the authority’s work. If legislative inflation is clear to legal jurisprudence, constitutional inflation is shrouded in ambiguity, so it resorted to a procedural definition of the research paper and considered every constitutional rule that does not bear the status of binding as a type of inflation. then I applied this definition to the general principles contained in the Syrian constitution in 32 articles, unlike democratic constitutions, which are shortened to articles regulating the general principles of the state. It became clear to me that only five articles are binding and the rest are non-binding guiding articles that are not suitable for reliance on judicial review. I have studied the rule (Islamic jurisprudence is a major source of legislation) in Syria and Egypt, and it has become clear to me that the authority intends to put it into place as a kind of distraction from paying attention to the rest of the constitution’s rules regulating public liberties and powers, even though the constitutional doctrine considers them to be non-binding. The struggle between the components of the people is still going on when drafting any constitution on general principles, most of which do not carry legal value.
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Petrov, Vladan. "USTAVNI IDENTITET I VIDOVDANSKI USTAV". W 100 GODINA OD VIDOVDANSKOG USTAVA. Faculty of law, University of Kragujevac, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/zbvu21.005p.
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With this paper the author completes his analysis of the reference historical constitutions and its influence on the constitutional identity of modern Serbia. Reffering to the effects of constitutional identity "outside" (preservation of state sovereignty) and "inside" (the "core" of the constitution), the author analyzes the functional failures and substantive controversies of the Vidovdan Constitution. Inconsistent normative solutions of this constitution, a deep socio-political crisis and an unresolved national question in the newly created state were an insurmountable obstacle to building the national constitutional identity. However, the symbolism of the date of adoption of the Constitution and the fact that, at least formally, it was the last classical constitution of the liberal-democratic type until the 1990s and the entry into force of the 1990 Serbian Constitution, make the Vidovdan Constitution a reference text for studying the constitutional identity of modern Serbia.
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"CONSTITUTIONAL ECONOMY - ECONOMIC CONSTITUTION". W Russian science: actual researches and developments. Samara State University of Economics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46554/russian.science-2020.03-2-733/735.
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Blagojević, Anita, i Marijana Majnarić. "THE ‘’GREEN’’ CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA AND THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT AS A PROTECTOR OF THE RIGHT TO A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT". W International Scientific Conference “Digitalization and Green Transformation of the EU“. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/27442.
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Unlike the “pioneer” constitutions, which contained guarantees of personal and political rights in their provisions, newer constitutions, or constitutions of the 20th century, began to guarantee social and economic rights in their provisions, and among them soon appeared the right to a healthy environment. Similar to the constitutions of other new democracies, the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia belongs to the ranks of environmentally conscious constitutions. The right to a healthy environment was part of the Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Croatia from 1974, and after the establishment of the independent and sovereign Republic of Croatia, it became part of the Constitution of 1990. In Croatia, since the very beginning of independence, the conservation of nature and the human environment have been included in the category of the highest values of the constitutional order (Article 3), which represent the foundation for the interpretation of the Constitution. In the part of the Constitution that refers to human rights and fundamental freedoms, we find provisions on restrictions of entrepreneurial freedom and property rights in order to protect nature, the environment and human health, then on special protection of the state to all things and goods of special ecological significance. It is also clearly prescribed that everyone has the right to a healthy life, and that the state has a certain responsibility for environmental protection. The Constitutional Court takes care of the protection of constitutionality and the protection of environmental rights. The aim of this paper is to analyze how the constitutions of the new democracies relate to environmental protection, whether the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia is really a “green” Constitution, and based on the analysis of the previous practice of the Constitutional Court in environmental cases, reach a conclusion about the approach and the role of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia as a protector of the right to healthy environment.
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Balodis, Ringolds. "Skatījums uz Satversmes konstitucionāliem algoritmiem: to loģika, lietderīgums un pamatotība". W The 8th International Scientific Conference of the Faculty of Law of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/iscflul.8.1.07.
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The use of numbers in constitutions is quite widespread and, in some cases, in a constitution they may form some constitutional “formulas”, which are incorporated into the constitution with a special task, and the application of which has corresponding legal consequences. The current study will analyse a rather specific constitutional element – constitutional algorithms, which can be considered as an open legal concept, assessing their logic, usefulness and validity. The constitutional algorithms resemble an instruction, – similarly to mathematics or computer science that cannot be ignored or overlooked – they make it possible to model a specific result while giving the participants of the constitutional process the opportunity to predict the consequences of their actions. Some of the constitutional algorithms (quorums) are oriented towards obtaining a majority, whereas there are also those that determine the exclusive rights of an opposition of parliament, ensure the election procedure, etc. The algorithms of the Latvian Satversme (Constitution) have been taken over from the constitutionalism process and also developed at the Satversmes sapulce (Constitutional Assembly), or adjusted in accordance with the procedure for amending the Satversme with the will of the Saeima (the Parliament of Latvia) as the constitutional legislator. All algorithms of the Constitution and their formulas must be considered as political compromises. The issue of the algorithms of the Satversme is important not only from the aspect of the science of constitutional law, but also from the aspect of the legitimacy of power and constitutional stability. Reasonable algorithms and quorums strengthen the functioning of the parliamentary democracy, while their disproportionality only protects the comfort of the political elite and over time destroys the foundations of the country by stifling any valuable change.
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Дехканова, Жылдыз Ахматовна, i Темирбек Курбанбаевич Смадияров. "CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC: ISSUES OF ORGANIZATION AND SOLUTION WAYS". W Современные технологии. Технические и естественные науки: сборник статей международной научной конференции (Архангельск, Июнь 2023). Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.58351/230624.2023.68.71.002.
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Кыргызская Республика является демократическим государством придерживается принципа значимости Конституции, так как именно Конституция обладая высшую силу и прямое действие в Кыргызской Республике. Конституционные ценности защищаются и претворяются в жизнь Конституционным судом, так посредством конституционной проверки законов, Конституционный суд обеспечивает гарантию верховенства Конституции и функционирование демократического государства, так как своими решениями способствует выработке действенного механизма, обеспечивая конституционные права ми свободу человека и гражданина. The Kyrgyz Republic is a democratic state that adheres to the principle of the significance of the Constitution, since it is the Constitution that has the highest power and direct effect in the Kyrgyz Republic. Constitutional values are protected and implemented by the Constitutional Court, so through the constitutional review of laws, the Constitutional Court ensures the guarantee of the supremacy of the Constitution and the functioning of a democratic state, since by its decisions it contributes to the development of an effective mechanism, ensuring constitutional rights and freedom of man and citizen.
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Kodaneva, Svetlana. "Resilience of the Constitutional Phenomena to Social Threats (the United Kingdom case)". W East – West: Practical Approaches to Countering Terrorism and Preventing Violent Extremism. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcshss.vicg9790.
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A noticeable trend in constitutional law in recent years has been a broad interpretation that allows referring to the subject of constitutional law, in addition to the provisions enshrined in the written constitution, also the sources of international and common law. This article is focused on the analysis of the risks arising from the recognition of constitutional principles formulated in various unwritten sources, such as traditions, doctrine and judicial interpretation. For this purpose, the experience of the United Kingdom is studied, a country that does not have a written constitution, and the legal system of which is based on constitutional principles enshrined in those various sources. At the same time, the Brexit process has become a clear example of a destabilising situation that has revealed internal conflicts and contradictions of the constitutional principles. The political processes, that accompanied the Brexit process and resulted in a constitutional crisis both at the horizontal (between the parliament and executive branch) and vertical (between the centre and regions) levels, are analysed. Based on the conducted study, it was concluded that the attribution to constitutional principles arising from international law and judicial practice is erroneous and is a dangerous phenomenon for the constitutional law. Consequently, a deep research into the nature of such ‘quasi-principles’ is required, revealing their place in the legal system of Russia, taking into account the hierarchy of principles, in which the principles arising from unwritten sources and international law should not be placed on the same level with constitutional principles directly enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
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Rozenfelds, Jānis. "Īpašuma aizsardzība Satversmē". W Latvijas Universitātes 80. starptautiskā zinātniskā konference. LU Akadēmiskais apgāds, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/juzk.80.03.
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Constitution of Latvia of 1922 consisted of 88 articles. Chapter VIII of the Constitution addressing human rights’ protection became a part of the Constitution only in 1997. Article 105 provides that everyone has the right to own property. Article 105 of Constitution corresponds with the contents of the paragraph 1 of the First Protocol to the European Convention of Human Rights. Protection of the right to ownership as provided by the Constitution is carried out by the Constitutional Court of Latvia. The latter was established in 1996. The current report is based on the analysis of a significant number of judgements which have been handed down by the Constitutional Court in order to establish whether certain acts of legislation are compatible with the Constitution. The effectiveness of such protection could be achieved, if Constitutional court were to scrutinise each contested norm against the Constitution as a whole.
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Rodiņa, Anita, i Annija Kārkliņa. "Cilvēka pamattiesības kā būtiska satversmes sastāvdaļa: ģenēze, nozīme, saturs". W Latvijas Universitātes 81. starptautiskā zinātniskā konference. LU Akadēmiskais apgāds, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/juzk.81.24.
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Only in 1998, the Constitution of the Republic of Latvia – Satversme, which has been adopted more than a hundred years ago and is one of the oldest constitutions in Europe, was supplemented with a new chapter concerning the regulation of fundamental human rights. Until the adoption of Chapter 8 of the Satversme, only a few fundamental human rights could be found in the Constitution. The article discusses the development of the regulation of fundamental rights in the Satversme, the importance of fundamental rights in a democratic state, as well as reflects the catalogue of fundamental rights. In the article, the authors, looking at the catalogue of fundamental rights included in the Satversme, analyses fundamental rights by dividing them in groups, i.e. civil, political, social, economic, cultural and solidarity rights. The publication outlines the most characteristic features of each group of fundamental rights, points out content of those rights and looks into the recent case law of the Constitutional Court. The publication can contribute to the study material for law students of constitutional law course.
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Matiashvili, Lasha. "On the question of the foundations of the constitutional system of the Italian Republic". W Development of legal systems of Russia and foreign countries : problems of theory and practice. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02110-1-108-110.
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This article examines issues related to the foundations of the constitutional order of the Italian Republic. The Constitution, being the fundamental law of any state, establishes the fundamental foundations of the economic, social, legal and political system. The author considers some features of the consolidation of the basic constitutional provisions of the Italian constitution.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Constitutional"
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Wallis, John Joseph. Constitutions, Corporations, and Corruption: American States and Constitutional Change. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, kwiecień 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10451.
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Grubb, Farley. The U.S. Constitution and Monetary Powers: An Analysis of the 1787 Constitutional Convention and Constitutional Transformation of the Nation's Monetary System Emerged. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, listopad 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w11783.
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Haider, Huma. Constitutional Courts: Approaches, Sequencing, And Political Support. Institute of Development Studies, czerwiec 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.097.
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This rapid review looks at various constitutional courts established in transitional, fragile and conflict-affected contexts—the approaches adopted, sequencing in their establishment, and experiences with political support. There are few comprehensive accounts in the literature, however, of constitutional courts and their role in judicial review in the contexts of transition and/or as key actors in ‘building democracy’ (Daly, 2017a; Sapiano, 2017). Further, scholars have tended to focus on a relatively small number of case studies from the immediate post-Cold War era, such as South Africa and Colombia (Daly, 2017a). Discussion on the sequencing and steps adopted in establishing a constitutional court in fragile and conflict-affected states (FCAS), or on incentives that have swayed political elites to support these courts, is even more limited. Nonetheless, drawing on various academic and NGO literature, including on countries that transitioned from authoritarianism, this report offers some discussion on sequencing in relation to the constitution-making process and the establishment of the courts; and general reasoning for why constitutional courts may be supported by political actors.
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Smeekens, Daan, i Keil Soeren. The Iraqi Oil and Gas Dispute between Baghdad and Erbil. Fribourg (Switzerland): IFF, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51363/unifr.diff.2022.31.
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In a judgment of 15 February 2022, the Federal Supreme Court of Iraq decided to repeal the 2007 Oil and Gas Law of the Kurdistan Regional Government on constitutional grounds. The judgment can be regarded as politicized, and has enormous implications for the autonomy of the Kurdish Region and the federal discourse in Iraq. This commentary assesses the soundness of the Federal Supreme Court’s judgment through critically evaluating the arguments against the Iraqi Constitution. It comes to conclude that the judgment has been a misinterpretation of the constitutional provisions that prescribe shared powers between the central and regional governments over oil and gas. These issues are an indirect consequence of the ambiguity and non-implementation of many constitutional provisions. Relatedly, this commentary provides some recommendations for a future cooperation between Erbil and Baghdad.
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Alkan, Haluk. GOVERNANCE IN THE TURKEY OF THE FUTURE. İLKE İlim Kültür Eğitim Vakfı, grudzień 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26414/gt011.
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Report considers the field of governance first at the level of constitutional institutions and tradition, addressing the development of Turkey’s constitutional politics and contemporary debates as its subject matter. Secondly, the report includes the primary institutional structures relevant to establishing constitutional institutions into its subject matter. In this context, the political party regimes, electoral system, and public administration must be handled with their current structures and problems. Whether at the level of the constitution or the primary institutional structures, analyses are debated in terms of the socio-administrative dynamics that are determinant in shaping these structures, the effects these dynamics have on the formation of institutional structures and administrative traditions, and finally their impact on the functioning of Turkish politics. When creating the vision document, the report will identify Turkey’s stance within global debates through both its similarities, as well as its peculiarities to other nations. In this context, concrete and practicable recommendations are made to improve the functionality of the Presidential System, which was introduced with the 2017 Constitutional Referendum.
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Rostow, Eugene V. President, Prime Minister, or Constitutional Monarch? Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, październik 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada271342.
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Hamilton, Dalin. Will Abe’s constitutional concessions be enough? East Asia Forum, marzec 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.59425/eabc.1520546457.
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Watanabe, Hiroaki. The case against Abe’s constitutional amendment. East Asia Forum, kwiecień 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.59425/eabc.1522965640.
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West, Robert C. Constitutional Theory and the Commander-In-Chief. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, kwiecień 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada280637.
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Gover, Ted. Abe’s constitutional change no cause for fear. East Asia Forum, luty 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.59425/eabc.1518818429.
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