Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Conditional truth

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Conditional truth”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 20 lutego 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Conditional truth"

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Herburger, Elena. "Conditional perfection: the truth and the whole truth". Semantics and Linguistic Theory 25 (14.05.2016): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v25i0.3079.

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Conditional Perfection is argued to arise when a sentence is silently conjoined with an exhaustivized version of the same string. The proposed account, the 'whole truth theory', is argued to not only capture Conditional Perfection but to also extend to upper-bounding inferences and exhaustive answers. A crucial piece of the analysis is the independently supported claim that bare conditionals are ambiguous between universal and existential readings.
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Oberauer, Klaus, Sonja M. Geiger, Katrin Fischer i Andrea Weidenfeld. "Two meanings of “if”? Individual differences in the interpretation of conditionals". Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 60, nr 6 (czerwiec 2007): 790–819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470210600822449.

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This work investigates the nature of two distinct response patterns in a probabilistic truth table evaluation task, in which people estimate the probability of a conditional on the basis of frequencies of the truth table cases. The conditional-probability pattern reflects an interpretation of conditionals as expressing a conditional probability. The conjunctive pattern suggests that some people treat conditionals as conjunctions, in line with a prediction of the mental-model theory. Experiments 1 and 2 rule out two alternative explanations of the conjunctive pattern. It does not arise from people believing that at least one case matching the conjunction of antecedent and consequent must exist for a conditional to be true, and it does not arise from people adding the converse to the given conditional. Experiment 3 establishes that people's response patterns in the probabilistic truth table task are very consistent across different conditionals, and that the two response patterns generalize to conditionals with negated antecedents and consequents. Individual differences in rating the probability of a conditional were loosely correlated with corresponding response patterns in a classical truth table evaluation task, but there was little association with people's evaluation of deductive inferences from conditionals as premises. A theoretical framework is proposed that integrates elements from the conditional-probability view with the theory of mental models.
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Wang, Moyun, i Xinyun Yao. "The contrast effect in reading general conditionals". Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, nr 12 (1.01.2018): 2497–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021817746154.

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To adjudicate between deterministic and probabilistic accounts of the meaning of conditionals, we examined the influence of context on the reading of general conditionals. Context was varied with the contrast context, where participants judged uncertain conditionals after certain conditionals, and the control context, where participants judged only uncertain conditionals. Experiment 1 had participants to judge whether a set of truth table cases was possible for the conditional. Experiment 2 had participants to judge whether the conditional was true for a set of truth table cases. The findings are as follows. Possibility and truth judgments showed a similar response pattern. The reading of general conditionals varied with conditional contexts. The predominant reading was deterministic in the contrast context but was probabilistic in the control context. Conditional contexts yielded a significant contrast effect. Meanwhile, conditional probability P( q| p) made a smaller difference to the acceptance rate in the contrast context than in the control context. The overall pattern is beyond both the deterministic and probabilistic accounts. Alternatively, we propose a dynamic-threshold account for the relative reading of general conditionals.
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Bezuidenhout, Anne. "Truth–Conditional Pragmatics". Noûs 36, s16 (październik 2002): 105–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0068.36.s16.5.

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Clapp, Lenny. "Indexical Color Predicates: Truth Conditional Semantics vs. Truth Conditional Pragmatics". Canadian Journal of Philosophy 42, nr 2 (czerwiec 2012): 71–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cjp.2012.0009.

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Truth conditional semantics is the project of ‘determining a way of assigning truth conditions to sentences based on A) the extension of their constituents and B) their syntactic mode of combination’ (Rothschild and Segal, 2009). This research program has been subject to objections that take the form of underdetermination arguments, an influential instance of which is presented by Travis: … consider the words ‘The leaf is green,’ speaking of a given leaf, and its condition at a given time, used so as to mean what they do mean in English. How many distinct things might be said in words with all that true of them? Many.… Suppose a Japanese maple leaf, turned brown, was painted green for a decoration. In sorting leaves by colour, one might truly call this one green. In describing leaves to help identify their species, it might, for all the paint, be false to call it that.
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Goldstein, Simon. "A Theory of Conditional Assertion". Journal of Philosophy 116, nr 6 (2019): 293–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jphil2019116620.

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According to one tradition, uttering an indicative conditional involves performing a special sort of speech act: a conditional assertion. We introduce a formal framework that models this speech act. Using this framework, we show that any theory of conditional assertion validates several inferences in the logic of conditionals, including the False Antecedent inference (that not A implies if A, then C). Next, we determine the space of truth-conditional semantics for conditionals consistent with conditional assertion. The truth value of any such conditional is settled whenever the antecedent is false, and whenever the antecedent is true and the consequent is false. Then, we consider the space of dynamic meanings consistent with the theory of conditional assertion. We develop a new family of dynamic conditional-assertion operators that combine a traditional test operator with an update operation.
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FIELD, HARTRY. "INDICATIVE CONDITIONALS, RESTRICTED QUANTIFICATION, AND NAIVE TRUTH". Review of Symbolic Logic 9, nr 1 (19.10.2015): 181–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755020315000301.

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AbstractThis paper extends Kripke’s theory of truth to a language with a variably strict conditional operator, of the kind that Stalnaker and others have used to represent ordinary indicative conditionals of English. It then shows how to combine this with a different and independently motivated conditional operator, to get a substantial logic of restricted quantification within naive truth theory.
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Ohm, Eyvind, i Valerie A. Thompson. "Conditional probability and pragmatic conditionals: Dissociating truth and effectiveness". Thinking & Reasoning 12, nr 3 (sierpień 2006): 257–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13546780500172490.

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Champollion, Lucas, Ivano Ciardelli i Linmin Zhang. "Breaking de Morgan's law in counterfactual antecedents". Semantics and Linguistic Theory 26 (15.10.2016): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v26i0.3800.

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The main goal of this paper is to investigate the relation between the meaning of a sentence and its truth conditions. We report on a comprehension experiment on counterfactual conditionals, based on a context in which a light is controlled by two switches. Our main finding is that the truth-conditionally equivalent clauses (i) switch A or switch B is down and (ii) switch A and switch B are not both up make different semantic contributions when embedded in a conditional antecedent. Assuming compositionality, this means that (i) and (ii) differ in meaning, which implies that the meaning of a sentential clause cannot be identified with its truth conditions. We show that our data have a clear explanation in inquisitive semantics: in a conditional antecedent, (i) introduces two distinct assumptions, while (ii) introduces only one. Independently of the complications stemming from disjunctive antecedents, our results also challenge analyses of counterfactuals in terms of minimal change from the actual state of affairs: we show that such analyses cannot account for our findings, regardless of what changes are considered minimal.
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SAKAI, TOMOHIRO. "Truth-Conditional Pragmatics". ENGLISH LINGUISTICS 31, nr 1 (2014): 365–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.9793/elsj.31.1_365.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Conditional truth"

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Iten, Corinne. "'Non-truth-conditional' meaning, relevance and concessives". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2000. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1348747/.

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This thesis is concerned with the semantic function of linguistic elements which do not seem to contribute to the truth conditions of an utterance, that is, with 'non-truth-conditional' linguistic devices. The first part of the thesis is devoted to theoretical considerations, while the second part concentrates on 'concessive' linguistic devices, which form a sub-class of 'non-truth-conditional' expressions. The first chapter outlines the way in which traditional semantic theories have employed the notion of truth conditions to capture linguistic meaning and a series of problems with this approach are pointed out. The chapter ends with an overview of 'non-truth-conditional' linguistic devices. Chapter 2 is concerned with ways in which fundamentally truth-conditional theories of linguistic semantics have attempted to accommodate such expressions in their frameworks. In chapter 3, the discussion focuses on Argumentation Theory, which does not just accommodate non-truth-conditional meaning but, ultimately, treats all linguistic meaning in non-truth-conditional terms and leads to the untenable conclusion that the general intuition that utterances can give information about the world is an illusion. This is followed by a chapter devoted to Sperber & Wilson's cognitive Relevance Theory. It is argued that this theory offers an ideal framework for a semantic analysis of 'truth-conditional' and 'non-truth-conditional' expressions alike, while avoiding the problems encountered by other theories. The next three chapters investigate the nature of linguistic 'concessivity' and provide a critical survey of existing analyses of three specific 'concessive' devices: but, although, and even if. In each case, an original relevance-theoretic analysis in procedural terms is proposed. In the last chapter, the possibility of purely pragmatic (that is, unencoded) 'concessive' interpretations is explored, and, finally, the role of the concept of 'truth-conditional content' in a theory of utterance interpretation is reassessed.
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Stokke, Andreas. "Indexicality and presupposition : explorations beyond truth-conditional information". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/1704.

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This thesis consists of four essays and an introduction dedicated to two main topics: indexicality and presupposition. The first essay is concerned with an alleged problem for the standard treatment of indexicals on which their linguistic meanings are functions from context to content (so-called characters). Since most indexicals have their content settled, on an occasion of use, by the speaker’s intentions, some authors have argued that this standard picture is inadequate. By demonstrating that intentions can be seen as a parameter of the kind of context that characters operate on, these arguments are rejected. In addition, it is argued that a more recent, variable-based framework is naturally interpreted as an intention-sensitive semantics. The second essay is devoted to the phenomenon of descriptive uses of indexicals on which such an expression seems to contribute, not its standard reference as determined by its character, but a property to the interpretation. An argument that singular readings of the cases in question are incoherent is shown to be incorrect, and an approach to descriptive readings is developed on which they arise from e-type uses akin to other well known cases. Further, descriptive readings of the relevant kind are seen to arise only in the presence of adverbs of quantification, and all sentences in which such an adverb takes scope over an indexical are claimed to be ambiguous between a referential and an e-type (descriptive) reading. The third essay discusses a version of the variable analysis of pronouns on which their descriptive meanings are relegated to the so-called phi-features – person, gender and number. In turn, the phi-features are here seen as triggering semantic presuppositions that place constraints on the definedness of pronouns, and ultimately of sentences in which they appear. It is argued that the descriptive information contributed by the phi-features diverges radically from presuppositional information of both semantic and pragmatic varieties on several dimensions of comparison, and instead the main role of the phi-features is seen to be that of guiding hearers’ attempts to ascertain the speaker’s intentions. The fourth essay addresses an issue concerning the treatment of presuppositions in dynamic semantics. Representing a semantic treatment of pragmatic presuppositions, the dynamic framework is shown to incorrectly regard conversational infelicity as sufficient for semantic undefinedness, given the standard way of defining truth in terms of context change. Further, it is shown that a proposal for a solution fail to make correct predictions for epistemic modals. A novel framework is developed on which context change potentials act on contexts that have more structure than the contexts usually countenanced by dynamic semantics, and it is shown that this framework derives truth from context change while making correct predictions for both presuppositions and modals.
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Warshaw, Mark. "The cognitive challenge to the truth conditional theory of meaning /". Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3170238.

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Reed, Lisa A. "Non-truth-conditional aspects of meaning and the level of LF". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6805.

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In contrast to the majority of research previously done on Logical Form (LF), this thesis places equal emphasis on its syntactic and semantic properties. Adopting a literal view of May's (1985) characterization of LF as "the level of representation which interfaces the theories of linguistic form and interpretation", this thesis uses syntactic information available at this level to construct a version of model-theoretic interpretation which can capture certain semantic phenomena. In particular, this thesis develops the hypothesis, inspired by Turkish specificity facts noted in Enc (1987, 1991), that a dissociation of Case and Theta-role assignments, signalled at LF, is one means by which a grammar may encode conventional implicatures. The French causative and Raising constructions, two examples of which follow, are offered as evidence for this contention. $$\vbox{\halign{#\hfil&&#\hfil\cr (1)\qquad &Je \ l'ai fait manger sa soupe.\cr &I him-ACC have made to-eat his soup\cr &`I made him eat his soup.'\cr (2)\qquad &Jean, \ c'est cet homme l\`a-bas.\cr &Jean, he is that man there-low\cr &`Jean, he's that man over there.'\cr}}$$The constructions in (1) and (2) are argued to have an LF configuration in which the underlined argument receives its Theta-role from a predicate which does not assign it Case, thus meeting the structural description noted above. This thesis shows that these dissociations encode conventional implicatures: in (1), there is an implicature regarding the degree autonomy possessed by the embedded subject; in (2), there is an implicature regarding the aspectual nature of the interval of time at which the predicative sentence is true. These implications are captured by a model-theoretic semantic component which reads off the syntactic tree available at LF.
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Dalglish, Steven Jack William. "Accepting Defeat: A Solution to Semantic Paradox with Defeasible Principles for Truth". The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1597757494987204.

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Lang, Ian William, i n/a. "Conditional Truths: Remapping Paths To Documentary 'Independence'". Griffith University. Queensland College of Art, 2003. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20031112.105737.

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(Synopsis to introductory statement): An introductory statement to five documentary films made by Ian Lang in Australia between 1981 and 1997 exemplifying  a 'democratising' model of sustainable and ethical documentary film production. This document critically reflects on the production process of these films to accompany their submission for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Publication at Griffith University. It finds that a contemporary tendency towards 'post-industrial' conditions allows an observational film-maker to negotiate a critical inter-dependence rather than a romantically conceived 'independence' traditional to the genre. [Full thesis consists of introductory statement plus six DVD videodiscs.]
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Lang, Ian William. "Conditional Truths: Remapping Paths To Documentary 'Independence'". Thesis, Griffith University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367923.

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(Synopsis to introductory statement): An introductory statement to five documentary films made by Ian Lang in Australia between 1981 and 1997 exemplifying  a 'democratising' model of sustainable and ethical documentary film production. This document critically reflects on the production process of these films to accompany their submission for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Publication at Griffith University. It finds that a contemporary tendency towards 'post-industrial' conditions allows an observational film-maker to negotiate a critical inter-dependence rather than a romantically conceived 'independence' traditional to the genre. [Full thesis consists of introductory statement plus six DVD videodiscs.]
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy by Publication (PhD)
Queensland College of Art
Full Text
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Taylor, Neil. "Davidson's truth conditions theory and scientific realism". Thesis, University of Surrey, 1985. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/848102/.

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How does language refer to objective reality and relate to speakers? Davidson's truth-conditions theory provides a method of interpretation and, notwithstanding difficulties in relating artificial languages to natural languages, articulates the true structure of all of natural language whilst simultaneously furnishing a theory of logical form. But how does language refer to the world. Davidson's scientific realism abandons any assumed foundational basis in extra-linguistic reality; hence, reference to facts is otiose. Only via the truth-conditions structure of language can the true structure of reality be described. From within language, reality is reconstructed as extensional reference to simultaneously-postulated entities. Yet reference to Davidson's abstracta and the internal causal structure of such events is problematic. Nevertheless, in languages of normal expressive-power, we must refer- even if it proves possible to eliminate an unwanted ontology. Convention (t), however, allows scope for alternative theories discriminating reality. Reference to objective reality being a linguistic action, cognizance must be taken of background features of a speaker's psychological reality guiding and constraining such use. Any foundational basis is again rejected:Davidson's analysis of 'A believes that p' (etc.) abjures reference to Fregean propositions (or to sentences). Furthermore, extra-linguistic Gricean intentions are unacceptable. Only via true, structured, elements of language can the true, structured intensional and intentional elements be described. Thus,beliefs (etc. ) are analyzed within the extensional metalanguage. But Davidson's extensional reconstruction of postulated attitudes, and also reference to 'reasons' as causes, are contentious. Still, it is argued, we must refer to such independent 'reasons', despite shortcomings in Davidson's account. Hence, reference to objective reality and the background attitudes of speakers are all reconstructed within the truth-conditions structure of language as theoretical postulations. Reality is immanent within language, but,crucially, the disclosures of its structured network of interpretants must refer to the structured, true being of a reality beyond itself.
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Ippolito, Michela M. 1970. "The time of possibilities : truth and felicity of subjunctive conditionals". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8153.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 191-194).
This dissertation is a study of modality and, in particular, of conditional statements within the framework of possible world semantics. I argue that in order to understand what the meaning of a modal sentence is we need to look closely at the internal composition of accessibility relations. Accessibility relations are shown to be complex relations involving both a world and a time of evaluation, and it is shown that temporal and aspectual operators can be interpreted in the modal domain, and may not occur inside the scope of the modal operator. When interpreted in this position, temporal and aspectual operators contribute to the selection of the possible worlds by defining the relevant notion of accessibility. Capitalizing on work by Irene Heim, David Lewis and Robert Stalnaker, I show that this proposal allows us to develop a semantic analysis of those conditionals that are traditionally called subjunctive conditionals, and to provide an answer to how to select the worlds that the modal operator quantifies' over. Finally, I argue that the semantic analyses of counterfactuals discussed by Lewis (1979) - Analysis 1 and Analysis 2 - cannot be maintained in that neither of them accounts for the contrast between the felicity conditions of different types of subjunctive conditionals. Instead, I will argue that our theory based on a time-dependent notion of accessibility can.
by Michela M. Ippolito.
Ph.D.
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Caravedo, Joan. "Truth and Liberty in Kierkegaard". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/119566.

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This paper proposes an introduction to the Kierkegaardian relation between freedom and truth. In order to do this, mainly paying attention to his Philosophical Fragments, it begins with the Socratic problem of acquiring truth. After this, it focuses on truth as the fruit of God’s free love, whence emerges the topic of freedom. Finally, this theme leads to the Kierkegaardian account of becoming, and specifically to the relation between possibility and reality. Throughout this exposition, the central concept that articulates this itinerary is the “instant”, understanding it as the point of convergence between the eternal and the temporal, stressing the paradox therein.
El texto propone una aproximación introductoria a la relación entre libertad y verdad. Para lograr esto seguirá una ruta, amparada fundamentalmente en el texto de Kierkegaard Migajas filosóficas, que comenzará con el problema socrático en torno a la adquisición de la verdad, pasando a considerar la dación de la verdad fruto del amor gratuito de Dios, desde el cual habrá de emerger el tema de la libertad que, por último, terminará por conducirnos a la explicación kierkegaardiana del devenir y, específicamente, al tema de la relación entre posibilidad y realidad. En esta exposición, el concepto que procurará articular todo nuestro recorrido será el de instante, entendiendo este como punto de confluencia entre lo eterno y lo temporal y resaltando la paradoja aquí implicada.
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Książki na temat "Conditional truth"

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Truth-conditional pragmatics. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2010.

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Sequeiros, Xosé Rosales. Non-truth-conditional semantics in Spanish: Conceptual and procedural meaning. München: Lincom Europa, 2007.

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Appiah, Anthony. Assertion and conditionals. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

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Iten, Corinne. Linguistic Meaning, Truth Conditions and Relevance. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230503236.

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Jackson, Stuart A. Connectionism and meaning: From truth conditions to weight representations. Norwood, N.J: Ablex Pub., 1996.

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Linguistic meaning, truth conditions and relevance: The case of concessives. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.

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Tutashinda, Lazima. The bold truth. Sacramento, Calif: Reciprocity Publishing, 1997.

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Crawford, Carl J. The truth. Pittsburgh, PA: SterlingHouse Publisher, Inc., 2010.

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Truth and power. [North Charleston, S. C: CreateSpace], 2013.

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Speaking truth to power. Pretoria: Vista University, 2004.

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Części książek na temat "Conditional truth"

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Moeschler, Jacques. "Truth-conditional pragmatics". W Handbook of Pragmatics, 49–79. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hop.21.tru3.

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Carston, Robyn. "Truth-conditional semantics". W Handbook of Pragmatics, 544–50. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hop.m.tru1.

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Carston, Robyn. "Truth-conditional semantics". W Philosophical Perspectives for Pragmatics, 280–88. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hoph.10.24car.

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Moeschler, Jacques. "Truth-conditional pragmatics". W Handbook of Pragmatics, 1427–52. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hop.m2.tru3.

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Carston, Robyn. "Truth-conditional semantics". W Handbook of Pragmatics, 1453–60. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hop.m2.tru1.

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Kiesl, Benjamin, Marijn J. H. Heule i Armin Biere. "Truth Assignments as Conditional Autarkies". W Automated Technology for Verification and Analysis, 48–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31784-3_3.

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Blakemore, Diane. "On Non-Truth Conditional Meaning". W Pragmatik, 92–102. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-11116-0_6.

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Briciu, Adrian. "Compositionality in Truth-Conditional Pragmatics". W Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy, 205–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34485-6_11.

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Kennedy, Neil. "Antirealism, Meaning and Truth-Conditional Semantics". W The Realism-Antirealism Debate in the Age of Alternative Logics, 119–40. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1923-1_7.

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Calzavarini, Fabrizio. "Truth-Conditional Cognitivism and Inferential Competence". W Brain and the Lexicon, 7–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27588-4_2.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Conditional truth"

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Jhamtani, Harsh, i Taylor Berg-Kirkpatrick. "Truth-Conditional Captions for Time Series Data". W Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.emnlp-main.55.

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Bhattacharjya, Debarun, Tian Gao, Nicholas Mattei i Dharmashankar Subramanian. "Cause-Effect Association between Event Pairs in Event Datasets". W Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/167.

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Causal discovery from observational data has been intensely studied across fields of study. In this paper, we consider datasets involving irregular occurrences of various types of events over the timeline. We propose a suite of scores and related algorithms for estimating the cause-effect association between pairs of events from such large event datasets. In particular, we introduce a general framework and the use of conditional intensity rates to characterize pairwise associations between events. Discovering such potential causal relationships is critical in several domains, including health, politics and financial analysis. We conduct an experimental investigation with synthetic data and two real-world event datasets, where we evaluate and compare our proposed scores using assessments from human raters as ground truth. For a political event dataset involving interaction between actors, we show how performance could be enhanced by enforcing additional knowledge pertaining to actor identities.
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Groom, S. L. "Can we measure our way out of trouble? the truth behind condition monitoring". W 6th IET Conference on Railway Condition Monitoring (RCM 2014). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2014.1007.

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Hoye, Jocelyn, Justin Solomon i Ehsan Samei. "Quantifying truth-based change in radiomics features between CT imaging conditions". W Physics of Medical Imaging, redaktorzy Hilde Bosmans, Guang-Hong Chen i Taly Gilat Schmidt. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2512786.

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Maruşca, Ioana Angela. "THE DISABLED CHILDREN’S PERCEPTION OF THEIR PARTICULAR HEALTH CONDITION: TRUTH OR CHALLENGE". W 15th annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation. IATED, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2022.0686.

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Zhang, Wen, Yang Feng i Qun Liu. "Bridging the Gap between Training and Inference for Neural Machine Translation (Extended Abstract)". W Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/667.

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Neural Machine Translation (NMT) generates target words sequentially in the way of predicting the next word conditioned on the context words. At training time, it predicts with the ground truth words as context while at inference it has to generate the entire sequence from scratch. This discrepancy of the fed context leads to error accumulation among the translation. Furthermore, word-level training requires strict matching between the generated sequence and the ground truth sequence which leads to overcorrection over different but reasonable translations. In this paper, we address these issues by sampling context words not only from the ground truth sequence but also from the predicted sequence during training. Experimental results on NIST Chinese->English and WMT2014 English->German translation tasks demonstrate that our method can achieve significant improvements on multiple data sets compared to strong baselines.
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Marie, S., C. Guerre i E. Herms. "Analysis of the Truth Loading Conditions of a Austenitic CT Specimen During a SCC Experiment". W ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57170.

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With the aim to investigate the influence of strain hardening on the stainless steels susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking, tests were conducted in PWR environment on CT specimens, taken from a 316L stainless steel sheet cold rolled to 40% in thickness reduction. The initial cracks obtained by the fatigue pre-cracking have an atypical ‘V’ shape with smaller propagation in the center of the CT thickness compared to nominal propagation observed at both sides. The initial explanation was to consider a stress intensity factor derived from classical reference solution on the basis of a straight crack front, and considering the local value of the crack depth in the equation. This assumption raised several problems analsyes in this paper. This particular shape of the initial defect may be related to several factors, and partly to the 40% cold rolling. It is likely that the hardening is not uniform, with a higher rate at the specimen sides than in the central area. In addition, significant residual stresses due to the gradient of mechanical properties are observed. Due to the high rate of work hardening by rolling of the sheet metal, a gradient of the mechanical properties through the thickness was determined, and the residual stresses profile induced by this process was measured. The variations obtained are consistent with each other: the material is more hardened in the vicinity of specimen surface and residual stresses are compressive in nature in the central part of the specimen and of tensile type on the flanks. All these data were firstly considered in order to assess their role regarding the particular form of the initial crack front obtained after fatigue: the 3D finite element calculations taking into account the true shape of the crack front demonstrate the relationship between the characteristics of the experimental crack front obtained after fatigue pre-cracking and the residual stresses. Moreover, from the residual stresses measured on the plate where samples have been machined/prepared, the residual stresses field in the specimen after its machining is calculated and then taken into account in the mechanical analysis. The characteristics of this field in addition to the mechanical loading applied during SCC testing can explain the crack propagation behavior observed experimentally.
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Alkoby, Shani, David Sarne i Igal Milchtaich. "Strategic Signaling for Selling Information Goods". W Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/4.

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This paper studies the benefit in using signaling by an information seller holding information that can completely disambiguate some uncertainty concerning the state of the world for the information buyer. We show that a necessary condition for having the information seller benefit from signaling in this model is having some ``seed of truth" in the signaling scheme used. We then introduce two natural signaling mechanisms that adhere to this condition, one where the seller pre-commits to the signaling scheme to be used and the other where she commits to use a signaling scheme that contains a ``seed of truth". Finally, we analyze the equilibrium resulting from each and show that, somehow counter-intuitively, despite the inherent differences between the two mechanisms, they are equivalent in the sense that for any equilibrium associated with the maximum revenue in one there is an equilibrium offering the seller the same revenue in the other.
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Console, Marco, Paolo Guagliardo i Leonid Libkin. "Do We Need Many-valued Logics for Incomplete Information?" W Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/851.

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One of the most common scenarios of handling incomplete information occurs in relational databases. They describe incomplete knowledge with three truth values, using Kleene's logic for propositional formulae and a rather peculiar extension to predicate calculus. This design by a committee from several decades ago is now part of the standard adopted by vendors of database management systems. But is it really the right way to handle incompleteness in propositional and predicate logics? Our goal is to answer this question. Using an epistemic approach, we first characterize possible levels of partial knowledge about propositions, which leads to six truth values. We impose rationality conditions on the semantics of the connectives of the propositional logic, and prove that Kleene's logic is the maximal sublogic to which the standard optimization rules apply, thereby justifying this design choice. For extensions to predicate logic, however, we show that the additional truth values are not necessary: every many-valued extension of first-order logic over databases with incomplete information represented by null values is no more powerful than the usual two-valued logic with the standard Boolean interpretation of the connectives. We use this observation to analyze the logic underlying SQL query evaluation, and conclude that the many-valued extension for handling incompleteness does not add any expressiveness to it.
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Taft, Brent S., i Sally M. Smith. "ASETS-II Oscillating Heat Pipe Space Flight Experiment: Ground Truth Results". W ASME 2017 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2017-4706.

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The ASETS-II experiment consists of three oscillating heat pipes (OHPs), an electronics box, and mounting structures that control boundary conditions. Each OHP consists of 34 channels in a typical single-layer closed loop design. Butane was selected as the working fluid for OHP #1 and #2 for its performance stability. R-134a was selected for OHP #3 in order to explore the Bond number limit’s influence on OHP operation in microgravity. The ASETS-II Flight and Flight Spare hardware were subjected to a comprehensive set of ground testing to baseline performance prior to flight testing. For most test conditions, the Flight and Flight Spare test results for OHP #1 and OHP #2 are within the margin of uncertainty in the measurements. OHP #3 on the Flight hardware performs similarly to OHP #3 on the Flight Spare hardware; however, the difference in performance is outside the margin of uncertainty in the measurements. This variation in performance may be attributable to the fact that OHP #3 is being pushed to operate near its Bond number limit.
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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Conditional truth"

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Lubkovych, Igor. METHODS OF JOURNALISTIC COMMUNICATION. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, marzec 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11096.

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Journalistic communication is professional, its purpose is to obtain information and share it withthe audience. A journalist communicates when he intends to receive information directly from the interlocutor, from documents that the interlocutor has, or by observing the behavior of the interlocutor during the conversation. The most common method is communication in order to obtain verbal information. In the course of communication, a journalist succeeds when he adheres to politeness, clarity, brevity. It is important that the conditions of communication must be prepared or created: a place of communication, participants of communication, demonstration of listening skills, feedback. You should always try to get documentary evidence of what you have heard. An active reaction to what is heard by the journalist should be used to find out how much the interlocutor understands what is being said. At the beginning of the conversation, when the interlocutor expresses his attitude to the event or problem in question, it should not be interrupted. A journalist, like most people, often makes two mistakes when communicating: perceives as truth what is presented and attributes characteristics. Attribution of the characteristic as a psychological error is known since the beginning of the last century. And the perception of everything as the truth has long been inherent in our society.
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Horrocks, Ian, i Stephan Tobies. Optimisation of Terminological Reasoning. Aachen University of Technology, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.99.

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An extended abstract of this report was submitted to the Seventh International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR2000). When reasoning in description, modal or temporal logics it is often useful to consider axioms representing universal truths in the domain of discourse. Reasoning with respect to an arbitrary set of axioms is hard, even for relatively inexpressive logics, and it is essential to deal with such axioms in an efficient manner if implemented systems are to be effective in real applications. This is particularly relevant to Description Logics, where subsumption reasoning with respect to a terminology is a fundamental problem. Two optimisation techniques that have proved to be particularly effective in dealing with terminologies are lazy unfolding and absorption. In this paper we seek to improve our theoretical understanding of these important techniques. We define a formal framework that allows the techniques to be precisely described, establish conditions under which they can be safely applied, and prove that, provided these conditions are respected, subsumption testing algorithms will still function correctly. These results are used to show that the procedures used in the FaCT system are correct and, moreover, to show how effiency an be significantly improved, while still retaining the guarantee of correctness, by relaxing the safety conditions for absorption.
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Lylo, Taras. THE IDEOLOGEME «DICTATORSHIP OF RELATIVISM» IN THE ROBERTO DE MATTEI’S ESSAYS: POSTMODERN AND POST-COMMUNIST CONTEXTS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, marzec 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11100.

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The article considers relativism as a philosophical principle and the moral standpoint of a journalist. In particular, the main argumentation of Roberto de Mattei’s work «Dictatorship of Relativism» is analyzed. Like Ratzinger, the Italian publicist describes modern life as ruled by a dictatorship of relativism which does not recognize anything as definitive and whose ultimate goal consists solely of satisfying «the desires of one’s own ego». In his view, the boundaries of the main conflict of modernity lie between two visions of the world: one that believes in the existence of immutable, absolute values, and one that argues that there is nothing stable, that everything is conditional, time-dependent and can be discussed in the media. The markers of this conflict are our attitude to the famous statement of Protagoras about «man as a measure of all things: of the things that are, that they are, of the things that are not, that they are not», as well as to the non-debatable values, the status of natural and positive law, the worldview neutrality, the dehierarchization and multiplicity of truths, the equalization of all worldviews and axiological standpoint in foreign and Ukrainian media. A special attention in the article is paid to the ideological program of media-relativism, as well as to the postmodern and post-communist contexts of the issue of the penetration of relativism into the journalistic values.
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Khomenko, Tetiana. TIME AND SPACE OF HISTORICAL PARALLELS OF EUGEN SVERSTIUK’S JOURNALISM. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, marzec 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11095.

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The article is dedicated to the investigation of time-space measurements of journalistic works of Eugen Sverstiuk, a well-known Ukrainian journalist. In particular, the time-space continuum of his works is being discussed, which is characterized as comprehensive, continuous, filled with archetypical images which metaphorize the text, but at the same time structure it, and are beaded on the axis of time and documentarily located in the space. The logics of images initiated in the text is exaggerated by constant dwelling of the author in the time-space dimensions of the epoque, of which he was a contemporary, as well as precise knowledge of World and Ukrainian history and culture. Historical parallelism of journalism of E. Sverstiuk possesses double potential. On the one hand, the author provides arguments for confirmation of his own opinion, and on the other, he shows us historical collisions in the new aspect, which helps consider the past, better understand the present, and think of the future. Pages of his works is space for author’s considerations, which logics impresses by free transgression of the author in the time, and his ability to grasp the most essential, although sometimes precedent, sometimes sudden and forgotten, or even unknown historical facts in order to force them to resonate in the new historical realities, first of all to indicate the importance of national and the need for assigning to it more significance. Using retrospectives, E. Sverstiuk encourages us to return to the national sources and to seek in ourselves the reflections of nationality in order to return historical truth to our audience. This is what, according to E. Sverstiuk, was believed to be one of the most necessary conditions of existence to the independent state. Time-space continuum of E. Sverstiuk’s journalism is reproduction of comprehensive history as continuous process of the development of humanity, and of formation of comprehensive, total, and so to say epic reading and understanding of these processes via accentuation of reader’s attention on key events, phenomena, and facts.
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Ruiz, Pablo, Craig Perry, Alejando Garcia, Magali Guichardot, Michael Foguer, Joseph Ingram, Michelle Prats, Carlos Pulido, Robert Shamblin i Kevin Whelan. The Everglades National Park and Big Cypress National Preserve vegetation mapping project: Interim report—Northwest Coastal Everglades (Region 4), Everglades National Park (revised with costs). National Park Service, listopad 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2279586.

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The Everglades National Park and Big Cypress National Preserve vegetation mapping project is part of the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP). It is a cooperative effort between the South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD), the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), and the National Park Service’s (NPS) Vegetation Mapping Inventory Program (VMI). The goal of this project is to produce a spatially and thematically accurate vegetation map of Everglades National Park and Big Cypress National Preserve prior to the completion of restoration efforts associated with CERP. This spatial product will serve as a record of baseline vegetation conditions for the purpose of: (1) documenting changes to the spatial extent, pattern, and proportion of plant communities within these two federally-managed units as they respond to hydrologic modifications resulting from the implementation of the CERP; and (2) providing vegetation and land-cover information to NPS park managers and scientists for use in park management, resource management, research, and monitoring. This mapping project covers an area of approximately 7,400 square kilometers (1.84 million acres [ac]) and consists of seven mapping regions: four regions in Everglades National Park, Regions 1–4, and three in Big Cypress National Preserve, Regions 5–7. The report focuses on the mapping effort associated with the Northwest Coastal Everglades (NWCE), Region 4 , in Everglades National Park. The NWCE encompasses a total area of 1,278 square kilometers (493.7 square miles [sq mi], or 315,955 ac) and is geographically located to the south of Big Cypress National Preserve, west of Shark River Slough (Region 1), and north of the Southwest Coastal Everglades (Region 3). Photo-interpretation was performed by superimposing a 50 × 50-meter (164 × 164-feet [ft] or 0.25 hectare [0.61 ac]) grid cell vector matrix over stereoscopic, 30 centimeters (11.8 inches) spatial resolution, color-infrared aerial imagery on a digital photogrammetric workstation. Photo-interpreters identified the dominant community in each cell by applying majority-rule algorithms, recognizing community-specific spectral signatures, and referencing an extensive ground-truth database. The dominant vegetation community within each grid cell was classified using a hierarchical classification system developed specifically for this project. Additionally, photo-interpreters categorized the absolute cover of cattail (Typha sp.) and any invasive species detected as either: Sparse (10–49%), Dominant (50–89%), or Monotypic (90–100%). A total of 178 thematic classes were used to map the NWCE. The most common vegetation classes are Mixed Mangrove Forest-Mixed and Transitional Bayhead Shrubland. These two communities accounted for about 10%, each, of the mapping area. Other notable classes include Short Sawgrass Marsh-Dense (8.1% of the map area), Mixed Graminoid Freshwater Marsh (4.7% of the map area), and Black Mangrove Forest (4.5% of the map area). The NWCE vegetation map has a thematic class accuracy of 88.4% with a lower 90th Percentile Confidence Interval of 84.5%.
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