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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Concrete Structures-Shear and Torsion”

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Data publikacji: 6 września 2023

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1

Puurula, Arto. "Assessment of prestressed concrete bridges loaded in combined shear, torsion and bending /". Luleå, 2004. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1757/2004/43.

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2

Alnuaimi, Ali Said Mohammed. "Direct design of reinforced and partially prestressed concrete beams for combined torsion, bending and shear". Thesis, Connect to e-thesis, 1999. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/652/.

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3

Shaarbaf, Ihsan Ali Saib. "Three-dimensional non-linear finite element analysis of reinforced concrete beams in torsion : reinforced concrete members under torsion and bending are analysed up to failure : a non-linear concrete model for general states of stress including compressive strength degradation due to cracking is described". Thesis, University of Bradford, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/3576.

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This thesis describes a non-linear finite element model suitable for the analysis of reinforced concrete, or steel, structures under general three-dimensional states of loading. The 20 noded isoparametric brick element has been used to model the concrete and reinforcing bars are idealised as axial members embedded within the concrete elements. The compressive behaviour of concrete is simulated by an elasto-plastic work hardening model followed by a perfectly plastic plateau which is terminated at the onset the . crushing. In tension, a smeared crack model with fixed orthogonal cracks has been used with the inclusion of models for the retained post-cracking stress and the reduced shear modulus. The non-linear equations of equilibrium have been solved using an incremental-iterative technique operating under load control. The solution algorithms used are the standard and the modified Newton-Raphson methods. Line searches have been implemented to accelerate convergence. The numerical integration has been generally carried out using 15 point Gaussian type rules. Results of a study to investigate the performance of these rules show that the 15 point rules are accurate and computationally efficient compared with the 27(3X3X3) point Gaussian rule. The three- dimensional finite element model has been used to investigate the problem of elasto-plastic torsion of homogeneous members. The accuracy of the finite element solutions obtained for beams of different cross-sections subjected to pure and warping torsion have been assessed by comparing them with the available exact or approximate analytical solutions. Because the present work is devoted towards the analysis of reinforced concrete members which fail in shear or torsional modes, the computer program incorporates three models to account for the degradation in the compressive strength of concrete due to presence of tensile straining of transverse reinforcement. The numerical solutions obtained for reinforced concrete panels under pure shear and beams in torsion and combined torsion and bending reveal that the inclusion of a model for reducing the compressive strength of cracked concrete can significantly improve the correlation of the predicted post-cracking stiffness and the computed ultimate loads with the experimental results. Parametric studies to investigate the effects of some important material and solution parameters have been carried out. It is concluded that in the presence of a compression strength reduction model, the tension-stiffening parameters required for reinforced concrete members under torsion should be similar to those used for members in which bending dominates.
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4

Pham, Keimann, i Jesse Olsson. "Bestämning av skjuvhållfasthet med vridprovning för pågjutna betongkonstruktioner". Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-136826.

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Skador och slitage på brokonstruktioner av betong beror på tösalter, armeringskorrosion och frostcykler i kombination med ökande trafiklaster. Den i särklass vanligaste reparationsåtgärden för dessa typer av skador är att göra en pågjutning. Metoden går ut på att först avlägsna det skadade eller dåliga betongskiktet innan en ny betong pågjuts. För att bedöma hur bra ett pågjutningsarbete är behöver vidhäftningen mellan den nya pågjutningen och gamla betongen fastställas. Den mest använda metoden för detta syfte är s.k. dragprovning som bestämmer draghållfastheten i vidhäftningen. I praktiken är dock vidhäftningens skjuvhållfasthet av större intresse och approximeras därför utifrån draghållfastheten, men med en vridprovning kan fogens skjuvhållfasthet direkt bestämmas. Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka vridprovningens reliabilitet för att i framtiden eventuellt kunna bestämma skjuvhållfastheten på ett mer direkt och korrekt sätt. I examensarbetet undersöks vridprovningens reliabilitet för att bestämma skjuvhållfastheten i fogen mellan pågjutning och gammal betong med dragprovningen som referens. Studien omfattar åtta parallellprovningar av drag- och vridprovningar där den lägst uppmätta skjuvhållfastheten jämförs med fogens dimensioneringsvärde enligt EK2. Examensarbetet görs i samband med Spårväg city-projektet vid Sergels torg, Stockholm, i uppdrag från Trafikkontoret i Stockholm och CBI Betonginstitutet. Resultaten från provningarna visade att fogbrott, som är av intresse, var vanligare för dragprovning än vridprovning. Den stora spridningen av mätvärdena var en konsekvens av det låga antalet fogbrott för vridprovningen. Medelvärdet för fogens draghållfasthet på 1,43 MPa tyder på god vidhäftning, men fogens skjuvhållfasthet bestämd med vridprovning visar ett medelvärde på endast 1,61 MPa och understiger det förväntade värdet på ca dubbla draghållfastheten d.v.s. 2,9 MPa. Intressant är att det lägst uppmätta värdet på skjuvhållfastheten på 0,83 MPa var ovanligt lågt, men fortfarande större än dimensioneringsvärdet enligt EK2 på 0,59 MPa. Studien har visat att vridprovningen är en svårtydlig metod för att bestämma skjuvhållfastheten i fogen mellan pågjutning och gammal betong. Anledningen till detta beror främst av tre faktorer, för få antal provningar, den stora spridningen av mätvärden samt de svårtolkade brottmoderna från vridprovningen. Trots detta tros vridprovningen vara en framtida metod för konstruktörer och beställare eftersom metoden är ett bra mätverktyg för att bestämma skjuvhållfastheten för pågjutna betongkonstruktioner som helhet och inte bara i fogen mellan pågjutning och befintlig betong.
Damages and wear on concrete bridges are due to de-icing salt or salt water, reinforcement corrosion and repeated freeze-thaw cycles in combination with increasing traffic loads. The most common repair operation for these types of damages is to remove the deteriorated concrete and replace it with a new concrete overlay. To evaluate how well a bonded concrete overlay is, the bond strength between the new and old concrete has to be determined. The most widely used method for this purpose is the so-called pull off test to determine the tensile bond strength. In practice however the shear bond strength is of greater interest and is therefore approximated on the basis of tensile bond strength, but with a torsion test the shear bond strength can be directly determined. The purpose of this study is to investigate the reliability of the torsion test to determine the shear bond strength in a more direct and accurate manner. The thesis examines the reliability of the torsion test to determine the shear bond strength with the pull off test as a reference. The study includes eight parallel tests of pull off and torsion tests where the lowest measured shear bond strength is compared with the calculated design value of shear bond strength according to EC2. The work is done in connection with the Spårväg city project at Sergels torg, Stockholm, in collaboration with the Traffic Administration Office in Stockholm and CBI, the Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute. The results of the tests showed that the failures in the interface between new and old concrete, which are of interest, were more common for pull off tests than torsion tests where only two of the eight test samples showed failure in the interface. The wide scatter of the measured values is a consequence of the low number of failures in the interface. The mean value of the tensile bond strength was 1,43 MPa, which indicates good bond strength. The shear bond strength however made with torsion tests show a mean value of only 1,61 MPa. Lower than the expected value of about twice the tensile bond strength of 2,86 MPa. Interestingly, the lowest measured value of the shear bond strength of 0,83 MPa was unusually low, but still higher than the calculated design value of shear bond strength of 0.59 MPa according to EC2. The study has shown that torsion test is a difficult method for determining the shear strength of the bond between the new and old concrete. The reason for this is mainly due to three factors, the low number of tests, the large scatter of values, and the difficulty to interpret failures of the test samples. Despite this the torsion test seems to be a future method for structural engineers and contractors as a tool to determine shear strength for repaired concrete structures in general and not only the shear bond strength.
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5

Bairán, García Jesús Miguel. "A non-linear coupled model for the analysis of reinforced concrete sections under bending, shear, torsion and axial forces". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6177.

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La mayoría de las estructuras de hormigón armado se someten a solicitaciones combinadas de esfuerzos axiles, flexión, cortante y torsión. La fisuración del hormigón, plastificación de las armaduras y otros efectos no-lineales hacen que las secciones transversales de estos elementos presenten un comportamiento anisótropo que deriva en el acoplamiento de los esfuerzos normales y tangenciales. Es decir, esfuerzos normales o momentos flectores pueden producir deformaciones de corte y vice versa. Aunque en algunas ocaciones, esta interacción es considerada de forma simplificada en el dimensionamiento de estructuras, hasta el momento no se ha realizado un análisis profundo de los efectos acoplados en secciones de forma arbitraria bajo cargas 3D generales utilizando modelos de fibras.
El objetivo principal de esta tesis es generalizar el análisis de secciones de hormigón armado mediante fibras, de forma que se pueda reproducir la res-puesta no-lineal acoplada frente a esfuerzos normales y tangenciales bajo solicitaciones tridimensionales generales. De igual forma, se pretende obtener, para los esfuerzos cortantes y torsión, la misma capacidad de representación de geometrías y combinación de materiales que ofrecen los modelos de fibras para esfuerzos de flexo-compresión.
La primera problemática estriba en representar adecuadamente la cinemática de la sección transversal. Con la excepción de las deformaciones normales contenidas en el plano de la sección, no existe una teoría cinemática que a priori pueda dar la distribución del resto de deformaciones o tensiones en la sección, sin dejar de satisfacer las condiciones de equilibrio interno o continuidad entre las fibras que componen la misma.
Por otra parte, para materiales anisótropos, como el hormigón fisurado, en general todos los esfuerzos internos pueden estar acoplados. Además, es preciso considerar la distorsión de la sección transversal para satisfacer el equilibrio entre fibras.
El problema se aborda de forma general, considerando una sección de forma y materiales cualesquiera. Se parte del problema diferencial de equilibrio de un sólido con el que se ha podido deducir un sistema de equilibrio entre fibras (equilibrio a nivel sección). Se puede demostrar que éste es complementario al problema estándar de vigas. El sistema complementario permite recuperar información tridimensional que normalmente se pierde al resolver un problema de vigas.
Posteriormente, se propone una solución interna del problema complementario, en la que el alabeo y la distorsión de la sección quedan expresados como una función de las deformaciones generalizadas de una viga: deformaciones axil y cortantes, curvaturas de flexión y torsión. No son necesarios grados de libertad adicionales a nivel estructura ni hipótesis a-priori sobre la forma de los campos de deformación o tensión interna.
A partir de la formulación teórica, se desarrolla un modelo de elementos finitos plano de la sección transversal. El modelo está preparado para servir como respuesta constitutiva de cualquier tipo de elemento viga en sus puntos de integración. %Se evita así la necesidad de realizar un modelo de elementos sólidos de toda la barra para estudiar la respuesta frente a una combinación general de esfuerzos normales y tangenciales.
Se implementan una serie de modelos constitutivos para distintos materiales. En particular, se implementa un modelo constitutivo triaxial para hormigón fisurado, considerando la anisotropía inducida por la fisuración e incluyendo la superficie de rotura según un criterio multiaxial.
La formulación seccional es validada mediante varios casos de estudio teóricos y experimentales. La respuesta no-lineal acoplada bajo diversas combinaciones de esfuerzos normales y tangenciales es reproducida con precisión, lo cual queda patente tanto en las curvas esfuerzo-deformación obtenidas como en las matrices de rigidez seccionales.
Finalmente, se recopilan las conclusiones derivadas de la presente investigación y se
ofren recomendaciones para futuros trabajos.
Most RC structures are subjected to combined normal and tangential forces, such as bending, axial load, shear and torsion. Concrete cracking, steel yielding and other material nonlinearities produce an anisotropic sectional response that results in a coupling between the effects of normal and shear forces, i.e. normal force or bending moments may produce shear strains and vice versa. Although this interaction is sometimes taken into account, in a simplified manner, in the design of RC structures, a deep analysis of the coupling effects of RC sections using fiber models has not yet been made for arbitrary shape sections under general 3D loading.
The main objective of this thesis is to generalize the fiber-like sectional analysis of reinforced concrete elements, to make it capable of considering the coupled non-linear response under tangential and normal internal forces, from a general 3D loading.
Similarly, it is desired to obtain, for torque and shear forces, the same capacity and versatility in reproducing complex geometry and materials combination that fiber-like sectional representations offers for bending and stretching.
The first problematic lies in finding a proper representation of the section's kinematics under such general loading. Except for in-plane normal strains, there is no single kinematical theory capable of a-priori representing the correct distribution of the others strains or stresses satisfying, at the same time, inter-fiber equilibrium and continuity. On the other hand, for rather anisotropic materials, such as cracked concrete, all internal forces are, in general, coupled. It is also required that distortion is allowed for the section's kinematics in order to guarantee satisfaction of internal equilibrium.
The problem is dealt in a general form considering arbitrary shaped sections and any material behaviour. Starting from the differential equilibrium of a solid, an inter-fiber equilibrium system (equilibrium at the sectional level) was deduced. This system, which is complementary to the standard equilibrium problem of a beam-column, allows to recuperate information of the three-dimensional problem that is generally lost when solving a beam problem.
Further, a solution of the equilibrium at the sectional level is proposed in which the section's warping and distortion are posed as a function of the generalized beam-column strains (axial and shear strains, bending and torsion curvatures). No additional degrees of freedom are required at the structural level nor a-priori hypotheses on the distribution of the internal strains or stresses.
After the theoretical formulation, a planar finite element model for cross-sectional analysis is developed. The model can be used as a constitutive law for general beam column elements at their integration points.
A series of constitutive models have been implemented for several materials. In particular, a triaxial constitutive model for cracked concrete is implemented considering crackinduced anisotropy and a multiaxial failure criterion.
The sectional formulation is validated by means of various theoretical and experimental case studies. Non-linear coupled response under normal and tangential internal forces is reproduced with accuracy, as can be seen both in the predicted internal force-strain curves and in the sectional stiffness matrixes.
Finally, the conclusions drawn from the current research are summarized and
recomendations for future works are given.
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6

Grosser, Philipp R. [Verfasser], i Rolf [Akademischer Betreuer] Eligehausen. "Load-bearing behavior and design of anchorages subjected to shear and torsion loading in uncracked concrete / Philipp R. Grosser. Betreuer: Rolf Eligehausen". Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1028801254/34.

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7

Capdevielle, Sophie. "Introduction du gauchissement dans les éléments finis multifibres pour la modélisation non linéaire des structures en béton armé". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAI109/document.

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Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse sont consacrés à l'enrichissement de la méthode de modélisation par éléments finis de type poutre multifibre. La méthode a fait ses preuves pour le calcul dynamique d'éléments de structures élancés, lorsque les contraintes normales prédominent. Toutefois, lorsque les contraintes de cisaillement sont prépondérantes, l'approximation de la cinématique utilisée par les éléments poutre n'est plus assez précise pour obtenir des résultats satisfaisants. L'objet de ces travaux de thèse est d'améliorer la méthode en créant un nouvel élément permettant de tenir compte du gauchissement des sections transversales dû au cisaillement. Ce développement est réalisé en deux étapes. Les éléments sont enrichis dans un premier temps par les déformations de gauchissement sous sollicitation de torsion. Le modèle de gauchissement est validé dans le domaine linéaire par confrontation aux résultats d'une modélisation numérique 3D. Après implémentation du gauchissement de torsion dans l'élément multifibre, des simulations numériques de poutres en torsion pure sont comparées à des résultats d'essais, permettant de valider le comportement des éléments poutre dans les domaines linéaire et non linéaire. Un modèle d'endommagement est utilisé pour le béton, et le gauchissement est mis à jour au fur et à mesure du calcul en tenant compte de l'évolution des propriétés matériau. L'étape suivante d'enrichissement est alors réalisée, avec l'élaboration d'un modèle de gauchissement complet sous toutes sollicitations de cisaillement, couplé au modèle d'endommagement. Une validation locale du profil de gauchissement élastique sous effort tranchant est effectuée par comparaison à la solution analytique, puis le profil de gauchissement sous sollicitations couplées de torsion et d'effort tranchant est validé par confrontation aux résultats d'une modélisation 3D. Outre la prise en compte du cisaillement par effort tranchant, la principale différence de cet enrichissement avec le modèle précédent est le calcul implicite du profil de gauchissement de la poutre au cours du calcul de structure. Les deux modèles développés sont comparés sur le comportement de poutres en torsion monotone, afin de quantifier l'impact de la méthode de calcul sur la précision des résultats et sur l'efficacité du calcul. Finalement, le modèle complet avec gauchissement est appliqué à la simulation sismique d'une structure. L'ensemble de ces cas-tests montre que l'enrichissement de la méthode par éléments finis multifibres est fonctionnel, avec des perspectives d'amélioration en ce qui concerne l'efficacité numérique notamment, et des perspectives intéressantes d'application
The present work is dedicated to the numerical modeling of structures using multifiber beam elements. This numerical method was proved to be efficient to simulate the behavior of slender structural elements subject to normal stresses. However, the response of the model for shear-dominating stresses lacks of accuracy. This problem is addressed by introducing warping in the kinematics of multibfiber beam elements. A new multifiber element is developed in two steps. Torsional warping is first introduced in the deformations of an arbitrary-shaped composite cross section. The resulting warping profiles are validated by comparison with the axial displacements obtained by three-dimensional modeling of beams in torsion. After implementation of the warping kinematics in a Timoshenko multifiber beam element, the formulation is validated against the experimental behavior of beams subject to pure torsion. The material is modeled by a 3D damage law, and warping is updated throughout the computations to account for damage evolution. A comparison of torque–twist curves predicted with enhanced and classical beam elements to experimental curves highlights the importance of including warping in the model. The second step consists in formulating an element with additional warping degrees of freedom, accounting for the warping deformations due to both transverse shear and torsion. This element is validated using an analytical model for a beam subject to transverse shear. Then the linear elastic behavior of a beam subject to both shear and torsion is successfully compared to the results of a 3D simulation. The complete formulation is coupled to damage through an implicit soulution procedure for the beam and the warping degrees of freedom. The enhanced method is eventually used to compute the behavior of a full structure subject to a seismic loading
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8

Nádvorník, Ondřej. "Návrh mostní konstrukce na rychlostní komunikaci". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226420.

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This Master's thesis deals with the detailed design of the supporting structure of the bridge with two sections, with the rise in the direction of the intermediate support, and cross-cut single-beam construction. The supporting structure is designed from the prestressed concrete, prestressing losses are accurately quantified. It also deals with the assessment of pillar base threshold and pilot groups. The assessment was carried out according to the limit states.
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9

El-, Shihy A. M. "Unwelded shear connectors in composite steel and concrete structures". Thesis, University of Southampton, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374861.

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10

Ishtewi, Ahmad M. "Shear Capacity of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Under Pure Shear". University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1354725447.

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11

Lindwall, Caroline, i Jonas Wester. "Modelling Lateral Stability of Prefabricated Concrete Structures". Thesis, KTH, Betongbyggnad, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-188586.

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Stability calculations of prefabricated concrete structures with help of FEM-tools demand knowledge about how the elements are related to each other. This thesis concerns how joints between building elements affect the results when modelling prefabricated concrete structures, with demarcation to joints between hollow core (HC) slabs and between solid wall elements. The thesis also covers how the properties of the floor can be adjusted to account for the effects of the joints without modelling every single element. The work started by measuring the deflection of 10 HC-slabs jointed together and loaded in-plane acting as a deep beam, in a FE-model made with Robot™, from Autodesk®. The joints between the HC-elements were modelled either rigid or elastic, and the cross-section and the length of the HC-elements were varied. The linear elastic stiffness between the HC-elements was obtained from the literature as 0.05 (GN/m)/m. The results showed that a changed cross-section geometry gave greater differences in deformation than a changed length. The in-plane shear modulus was then adjusted for the HC-elements in the rigid cases until the same deflection was achieved as for the elastic cases. The result showed that the shear modulus in average for the different cross-section geometries and lengths had to be reduced with a factor of 0.1 to account for the joints. Based on the geometry of a castellated joint between prefabricated solid concrete walls, a calculation model was developed for its linear elastic stiffness. The result was a stiffness of 1.86 (GN/m)/m. To verify the calculated stiffness, a FE-model was developed consisting of a 30m high wall, loaded horizontally in-plane and with one or two vertical joints where the stiffness was applied. The deflection and the reaction forces were noted and the result from the calculated stiffness was compared to other stiffnesses and assessed reasonable. The reaction forces were shown to depend on the stiffness of the joint. The reduced in-plane shear modulus of the HC-elements and the calculated stiffness of the wall joints were then used in a FE-model of a 10-storey building stabilised by two units. The vertical reaction forces were analysed and the results showed 0.02 % difference in the reaction forces in the stabilising units when consideration of the joints between the HC-elements were taken into account and 0.09 % when the vertical joints in the shear wall were taken into account. The results for the wall joint differed from the results when only the wall was modelled. This was thought to be a result of that the floors counteract the shear deformations in the wall joints. The influence of the floor joints was not significant for the building considered in this thesis, but for buildings with non-continuous configuration of the stiffness in the shear walls the outcome may be another, in these cases the reduction factor may be useful.
Vid stabilitetsberäkningar av prefabricerade betongstommar med hjälp av FEM-verktyg ställs krav på kunskap om hur elementen förhåller sig till varandra. Detta arbete berör hur fogar mellan byggnadselement påverkar modellering av prefabricerade betongstommar med avgränsning till fogar mellan håldäckselement och mellan solida väggelement. Arbetet berör även en studie i hur ett bjälklags egenskaper kan justeras så att fogarnas effekt kan tillvaratas utan att modellera varje enskilt håldäckselement. Arbetet inleddes med att utböjningen analyserades hos 10 st ihopskarvade håldäckselement, lastade i dess plan likt en hög balk, i en FE-modell skapad i programmet Robot™, från Autodesk®. Fogarna mellan håldäcken modellerades som antingen rigida eller elastiska och håldäckens tvärsnittsgeometri och längd varierades under testet. Den linjära styvheten mellan håldäcken togs från litteraturen som 0.05 (GN/m)/m. Resultatet visade att ändrad tvärsnittsgeometri gav större skillnader för deformationen än varierad längd på håldäcken. Håldäckens skjuvmodul justerades sedan i dess plan för de rigida testen tills dess att de uppnådde samma utböjning som de elastiska. Resultatet visade att skjuvmodulen behövdes reduceras med en faktor 0.1, i medeltal för de olika tvärsnittsgeometrierna och håldäckslängderna. Utefter geometrin på en fog med förtagningar mellan prefabricerade väggar togs en beräkningsmodell fram för den linjärelastiska styvheten i väggfogarna. Resultatet blev en styvhet på 1.86 (GN/m)/m. För att verifiera den beräknade styvheten togs en FE-modell fram bestående av en 30m hög vägg lastad horisontellt i dess plan med en eller två vertikala fogar där en linjär styvhet applicerades. Utböjningen samt reaktionskrafterna noterades, resultatet för den uträknade linjära styvheten jämfördes med andra styvheter och bedömdes utifrån detta vara rimlig. Reaktionskrafterna visade sig vara beroende av styvheten på fogen. Den sänkta skjuvmodulen för håldäcken och den beräknade linjära elasticiteten för väggarna användes sedan i en FE-modell av en 10-våningsbyggnad med två stabiliserande enheter där de vertikala reaktionskrafterna analyserades. Resultatet visade att endast 0.02 procentenheter skiljer reaktionskrafterna i de stabiliserande enheterna då hänsyn tas till fogarna mellan håldäcken och 0.09 procentenheter då hänsyn tas till fogarna mellan väggarna. Resultatet skiljer sig från när endast väggen modellerades, vilket tros bero på att bjälklaget hjälper till att motverka deformationer i väggfogarna. Fogen mellan bjälklagselementen tros kunna ha större inverkan på en byggnad med stabiliserande enheter som drastiskt ändrar styvhet från ett plan till ett annat, i dessa fall kan den framtagna reduktionsfaktorn vara av nytta.
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12

Malm, Richard. "Shear cracks in concrete structures subjected to in-plane stresses". Licentiate thesis, KTH, Civil and Architectural Engineering, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4215.

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After only two years of service, extensive cracking was found in the webs of two light-rail commuter line bridges in Stockholm, the Gröndal and Alvik bridges. Due to this incident it was found necessary to study the means available for analysing shear cracking in concrete structures subjected to in-plane stresses. The aim of this PhD project is to study shear cracking with these two bridges as reference. In this thesis, the first part aims to study the possibility of using finite element analysis as a tool for predicting shear cracking for plane state stresses. The second part is concerning how the shear cracks are treated in the concrete design standards.

Shear cracking in reinforced beams has been studied with non-linear finite element analyses. In these analyses the shear cracking behaviour was compared to experiments conducted to analyse the shear failure behaviour. Finite element analyses were performed with two different FE programs Abaqus and Atena. The material model used in Atena is a smeared crack model based on damage and fracture theory with either fixed or rotated crack direction. The material model used in Abaqus is based on plasticity and damage theory. The fixed crack model in Atena and the model in Abaqus gave good results for all studied beams. For the two studied deep beams with flanges the results from the rotated crack model were almost the same as obtained with the fixed crack model. The rotated crack model in Atena gave though for some beams a rather poor estimation of the behaviour.

The calculation of crack widths of shear cracks has been studied for the long-term load case in the serviceability state for the Gröndal and Alvik bridges, with the means available in the design standards. The methods based on the crack direction corresponding to the principal stress and do not include the effect of aggregate interlocking seems to be too conservative. Two of the studied methods included the effect of aggregate interlocking, it was made either by introducing stresses in the crack plane or implicitly by changing the direction of the crack so that it no longer coincide with the direction of principal stress. For calculations based on probable load conditions, these methods gave estimations of the crack widths that were close to the ones observed at the bridges. Continuous measurements of cracks at the Gröndal and the Alvik bridges have also been included. Monitoring revealed that the strengthening work with post-tensioned tendons has, so far, been successful. It also revealed that the crack width variations after strengthening are mainly temperature dependent where the daily temperature variation creates movements ten times greater than those from a passing light-rail vehicle. Monitoring a crack between the top flange and the webs on the Gröndal Bridge showed that the top flange was moving in a longitudinal direction relative to the web until the strengthening was completed. The crack widths in the sections strengthened solely by carbon fibre laminates seem to increase due to long-term effects.

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Shehata, Emile F. G. "Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) for shear reinforcement in concrete structures". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0001/NQ41626.pdf.

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Ahmad, Syed Iftikhar. "Flexural and shear strengthening of concrete structures with prestressed GFRP sheets". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/29336.

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Although Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composite sheets have showed excellent results in laboratory for strengthening reinforced concrete structures, it could not get wide popularity in field application cost. To address this problem the present study was carried out to explore the possibility of using Glass FRP (GFRP) composite sheets which is relatively cheap material. GFRP has relatively low modulus of elasticity and therefore disregarded for strengthening in the past. Active strengthening technique i.e. prestressing was used for maximum utilization of GFRP strength. Prestressing has not only helped in achieving this goal but also improved the behaviour of strengthened member under service load and delayed premature delamination. Long term losses associated with prestressing were also studied and it was found in acceptable range. The research work comprised of both experimental and analytical investigations. The experimental program consisted of testing twenty three (eight flexure and fifteen shear), rectangular section, simply supported reinforced concrete beams. The variables in flexure beams were levels of prestressing, number of GFRP layers, and conventional reinforcement ratio. In shear beams variables were shear span to effective depth (a/d) ratio, number of prestressed GFRP layers, non-prestressed GFRP U-straps and U-jackets. Flexure beams strengthened with prestressed GFRP sheet showed higher increase in flexural capacity and better serviceability behaviour. Shear beams strengthened with prestressed GFRP sheets showed increase in shear capacity. Delay in sheet delamination was noted in prestressed GFRP sheet. Long term retention of prestressing force in GFRP sheets was noted in strengthened beams. An innovative and easy to apply prestressing system was developed in this study. Recommendation was framed for modification in the prestressing system for field application. The analytical tool i.e. Response 2000, used in this study accurately predicts the flexural beam behaviour whereas prediction of shear capacity was underestimated due to ignoring the effect of transverse clamping force on shear capacity. For the rest of shear beams, the model accurately predicted the shear capacity. Comparison of predicted and observed results of shear and flexure beams was carried out and it was concluded that prestressing of GFRP sheet is a useful and economical technique for strengthening of structural members.
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Jaafar, Kamal Rachid. "Spiral shear reinforcement for concrete structures under static and seismic loads". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.616166.

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Wong, Sze-man. "Seismic performance of reinforced concrete wall structures under high axial load with particular application to low-to moderate seismic regions". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B34739531.

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Olimb, Ane Marte. "Testing of Fibre Reinforced Concrete Structures : Shear Capacity of Beams with Openings". Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for konstruksjonsteknikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-18527.

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The thesis examines the use of fibre reinforced concrete in carrying structures. The basis of the project is shear capacity of beams with openings which is a very common structural element. It has been carried out full-scale tests of one reference beam and three beams with openings reinforced with different reinforcement combinations.The first part of the report consists of a literature study based on earlier research and published material on fibre reinforced concrete and its use in carrying structures. Different fibres and their properties are described as well as the components in concrete and their effect. As of today there are no official set of rules for designing fibre reinforced structures, but there are several suggestions for rules which are described in the report. The most important set of rules for this project is made by COIN (Concrete Innovation Centre). The calculations done in the project are based on the COIN-report.The concrete used in the tests were delivered by Unicon and the castings were done in two days, one casting with plain concrete (reference beam and one beam with openings with traditional shear reinforcement) and one casting with fibre reinforcement (Dramix 80/60). The fibre reinforced beams with openings consisted of one beam with a combination of fibre and traditional shear reinforcement and one with only fibres as shear reinforcement. The casting of the fibre reinforced concrete proved difficult as the fibres were lumping together and deteriorated the flowability. Therefore the FRC required a lot of work while being cast.In addition to the full-scale beams standard beams and testing cubes were cast. These were later tested to establish the strength properties of the concrete. The tests showed that both the compressive strength and the residual tensile strength were higher than the theoretical values used in the pre-testing calculations, so post-testing calculations were carried out as well.The full-scale beams were tested at the structural laboratory at NTNU. The testing was done in a rig with a four point testing set-up with two symmetrical loads. The beams were instrumented to measure the midspan vertical displacement as well as the crack openings beneath the openings and a computer registered the measured values. Both the fibre reinforced beams proved to have better capacity and ductility than the plain concrete beams. This indicates that steel fibre reinforcement is a good solution for shear reinforcement for beams with openings.Most of the calculations done were in good accordance with the test results although they were a bit on the conservative side. The calculations for the beam with only fibre reinforcement were not very good, and post-testing calculations were done to find the width of a theoretical tensile trajectory based on the real capacity. All in all the tests showed that the use of FRC in beams with openings might be a good solution in the future. More research should be done on this subject to develop design rules for FRC beams with openings.
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Carolin, Anders. "Strengthening of concrete structures with CFRP : shear strengthening and full scale applications". Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-17937.

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Structures can be in need of strengtheing due to many reasons, which are presented in this thesis. A literature review gives the existing methods for enhancing a structures load bearing capacity. In this thesis focus will be set at external bonding with carbon fibre reinforced polymers. A theory for shear strengthing is presented and compared to laboratory test. Full-scale applications with measurements are evaluated and presented. Finally, some topics for further research are given.

Godkänd; 2001; 20070316 (ysko)

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Yamamoto, Taira. "Nonlinear finite element analysis of transverse shear and torsional problems in reinforced concrete shells". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0002/MQ45940.pdf.

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20

Nordbrøden, Hanna Haugen, i Siri Hansen Weydahl. "Testing of Fibre Reinforced Concrete Structures : Shear Capacity of Beams with Corbel-End". Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for konstruksjonsteknikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-18561.

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Fibre reinforcement as a substitute for conventional bar reinforcement provides for a more efficient construction and building industry, and is therefore of high interest. Today, several countries are developing rules and regulations for the use of fibre reinforced concrete in load carrying structures.The aim of this thesis was to consider the use of fibre reinforcement in load carrying concrete structures, and the main focus was on shear capacity of corbel-end beams. The thesis was divided into two parts: A theoretical part and an experimental part. A full-scale laboratory testing was performed on ten corbel-ends, and on one reference beam without corbel-ends. Different fibre types, material properties, mechanical behaviour of fibre reinforced concrete and test methods were emphasized, in addition to relevant formulas and mechanical relations. Throughout laboratory testing of full-scale beams, different reinforcement layouts were compared with traditional layout. The capacity, ductility, cracking load and crack pattern were investigated. Furthermore, evaluation of the results against current design methods, guidelines and previous results concerning shear problems in corbel-ends were done.Test results proved that the calculated fibre effect was too high. The contribution of vertical stirrups could be directly related to the calculated capacity of the vertical stirrups. The capacity of the fiber reinforced beams was lower than the traditionally reinforced beam, but they had higher ductility and obtained higher load-carrying capacity at large strains. One beam was cast with an optimized casting procedure, and the results indicated that a favourable fibre orientation and distribution was obtained in this beam. All design guidelines gave generally conservative capacities based on the theoretical residual tensile strength, but too high capacities based on the measured residual flexural tensile strength.The overall conclusion of this thesis is that fibre reinforcement may be used as a fully or partly substitute for traditional shear reinforcement in load carrying corbel-end beams. More research on the field is still needed to validate the design guidelines.
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Bin, Mohamed Zainai. "Shear strength of reinforced concrete wall-beam structures : upper-bound analysis and experiments". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/244866.

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This study presents rigid-plastic methods of analysis of shear failure in reinforced concrete (R. C.) wall-beam type structures when subjected to in-plane loading. The upper-bound approach is emphasised. Present shear design practice (e.g. BS8110:1985) relies much upon empirical solutions, but it is inadequately Substantiated by theoretical analyses when compared with design against bending moments. Review of previous work on shear failure in R. C. beams demonstrates the need for a rational analysis approach which broadly represents the important physical characteristics and mechanics of shear failure and which can reliably predict the shear capacity. The rigorous theory of plasticity in shear which was introduced by researchers in Denmark in the early 1970's has proved successful for some limited cases. At failure, a simple kinematic rigid-plastic solution was derived for a stringer model with a straight 'yield line'. Recently, evidence has emerged that the best single yield line between two rigid wall portions may well be curved and not straight. There are different stress states in yield lines and consequently three types of yield line are identified in analysis. These findings enable us to apply for the first time combinations of yield lines to analyse shear failure mechanisms of R. C. wall-beam type structures. The principles of rigid-body plane motion are used to describe the deformations of failure mechanisms. The search for the best mechanism at failure is made automatically by computer. The model predicts reasonably well the strength and mechanism for the test results reported in literature. The model is extended to a wall-beam with openings loaded in plane. Tests were made on shallow beams without shear reinforcement and deep beams with and without web openings to study the accuracy of the fundamental calculations made by the model. The most critical mechanism predicted by the model is reasonably representative of the observed failure mechanism. The strength prediction is in substantial agreement with the experimental tests. The conclusions drawn from the study are: (1) If a correct mechanism is predicted then a rigid-plastic solution is close to the true behaviour otherwise it is an upper bound, and (2) The plastic solution of R. C. is only an approximate solution.
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Khan, Jalil Mohammad. "Nonlinear response of reinforced concrete coupling members in earthquake-resisting shear wall structures". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq29605.pdf.

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Morphy, Ryan David. "Behaviour of fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) stirrups as shear reinforcement for concrete structures". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0002/MQ45102.pdf.

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Khan, Mohammad Jalil. "Nonlinear response of reinforced concrete coupling members in earthquake-resisting shear wall structures". Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27232.

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The influence of some important factors, such as the provision of a central reinforcement cage and longitudinal beam the shear walls, on the nonlinear seismic response of coupled shear wall structures was studied using three 1/3-scale reinforced concrete models, and reported in this thesis.
In the first specimen a central reinforcement cage was provided in the slab between the shear walls. In the second and third models this central cage was replaced by a longitudinal beam. In addition, transverse concealed beams were provided at critical wall-toe regions. The flexural capacities of the concealed transverse beams were different in the second and third specimen. All these specimens were tested under progressively increasingly relative displacements being imposed between the walls. The force-displacement characteristics, reinforcement strains and the wall deflection profiles are presented.
The results of the tests were found to be in a good agreement with those of the previous studies by Taylor (8) and by Malyszko (15). The horizontal legs of the stirrups in the central cage were found to be effective in confining the excessively cracked concrete at higher displacement ductilities. The longitudinal beam along with transverse concealed beams effectively controlled the punching shear failure at the critical wall-toe regions. The transverse concealed beams were also helpful in distributing the concentrated deformations across the width of the slab.
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Gwozdziewicz, Piotr. "Time analysis of prestressed concrete structures with accounting for bending and shear effects". Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999CLF22119.

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Le comportement a long terme des materiaux utilises dans les structures en beton precontraint influence les deformations et la distribution des efforts internes. Une formulation intrinseque du comportement des materiaux est generalement etendue a la section transversale de l'element. Le principe de superposition de boltzmann fournit une description satisfaisante du comportement du beton. La fonction caracteristique du materiau est remplacee par une serie de dirichlet. Ceci permet de deriver une forme incrementale pour la loi de comportement. Le comportement differe du materiau se trouve pris en consideration sur une periode de temps fini ; l'influence de l'histoire du chargement est prise en compte par le biais d'un chargement fictif actualise apres chaque pas de calcul. La loi de comportement est introduite dans un modele theorique pour l'analyse de poutres heterogenes en tenant compte des effets de cisaillement sur la deformation de l'element. Des termes de couplage interviennent dans la matrice de rigidite de la section transversale. L'analyse du comportement dans le temps de la structure se ramene ainsi a une serie d'analyses elastiques fictives equivalentes. Le modele analytique est ensuite implante dans le code de calcul par elements finis castem 2000. Les deplacements de la structures et les parametres internes du modele numerique sont actualises apres chaque pas de calcul. La procedure de calcul dans le temps consiste en une serie de calculs elastiques equivalents. La periode de construction ainsi que les chargements cycliques sont pris en compte par le modele. Le modele numerique est verifie pour des resultats theoriques. Il est ensuite applique a un ouvrage existant construit par double encorbellement. L'examen des possibilites du modele est complete par l'analyse de l'influence de plusieurs parametres sur le comportement de la structure. Le modele peut etre utilise lors de la conception ou pour l'expertise de structures existantes.
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Xu, Jiaming. "Computational modelling of concrete structures subjected to high impulsive loading". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/20954.

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The behaviour of concrete structures subjected to high impulsive loading such as blast involves complex responses at the constituent material as well as local to global structural levels. To fully describe the processes involved, detailed numerical simulation is generally required and it is in fact commonly employed nowadays in this field of investigations. However, the demands on a rigorous computational model with the capability to represent different regimes of responses throughout the entire process, namely the stress wave stage under the immediate impulsive (blast) loading, the development of local composite mechanism (such as shear), and finally the global bending / residual structural state, have not been established nor thoroughly investigated in the literature. This thesis aims to fill in this gap and develop an effective and efficient modelling framework for reinforced concrete (RC) structures under impulsive loading, with a particular focus on the analysis of complex dynamic shear mechanisms and the residual structural capacities. This thesis uses a benchmark RC slab as a testbed to firstly examine the validity of commonly applied finite element setup and typical material models for the analysis of the structural response into the global deformation phase and the residual state. This is followed by a detailed scrutiny of the demands on the concrete material model in terms of preserving a realistic representation of the tension/shear behaviour and the significance of such features in simulating realistically the structural response in a reinforced concrete environment. Deficiencies of a widely used concrete material model, namely the Karagozian and Case concrete (KCC) model, in this respect are investigated and a modification scheme to the relevant aspects of the material model is proposed. The modification is demonstrated to result in satisfactory improvement in terms of ensuring more robust simulation of reinforced concrete response to blast loading. To deal with the inevitable modelling uncertainties in the part of concrete surrounding reinforcing bars in a numerical model, an equivalent transitional layer model is proposed for use in finite element modelling of RC structures subjected to impulsive loading. The main objectives of the equivalent transitional layer are to achieve a consist transfer of stress between rebar to concrete outside the transitional zone, and to maintain a realistic relative “sliding” displacement between the outer edge of the transitional layer and the rebar, while the inner edge of the transitional layer is perfectly bonded (with node-sharing) to the rebar. With appropriate descriptions of the softening and failure of the material for the transitional layer, the deformation profile and the strength can be reasonably represented in a consistent manner using the perfect-bond scheme which is commonly adopted in this field of applications. The transitional layer also incorporates features to ensure mesh-independent bond strength. Validation of proposed transitional layer model is carried out against results from RC pullout and beam experiments. The above modelling framework is subsequently employed to investigate the dynamic shear resistance of RC beam/slab under impulsive loading, recognising that the information on the dynamic shear strength in very scarce in the literature. The influence of loading rate on the change of shear span, which alters the shear resistance mechanism and generally results in an increase of the shear capacity, is discussed. The influence of the strain rate enhancement of the material strength on the dynamic shear capacity is also evaluated.
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Wong, Sze-man, i 黃思敏. "Seismic performance of reinforced concrete wall structures under high axial load with particular application to low-to moderate seismicregions". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B34739531.

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Rubiano-Benavides, Nestor Roberto. "Predictions of the inelastic seismic response of concrete structures including shear deformations and anchorage slip /". Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Schuman, Paul Michael. "Mechanical anchorage for shear rehabilitation of reinforced concrete structures with FRP : an appropriate design approach /". Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3158466.

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Mirtalaie, Kamal. "Shear transfer between precast prestressed bridge beams and in-situ concrete crosshead in continuous structures". Thesis, University of Leeds, 1988. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/310/.

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A detailed investigation was made to study the shear transfer between precast prestressed beams and in-situ concrete in a relatively new method of construction of continuous bridge decks where the ends of precast beams are connected to an integral in-situ crosshead away from the supports. Two series of tests were carried out. In the first series 1/3 scale models of the M. o. T, C&CA M-8 sections were used, and these were modified in the second series to study the effect of the beam's top flanges within the connection. One of the most important mechanisms of shear transfer proved to be the top flanges of the precast beam. For the precast beams with top flanges (first series), and with a 300mm beam embedment length, it was discovered that: a) The shear force is transferred from a small length at the end of the beam. b) The in-situ concrete nibs (concrete surrounding the web) can take this shear force without stirrups. c) There is no need either to project all the bars from the precast into the in-situ concrete or to prestress the connection transversely as a means of improving shear transfer. d) It was possible to transfer the whole shear force at the connection with a reduced embedment length of 100mm with nib stirrups. For the precast beam without top flanges, the transfer of the shear force at the connection required other improving details. In this respect transverse prestressing and web shear connectors were utilized effectively. The effect of projecting bars was also examined. In the general behaviour of composite continuous beams subjected to shear a detailed comparison was made between different Code predictions for the web cracking shear and web crushing strength. A mathematical model is also proposed to predict the stirrup stress according to shear span, effective depth and stirrup ratio when failure is controlled by web crushing. Stirrup stress measurement in the vicinity of continuous support made it possible to predict the enhanced shear strength and a design method is proposed for the continuous beams. A comparion is also made between different Code predictions in this respect. To obtain more information about the strength of web shear connectors used in the secod series, a separate dowel shear specimen was designed. Different interface conditions including bond, dowel bar size and strength and the effect of shrinkage were examined. A design method is proposed together with a comparison with different Code predictions.
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Cardinetti, Filippo <1980&gt. "Fiber beam-columns models with flexure-shear interaction for nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete structures". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/3989/1/Fiber_beam-columns_models_with_flexure-shear_interaction_for_nonlinear_analysis_of_reinforced_concrete_structures.pdf.

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The aim of this study was to develop a model capable to capture the different contributions which characterize the nonlinear behaviour of reinforced concrete structures. In particular, especially for non slender structures, the contribution to the nonlinear deformation due to bending may be not sufficient to determine the structural response. Two different models characterized by a fibre beam-column element are here proposed. These models can reproduce the flexure-shear interaction in the nonlinear range, with the purpose to improve the analysis in shear-critical structures. The first element discussed is based on flexibility formulation which is associated with the Modified Compression Field Theory as material constitutive law. The other model described in this thesis is based on a three-field variational formulation which is associated with a 3D generalized plastic-damage model as constitutive relationship. The first model proposed in this thesis was developed trying to combine a fibre beamcolumn element based on the flexibility formulation with the MCFT theory as constitutive relationship. The flexibility formulation, in fact, seems to be particularly effective for analysis in the nonlinear field. Just the coupling between the fibre element to model the structure and the shear panel to model the individual fibres allows to describe the nonlinear response associated to flexure and shear, and especially their interaction in the nonlinear field. The model was implemented in an original matlab® computer code, for describing the response of generic structures. The simulations carried out allowed to verify the field of working of the model. Comparisons with available experimental results related to reinforced concrete shears wall were performed in order to validate the model. These results are characterized by the peculiarity of distinguishing the different contributions due to flexure and shear separately. The presented simulations were carried out, in particular, for monotonic loading. The model was tested also through numerical comparisons with other computer programs. Finally it was applied for performing a numerical study on the influence of the nonlinear shear response for non slender reinforced concrete (RC) members. Another approach to the problem has been studied during a period of research at the University of California Berkeley. The beam formulation follows the assumptions of the Timoshenko shear beam theory for the displacement field, and uses a three-field variational formulation in the derivation of the element response. A generalized plasticity model is implemented for structural steel and a 3D plastic-damage model is used for the simulation of concrete. The transverse normal stress is used to satisfy the transverse equilibrium equations of at each control section, this criterion is also used for the condensation of degrees of freedom from the 3D constitutive material to a beam element. In this thesis is presented the beam formulation and the constitutive relationships, different analysis and comparisons are still carrying out between the two model presented.
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Cardinetti, Filippo <1980&gt. "Fiber beam-columns models with flexure-shear interaction for nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete structures". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/3989/.

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The aim of this study was to develop a model capable to capture the different contributions which characterize the nonlinear behaviour of reinforced concrete structures. In particular, especially for non slender structures, the contribution to the nonlinear deformation due to bending may be not sufficient to determine the structural response. Two different models characterized by a fibre beam-column element are here proposed. These models can reproduce the flexure-shear interaction in the nonlinear range, with the purpose to improve the analysis in shear-critical structures. The first element discussed is based on flexibility formulation which is associated with the Modified Compression Field Theory as material constitutive law. The other model described in this thesis is based on a three-field variational formulation which is associated with a 3D generalized plastic-damage model as constitutive relationship. The first model proposed in this thesis was developed trying to combine a fibre beamcolumn element based on the flexibility formulation with the MCFT theory as constitutive relationship. The flexibility formulation, in fact, seems to be particularly effective for analysis in the nonlinear field. Just the coupling between the fibre element to model the structure and the shear panel to model the individual fibres allows to describe the nonlinear response associated to flexure and shear, and especially their interaction in the nonlinear field. The model was implemented in an original matlab® computer code, for describing the response of generic structures. The simulations carried out allowed to verify the field of working of the model. Comparisons with available experimental results related to reinforced concrete shears wall were performed in order to validate the model. These results are characterized by the peculiarity of distinguishing the different contributions due to flexure and shear separately. The presented simulations were carried out, in particular, for monotonic loading. The model was tested also through numerical comparisons with other computer programs. Finally it was applied for performing a numerical study on the influence of the nonlinear shear response for non slender reinforced concrete (RC) members. Another approach to the problem has been studied during a period of research at the University of California Berkeley. The beam formulation follows the assumptions of the Timoshenko shear beam theory for the displacement field, and uses a three-field variational formulation in the derivation of the element response. A generalized plasticity model is implemented for structural steel and a 3D plastic-damage model is used for the simulation of concrete. The transverse normal stress is used to satisfy the transverse equilibrium equations of at each control section, this criterion is also used for the condensation of degrees of freedom from the 3D constitutive material to a beam element. In this thesis is presented the beam formulation and the constitutive relationships, different analysis and comparisons are still carrying out between the two model presented.
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Adam, Viviane [Verfasser], Josef [Akademischer Betreuer] Hegger, Luc R. [Akademischer Betreuer] Taerwe i Oliver [Akademischer Betreuer] Fischer. "Shear in reinforced concrete structures without shear reinforcement : analysis and design / Viviane Felizitas Adam ; Josef Hegger, Luc R. Taerwe, Oliver Fischer". Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1241401454/34.

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Zaghlool, Baher SalahElDeen Othman Ahmed. "Behaviour of three-dimensional concrete structures under concurrent orthogonal seismic excitations". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1177.

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This thesis is a study into the response and seismic safety of three-dimensional multi-storey concrete structures under concurrent orthogonal seismic excitations. It employs the nonlinear time-history method as its analysis tools. Time-history analyses rely heavily on their utilised earthquake records. Accordingly, this study examines the different approaches of selecting earthquake suites and develops a methodology of selecting representative earthquake scenarios. This methodology is credibly implemented in selecting a far- and a near field suites representative of the New Zealand seismic hazard. The study investigates the response of 6-, 9- and 12-storey concrete structures of different n-X-bays × m-Y-bays. Bidirectional responses of these considered structures are examined and consequently the current combination rules are scrutinised. Consequently this study strongly recommends the use of the 40-percent combination rule in lieu of the widely used 30-percent rule; and the use of time-history analysis in lieu of quasi/equivalent static and response modal analysis methods to avoid their strong dependence on combination rules. An intensive study is conducted employing the incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) technique to investigate structural demands of interstorey drifts, lateral storey drifts and storey accelerations. The study utilises the developed far-field suite and identifies the 50th and 90th percentile demands. Hence it provides easy-to-use expressions to facilitate rapid calculation of the structural demands and the effects of biaxial interactions. An implementation into the Demand and Capacity Factor Design (DCFD) format is presented that infers confidence in the performance levels of the considered structures. The study also draws attention to the importance of considering storey accelerations as their storey values reach as high as 10 × PGA. A sensitivity study is conducted by repeating the IDA investigation while using the developed near-field suite. Subsequently a comparison between the near- and the far-field results is conducted. The results were markedly similar albeit of less magnitudes until the (seismic hazard) intensity measure IM = Sa(T₁) = 0.4g when the near-field results show sudden flat large increase in demands suggesting a brittle collapse. This is attributed to the higher content of the higher mode frequencies contained in near-field ground motions. Finally, the study examines the (vectorial) radial horizontal shear demands in columns and beam-column joints of the previous far- and near-field studies. The combined radial shear demands in corner, edge and internal columns and joints are evaluated that roughly show a square-root proportional relationship with IM that exhibit somewhat brittle failure at IM ≥ 0.35g. Shears demands in the (4-way) internal columns and the (2-way) corner joints show highest magnitude in their respective class. The results suggest transverse joint shear reinforcement of 1.5, 1.0 and 0.5 of the longitudinal reinforcement of the neighbouring beam respectively for corner, edge and internal joints. An implementation of a proposed practical (and simpler) DCFD format shows satisfactory confidence in columns performance in shear up to IM = 0.35g, conversely to joints unsatisfactory performance in shear at the onset of inelastic behaviour (IM > 0.05g).
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35

Ferreira, Denise Carina Santos. "A model for the nonlinear, time-dependent and strengthening analysis of shear critical frame concrete structures". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/116540.

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Nonlinear fibre beam models, due to its intrinsic simplicity and computational efficiency, are often an adequate alternative to the complex nonlinear plane and solid FE models for the assessment of entire frame structures. Nevertheless, simulations of structural concrete members undergoing relevant shear stresses cannot be performed by these models, as nonlinear shear effects and shear-bending interaction are neglected. In turn, the presence of shear stresses in cracked reinforced concrete (RC) elements leads to a rather complex resistant mechanism which numerical modelling is neither straightforward nor clearly established. Within this problematic, the formulation proposed in this thesis is an upgrade version of an existent flexural fibre beam model for the time-dependent analysis of segmentally constructed RC frames by taking into account the shear effects. The model is devised for the analysis of 2D RC and prestressed frame elements under combined axial, bending and shear forces. Shear-bending interaction is taken into account by means of a hybrid kinematic/force-based sectional approach. The key characteristics of the proposed model are: (i) at the material level RC is simulated through a smeared cracked approach with rotating cracks; (ii) at the fibre level an iterative procedure guarantees equilibrium between concrete and transversal reinforcement, allowing to compute the biaxial stress-strain state of each fibre; (iii) at the section level a uniform shear stress flow is assumed in order to estimate the internal shear stress-strain distribution and (iv) at the element level, the Timoshenko beam theory takes into account the deformation due to shear. As a result, the relevant attributes of the proposed formulation can be resumed as: (i) its capability for considering shear effects in both service and ultimate levels; (ii) the time step-by-step solution procedure enables taking into account the time-dependent response due to creep and shrinkage of concrete, temperature variations and relaxation of prestressing steel considering the multiaxial stress-strain state of the fibres and; (iii) the sequential type of analysis allows capturing the strengthening effects, accounting for the state of the structure prior to the intervention. The model is validated through experimental tests available in the literature, as well as through an experimental campaign carried out by the author. Accordingly, the capacity of the model to efficiently reproduce the behaviour of shear critical beams is demonstrated. The importance of including shear-bending interaction in the numerical analysis is underlined by comparing the results with the ones provided by the pure flexural basis model. The influence of transversal stresses on the time-dependent response of shear and bending dominant beams is also studied with the proposed model. Considering shear effects in modelling the time-dependent response of diagonally cracked RC and prestressed beams is found to be relevant. The proposed model is successfully used to predict the experimental results of a shear damaged and subsequently strengthened RC beam, available in the literature. An alternative strengthening solution for the damaged beam based on post-tensioned stirrups is numerically analysed. This technique showed to be effective to avoid brittle shear failure allowing for the development of all the flexural capacity of the repaired beam. The importance of considering previous damage in the numerical assessment of strengthened RC beams is revealed. Finally, the response of a dismantled prestressed concrete bridge, with deficient shear resistance, submitted to full-scale tests is successfully simulated with the proposed model. In addition, different strengthening proposals based on post-tensioning measures are studied for this bridge. In this manner, the capacity of the model to determine the safety of existent structures and to analyse the performance of strengthening measures is demonstrated.
Los modelos de vigas, debido a su simplicidad inherente y eficiencia computacional, pueden ser alternativas adecuadas a complejos modelos de elementos finitos planos y sólidos. Sin embargo, el comportamiento de elementos estructurales de hormigón sometidos a fuertes esfuerzos cortantes, no pueden ser correctamente simulado mediante estos modelos, ya que no consideran los efectos no lineales del cortante y la interacción cortante-flexión. A su vez, la presencia del cortante en el hormigón armado fisurado da lugar a un complejo mecanismo resistente cuya modelización no está aún claramente definida. En esta tesis si propone un modelo de vigas que considera la no linealidad y el comportamiento paso-a-paso en el tiempo de estructuras porticadas de hormigón construidas evolutivamente teniendo en cuenta los efectos del cortante. El modelo se basa en una formulación existente de flexión y está concebido para el análisis de estructuras planas porticadas de hormigón armado (HA) y pretensado sometido a la acción combinada del esfuerzo axil, flexión y cortante. La interacción cortante-flexión si consigue mediante una formulación seccional basada en suposiciones mixtas de cinemática y fuerza. Las características clave del modelo son: (i) a nivel del material el HA se simula mediante una aproximación de fisuración distribuida rotacional; (ii) a nivel de la fibra un procedimiento iterativo garantiza el equilibrio entre el hormigón y la armadura transversal, permitiendo calcular el estado biaxial de tensiones y deformaciones en cada fibra; (iii) a nivel de la sección un patrón de tensiones tangenciales constantes estima la distribución interna de tensiones y deformaciones de cortante y (iv) a nivel del elemento se aplicada la formulación del elemento de viga Timoshenko. De este modo, los aspectos relevantes de la formulación propuesta se resumen en: (i) su capacidad para considerar los efectos del cortante en estados de servicio y últimos; (ii) el procedimiento paso-a-paso en el tiempo permite tener en cuenta la respuesta diferida debido a fluencia y retracción del hormigón, variaciones de temperatura y relajación del pretensado considerando el estado multiaxial de tensiones y deformaciones en las fibras y; (iii) el análisis secuencial permite evaluar los efectos del refuerzo teniendo en cuenta el estado de la estructura antes de la intervención El modelo se valida mediante ensayos experimentales disponibles en la literatura, así como, a través de una campaña experimental realizada por la autora, demostrando su capacidad para reproducir la respuesta de vigas críticas a cortante. La importancia de incluir la interacción cortante-flexión en el análisis numérico es destacada por medio de la comparación de los resultados con los proporcionados por el modelo básico de flexión. Con el modelo propuesto se estudia la influencia del cortante en la respuesta diferida de vigas dominadas por cortante y flexión. La consideración de los efectos del cortante es relevante en la modelación de la respuesta diferida de vigas de HA con fisuras diagonales y en vigas pretensadas. El modelo propuesto se compara con éxito con los resultados experimentales de una viga dañada a cortante y posteriormente reforzada mediante un recrecido de hormigón y armadura transversal. Adicionalmente, se analiza numéricamente otra solución alternativa de refuerzo basada en estribos pretensados. La importancia de considerar el daño previo de la viga reforzada queda demostrada en la evaluación numérica. Finalmente, se simula la respuesta de un puente pretensado desmantelado con deficiente resistencia a cortante y sometido a ensayos de carga a larga-escala. Son también estudiadas diferentes propuestas de refuerzo basadas en soluciones de pos-tensado. De este modo, se demuestra la capacidad del modelo para determinar la seguridad de estructuras existentes y analizar la eficiencia de las medidas de refuerzo.
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36

Haas, Martin. "Investigations on shear including the development of a material model for the FE analysis of cracked RC structures". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1996. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3534/.

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This dissertation reports investigations on shear in cracked reinforced concrete (RC) elements including the development and implementation of a material subroutine for the commercial finite element (FE) program ABAQUS. The material subroutine UMAT is intended to substantially improve the shear behaviour of the standard concrete options of ABAQUS. At first the important shear theories are reviewed in detail and their advantages and drawbacks are summarised. The modified compression field theory (MCFT) is identified as a suitable shear theory worth being coded for its application in FE analysis. A comprehensive check on the MCFT confirms its suitability in a slightly modified form for the investigation of a variety of cracked structural RC elements. This check is conducted on a section analysis level by means of a developed program called LAYER which is coded according to the MCFT. The main part of the work is the implementation and testing of the material subroutine UMAT which is added to the source code of ABAQUS via an interface provided by the commercial FE program. Finally, the UMAT is utilised for examining the ductility of RC walls. It is concluded that shear deflections can influence the displacement and curvature ductility of squat structures in a substantial way, even though a flexural type of failure might prevail.
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37

Lim, Albert Kee Wah. "Non-linear response of reinforced concrete coupling slab with drop panel in earthquake-resisting shear wall structures". Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=55618.

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38

Neagoe, Catalin Andrei. "Structural performance of FRP-concrete hybrid beams with flexible shear connection". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/397749.

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La sostenibilidad de los edificios y de las infraestructuras públicas es un tema de importancia reciente puesto en discusión por la comunidad de ingeniería. La necesidad de diseñar estructuras con bajos requerimientos de mantenimiento y durabilidad a largo plazo puede ser resuelta mediante la introducción de nuevos materiales de construcción o la implementación de sistemas estructurales innovadores. En este sentido, los polímeros reforzados con fibras (FRP) representan una de las soluciones en el campo de la ingeniería civil que ofrecen resultados prometedores. Para optimizar el uso de secciones de FRP los investigadores han propuesto la creación de sistemas híbridos donde se combinan materiales compuestos con materiales convencionales, tales como el hormigón. Las soluciones híbridas mejoran la rigidez, la ductilidad y la resistencia a pandeo de los elementos aislados de material compuesto. Debido a la novedad y a la variedad de soluciones híbridas, la tecnología requiere de la realización de más ensayos experimentales para valorar su viabilidad. Además, en la actualidad hay una falta de códigos prescriptores y normas que ayuden al diseño de estructuras construidas con perfiles compuestos y, por consiguiente, los elementos mixtos requieren del desarrollo de modelos predictivos fiables. Por lo tanto, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo estudiar el comportamiento estructural de vigas híbridas hechas de perfiles pultrusionados de FRP unidos a losas de hormigón, mediante la realización de una investigación experimental, analítica y numérica. Puesto que los efectos de deslizamiento en la interfaz han sido mayoritariamente ignorados en el pasado, la tesis se centra también en la influencia de la flexibilidad de la conexión sobre el comportamiento de flexión. Con respecto a la campaña experimental, se han fabricado y ensayado a flexión ocho vigas de perfiles de FRP de fibra de vidrio (GFRP) y hormigón, con conectores mecánicos en el rasante. También se ha comparado su comportamiento con respecto a vigas de hormigón armado equivalentes y perfiles estructurales individuales de GFRP. Previamente a dichos ensayos, se propuso un procedimiento eficaz de caracterización no destructiva para la obtención de las propiedades elásticas de los materiales que componían los especímenes, mediante el uso de un análisis de la respuesta a la vibración libre. En general, los ensayos de flexión han demostrado la alta eficiencia estructural de la solución de viga híbrida y han subrayado la importancia de tener en cuenta la flexibilidad de conexión del rasante. También se ha desarrollado un procedimiento analítico para el diseño de vigas mixtas de FRP-hormigón bajo cargas a corto plazo. Se han propuesto ecuaciones de diseño para los estados límite de servicio y último en función de la interacción completa o parcial del rasante. Además, se ha analizado la viabilidad de utilizar fórmulas aproximadas para cuantificar los efectos del deslizamiento entre capas y su repercusión en la evaluación de los desplazamientos, la rigidez a flexión, la capacidad de flexión y las distribuciones de tensiones. Debido a la mejora de la precisión de las expresiones que representan la flexibilidad de la conexión del rasante, el procedimiento analítico propuesto ha sido capaz de capturar de manera adecuada el comportamiento estructural. Por último, en referencia a los análisis numéricos, se han desarrollado modelos de elementos finitos capaces de simular el comportamiento fundamental de vigas híbridas con conectores tipo perno. El modelo que representó las no linealidades en el material, en los contactos y en la geometría fue el que ofreció los mejores resultados en comparación con los datos experimentales y las estimaciones analíticas. El aplastamiento del hormigón en la losa y su fisuración, los efectos de rigidización post fisuración, la fricción de la interfaz y el comportamiento elasto-plástico de los conectores fueron tomados en consideración.
Sustainability of buildings and public infrastructure is a relatively recent topic put into discussion by the engineering community. A solution to designing structures that have long-term durability and low maintenance requirements is to introduce new construction materials or to implement new structural systems. In this regard, fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) represent one of the novel solutions in the civil engineering field that offer promising results. To optimize the use of FRP shapes, researchers have proposed to form hybrid structural systems by combining the composite materials with conventional materials, such as concrete, in order to improve on the stiffness, ductility, and buckling resistance of single FRP members. However, due to the novelty and wide variety of hybrid elements, the technology demands further experimental testing to prove its viability. In addition, because there is a current lack of mandatory codes for the design of structures built with composite profiles and consequently FRP-concrete members, reliable predictive models have to be developed. Addressing the above-mentioned issues is essential in lessening the introduction of advanced composite materials in common types of public works and constructions. The present research aimed thus to study the structural performance of hybrid beams made of FRP pultruded profiles attached to concrete slabs by carrying an experimental, analytical, and numerical investigation. Since interface slip effects had been largely overlooked in the past, the thesis focused also on the influence of the connection flexibility over bending behavior. With respect to the developed experimental campaign, eight glass FRP-concrete hybrid beams with mechanical shear connectors were fabricated and their flexural behavior was assessed against that of equivalent reinforced concrete beams and single GFRP structural profiles. The variables of the research were the type of hybrid cross-section and the concrete strength class. The laboratory campaign was divided in two phases depending on the specific test setup configuration, and observations were made regarding the short-term behavior of the novel elements under positive bending moments. Previous to the experimental tests, a nondestructive characterization procedure was proposed for obtaining the elastic properties of the constitutive materials of hybrid members in a reduced amount of time, by using an analysis of the free vibration response. Overall, the bending tests have demonstrated the high structural efficiency of the hybrid beam solution and have underlined the importance of accounting for shear connection deformability. An analytical procedure was introduced for the design of FRP-concrete beams under short-term loading. Design equations for the serviceability and ultimate limit states were proposed in function of complete or partial shear interaction assumptions. The feasibility of using simplified formulas to quantify for interlayer slip effects was studied in evaluating deflections, flexural stiffness, bending capacities, normal and shear stress distributions. Due to the improved precision of the expressions that had considered the shear connection flexibility, the proposed analytical procedure was able to capture appropriately the structural behavior and performance of the specimens. Finally, referring to the numerical analyses, predictive finite element models capable of simulating the fundamental behavior of FRP-concrete beams with bolted joints were developed. The model that included material, contact, and geometry nonlinearities offered the best results in comparison with the experimental data and analytical estimations. Concrete slab crushing and cracking, tension stiffening effects, interface friction, and the elasto-plastic behavior of the shear connectors were all taken under consideration.
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39

Mensah, Kenneth Kwesi. "Reliability assessment of structural concrete with special reference to shear resistance". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/19967.

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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Structural design standards based on the principles of structural reliability are gaining worldwide acceptance and are fast becoming the new basis of structural safety verification. The application of these principles to establish a standardised basis for structural design using partial factor limit states design procedures is done in the European Standard for the Basis of Structural Design EN 1990 from which it is adapted to the South African Basis of Design Standard for Building and Industrial Structures SANS 10160-1. The basis of design requirements stipulated in EN 1990 and SANS 10160-1 apply to all aspects of structural design: This includes reliability levels of structural performance and their differentiation and management; identification of various limit states and design situations; the specification of all the basic variables; separate treatment of actions and material-based resistance. However, application of these requirements is then primarily focused on actions whilst the provision for structural concrete is then left to the materials based design standards. This two-part thesis describes a systematic assessment of the degree to which the application of the reliability framework presented in the basis of design requirements has been achieved in the present generation of structural concrete design standards. More importantly, attempts are made to identify ways in which the process can be advanced. Special attention is drawn to issues that are specific to South African conditions and practice in structural concrete. Part One of the thesis focuses on the key elements of the reliability framework presented in EN 1990 and traces to what extent the requirements have been propelled through the design stipulations of the Eurocode Standard for Design of Concrete Structures EN 1992-1-1. The implications of the different reference level of reliability between the Eurocode default value of ß = 3.8 and that characteristic of South African practice ß = 3.0 through various issues are highlighted. The use and advantage of explicit treatment of reliability performance on reliability management related to some aspects of quality control are explored. A critical aspect is the shear prediction model providing unconservative estimates of shear resistance. Part Two of the thesis focuses on characterising the model factor of the EN 1992-1-1 shear prediction model for members requiring design shear reinforcement. This is done by a comparison to a compiled experimental database with special focus on situations with high reinforcement ratios. The significance of the modelling uncertainty in shear prediction is verified by this comparison. The use of the more conceptually rational modified compression field theory (MCFT) to improve on the quality of shear predictions is investigated and proves to yield more precise values with lower scatter hence making it a more reliable tool for predicting shear. The MCFT can then be used as reference for the reliability calibration and possible improvement for the Eurocode procedure.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Strukturele ontwerpstandaarde gebaseer op die beginsels van strukturele betroubaarheid verkry wêreldwye aanvaarding en word vinnig die nuwe basis van strukturele veiligheid bevestiging. Die toepassing van hierdie beginsels om ʼn gestandaardiseerde basis vir strukturele ontwerp is bevestig deur gebruik te maak van gedeeltelike-faktorbeperkende stadiums ontwerpprosedures in die Europese Standaard vir die Basis van Strukturele Ontwerp EN 1990 waarvandaan dit herbewerk is na die Suid-Afrikaanse Basis van Ontwerp Standaarde vir Bou en Industriële Strukture SANS 10160-1. Die basis van ontwerpvereistes bepaal in EN 1990 en SANS 10160-1 is van toepassing op alle aspekte van strukturele ontverp: Dit sluit inbetroubaarheidsvlakke van struktureele prestasie en hul diversifikasie en bestuur; identifikasie van verskeie beperkende state en ontwerpsituasies; die spesifikasie van al die basiese veranderlikes; afsonderlike behandeling van aksies en materiaal-gebaseerde weerstand. Desnieteenstaande, die toepassing van hierdie voorwaardes is dan hoofsaaklik gefokus op aksies terwyl die voorsiening van strukturele beton is dan gelaat op die materiaalgebaseerde ontwerpstandaarde. Hierdie tweeledige verhandeling beskryf ʼn stelselmatige beoordeling van die graad waartoe die toepassing van die betroubaarheidsraamwerk aangebied word in die basis van ontwerpvereistes bereik in die huidige generasie van strukturele beton-ontwerp standaarde is. Meer belangrik, pogings is aangewend om die maniere hoe die proses bevorder kan word te identifiseer. Spesiale aandag word gevestig op kwessies wat spesifiek op Suid-Afrikaanse toestande en praktyke in strukturele beton toepaslik is. Deel Een van die verhandeling fokus op die sleutel-dele van die betroubaarheidsraamwerk aangebied in EN 1990 en skets die mate waartoe die vereistes aangespoor word deur die ontwerp voorskrifte van die Eurocode Standard for the Design of Concrete Structures EN 1992-1-1. Die implikasie van die verskillende verwysingsvlakke van betroubaarheid tussen die Eurocode standaardwaarde van ß = 3.8 en die eienskap van Suid-Afrikaanse praktyk ß = 3.0 deur verskillende kwessies word uitgelig. Die gebruik en voordeel van spesifieke behandeling van betroubaarheidsuitvoering op betroubaarheidsbestuur verwantskap met sekere aspekte van kwaliteit kontrole word ondersoek. ʼn Kritiese aspek is die model vir die voorspelling van skuif-weerstand wat die onkonserwatiewe beramings vir skuif-weerstand gee. Deel Twee van die verhandeling fokus op karakterisering die modelfaktor van die EN 1992- 1-1 skuif-weerstand voorspellings-model. Dit word gedoen deur ʼn vergelyking na ʼn saamgestelde eksperimentele databasis met spesifieke fokus op situasies met hoe herbevestigingsvergelykings. Die oorheersing van die modellering- onsekerheid in skuifweerstand voorspelling is bevestig deur hierdie vergelyking. Die gebruik van ʼn meer konseptuele rasionele gemodifiseerde druk-veld teorie (bekend as MCFT) om die kwaliteit van skuif voorspelling te verbeter is ondersoek en verskaf ‘n meer presiese waarde met laer verspreiding wat lei tot ʼn meer betroubaree instrument om skuif mee te voorspel. Die MCFT word dan gebruik as verwysing vir die betroubaarheid-samestelling en moontlike verbetering van die Eurocode prosedures.
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40

Tuken, Ahmet. "Quantifying Seismic Design Criteria For Concrete Buildings". Phd thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12604907/index.pdf.

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The amount of total and relative sway of a framed or a composite (frame-shear wall) building is of utmost importance in assessing the seismic resistance of the building. Therefore, the design engineer must calculate the sway profile of the building several times during the design process. However, it is not a simple task to calculate the sway of a three-dimensional structure. Of course, computer programs can do the job, but developing the three-dimensional model becomes necessary, which is obviously tedious and time consuming. An easy to apply analytical method is developed, which enables the determination of sway profiles of framed and composite buildings subject to seismic loading. Various framed and composite three-dimensional buildings subject to lateral seismic loads are solved by SAP2000 and the proposed analytical method. The sway profiles are compared and found to be in very good agreement. In most cases, the amount of error involved is less than 5 %. The analytical method is applied to determine sway magnitudes at any desired elevation of the building, the relative sway between two consecutive floors, the slope at any desired point along the height and the curvature distribution of the building from foundation to roof level. After sway and sway-related properties are known, the requirements of the Turkish Earthquake Code can be evaluated and / or checked. By using the analytical method, the amount of shear walls necessary to satisfy Turkish Earthquake Code requirements are determined. Thus, a vital design question has been answered, which up till present time, could only be met by rough empirical guidelines. A mathematical derivation is presented to satisfy the strength requirement of a three-dimensional composite building subject to seismic loading. Thus, the occurrence of shear failure before moment failure in the building is securely avoided. A design procedure is developed to satisfy the stiffness requirement of composite buildings subject to lateral seismic loading. Some useful tools, such as executable user-friendly programs written by using &ldquo
Borland Delphi&rdquo
, have been developed to make the analysis and design easy for the engineer. A method is also developed to satisfy the ductility requirement of composite buildings subject to lateral seismic loading based on a plastic analysis. The commonly accepted sway ductility of &
#956
&
#916
=5 has been used and successful seismic energy dissipation is thus obtained.
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41

Uduehi, June. "Comparative study of the structural behaviour of prestressed beams of brickwork and concrete and the shear strength of brickwork beams". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/11485.

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42

Zhang, Xuesong, i n/a. "Punching Shear Failure Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Flat Plates Using Simplified Ust Failure Criterion". Griffith University. School of Engineering, 2003. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20051104.153239.

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Failure criteria play a vital role in the numerical analysis of reinforced concrete structures. The current failure criteria can be classified into two types, namely the empirical and theoretical failure criteria. Empirical failure criteria normally lack reasonable theoretical backgrounds, while theoretical ones either involve too many parameters or ignore the effects of intermediate principal stress on the concrete strength. Based on the octahedral shear stress model and the concrete tensile strength under the state of triaxial and uniaxial stress, a new failure criterion, that is, the simplified unified strength theory (UST), is developed by simplifiing the five-parameter UST for the analysis of reinforced concrete structures. According to the simplified UST failure criterion, the concrete strength is influenced by the maximum and intermediate principal shear stresses together with the corresponding normal stresses. Moreover, the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the concrete strength is also taken into account. The failure criterion involves three concrete strengths, namely the uniaxial tensile and compressive strengths and the equal biaxial compressive strength. In the numerical analysis, a degenerated shell element with the layered approach is adopted for the simulation of concrete structures. In the layered approach, concrete is divided into several layers over the thickness of the elements and reinforcing steel is smeared into the corresponding number of layers of equivalent thickness. In each concrete layer, three-dimensional stresses are calculated at the integration points. For the material modelling, concrete is treated as isotropic material until cracking occurs. Cracked concrete is treated as an orthotropic material incorporating tension stiffening and the reduction of cracked shear stiffness. Meanwhile, the smeared craclc model is employed. The bending reinforcements and the stirrups are simulated using a trilinear material model. To verify the correctness of the simplified UST failure criterion, comparisons are made with concrete triaxial empirical results as well as with the Kupfer and the Ottosen failure criteria. Finally, the proposed failure criterion is used for the flexural analysis of simply supported reinforced concrete beams. Also conducted are the punching shear analyses of single- and multi-column-slab connections and of half-scale flat plate models. In view of its accuracy and capabilities, the simplified UST failure criterion may be used to analyse beam- and slab-type reinforced concrete structures.
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43

Zhang, Xuesong. "Punching Shear Failure Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Flat Plates Using Simplified Ust Failure Criterion". Thesis, Griffith University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365777.

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Failure criteria play a vital role in the numerical analysis of reinforced concrete structures. The current failure criteria can be classified into two types, namely the empirical and theoretical failure criteria. Empirical failure criteria normally lack reasonable theoretical backgrounds, while theoretical ones either involve too many parameters or ignore the effects of intermediate principal stress on the concrete strength. Based on the octahedral shear stress model and the concrete tensile strength under the state of triaxial and uniaxial stress, a new failure criterion, that is, the simplified unified strength theory (UST), is developed by simplifiing the five-parameter UST for the analysis of reinforced concrete structures. According to the simplified UST failure criterion, the concrete strength is influenced by the maximum and intermediate principal shear stresses together with the corresponding normal stresses. Moreover, the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the concrete strength is also taken into account. The failure criterion involves three concrete strengths, namely the uniaxial tensile and compressive strengths and the equal biaxial compressive strength. In the numerical analysis, a degenerated shell element with the layered approach is adopted for the simulation of concrete structures. In the layered approach, concrete is divided into several layers over the thickness of the elements and reinforcing steel is smeared into the corresponding number of layers of equivalent thickness. In each concrete layer, three-dimensional stresses are calculated at the integration points. For the material modelling, concrete is treated as isotropic material until cracking occurs. Cracked concrete is treated as an orthotropic material incorporating tension stiffening and the reduction of cracked shear stiffness. Meanwhile, the smeared craclc model is employed. The bending reinforcements and the stirrups are simulated using a trilinear material model. To verify the correctness of the simplified UST failure criterion, comparisons are made with concrete triaxial empirical results as well as with the Kupfer and the Ottosen failure criteria. Finally, the proposed failure criterion is used for the flexural analysis of simply supported reinforced concrete beams. Also conducted are the punching shear analyses of single- and multi-column-slab connections and of half-scale flat plate models. In view of its accuracy and capabilities, the simplified UST failure criterion may be used to analyse beam- and slab-type reinforced concrete structures.
Thesis (Masters)
Master of Philosophy (MPhil)
School of Engineering
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Černý, Pavel. "Mostní nadjezd přes dálnici". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-409788.

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The topic of this thesis is detailed design of the supporting structure of a bridge. Three variants are designed. The structure is designed as a single beam bridge of 6 spans. The calculation of load efects make in software MidasCivil 2019 and Scia Engineer 18.1. The subject of the expertise of the structure is service limit state and ultimate limit state. For evaluation of cross sections is used MS Excel. Both design and relevant drawing documentation of the bridge deck and substructure. The design and assessment are according to the europien standards.
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Blanksvärd, Thomas. "Strengthening of concrete structures by the use of mineral based composites : system and design models for flexure and shear". Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-26504.

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A great number of society's resources are invested in existing concrete structures, such as bridges, tunnels, different kind of buildings etc. All of these structures have both an expected function and an expected life span. However, both the function and the life span can be influenced by external factors, e.g. degradation and altered load situations. Further influencing aspects could be mistakes in design or during the construction phase. Repairing and/or strengthening these structures could maintain or increase the function as well as the life span.To strengthen concrete structures by using adhesively bonded fibres or fibre reinforced polymers (FRP) has been shown to be an excellent way of improving the load bearing capacity. The most common adhesive used for this type of strengthening is epoxies. Unfortunately, there are some drawbacks with the use of epoxy adhesives such as diffusion tightness, poor thermal compatibility with concrete and requirements for a safe working environment which might lead to allergic reactions if proper protective clothing is not used. A further limiting factor is the requirement on the surrounding temperature at application. A commonly recommended minimum temperature at the time for application is 10°C, which makes the preparations regarding application during colder seasons much more complicated. However, some of these drawbacks could be reduced by substituting the epoxy adhesive for a mineral-based bonding agent with similar material properties as concrete.The strengthening system and also the topic of this thesis is termed "mineral-based composites" (MBC). The MBC consists in this context of grids of carbon FRP with high tensile strength that are bonded to an existing concrete surface by the use of a cement based bonding agent.The scientific approach in this thesis includes analytical methods to describe load bearing capacity for the strengthened concrete structure in both flexure and shear. The analytical approaches are then verified against experimental results. Above the theoretical and experimental performance of the MBC system a review of state of the art research has been made in order to collate and map existing mineral-based strengthening systems other than the MBC system.To develop and verify the theoretical models and to compare the performance of the MBC system to other possible designs of mineral-based strengthening systems, six papers are appended in the thesis. - The first paper describes the performance of the MBC system when used in flexural strengthening. The experimental program in this paper consists of a concrete slab strengthened with both the MBC system and epoxy based system. In addition, a parametric study was made on small scale beam specimens to evaluate the performance of using different cement-based bonding agents.- The second paper describes the performance of the MBC system when used as shear strengthening. This study consists of experimental results of 23 reinforced concrete beams with different concrete qualities, internal shear reinforcement ratios together with different variations of the CFRP grid design and mineralbased bonding agents. In addition, a comparison is also made to traditional epoxy-based strengthening. This paper also has an analytical approach to estimate the shear resistance.- The third paper describes existing mineral-based strengthening systems and how these perform in comparison to the proposed MBC strengthening system in shear and flexure.- The fourth paper maps different possibilities to design and combine various materials in order to obtain a mineral-based strengthening system. This paper also consists of experimental research on the tensile behaviour of the MBC system when using high performance fibre reinforced cementitious bonding agents (engineered cementitious composites - ECC). In addition, these results and discussions are also coupled to the observations made in flexural and shear strengthening.- The fifth paper gives suggestions on how to estimate the shear bearing capacity of MBC strengthened concrete beams. The suggested shear design approaches are mainly based on traditional shear design models based on truss analogy, but one design presented is based on the compression field theory.- The sixth and last paper describes the strain development in a shear strengthened concrete beam both with and without the MBC system. All of the results from the investigations made in this thesis indicate that the MBC system contributes to increasing the load bearing capacity for strengthened concrete structures considerably. It is also shown that the MBC system can give competitive strengthening effects compared to existing epoxy bonded strengthening systems. From the experimental investigations on the shear strengthened beams it is shown that the strains in the shear span are lowered compared to a non strengthened specimen. This reduction of strains is also shown in the transition zone between the development of macro cracks from micro cracks. The suggested analytical approach in order to estimate the load bearing capacity of strengthened concrete structures in both flexure and shear indicates that realistic estimations can be made. The flexural design is straightforward while the shear design is more intricate. It is however concluded that a simple and safe design could be made based on the "additional" approach using a 45° truss.
En betydande del av samhällets tillgångar är investerade i vår existerande infrastruktur som t ex järnvägsbroar, vägbroar, tunnlar, dammar,, fastigheter etc. En majoritet av dessa konstruktioner är byggda av armerad betong. Samtliga av dessa betongkonstruktioner har både en förväntad funktion och en förväntad livslängd. Men både funktionen och livslängden kan komma att ändras på grund av yttre påverkande faktorer som till exempel nedbrytning och förändrade belastningsförhållanden. Ytterligare kan vara tidiga misstag i projekteringsfasen eller under själva uppförandet. Genom reparation och/eller förstärkning kan både funktion och livslängd hos dessa konstruktioner ofta återställas eller till och med uppgraderas. Förstärkning av betongkonstruktioner genom att limma fast kolfiberväv eller kolfiberkompositer har visat sig vara en bra och tillförlitlig metod för att öka bärförmågan hos befintliga konstruktioner. Det lim som till största delen används vid denna typ av förstärkning är epoxilim. Dessvärre har epoxilim vissa nackdelar, så som diffusionstäthet, dålig termisk kompabilitet med betong och krav på skyddad arbetsmiljö. Ytterligare en begränsande faktor är kravet på omgivande temperatur vid limning. Vissa av dessa nackdelar kan reduceras genom att byta ut epoxilimmet mot en mineralbaserad vidhäftningsprodukt med egenskaper liknande betongens.Förstärkningssystemet som omfattas av denna avhandling har benämningen "mineralbaserade kompositer" (MBC) och omfattar kolfibernät med hög draghållfasthet som fästs på befintlig betongkonstruktion med ett cementbaserat bruk.Det vetenskapliga förfarandet i denna avhandling omfattar analytiska metoder för att beskriva bärförmågan för den förstärkta betongkonstruktionen i både böjning och tvärkraft. De analytiska metoderna är sedan verifierade mot laboratorieförsök. Utöver de teoretiska och experimentella resultaten för MBC systemet så ingår även en aktuell granskning och kartläggning av existerande mineralbaserade förstärkningssystem och därmed möjliga materialkombinationer och utformningar, dvs. andra än MBC systemet.Avhandlingen består av en litteraturstudie och sex bifogade artiklar.Den första artikeln beskriver hur MBC system uppför sig vid förstärkning i böjning. I denna artikel ingår provning av en större betongplatta som förstärkts med MBC systemet och epoxibaserade system samt en parametersstudie på småskaliga provkroppar med MBC systemet och olika cementbaserade bruk.Den andra artikeln beskriver hur förstärkningssystemet presterar vid förstärkning i tvärkraft. Denna studie omfattar experimentella resultat på 23 balkar med olika betongkvalitéer, armeringsmängd samt olika variationer av MBC systemet och jämförelse mot traditionell epoxibaserad förstärkning. Dessutom innehåller denna artikel en analytisk uppskattning av tvärkraftskapaciteten.Den tredje artikeln beskriver olika existerande förstärkningssystem och hur dessa presterar i jämförelse med MBC systemet i böjning och tvärkraft.Den fjärde artikeln kartlägger olika möjligheter till att kombinera material i mineralbaserade förstärkningssystem för att optimera dessa system. Dessutom ingår även experimentella försök med ett högpresterande fiberförstärkt cementbruk (ECC). Denna artikel omfattar även resultat och diskussion om MBC systemets beteende i enaxligt drag, brottenergiupptagande förmåga samt hur dessa observationer kopplas till iakttagelser i böj- och tvärkraftsförstärkning.Den femte artikeln behandlar en rekommendation till dimensionering för tvärkraft av MBC systeme baserat på traditionella dimensioneringsmetoder med fackverksteori samt en ny tillämpning baserat på tryckfältsteori.Det sjätte bidraget beskriver hur töjningsutvecklingen sker i tvärkraft för betongbalkar med och utan MBC systemet.Resultaten från dessa undersökningar indikerar på att MBC systemet bidrar till att öka bärförmågan hos förstärkta betongelement och att denna ökning kan i vissa avseenden jämföras mot epoxibaserad förstärkning. Det är även visat att MBC systemet, i tvärkraftsförstärkning, bidrar till att minska töjningar i det armerade betongtvärsnittet i övergångszonen mellan tillväxten av mikrosprickor till makro sprickor samt att töjningarna reduceras även under öppningen av makrosprickor. Analytiska metoder för att uppskatta bärförmåga för förstärkning i böjning och tvärkraft är redovisade och dessa indikerar på att realistiska uppskattningar är möjliga. Dimensionering av bärförmågan i böjning är relativt enkel medan dimensionering i tvärkraft är lite mer komplicerad. En av slutsatserna gällande tvärkraftsdimensioneringen är att det är möjligt på ett enkelt sätt använda befintliga dimensionerings anvisningar grundade i "additions" principen för att uppnå en säker uppskattning av bärförmågan i tvärkraft.
Godkänd; 2009; 20090313 (thojoh); DISPUTATION Ämnesområde: Konstruktionsteknik Opponent: Professor Thanasis C Triantafillou, University of Patras, Grekland Ordförande: Professor Björn Täljsten, Technical University of Denmark och Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Fredag den 24 april 2009, kl 10.00 Plats: F 1031, Luleå tekniska universitet
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Wieneke, Katrin Marie [Verfasser], Josef [Akademischer Betreuer] Hegger i Linh Cao [Akademischer Betreuer] Hoang. "Horizontal shear design of concrete interfaces in beam and slab structures / Katrin Marie Wieneke ; Josef Hegger, Linh Cao Hoang". Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1211096661/34.

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Saadé, Katy. "Finite element modeling of shear in thin walled beams with a single warping function". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211043.

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The considerable progress in the research and development of thin-walled beam structures responds to their growing use in engineering construction and to their increased need for efficiency in strength and cost. The result is a structure that exhibits large shear strains and important non uniform warping under different loadings, such as non uniform torsion, shear bending and distortion.

A unified approach is formulated in this thesis for 3D thin walled beam structures with arbitrary profile geometries, loading cases and boundary conditions. A single warping function, defined by a linear combination of longitudinal displacements at cross sectional nodes (derived from Prokic work), is enhanced and adapted in order to qualitatively and quantitatively reflect and capture the nature of a widest possible range of behaviors. Constraints are prescribed at the kinematics level in order to enable the study of arbitrary cross sections for general loading. This approach, differing from most published theories, has the advantage of enabling the study of arbitrary cross sections (closed/opened or mixed) without any restrictions or distinctions related to the geometry of the profile. It generates automatic data and characteristic computations from a kinematical discretization prescribed by the profile geometry. The amount of shear bending, torsional and distortional warping and the magnitude of the shear correction factor is computed for arbitrary profile geometries with this single formulation.

The proposed formulation is compared to existing theories with respect to the main assumptions and restrictions. The variation of the location of the torsional center, distortional centers and distortional rotational ratio of a profile is discussed in terms of their dependency on the loading cases and on the boundary conditions.

A 3D beam finite element model is developed and validated with several numerical applications. The displacements, rotations, amount of warping, normal and shear stresses are compared with reference solutions for general loading cases involving stretching, bending, torsion and/or distortion. Some examples concern the case of beam assemblies with different shaped profiles where the connection type determines the nature of the warping transmission. Other analyses –for which the straightness assumption of Timoshenko theory is relaxed– investigate shear deformation effects on the deflection of short and thin beams by varying the aspect ratio of the beam. Further applications identify the cross sectional distortion and highlight the importance of the distortion on the stresses when compared to bending and torsion even in simple loading cases.

Finally, a non linear finite element based on the updated lagrangian formulation is developed by including torsional warping degrees of freedom. An incremental iterative method using the arc length and the Newton-Raphson methods is used to solve the non linear problem. Examples are given to study the flexural, torsional, flexural torsional and lateral torsional buckling problems for which a coupling between the variables describing the flexural and the torsional degrees of freedom occurs. The finite element results are compared to analytical solutions based on different warping functions and commonly used in linear stability for elastic structures having insufficient lateral or torsional stiffnesses that cause an out of plane buckling.


Doctorat en sciences appliquées
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Tassotti, Luca. "Seismic analysis and design of innovative steel and concrete hybrid coupled wall systems". Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/242920.

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L’applicazione del concetto di fusibile strutturale nei sistemi sismo-resistenti ha portato allo sviluppo di diverse soluzioni strutturali, tra queste sono compresi i promettenti sistemi ibridi acciaio calcestruzzo. Questi sistemi sono ottenuti tramite una combinazione in serie di elementi in acciaio e in calcestruzzo armato con l’obiettivo di sfruttare al loro meglio le potenzialità di ciascun materiale. In questo lavoro viene indagato il comportamento sismico del sistema innovativo ibrido a parete accoppiata (HCSW), sviluppato nel progetto di ricerca europeo INNO-HYCO (INNOvative HYbrid and COmposite steel-concrete structural solutions for building in seismic area). La soluzione sismo-resistente è composta da una parete in calcestruzzo armato accoppiata a colonne laterali di acciaio tramite link sostituibili con l’obiettivo di sfruttare sia la rigidezza della parete, necessaria a limitare il danneggiamento della costruzione sotto l’azione di terremoti di bassa intensità, che la duttilità dei link di acciaio, necessaria a dissipare l’energia dei sismi di medio-alta intensità. Il comportamento sismico del sistema viene valutato tramite analisi statiche non lineari (pushover) e analisi dinamiche non lineari incrementali (IDA). Per questi scopi, inizialmente è stato progettato un insieme di casi studio realistici, poi è stato sviluppato un modello agli elementi finiti a fibre, validato successivamente tramite confronti con risultati sperimentali comprendendo quantità di risposta locali e globali. Infine, viene mostrata una selezione dei risultati ottenuti, includendo parametri di risposta locale e globale, per mettere in luce le potenzialità dei sistemi innovativi proposti e la concreta possibilità di sviluppare un comportamento duttile nel quale le deformazioni plastiche nei link sono attese prima dello snervamento della parete. Inoltre, i risultati finali permettono di fornire un supporto per l’identificazione delle soluzioni ottimali che potrebbero risultare competitive rispetto a sistemi esistenti.
The concept of structural fuse applied to earthquake resistant systems has led to the development of several seismic-resistant structural solutions, including interesting steel and concrete hybrid systems. These systems are obtained through a combination in series of steel elements and reinforced concrete elements with the aim of exploiting at their best the potentialities of each material. In this work the seismic behaviour of an innovative hybrid coupled shear wall (HCSW) system, developed in the European research project INNO-HYCO (INNOvative HYbrid and COmposite steel-concrete structural solutions for building in seismic area), is investigated. The earthquake resistant solution is composed by a reinforced concrete wall coupled to steel side columns by means of easily replaceable steel links with the objective to exploit both the stiffness of reinforced concrete wall, necessary to limit building damage under low-intensity earthquakes, and the ductility of steel links, necessary to dissipate energy under medium- and high-intensity earthquakes. The seismic behaviour of the system is assessed through nonlinear static (pushover) analysis and multi-record nonlinear incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). For this purpose, firstly a set of realistic case studies is designed, then a finite element model is developed into the platform Opensees and validated through comparisons against experimental tests including local and global responses quantities. A selection of results including global and local response quantities is shown in order to highlight the potentialities of the proposed innovative HCSW systems and the actual possibility to develop a ductile behaviour where plastic deformation are attained in the steel links before yielding in the reinforced concrete wall. The final results permit to provide a support for the identification of optimal solutions that could be competitive against existing seismic resistant structural systems.
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Gunel, Orhun Ahmet. "Influence Of The Shear Wall Area To Floor Area Ratio On The Seismic Performance Of Existing Reinforced Concrete Buildings". Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615678/index.pdf.

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An analytical study is performed to evaluate the influence of shear wall area to floor area ratio on the behavior of existing mid-rise reinforced concrete buildings under earthquake loading. The seismic performance of five existing school buildings with shear wall ratios between 0.00% and 2.50% in both longitudinal and transverse directions and their strengthened counterparts are evaluated. Based on the structural properties of the existing buildings, additional buildings with varying shear wall ratios are designed. Consequently, twenty four buildings with different floor plans, number of stories, cross-sectional properties of the members and material strengths are acquired. Nonlinear time-history analyses are performed for all buildings by utilizing the software program, SAP2000 v14.2.0. under seven different ground motion records. The results indicated that roof drifts and plastic deformations reduce with increasing shear wall ratios, but the rate of decrease is lower for higher shear wall ratios. Buildings with 1.00% shear wall ratio have significantly lower roof drifts and plastic deformations when compared to buildings with 0.00% or 0.50% shear wall ratio. Roof drifts and plastic deformations are minimized when the shear wall ratio is increased to 1.50%. After this limit, addition of shear walls has only a slight effect on the seismic performance of the analyzed buildings.
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Olsson, Daniel. "Numerical simulations of energy absorbing boundaries for elastic wave propagation in thick concrete structures subjected to impact loading". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för fysik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-58015.

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As many of the world’s nuclear power plants are near the end of their supposed life span a need arise to assess the components crucial to the safety of these plants. One of these crucial components is the concrete reactor confinement; to assess its condition, non-destructive testing (NDT) is an attractive method. Traditional testing of concrete structures has comprised of drilling out a sample and performing stress tests on it, but because of the radioactive environment inside the containment this method is far from ideal. NDT is of course possible to use at any structure but at reactor containments the benefits from not creating holes in the structure are prominent; NDT is also an attractive option from an esthetical point of view because it leaves the structure intact. The NDT method pertaining to this study is the impact echo method which comprise of applying a force on the structure, usually a hammer blow, and measuring the response with a receiver. The impact will excite waves propagating in the structure which gives rise to Lamb modes. Lamb modes are structural oscillations of the wall and it is the frequency of these modes that are used to determine the thickness of the wall. The elastic properties of the structure can in turn be obtained by measuring the velocities of the waves propagation. It is also possible to use the impact echo method to detect irregularities in the structure such as cracks or delamination. To simulate the dynamics of a system using NDT numerical methods such as finite element modeling (FEM) is often used. The purpose of this study is to assess the possibility to utilize absorbing layers using increasing damping (ALID) in models to reduce the computational time of FEM analyses. ALIDs are used at the edges to simulate an infinite system and are thus supposed to cancel out incoming waves to prevent unwanted reflection from the edges. The models in this study have all pertained to two dimensional plates utilizing infinitesimal strain theory; the decrease in computational time is significant when using ALIDs and for three dimensional models it would be even more so. The ALIDs are specified by length and maximum mass proportional Rayleigh damping (CMmax), in this study three different lengths are tested, 0.5, 1.5 and 4.5 m for CMmax ranging from 103 to 2*105 Ns/m. The damping is increased with increasing distance into the ALID with specified maximum value at the back edge. However, it should be noted that the increase in damping causes difference in impedance between elements and if this difference is too large it will cause reflections of waves at the boundary between the elements. The ALID must thus be defined so that it sufficiently cancels out the wave without causing unwanted reflections due to impedance differences. The conclusion is that the 0.5 m long ALID does not provide good results for any choice of maximum mass proportional Rayleigh damping. Both the 1.5 and 4.5 m long ALIDs are, however, concluded to be applicable; the 1.5 m ALID having 2*104 < CMmax <5*104 Ns/m and the 4.5 m ALID having 5*103 < CMmax < 104 Ns/m are choices that have shown promise in the performed simulations. The hope is that the results obtained in this study will aid in the development of numerical analysis techniques for NDT methods that can be used in the construction of new reactor confinements and/or maintenance of existing reactor confinements and other thick concrete structures.
Många av världens kärnkraftverk närmar sig slutet på sin beräknade livslängd och ett behov uppstår då att kunna utvärdera de komponenter som är väsentliga för säkerheten på dessa verk. Reaktoromslutningen i betong är en av dessa komponenter och oförstörande provning (NDT) är en attraktiv metod för att bedöma dess tillstånd. Traditionellt har utvärdering av betongkonstruktioner bestått av stresstester på borrprover men p.g.a. den radioaktiva miljön på insidan av omslutningen är denna metod ej att föredra. NDT är självklart möjligt att använda på allsköns betongkonstruktioner då det ger både konstruktionsmässiga och estetiska fördelar. NDT metoden som rör denna studie kallas impact echo och går ut på att man med en hammare slår till en punkt på väggen och mäter responsen en bit därifrån. Lasten ger upphov till vågor i form av deformation som propagerar i väggen och dessa ger i sin tur upphov till Lamb moder. Lamb moderna är strukturella oscillationer av väggen och genom att studera dess frekvenser kan väggens tjocklek bestämmas. Elastiska egenskaper i väggen erhålls utifrån de olika vågornas propageringshastigheter. Impact echo metoden kan även användas för att finna strukturella oegentligheter inuti väggen så som sprickor och delaminering. För att utföra numeriska simuleringar av dynamiska system med NDT-metoder är finita elementmetoden (FEM) användbar. Syftet med denna studie är att bedöma vilka möjligheter som finns för att implementera absorberande ränder med ökande dämpning (ALID) i datamodeller för att minska beräkningstiden av FEM-analyser. ALID används vid kanterna för att simulera ett oändligt system, dess uppgift är att dämpa bort inkommande vågor så att dessa ej reflekteras tillbaka och stör mätningarna. Samtliga modeller i denna studie är två-dimensionella med antagen oändligt liten spänning i normalriktningen. Vinsten i beräkningstid av att använda ALID är stor och ökar ytterligare om modellen utökas till tre dimensioner. Ett ALID definieras genom dess längd och maximala massproportionerlig Rayleigh-dämpning (CMmax). I denna rapport har längderna 0.5, 1.5 and 4.5 m använts med CMmax i intervallet från 103 till 2*105 Ns/m. Dämpningen ökar med ökat avstånd in i ALID med det specificerade maxvärdet vid den bakre kanten. Det bör noteras att skillnad i dämpning mellan element leder till skillnad i impedans; reflektioner av vågorna uppstår vid övergång från ett element med lägre impedans till ett med högre impedans. Ett ALID måste således vara definierat så att det dämpar bort tillräckligt av de inkommande vågorna utan att oönskade reflektioner i ALID uppstår. Studien pekar på att ett 0.5 m långt ALID inte åstadkommer önskvärda resultat för något av valen för CMmax som använts i denna rapport. Både det 1.5 och 4.5 m långa ALID har däremot get bra resultat; ett 1.5 m långt ALID bör ha 2*104 < CMmax <5*104 Ns/m och ett 4.5 m långt ALID 5*103 < CMmax < 104 Ns/m. Förhoppningen med studien är att resultaten skall underlätta utvecklingen av NDT-metoder som kan användas vid konstruktion och underhåll av reaktoromslutningar och andra tjocka betongkonstruktioner.
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