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Książki na temat „Concentration gradients”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 1 lutego 2022

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1

L, Tracy Linda, Wilson William K i United States. Forest Service. Northern Research Station, red. Chloride concentration gradients in tank-stored hydraulic fracturing fluids following flowback. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 2011.

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2

Stewart, Renée. Ontogenetic changes in dietary and tissue metal concentration in wild yellow perch (Perca flavescens) from a metal contamination gradient. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, 2003.

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3

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., red. Fugacity and concentration gradients in a gravity field. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1986.

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4

Immobilized pH Gradients: Theory and Methodology. Elsevier Science Publishing Company, 1990.

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5

T, Chai A., Sun D. J i United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., red. Convective flows in enclosures with vertical temperature or concentration gradients. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1989.

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6

An-Ti, Chai, Sun D. J i United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., red. Convective flows in enclosures with vertical temperature or concentration gradients. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1989.

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7

Narayanan, Ramachandran, i George C. Marshall Space Flight Center., red. A photometric technique for determining fluid concentration using consumer-grade hardware. [Marshall Space Flight Center, Ala.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Marshall Space Flight Center, 1999.

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8

Williams, M. G., i P. J. Stopford. The Influence of Concentration Gradients Across the Outlets of a Gas Centrifuge. AEA Technology Plc, 1986.

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9

Moore, Kathryn Jean. Combined concentration gradients of neurotrophic factors act in synergy to guide neurite outgrowth. 2004.

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10

Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopic characterization of homogeneous solution concentration gradients near a container wall at different temperatures. Huntsville, AL: Dept. of Chemistry, the University of Alabama in Huntsville, 1991.

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11

Mast, Christof, Friederike Möller, Moritz Kreysing, Severin Schink, Benedikt Obermayer, Ulrich Gerland i Dieter Braun. Toward living nanomachines. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0039.

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How does inanimate matter become transformed into animate matter? Living systems evolve by replication and selection at the molecular level and this chapter considers how to establish a synthetic, minimal system that can support molecular evolution and thus life. Molecular evolution cannot be explained by starting with high concentrations of activated chemicals that react toward their chemical equilibrium; persistent non-equilibria are required to maintain continuous reactivity and we especially consider thermal gradients as an early driving force for Darwinian molecular evolution. The temperature difference across water-filled compartments implements a laminar fluid convection with periodic temperature oscillations that allow for the melting and replication of DNA. Simultaneously, dissolved molecules are moved along the thermal gradient by an effect called thermophoresis. The combined result is an efficient molecule trap that exponentially favors long over short DNA and thus maintains complexity. Future experiments will reveal how thermal gradients could actively drive the Darwinian process of replication and selection.

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12

Cao, Xudong. Defining a neurotrophic factor concentration gradient to guide neurite outgrowth. 2002.

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13

Biddiss, Elaine. Experimental and numerical development of an electrokinetic micro-mixer and a concentration gradient generator using surface charge patterning. 2004.

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14

Hendrickx, Jan F. A., André van Zundert i Andre De Wolf. Inhaled anaesthetics. Redaktor Michel M. R. F. Struys. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0014.

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Inhaled anaesthetic drugs are administered via the lungs to provide ‘general anaesthesia’. They are considered complete anaesthetics because they in and by themselves can in most patients ensure all clinical end-points that are required for ‘general anaesthesia’ (unconsciousness, immobility, and haemodynamic stability). The dose–response curve of each clinical end-point is conveniently defined by its mid-point, the end-expired concentration Fa that ensures response suppression in 50 % of the patients (MACawake, MAC, and MACBAR). By understanding the dose–response curves and the factors that influence them (pharmacodynamics), the target Fa and the dose of other drugs can be selected in each individual patient. This target Fa is achieved by adjusting the carrier fresh gas flow (O2, air, N2O) and agent vaporizer setting Fd. ‘Pharmacokinetics’ is the study of the factors that affect the partial pressure cascade from the vaporizer down to the site of action. Because IADs are transported down a partial pressure gradient, Fa will always try to approach the inspired concentration Fi, a process that is described by the Fa/Fi ratio over time. Both Fa and Fi are routinely measured. N2O remains widely used, with scientific scrutiny rather than belief finally delineating its advantages and disadvantages. Xenon, the near-ideal agent, is discussed briefly because it may enter clinical practice despite its cost because of its potential advantages in a yet to be defined subgroup of high-risk patients. The carrier gas N2 is often overlooked, but deserves careful analysis to help the reader understand how rebreathing affects its kinetics in a circle breathing system.

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15

Himmelfarb, Jonathan. Haemodialysis. Redaktor Jonathan Himmelfarb. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0255.

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This chapter provides an overview of haemodialysis, a medical procedure where the blood volume circulates extracorporeally through a dialysis membrane and is returned to the patient via the vasculature, during which time there is diffusion of molecules in solution along an electrochemical concentration gradient. In clinical haemodialysis, the semipermeable dialysis membrane separates the blood from a solution of prescribed electrolyte composition known as the dialysate. The use of long-term dialysis for treatment of irreversible kidney failure and amelioration of the uraemic syndrome dates back to the 1960s, when Belding Scribner and colleagues developed a repeatedly usable vascular access device using Teflon-coated plastic tubes. These and many other pioneering advances led to early successes in carefully selected populations of predominantly young, relatively fit patients with kidney failure. This in turn prompted a dramatic expansion of the use of haemodialysis as a life-sustaining treatment, and today haemodialysis is the most frequently used treatment for end-stage kidney disease in the United States, Europe, and worldwide. The expanded use of haemodialysis as kidney replacement therapy transformed the profession of nephrology and the care of people living with severe kidney disease, and also created a new field of medical science, which has been referred to as ‘the physiology of the artificial kidney’.

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16

Joynt, Gavin M., i Gordon Y. S. Choi. Blood gas analysis in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0072.

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Arterial blood gases allow the assessment of patient oxygenation, ventilation, and acid-base status. Blood gas machines directly measure pH, and the partial pressures of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and oxygen (PaO2) dissolved in arterial blood. Oxygenation is assessed by measuring PaO2 and arterial blood oxygen saturation (SaO2) in the context of the inspired oxygen and haemoglobin concentration, and the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve. Causes of arterial hypoxaemia may often be elucidated by determining the alveolar–arterial oxygen gradient. Ventilation is assessed by measuring the PaCO2 in the context of systemic acid-base balance. A rise in PaCO2 indicates alveolar hypoventilation, while a decrease indicates alveolar hyperventilation. Given the requirement to maintain a normal pH, functioning homeostatic mechanisms result in metabolic acidosis, triggering a compensatory hyperventilation, while metabolic alkalosis triggers a compensatory reduction in ventilation. Similarly, when primary alveolar hypoventilation generates a respiratory acidosis, it results in a compensatory increase in serum bicarbonate that is achieved in part by kidney bicarbonate retention. In the same way, respiratory alkalosis induces kidney bicarbonate loss. Acid-base assessment requires the integration of clinical findings and a systematic interpretation of arterial blood gas parameters. In clinical use, traditional acid-base interpretation rules based on the bicarbonate buffer system or standard base excess estimations and the interpretation of the anion gap, are substantially equivalent to the physicochemical method of Stewart, and are generally easier to use at the bedside. The Stewart method may have advantages in accurately explaining certain physiological and pathological acid base problems.

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