Rozprawy doktorskie: „Concentrate”

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Carvalho, Fernando Kassis [UNESP]. "Viscosidade, tensão superficial e tamanho de gotas em caldas com formulações de inseticidas e fungicidas". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/143780.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a interferência de três tipos de formulações de inseticidas e fungicidas na tensão superficial, viscosidade e espectro de gotas de caldas de pulverização. O experimento foi conduzido na forma de um fatorial 2 x 3, duas classes de produtos fitossanitários e três tipos de formulações, em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. Quando recomendados em bula, adjuvantes foram adicionados às caldas de pulverização, sendo analisados separadamente daqueles tratamentos sem adjuvantes. Cada tipo de formulação foi representado por cinco produtos comerciais. As formulações utilizadas foram concentrado emulsionável (EC), suspensão concentrada (SC) e granulado dispersível (WG). As concentrações das caldas foram simuladas para uma taxa de aplicação de 50 L ha-1 e as pulverizações foram realizadas utilizando-se a ponta XR 8003VS, na pressão de 200 kPa. A formulação WG resultou nos maiores valores de tensão superficial (TS) e percentual do volume aplicado composto por gotas menores do que 100 µm (%<100 µm), e os menores valores de diâmetro mediano volumétrico (DMV). O acréscimo de adjuvantes à base de óleo mineral e vegetal aumentou o DMV e reduziu a amplitude relativa do espectro de gotas (AR), TS e o %<100 µm comparado aos mesmos tratamentos sem adjuvantes. A formação de emulsões, decorrentes do uso dos adjuvantes ou de formulações EC, foi mais eficaz em reduzir o %<100 µm, AR e a TS e em aumentar o DMV do que aquelas que formaram dispersões, representadas pelas formulações WG e SC de inseticidas e fungicidas. A formulação dos produtos comerciais deve ser considerada como fator para o planejamento da segurança ambiental e qualidade das aplicações, uma vez que existe um padrão de interferência das formulações de inseticidas e fungicidas avaliadas na AR, DMV, DV01, esfericidade e %<100 µm.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the interference of tree types of formulations of insecticides and fungicides on surface tension, viscosity, and droplet size spectra of spray solutions. It was conducted in a 2 x 3 factorial design, two classes of pesticides and tree types of formulations, in a completely randomized experiment. When it was prescribed on the label, adjuvants were mixed on the spray solution, but these treatments were analyzed apart from those without adjuvants. Each type of formulation was represented by five commercial products. The selected formulations types were emulsifiable concentrate (EC), suspension concentrate (SC) and water dispersible granules (WG). The concentrations of the spray solutions were calculated supposing a spray rate of 50 L ha-1 and the applications were done using a XR 8003VS nozzle, at operating pressure of 200 kPa. The WG formulation resulted on the highest surface tension (ST) and percentage of droplets smaller than 100 µm (%<100 µm), and the lowest volume median diameter (VMD). The use of mineral and vegetal oils increased the VMD and decreased the relative Span, ST and %<100 µm, compared with the respective treatments without adjuvants. The formation of emulsions, resulted from using the adjuvants or EC formulations, on the spray solutions were more efficient on decreasing the %<100 µm, RS, and ST, and on increasing VMD than those formulations that resulted on the formation of dispersions, represented by WG and SC formulations of insecticides and fungicides. Formulations of commercial pesticides may be considered an aspect for planning the protection of the environment and the quality of spray applications, once it exists a pattern of interference of the studied formulations of insecticides and fungicides on relative Span, VMD, DV01, sphericity and %<100 µm.
CAPES: 99999.003632/2015-06

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Leite, Helia Maria de Souza. "Terminação de cordeiros alimentados com dieta de alto grão em sistema de confinamento". Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 2017. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/823.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of different proportions of high-level diets on finishing lambs in feedlot system on performance. However, there is no ingestive and physiological behavior, as well as carcass characteristics, quality physical and chemical characteristics of meat and production costs. For this purpose, whole corn grain associated with the protein-mineral-vitamin supplement was used in three proportions of concentrate: bulky (100%, 80:20 and 60:40%), a concentrated portion of the diet composed of 85 % of whole corn grain and 15% of supplement and bulky portion of Tifton hay). Twentyfour non-castrated males with no defined racial pattern were used with initial weight of 20.9 ± 1.0 kg at the age of 6 months. Weight gain was achieved in the three diets tested from 0.302g / day for 100% diet, 0.254g / day to 80:20 and 0.259g / day for 60:40 Minor rumination time (P≤0.05) in lambs of the treatment based on grain 100% when compared to the lambs of the other treatments. The 100% diet presented higher feed efficiency (EAL) and also more efficient rumination (ERU). Evaluating a temperature of the rumen region, it can be seen that the animals that received a 100% diet showed the variation of the temperature of the reen region, as 80:20 and 60: 40% diets affect nearby temperatures. As evaluated diets contributed to the performance with satisfactory gains, although preferences of use of diet of high grade, these guarantee like basic actions. There was a significant effect on carcass yield. A 100% concentrated diet showed a carcass yield of 47%, while for 80: 20% and 60: 40% diets obtained carcass yield values of 43.5% and 43.4%, respectively. The gastrointestinal content also had an effect, being lower in treatments 100% and 80: 20%. (P> 0.05) in the variables pH, temperature, color, water retention capacity and shear force. The 100% treatment presented a weight loss in cooking as well as superior thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) when compared with other diets. The 100% diet, when compared with other diets, obtained an additional carcass weight of 2.30 kg per animal. The use of the 100% concentrated diet in lamb termination systems is a more viable alternative from a productive and economical point of view
RESUMO: Objetivou-se com o estudo avaliar o efeito de diferentes proporções de dietas de alto grão na terminação de cordeiros em sistema de confinamento sobre o desempenho e alterações no comportamento ingestivo e fisiológico, assim como as características de carcaça, qualidade físicas e químicas da carne e custos de produção. Utilizou-se para tal, grão de milho inteiro associando ao suplemento protéico-mineral-vitamínico em três proporções de concentrado:volumoso, (100%, 80:20% e 60:40%), sendo a porção concentrada da dieta composta de 85% de grão de milho inteiro e 15% de suplemento e a porção volumosa de feno de Tifton). Foram utilizados 24 machos não castrados, sem padrão racial definido com peso inicial de 20,9 ± 1,0kg com idade de 6 meses. Conseguiu-se obter ganhos de peso nas três dietas testadas de 0,302g/dia para dieta 100%, 0,254 g/dia para 80:20 e 0,259 g/dia para 60:40 O tempo de ruminação foi menor (P≤0,05) nos cordeiros do tratamento à base de grão 100% quando comparados aos cordeiros dos demais tratamentos. A dieta 100% apresentou maior eficiência de alimentação (EAL) e também mais eficiente na ruminação (ERU). Avaliando a temperatura da região do rúmen percebe-se que os animais que receberam a dieta 100% apresentaram acentuada variação de temperatura da região do rémen, as dietas 80:20 e 60:40% apresentam alterações de temperaturas próximas. As dietas avaliadas contribuíram para o desempenho com ganhos satisfatórios, apesar de ocorrer alterações comportamentais com uso da dieta de alto grão, estas garantem as ações básicas necessária para manter a saúde ruminal adequada. Houve efeito significativo para rendimento de carcaça. A dieta 100% concentrado apresentou um rendimento de carcaça de 47%, enquanto as dietas 80:20% e 60:40% obtiveram valores para rendimento de carcaça de 43,5% e 43,4% respectivamente. O conteúdo gastrointestinal também apresentou efeito, sendo menor nos tratamentos 100% e 80:20%. Para os parâmetros físicos da carne, não foi observado diferenças significativa (P>0,05) nas variáveis pH, temperatura, cor, capacidade de retenção de água e força de cisalhamento. O tratamento 100% apresentou uma menor perda de peso na cocção assim como também apresentou ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) superior quando comparado as demais dietas. A dieta 100%, quando comparado as demais dietas, obteve-se um peso adicional de carcaça de 2,30 Kg por animal. O uso da dieta 100% concentrado em sistemas de terminação de cordeiros é a alternativa mais viável do ponto de vista produtivo e econômico
2018-01-31

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Khan, M. M. "Selective flocculation of lead-zinc concentrate". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355440.

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MAIA, EDUARDO SILVA. "PELLETIZING AND REDUCING OF MAGNETITE CONCENTRATE". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2011. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=18544@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
A tendência mundial de aumento da quantidade de finos (sinter feed e pellet feed) nas lavras de minério de ferro tem elevado a importância dos processos de aglomeração, em especial a pelotização, que tem por característica produzir pelotas de excelente qualidade química e alta resistência mecânica, além de ser um processo menos poluente que a sinterização. Atualmente, as jazidas de minério de ferro em lavra no Brasil, exploram minérios predominantemente hematíticos (hematita e/ou itabirito). Apesar do país não possuir tradição na exploração de minérios magnetíticos, existem ocorrências destes que vêm despertando crescente interesse, sendo, contudo, necessário à adequação das etapas do beneficiamento mineral e dos parâmetros operacionais da pelotização. O presente trabalho, fruto de uma interação da empresa Metal Data S/A e o Grupo de Siderurgia do DEMa/PUC-Rio, trata do estudo da pelotização de um minério de ferro magnetítico, proveniente de uma jazida brasileira em fase de pesquisa mineral, com o objetivo de analisar sua viabilidade exploratória para produção de pelotas a serem utilizadas como matéria prima na indústria siderúrgica. Os procedimentos experimentais foram divididos em três etapas: tratamento do minério, pelotização e redução, buscando assim, definir uma rota de tratamento do minério e, posteriormente, a caracterização química, mecânica e metalúrgica das pelotas produzidas. Foram estudados três tipos de misturas para a pelotização, envolvendo oito diferentes concentrados. Os resultados indicaram que o minério magnetítico é passível de concentração e capaz de produzir um pellet feed de qualidade, utilizando rota de beneficiamento com operações unitárias típicas. Este material mostrou potencial para a formação de pelotas cruas em discos de laboratório e, após as operações de queima, produziu pelotas que apresentaram granulometria entre 9,5 e 16,0 mm, resistência à compressão de 126 a 339 kg/pelota, índice de tamboramento de 67,7 a 94,9 %, porosidades de 23,8 a 40,74%, grau de metalização de 30 a 75%, entre outras.
The global increasing trend of producing iron ore fines (sinter feed and pellet feed) has also increased the importance of the agglomeration processes, in particular the pelletizing, which has as main characteristic to produce high quality pellets with excellent mechanical resistance, besides being a less polluting process than the sintering. Currently, Brazilian mines exploit mainly hematite deposits (hematite and / or itabirite ores). Although the country has no tradition in exploiting magnetite minerals, there is a growing interest trend in magnetite occurrences, although it might be necessary to adequate mineral processing and pelletizing operating parameters when using such ore. This work is a result of an interaction between the company Metal Data S/A and the Siderurgy Group of the DEMa/PUC-Rio and describes the pelletizing process using magnetite iron ore from a Brazilian deposit in exploration stage, in order to evaluate its suitability for exploratory pellet production to be used as feedstock in the steel industry. The experimental procedures were divided into three steps - ore processing, pelletizing and reduction, aiming to define the ore treatment route and chemical, mechanical and metallurgical characteristics of the produced pellets. Three types of mixtures for pelletizing were analysed, involving eight different concentrates. The results indicated that the magnetite ore is likely to concentrate and capable of producing a pellet feed with adequate quality, using a processing route with typical unit operations. It was observed that this materal has a potential for the formation of green pellets in the laboratory pelletizing disc and, after burning operations, produced pellets that had particle size between 9.5 and 16.0 mm, compression strength from 126 to 339 kg / pellet, tumble index from 67.7 to 94.9%, porosity from 23.8 to 40.74%, degree of metallization from 30 to 75%, among others.

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Rambiyana, RI. "Partial Roasting of a PGM Concentrate". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/61329.

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PGM concentrates contain more than just the platinum group minerals. They also concentrate three minerals pyrrhotite (Fe1 xS), pentlandite ([Fe,Ni]9S8) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2). In a sample of Merensky concentrate tested in this study, these minerals account for half the concentrate. During smelting and converting these sulphides collect the PGMs in matte. Smelting produces a matte, the composition of which converting adjusts by oxidizing sulphur to SO2 and iron to Fe2SiO4 (fayalite). The objective of roasting a PGM concentrate would be to alter the composition of a concentrate, at lower temperatures in a kiln before smelting, so that the matte formed contains less iron and sulphur, but, still, collects all of the PGMs, copper and nickel. Roasting tests were conducted in a bench-scale rotary kiln on a sample of Merensky concentrate supplied by Lonmin. The kiln was purged with air to maintain high oxygen partial pressures (~0.21 atm O₂). Test temperatures from 350 °C to 700 °C and residence times from 2 to 30 minutes were explored. The roasted products were smelted in argon at 1500 °C to assess the effect of roasting on matte fall and the deportment of base metals. Roasting for 20 minutes at 550 and 650 °C reduced the sulphur content in the concentrate by 60 and 70 %, respectively from 17.4% to ~5% sulphur. Iron was oxidized to an iron oxide. Fe3O4 (magnetite) predominated at lower temperatures (<500 °C); Fe2O3 (hematite) predominates at higher temperatures. Oxidation in each of these minerals occurred through a number of reactions. Some rates were faster than others. Under the conditions tested all of the iron in pyrrhotite oxidized to iron oxides, and most of the iron in chalcopyrite and pentlandite were oxidized. Copper and nickel remained as sulphides. The smelting of roasted products produced a lower matte fall, the iron in matte was less than 3 %, and matte collected all of the copper, but not all of the nickel. Nickel also partitioned to the slag, where it reported to the spinel phases. The matte formed (from concentrate roasted at 550 °C) in a number of discrete prills (rather than collecting in a single "button"), which might have been a consequence of high slag viscosities. For concentrate roasted at 650 °C discrete alloy prills and not matte prills were formed.
Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering
MEng
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Abrahamsson, Filip. "Leaching of Pyrrhotite from Nickel Concentrate". Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Industriell miljö- och processteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-64934.

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Non-oxidative acid leaching of pyrrhotite from Kevitsa’s Ni-concentrate and methods to recover by-products, have been investigated. Selective dissolution of pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS, 0<x<0.25) can enrich the content of the valuable metals, such as Ni and Co, in the final concentrate and will reduce the amount of Fe and S sent to the smelters. The pyrometallurgical smelting of leached concentrate will thus give less formation of smelter by-products in form of slag and SO2. The leaching was studied through an experimental design plan with parameter settings of 38.8% to 57.8% H2SO4 and temperatures from 60 to 100°C. The best results were obtained in experiments carried out at the lower experimental range. Leaching at 60°C with an initial acid concentration of 38.8% H2SO4 was found sufficient to selectively dissolve most of the pyrrhotite; leaving an enriched solid residue. A QEMSCAN analysis of the solid residue confirmed that most of the pyrrhotite had been dissolved and showed that pentlandite was still the main Ni-mineral. Chemical assays showed that more than 95% of the Ni, Co, and Cu remained in the final residue. The utilized leaching process generates by-products, in the form of large quantities of Fe2+ in solution and gaseous H2S. To recover Fe2+, crystallization of iron(ii) sulfate (FeSO4∙nH2O) from leach solution through cooling have been studied. The crystallized crystals were further dehydrated into the monohydrate (FeSO4∙H2O) through a strong sulfuric acid treatment (80%H2SO4). XRD analysis confirmed that FeSO4∙H2O was the main phase in the final crystals, and a chemical analysis showed a Fe content of about 30%, 1.5% Mg, 0.4% Ca, and 0.2% Ni. The possibility to leach the concentrate by circulating the acidic solution from the crystallization stage has been tested. The recirculation of the solution showed no negative effects, as the recoveries of elements and chemical assays of the final solid residue were found to be similar to the obtained assay when the concentrate was leached in a fresh solution.
Icke-oxidativ syralakning av magnetkis från Kevitsas Ni-koncentrat har studerats samt metoder för tillvaratagande av biprodukter. Genom en selektiv upplösning av magnetkis (Fe1-xS, 0<x<0.25) kan värdefulla metaller som Ni och Co anrikas i det slutliga koncentratet. Samtidigt som mängden Fe och S som skickas till smältverken minskar, vilket också innebär att mindre biprodukter i form av slagg och SO2 erhålls vid den pyrometallurgiska smältningen av Ni-koncentratet. En experimentell design plan genomfördes för att studera lakningen där syrakoncentrationen varierades från 38.8% till 57.8%H2SO4 och temperatur från 60 till 100°C. Bäst resultat erhölls vid de lägre parameterinställningarna. Lakning vid 60°C med en initial syrakoncentration på 38.8%H2SO4 visade sig vara tillräcklig för att selektivt lösa upp merparten av all magnetkis och lämna kvar en anrikad produkt. Via QUEMSCAN bekräftades att merparten av all magnetkis hade löst upp sig och att huvudsakligt Ni-mineral fortfarande var pentlandit. Kemiska analyser visade att mer än 95% av Ni, Co och Cu stannade kvar i fasta godset. Den tillämpade lakningsmetoden genererar biprodukter i form av stora mängder Fe2+ i lösning och H2S i gasform. För att tillvarata Fe2+ har kristallisering av laklösning som järn(ii) sulfat (FeSO4∙nH2O) studerats genom kylning. De kristalliserade kristallerna avvattnades till monohydrat, FeSO∙1H2O, genom avvattning i stark svavelsyra (80%H2SO4). XRD bekräftade FeSO∙1H2O som huvudfas i slutliga kristallerna och kemisk analys visade på ca 30%Fe med huvudsakliga orenheter i form av 1.5% Mg, 0.4%Ca och 0.2% Ni. Möjligheten till att laka i återcirkulerad lösning efter kristallisering har undersökts. Lakning i återcirkulerad lösning visade inga negativa effekter då liknande halter och utbyten erhölls till det fasta godset.

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Verdú, Piqué Marçal. "Postformula feeding strategies to reduce concentrate consumption and improve feed efficiency in bulls fed high-concentrate diets". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/377478.

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Als països mediterranis la majoria de bestiar d’engreix s’alimenta amb dietes riques en concentrat amb una ràtio de pinso i palla de 90:10, ambdós ad libitum, en menjadores separades. El cost del pinso (preu dels ingredients i el total de consum de pinso) representa el 70-80% dels costos de producció totals. El preu del pinso és variable any rere any. Així doncs, una reducció del consum total de concentrat, sense perdre creixement, podria millorar l’eficiència alimentària i conseqüentment la rendibilitat de l’explotació. La present tesi s’ha centrat en estratègies alimentàries que van més enllà de la fórmula nutricional per tal de reduir els costos de producció i millorar la rendibilitat independentment del preu del pinso. Per tant, les dues estratègies alimentàries postfórmula més apropiades per aplicar en el nostre (Catalunya) sistema intensiu d’engreix (vedells Frisons, dietes basades en blat de moro i granulat com a forma de presentació) van ser el disseny de menjadora de pinso i la forma física del pinso (qualitat del granulat). Un primer estudi avaluà l’efecte de dos dissenys de menjadora de pinso alternatius (una menjadora convencional amb menor capacitat de pinso i una menjadora uniboca amb proteccions laterals) sobre els paràmetres productius, la conducta animal i alimentària, el benestar i la salut ruminal. Ambdues menjadores foren bones estratègies per reduir el consum de pinso sense perjudicar el creixement, la salut ruminal i el benestar. Tanmateix, l’eficiència alimentària no millorà. A més, la conducta alimentària i la seva relació amb el disseny de menjadora, així com l’evolució amb el PV van ser analitzats en un segon estudi. Els animals alimentats amb menjadores col·lectives van exhibir un comportament més sincronitzat durant la fase de creixement (dels 130 als 320 kg PV) comparat amb els animals uniboca; mentre que aquests adoptaren una conducta més individualitzada durant la fase d’acabat (dels 320 als 440 kg PV) igual que els uniboca. El primer estudi va permetre detectar problemes d’adaptació a la menjadora uniboca, fet que originà un tercer estudi per avaluar l’efecte de l’estratègia d’adaptació (uniboca sense proteccions laterals durant els primers 4 d i una menjadora addicional amb menjar que gradualment es reduïa durant els primers 14 d) al disseny uniboca amb proteccions laterals sobre el creixement, la conducta alimentària i animal durant les primeres 6 setmanes després de l’arribada a l’engreix. L’estratègia d’adaptació a la menjadora uniboca va ser exitosa facilitant l’accés al menjar, fet que es va traduir en un increment del consum i del GMD durant la primera setmana i en un major PV al cap de 6 setmanes. Finalment, el quart estudi analitzà l’efecte de la forma de presentació del pinso sobre els paràmetres productius, la conducta alimentària, i la preferència en vedells en fase d’acabat; també s’estudià l’evolució de la qualitat del grànul des de granuladora fins a menjadora. Alimentar els animals amb grànuls de bona qualitat va tenir un impacte positiu en la rendibilitat de l’explotació degut a l’increment d’ingesta i creixement, i la reducció de malbaratament. Els animals mostraren preferència pels grànuls de bona qualitat. A més, va ser important preservar la qualitat del grànul (durabilitat i percentatge de fins) des de granuladora fins menjadora per observar millores en els rendiments productius. Concloent, totes les estratègies alimentàries postfórmula (disseny de menjadora, estratègia d’adaptació i forma de presentació del pinso) van tenir un lleu impacte sobre el creixement i la rendibilitat. Tanmateix, l’efecte additiu d’aquestes millores podria incrementar la competitivitat i disminuir la dependència als preus dels aliments en la producció intensiva d’engreix. També, aquesta tesi ha permès conscienciar a alguns productors en la implementació fàcil d’estratègies per reduir el consum de pinso.
In Mediterranean countries most of intensive beef cattle are fed high-concentrate diets with concentrate to straw ratio 90 to 10, both ad libitum in separate feeders. The concentrate cost (price of ingredients and total concentrate consumption) represents around 70-80% of total production costs. The price of the concentrate has become largely variable year-by-year. Thus, a reduction of total concentrate consumption, without losing performance, may lead to an improvement in feed efficiency and thereby in fattening profitability. This current thesis has focused on feeding strategies beyond the nutritional formula that could improve production costs and profitability in intensive beef production independently of concentrate price. Hence, two different postformula feeding strategies were chosen as the more appropriate approaches to be studied in our (Catalonia) intensive beef production (Holstein bulls, corn grain-based high-concentrate diets, concentrate ad libitum in self-feeders, and pellet as main physical feed presentation); the concentrate feeder design and physical form of concentrate (pellet quality). A first study was conducted to evaluate the effect of two alternative concentrate feeder designs (a conventional feeder with less concentrate capacity and single-space feeder with lateral protections) on performance, eating and animal behavior, welfare, ruminal health, and carcass quality. Both alternative feeder designs were good strategies to reduce total concentrate consumption without impairing performance, rumen health, and animal welfare. However, feed efficiency was not improved. Furthermore, eating and drinking patterns and its relationship with feeder design, and its evolution with BW were analyzed in a second study. Animals fed on collective feeders exhibited an eating behavior more synchronized during the growing phase (from 130 to 320 kg of BW) compared with single-space feeder animals, whereas they adopted a more individualized behavior during the finishing phase (from 320 to 440 kg of BW) like single-space feeder animals. Data from the first study suggested that animals fed single-space feeder with lateral barriers had adaptation problems. Then, a third study was designed to evaluated the effect of the adaptation strategy (single-space feeder without lateral protections for first 4 d and additional feeder where feed offer was gradually reduced for first 14 d) to single-space feeder design with lateral protections on performance, eating pattern, and animal behavior for first 6 wk upon arrival at fattening. The adaptation strategy to the single-space feeder was successful facilitating feed access; fact that was translated in an increase of concentrate intake and ADG during the first week after fattening arrival, and resulting in a greater BW 6 wk later. Lastly, the fourth study analyzed the effect of physical form of concentrate on performance, eating pattern, and feed preference in finishing bulls, together with studying the evolution of physical pellet quality from pellet mill to the feeder. Feeding animals with good quality pellets had a positive economic impact on fattening profitability due to improve performance (increased intake and growth, and reduced feed wastage). The feed preference study demonstrated that animals showed a strong preference for good pellet quality. In addition, it was important to preserve parameters of pellet quality (durability and percentage of fines) from pellet mill to feeder to expect the beneficial effect of pellet quality (with good quality) on performance. In conclusion, all postformula feeding strategies proposed (concentrate feeder design, adaptation strategy to concentrate feeder design, and physical form of concentrate) had a small impact on performance and economic profitability. However, the additive effects of small benefits of these different feeding approaches could contribute to a more competitive and less dependent of feed prices intensive beef production. Moreover, this thesis has also raised awareness to producers in management strategies that improve efficiency and profitability easy to implement.

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Fernandes, Laís Lucas. "Protocolos para a preparação de concentrados autólogos de trombócitos em aves". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/154419.

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O estudo visou comparar e avaliar protocolos de produtos autógenos sanguíneos em aves, com base naqueles existentes para mamíferos. No Experimento 1 foram analisados dois protocolos para obtenção de plasma rico em trombócitos e leucócitos (L-PRT). Utilizaram-se 30 aves divididas em três Grupos equitativos: G1 - papagaios; G2 - tucanos-toco; G3 - galinhas domésticas. No protocolo 1, a primeira centrifugação foi a 220 gravidade (g) durante 10 minutos e a segunda a 660 g por 10 minutos. Após a segunda centrifugação, foi descartado 2/3 do sobrenadante, permanecendo apenas o L-PRT. No protocolo 2, a primeira centrifugação foi a 120 g durante 5 minutos e a segunda a 240 g por 5 minutos. Concluiu-se que houve diferenças na concentração de trombócitos entre as espécies, porém independente do protocolo a maior concentração foi nas galinhas, e entre os Protocolos o 2 foi o mais efetivo. No Experimento 2 foram produzidas e avaliadas histologicamente membranas de fibrina rica em trombócitos e leucócitos (L-TRF). Empregaram-se 40 aves divididas em quatro grupos equitativos: G1 – araras, G2 - galinhas domésticas, G3 – papagaios, G4 - tucanos-toco. Para cada ave foi coletado 0,5 ml de sangue, que foi depositado em tubo de vidro sem anticoagulante e centrifugado a 3000 rpm por 10 minutos. Membranas de L-TRF obtidas pela compressão dos cóagulos com gaze foram processadas para análise histológica. Foi possível concluir que é possível produzir membranas de L-TRF nas espécies de aves estudadas, porém histologicamente as proporções dos elementos avaliados foram similares apenas nas galinhas domésticas e papagaios.
This study aimed to compare and evaluate protocols of autogenous blood products in birds, based on protocols developed for mammals. In Experiment 1, two protocols were evaluated for obtaining Leukocyte- and Thrombocyte-Rich Plasma (L-TRP). Thirty birds were divided into three equally sized groups: G1 - parrots; G2 - toco toucans; G3 - domestic chickens. In Protocol 1 the first centrifugation was at 220 gravity (g) for 10 minutes and the second one at 660 g for 10 minutes. After the second centrifugation, 2/3 of the supernatant was discarded, leaving only the L-TRP. In protocol 2, the first centrifugation was at 120 g for 5 minutes and the second one at 240 g for 5 minutes. In conclusion, there were differences in thrombocyte concentration among the species, but independently of the protocol, the highest concentration was in chickens. Between the protocols, Protocol 2 was the most effective. In Experiment 2, Leukocyte- and Thrombocyte-Rich Fibrin (L-TRF) membranes were developed and assessed histologically. Forty birds were divided into four equally sized groups: G1 – macaws, G2 - domestic chickens, G3 – parrots, G4 - toco toucans. A total of 0.5 mL of blood was collected from each bird, which was put into glass tube without anticoagulant and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes. L-TRF membranes produced after compression of the clot were processed for histological analysis. In conclusion, L-TRF membranes can be produced in the evaluated avian species, but the ratio of the elements evaluated histologically were similar only in domesticated chickens and parrots.

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Fagundes, Marco Henrique Ramos. "Efeito do sistema de fornecimento de alimentos e processamento do concentrado sobre a digestibilidade da dieta e resposta glicêmica plasmática, em eqüinos". Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10135/tde-10042007-162440/.

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Foram utilizados quatro éguas, da raça brasileiro de hipismo, com idade aproximada de 24 meses, com peso médio de 500 Kg, em um delineamento experimental Quadrado Latino balanceado 4X4, com arranjo fatorial 2X2 dos tratamentos e medidas repetidas no tempo, sendo o primeiro fator dois concentrados, um somente peletizado (CT) e o outro peletizado com pré-extrusão do ingrediente milho (CM), e o segundo fator é constituído pela diferença na ordem de fornecimento do concentrado e do volumoso onde um o concentrado é fornecido às 7:00h e às 19:00h e o volumoso às 9:00h e às 21:00h (C7V9); e o outro o inverso (V7C9). Não houve efeito dos tratamentos na aceitabilidade, na digestibilidade aparente total da matéria seca (51,2; 54,5; 53,4; 58,2%) da matéria orgânica (54,1; 57,5; 56,1; 60,7%), do amido (98,2; 98,3; 98,2; 98,2%), da proteína bruta (65,6; 70,3; 68,9; 72,6%), da fibra em detergente neutro (42,5; 44,6; 42,9; 49,3%) e da fibra em detergente ácido (34,8; 37,3; 37,0; 42,3%), porém noto-se uma tendência de melhora para os fatores V7C9 e CM. A resposta glicêmica plasmática foi analisada pela área abaixo da curva de glicose com valores obtidos para CTC7V9 de 493,7; CTV7C9, 407,6; CMC7V9, 430,7 e CMV7C9, 387,8, porém não houve efeito do fator concentrado, já o fator sistema de alimentação sofreu diferença estatística com aumento para o sistema C7V9, o que demonstra uma curva menos acentuada para V7C9, demonstrando uma absorção mais uniforme da glicose.
Four mares had been used, of the race Brazilian of jumping, with approach age of 24 months, average weight of 500 kg, in balanced Latin Squared experimental delineation 4X4, with factorial arrangement 2X2 of the treatments and measures repeated in the time, being the first factor two concentrates, one only pelletized (CT) and the other pelletized with daily pay-drawing of the ingredient maize (CM), and as the factor is constituted by the difference in the order feeding the concentrate and the voluminous one where one the concentrate is feeded 7:00h and to 19:00h and voluminous 9:00h and 21:00h (C7V9); e the other the inverse one (V7C9). It did not have effect of the treatments in acceptability, in the total apparent digestibilidade of dry substance (51,2; 54,5; 53,4; 58,2%) of organic substance (54,1; 57,5; 56,1; 60,7%), of starch (98,2; 98,3; 98,2; 98,2%), of rude protein (65,6; 70,3; 68,9; 72,6%), of the fiber in neutral detergent (42,5; 44,6; 42,9; 49,3%) and of the fiber in acid detergent (34,8; 37,3; 37,0; 42,3%), however I notice a trend of improvement for factors V7C9 and cm. The plasmatic glucose it was analyzed by the area below of the glucose curve with values gotten for CTC7V9 of 493,7; CTV7C9, 407,6; CMC7V9, 430,7 and CMV7C9, 387,8, however did not have effect of the concentrated factor, already the factor feeding system suffered to difference statistics with increase for system C7V9, what it less demonstrates an accented curve for V7C9, demonstrating an absorption more uniform of the glucose.

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Delgado, Guillermo Guadalupe. "Treatment of RO concentrate using VSEP technology". To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2009. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.

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Mishra, Gunjan. "Selective flotation of gold from chalcopyrite concentrate /". abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2005. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1433106.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2005.
"August, 2005." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 39-41). Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2008]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm. Online version available on the World Wide Web.

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Moore, Sarah Elizabeth. "Production of Algal Concentrate for Mollusk Feed". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/321883.

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Sherman, Jennifer Ramin. "Production of Algal Concentrate for Mollusk Feed". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/321956.

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Traeger, Jeremiah Clemens. "Production of Algal Concentrate for Mollusk Feed". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/322077.

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Veach, Rebecca Suzanne. "Production of Algal Concentrate for Mollusk Feed". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/322080.

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Kamande, George Matiru. "Forage and concentrate protein utilization by dairy cattle". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27970.

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In the first part of this study, the relative in situ rumen degradabilities of some common Kenyan feedstuffs were estimated using two fistulated steers. The second part of the study attempted to manipulate rumen fermentation processes by heat treating dietary protein, and also by varying the hay particle size. The in situ dacron bag technique was used to estimate the feeding value of some common Kenyan forages. The rate and extent of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradation in the rumen was then determined from the incubated samples. Effective DM and CP degradation was also estimated at various rumen digesta flow rates. Green maize chop, fodder sorghum, napier grass, kikuyu grass, Pennisetum trachyphyllum, rhubarb leaves, banana leaves, sweet potato vines, desmodium and lucerne had moderate to high DM and CP degradability (>50%). These feedstuffs would therefore offer greater potential for conservation for feeding dairy cattle in the dry season. Wheat straw, maize stover, red oats grass and naivasha stargrass had significantly (P<0.05) lower rumen degradability. This last group would require supplemental energy and nitrogen in order to meet the dairy cow's nutrients requirements. Wheat bran had a high DM degradability but its CP degradability was low. The digestibility and amino acid availability of its protein requires further investigations. The effects of forage particle length and heat treatment of protein sources on intake, milk yield and composition and, ration digestibility were determined using dairy cows. Normal or heated canola meal and dehydrated alfalfa were fed together with orchard grass hay to 24 lactating Holstein cows. Orchard grass hay was chopped to two mean cut lengths i.e 14.19 and 1.71 mm. In situ results showed that both canola meal and alfalfa proteins in the supplement was made indigestible by heat. Heat treatment did not affect in vivo dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) digestibility for the complete canola rations. Milk yield was also not significantly affected by heating canola meal. However, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility, voluntary feed intake, butter fat and milk protein contents decreased with heat treatment. Reduced forage particle size in combination with heat treatment resulted in significantly lower DM, CP, and ADF digestibility. There was no significant change in voluntary feed intake, milk yield or its components, (except lactose content), with reduced hay particle size. Lactose content was significantly higher with long chop hay. Heat treatment of "alfalfa and short hay particle size resulted in lower DM and CP digestibility of the complete rations. ADF digestibility and voluntary feed intake were reduced with heat treatment. Hay particle size did not affect voluntary feed intake significantly. Milk yield and its components increased with heat treatment of alfalfa. Only total milk fat increased with the longer chop hay.
Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate

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Mitchell, Andrew R. "The reduction of tin concentrate by solid carbon". Thesis, Open University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278401.

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Awe, Samuel Ayowole. "Hydrometallurgical upgrading of a tetrahedrite-rich copper concentrate". Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Industriell miljö- och processteknik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-25657.

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Removal of impurity elements in copper metallurgy is one of the major problems encountered today since pure copper ore reserves are becoming exhausted and the resources of unexploited ores often contain relatively high amounts of antimony, arsenic, mercury and bismuth, which need to be eliminated. The present work aims at pre-treating a tetrahedrite rich complex copper sulphide concentrate by selective dissolution of the impurities, therefore, upgrading it for pyrometallurgical processing. Characterisation of the complex concentrate was performed and the result shows that antimony and part of arsenic were present as tetrahedrite and bournonite. Dissolution kinetics of tetrahedrite in aqueous alkaline sodium sulphide solutions was investigated. It was found that the rate of dissolving tetrahedrite by the lixiviant increases with increase in reaction temperature, sodium sulphide concentration, sodium hydroxide concentration, and with decrease in mineral particle size. The kinetic study indicates that the rate of leaching tetrahedrite in the lixiviant under the selected conditions is chemically controlled through the particle surface reaction. The activation energies of the process were estimated as 81 kJ/mol and 75 kJ/mol, respectively, for antimony and arsenic dissolution from tetrahedrite. The estimated activation energies were within the range reported for a chemically controlled reaction process. Besides, the alkaline sulphide lixiviant proves selective and effective to dissolve these impurity elements from the concentrate with good recoveries. Further investigations on the factors influencing the leaching efficiency of the lixiviant were studied. Analysis of the leach residue indicates that copper content of the tetrahedrite has transformed into copper sulphides with the average chemical formula Cu1.64S. The grade and economic value of the concentrate were improved greatly after sulphide treatment, and therefore, suitable as a feedstock for smelting. The impurities in the concentrate were found to have reduced to a level satisfactory for smelting operation.Furthermore, modelling and optimisation of alkaline sulphide leaching of a complex copper concentrate containing 1.69% Sb and 0.14% Sn were conducted. Response surface methodology, in combination with central composite face-centred design (RSM-CCF), was used to optimise the operating parameters. The leaching temperature, sulphide ion concentration and solid concentration were chosen as the variables, and the response parameters were antimony and tin recoveries, and the time required to achieve 90% Sb dissolution. It was seen that the leaching process was strongly dependent on the reaction temperature as well as the sulphide ion concentration without any significant dependence on the solid concentration. Additionally, a mathematical model was constructed to characterise the leaching behaviour within the experimental range studied. The results from the model allow identification of the most favourable leaching conditions. The model was validated experimentally, and the results show that the model is reliable and accurate in predicting the leaching process.
Godkänd; 2010; 20101029 (samawe); LICENTIATSEMINARIUM Ämnesområde: Processmetallurgi/Process Metallurgy Examinator: Professor Åke Sandström, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: PhD Senior Project Manager Gouzhu Ye, Swerea MEFOS AB, Luleå Tid: Fredag den 3 december 2010 kl 10.00 Plats: F531 Bergrummet, Luleå tekniska universitet

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Miller, D. M. "Biooxidation of a gold bearing arsenopyrite/pyrite concentrate". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/18299.

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The objectives of this project have been to characterise the biooxidation of an auriferous pyrite/arsenopyrite flotation concentrate, and to interpret laboratory batch and continuous pilot plant data in the light of the logistic model. Furthermore, the possibility of predicting continuous biooxidation plant performance from batch data was considered. The batch testing was carried out on five narrowly sized fractions of Fairview concentrate, as well as on the bulk concentrate. Extents of removal of iron, arsenic and sulphide-sulphur were described by the logistic equation and values of the kinetic parameters obtained. Maximum rates of removal of these components, predicted by the logistic parameters, correlated well with experimentally determined rates of removal obtained from the linear portions of the fractional removal versus time curves. Bibliography: pages 93-98.

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Lu, Ying. "Investigation of Solubilization, Cold Gelation, and Rennet Coagulation Properties of Highly Concentrated Micellar Casein Concentrate for Use in Cheese Making". DigitalCommons@USU, 2016. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5003.

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Highly concentrated micellar casein concentrate (HC-MCC), a potential ingredient for cheese making, containing ~20% casein with ~70% of serum proteins removed by microfiltration, and diafiltration of skim milk, and then further concentrated by vacuum evaporation. The objectives of this research were to investigate solubilization, cold gelation, rennet coagulation properties of recombined HC-MCC and cream for its use in cheese making. In Chapter 3, either mixing thawed HC-MCC in water at high temperature (~50C) or addition of trisodium citrate can achieve complete dispersion and more than 80% solubility of HC-MCC in water (3% protein). Overnight storage helps to fully disperse HC-MCC, but only reaches ~30% of solubility at 20C. Cold-gelation of HCMCC is thermally reversible and reducing protein levels in HC-MCC can decrease its CGT. The HC-MCC with less than 16% of protein does not gel at 5C. We propose that cold-gelation of HC-MCC occurs when the kinetic energy of the casein micelles is sufficiently reduced to inhibit their mobility in relation to adjacent casein micelles. In Chapter 4, the recombined concentrated milk (RCM) by mixing thawed frozen HC-MCC and cream with 12% casein at pH 6.6 does not gel until cooled below 12°C. Addition of either sodium citrate or high levels of calcium increased CGT, although low levels of calcium did not impact CGT. Cold gelation of RCM was thermally reversible, even when citrate was added to partially chelate calcium. We propose that cold gelation of RCM occurs when protein strands that have been partially released from the casein micelles entangle, restrict their mobility and form a fine stranded gel network. The RCM at a casein level of 12% (wt/wt) has potential for use in cheese making. In Chapter 5, reducing rennet level can increase coagulation time of RCM (11% casein) without impact on curd firmness or firming rate. Decreased coagulation temperature helps to increase coagulation time and decrease curd firmness rate, but also increases the initial viscosity of RCM. Pre-acidified RCM has no advantage in increasing coagulation time, decreasing curd firmness or firming rate. Microstructure of RCM and its coagulum indicates that the increased curd firmness probably results from the highly inter-linked and longer protein strands in RCM curd. Reducing rennet level can be applied to slow down rennet coagulation of RCM (11% casein) in cheese making.

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Tuulse, Johanna. "Finding Corners : How can architecture help children concentrate better?" Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-222026.

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Swedish legislation states that a school is required to make the necessary adjustments to include all children, regardless of circumstances or disabilities. However there are no clear guidelines as to how these adjustments should be carried out in the physical environment when it comes to cognitive disabilities such as ADHD, Autism Spectrum Disorder or Language Disorders. This thesis projects aims to design a school that takes the needs of these children into account, with the belief that this will, in the end, benefit all children, and help them succeed in school.
Svensk lagstiftning säger att skolan förväntas göra de anpassningar som är nödvändiga för att undervisningen skall inkludera alla barn, oavsett svårigheter eller funktionshinder. Det finns dock inga klara riktlinjer för hur dessa anpassningar skall göras i den fysiska miljön när det gäller kognitiva funktionshinder som ADHD, Autismspektrum eller språkstörningar mm. Detta exjobb syftar till att formge en skola som anpassar sig till dessa barn, med utgångspunkten att detta i slutändan kan gagna alla barn, och hjälpa dem lyckas i skolan.

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Krook, Joakim. "Concentrate or dilute contaminants? : Strategies for Swedish wood waste". Doctoral thesis, Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-7563.

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Clark, Amanda. "Melaleuca Alternifolia Concentrate (MAC): A Plant-Derived Anticancer Agent". Thesis, Griffith University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367678.

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Natural products historically represent a source of clinically approved drugs that have contributed significantly to anticancer drug development. In particular, essential oils represent a group of advantageous anticancer candidates as not only can they be produced in large quantities in a cost-effect manner but they also exhibit minimal toxicity. Melaleuca alternifolia Concentrate (MAC) is an extract prepared from the native Australian plant M. alternifolia (also a common source of Tea Tree Oil). Melaleuca oils are commonly used products, primarily utilised and investigated for their antimicrobial activity. However, over the last 2 decades, a continued stream of evidence has been produced pertaining to the anticancer potential of Melaleuca oil and its constituents. Previous studies reported Melaleuca oils to exhibit anticancer activity in vitro against a range of cancer cell lines, including melanoma, liver, leukaemia, lung, breast, and prostate cancer. However, much still remains to be discovered and elucidated about the Melaleuca oils, TTO and MAC. This thesis investigated the hypothesis that MAC represented an effective anticancer agent with immunomodulatory activity.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Medical Science
Griffith Health
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24

Roque, Letícia Sarni. "Criopreservação do concentrado de plaquetas com uso de DMSO à 5%". Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17155/tde-19072018-140901/.

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O curto período de armazenamento dos concentrados de plaquetas (CP), de 5 a 7 dias, torna esse hemocomponente crítico para os serviços de hemoterapia. A criopreservação se apresenta então como uma possibilidade para a manutenção dos estoques por período mais prolongado. Essa prática exige a adição de substância crioprotetora e a adequação do volume em relação à concentração de plaquetas. O CP obtido por aférese (CPAF) é um hemocomponente proveniente de um único doador, coletado em sistema automatizado, que equivale a 6-8 unidades de CP obtidas da coleta de doadores convencional. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da criopreservação de CPAF no quinto dia do armazenamento, por meio de análises imunofenotípicas e funcionais das plaquetas, utilizando o crioprotetor dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO) a 5%, em freezer a -80°C e descongelamento em banho maria a 37°C, sem a remoção do crioprotetor. Material e Métodos: Foram analisadas 20 unidades de CPAF em quatro fases diferentes do processo: Fase I (pré-redução de volume), Fase II (pós-repouso, agitação e adição do DMSO), Fase III (pós-descongelamento) e Fase IV (após duas horas de descongelamento e agitação). Todas as bolsas foram avaliadas quanto à presença do \"swirling\" plaquetário, e análise microbiológica, contagem de plaquetas e leucócitos, determinação do volume plaquetário médio (VPM), análise do pH, dosagem de desidrogenase lática (DHL) e glicose, a ativação plaquetária por meio de citometria de fluxo com os marcadores CD61, CD62P e anexina V e para a avaliação funcional, as técnicas de microagregação plaquetária e retração do coágulo. Os resultados de cada fase foram analisados e comparados, considerando resultados p< 0,05 de significância estatística, avaliada pelos testes de Wilcoxon e Teste-T pareado. Resultados: Todos os CPs criopreservados apresentaram na inspeção visual presença de \"swirling\" e ausência de grumos. O pH manteve-se com mediana de 7,185 (6,076-7,528) pra fase III, análise microbiológica foi negativa em todas as unidades criopreservadas, o número mediano de plaquetas caiu de 3,04x1011/U na Fase II para 2,27x1011/U na fase III (redução de 25,32%). A ativação plaquetária na fase II foi de 23% CD62P+ para 44% CD62P+ na fase III (p=0,067). O marcador anexina V estava expresso em 13% das plaquetas na fase II e em 11% na fase III, (p=0,33). A LDH aumentou de 747 U/L (4-3079) para 1.428 U/L (662-2303) da fase II para a fase III, respectivamente (p=0,055). A glicose diminuiu em todas as fases (p<0,0001). Os testes de função plaquetária revelaram que a plaquetas descongeladas mantêm sua função. Conclusão: Os resultados obtidos mostraram que, embora tenham ocorrido ativação e redução significativa do número de plaquetas, o produto final conservou quantidade suficiente de plaquetas, cujas funções foram mantidas, o que torna viável a utilização do hemocomponente CP criopreservado. Sugere ainda que os CPAF possam ser criopreservados no quinto dia de armazenamento, com o uso do DMSO a 5%, ideal para que não se faça necessário sua remoção pós-descongelamento.
The concentration time of the platelet concentrates (CP), from 5 to 7 days, makes this blood component critical for hemotherapy services. Cryopreservation presents itself as a possibility of maintaining stocks for a longer period. This practice requires an additional cryoprotectant and a suitability of volume in relation to platelet concentration. The CP collected by the same (CPAF) is a blood component of a single dosage, being collected in an automated system, which is equivalent to 6-8 CP units from the collection of conventional donors. Objective: To evaluate the effect of CPAF cryopreservation on the fifth day of storage, by means of immunophenotypic and functional platelet analysis using the 5% DMSO cryoprotectant in a freezer at -80 ° C and thawing in a Maria bath at 37 ° C, without removal of the cryoprotectant. Material and Methods: 20 units of CPAF were analyzed in four different phases of the process: Phase I (pre-reduction of volume), Phase II (post-rest, agitation and DMSO addition), Phase III (post-thaw) and Phase IV (after two hours of thawing and shaking). All units were evaluated for platelet swirling and microbiological analysis, platelet and leukocyte counts, determination of mean platelet volume (MVP), pH analysis, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and glucose, platelet activation by means of flow cytometry with the markers CD61, CD62P and annexin V and for the functional evaluation, platelet microaggregation and clot retraction techniques. The results of each phase were analyzed and compared, considering results p <0.05 of statistical significance, evaluated by the Wilcoxon and Paired T-test. Results: All cryopreserved CPs presented visual presence of \"swirling\" and absence of lumps. The pH was maintained at a median of 7.185 (6.076- 7.528) for phase III, microbiological analysis was negative in all cryopreserved units, the median number of platelets fell from 3.04x1011/U in Phase II to 2.27x1011/U in phase III (reduction of 25.32%). Phase II platelet activation was 23% CD62P + to 44% CD62P + in phase III (p=0.067). The annexin V marker was expressed in 13% of platelets in phase II and 11% in phase III (p=0.33). LDH increased from 747 U/L (4-3,079) to 1,428 U / L (662-2303) from phase II to phase III, respectively (p<0,0055). Glucose decreased in all phases (p <0.0001). Platelet function tests have revealed that thawed platelets maintain their function. Conclusion: The results showed that, although activation and significant reduction of platelet count occurred, the end product preserved sufficient quantity of platelets, whose functions were maintained, which makes the use of the cryopreserved CP blood component viable. It also suggests that CPAFs can be cryopreserved on the fifth day of storage using 5% DMSO, so that their post-thaw removal is not required.

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25

Oduse, Kayode A. "Whey protein concentrate and pectin complexes : fabrication, characterization and applications". Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/2923.

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This study has focused on the fabrication of five types of novel whey protein and pectin complexes with distinct functional properties which can be tailored to a particular application based on the different mechanism of assemblies of the two biopolymers. To achieve these objectives, the study was divided into three distinct phases. The first phase covered specifically the making of the biopolymer complexes under different conditions such as pH, temperature, protein to pectin ratio or holding time and the structural properties such as the particle sizes (or hydrodynamic diameter) and zeta potentials. The five different WPP samples were made through the manipulation of heat and pH treatment of the biopolymers. Particle sizes of the WPP’s range from ≈0.7 to ≈2.7µm, whilst the complexes were found to be stable between pH 7 to 4, and from/below pH 2 but not stable between pH 3 and 2. With increasing protein concentration and fixed pectin concentration, the relationship with the particle size was linear for WPP01, WPP02 & WPP03 whilst particles were inversely proportional to biopolymer concentration for WPP04 and WPP05. Analysis by reduced SDS page revealed that most of the complexes were stabilised by disulphide bonds whilst SEM and SE-HPLC showed the presence and type of aggregates formed by the presence of bands at the stack gel and peaks and the void columns. In the second phase, some functional properties of the samples were tested. Generally, WPP samples had improved functionality compared to the control samples (i.e. whey protein without pectin). The foaming ability reduced with the particle size increment whilst the foam stability was higher in samples without separately heated/denatured whey protein (WPP04 & WPP05). The emulsion ability and emulsion stability was also higher in samples with separately heated whey protein whilst the same trend was observed in the viscosities measurement. Aqueous solutions of WPP02 & WPP03 show shear thinning behaviour while other samples show Newtonian characteristics. The gel strength showed that the interaction between the protein and pectin in WPP02 & WPP03 is synergetic (i.e. harder gels) whilst in WPP01 it is antagonistic (i.e. softer gel). The solubility of the complexes reduced with increasing heat treatment on the samples whilst the reverse was the case for water holding capacity which increased with heat treatments. The WPP particles were also used as a fat replacer in a model food system (mayonnaise), and at 50% fat replacement, whey protein-pectin complex particles have the potential to replace or mimic fat droplets and this may help reduce the cost of production and health risks associated with consumption of high-fat foods. Based on the structural experiments, postulated structures for the different types of particle were put forward. However, this is hypothetical and further work is required to determine with confidence how the biopolymers interact with each other under the different conditions of controlled heating and this will help to manipulate the structure better to achieve better functionality or a different product.

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26

Stonehouse, Jeff. "Concentrate to annihilate : a strategic analysis of the Rwandan genocide". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/56412.

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This thesis has two goals. First, drawing upon centuries of strategic theory, I develop an analytical framework called the 'strategy hierarchy'. This heuristic device simplifies the diffuse field of strategic theory by focusing analysis on three interconnected themes: policy, grand strategy and military strategy. I argue that by using this framework it is possible to transfer the contributions of conventional strategic theory to episodes of genocidal violence. Second, I use the 'strategy hierarchy' as a lens through which to base an analysis of the Rwandan genocide of 1994. The 'policy' that preceded the genocide was developed by an entrenched political, economic and social elite called the akazu. In the late 1980s, this group of elites encountered three threats to their continued dominance: calls for multipartyism, an economic downtown and an invasion by the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF). The diverse methods of meeting this threat were the domain of 'grand strategy'. Prior to the outbreak of mass violence, the akazu and their network of supporters tackled these challenges politically, economically, socially, culturally and diplomatically. One of the key processes paralleling this multifaceted assault was the development of a genocidal ideology. According to this belief system, non-violent threats from the political opposition and from the Tutsi ethnicity were conflated with the armed and aggressive RPF. On 6 April 1994, President Habyarimana was assassinated. This 'strategic shock' resulted in a dramatic shift in grand strategic priorities. Pursuing elite policy, 'military strategy' took precedence over non-martial means. Two types of military strategy emerged. The primary strategy targeted Hutu politicians and rival elites. This strategy was largely successful within the first week of the genocide. Then, a new strategy emerged. The organizers of the genocide took advantage of and encouraged the traditional Tutsi practice of converging upon the churches for sanctuary during times of political upheaval. With thousands gathered at public locations, the perpetrators commissioned a series of extensive and high fatality massacres.
Graduate Studies, College of (Okanagan)
Graduate

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27

Salomon, de Friedberg Adam Maciej. "Kinetics of lead concentrate oxidation in a stagnant gas reactor". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28516.

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The behaviour of lead concentrate particles oxidizing in a stagnant gas reactor has been examined and a mathematical model which predicts the kinetics of galena particles developed. The effects of oxygen concentration, particle size, furnace temperature and concentrate composition were studied. The results showed that the concentrates all exhibited sharply defined ignition points. The ignition points were found to be strongly dependent on oxygen concentration. Reductions in ignition temperature of up to 100 K were observed when the concentrates were reacted in pure oxygen rather than in air. Iron composition was found to have a similar effect on ignition temperature. The modelling results predict short reaction times for ignited particles (less than 100 milliseconds). Particles which ignited in air attained predicted temperatures in excess of 2600 K. In oxygen, particle temperatures were calculated to be greater than 2800 K. Good agreement was found between experimental results and model predictions.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Materials Engineering, Department of
Graduate

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Alizadeh, Pasdar Nooshin. "Functional and structural characteristics of acid-hydrolyzed whey protein concentrate". Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22844.

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Whey Protein Concentrate (WPC) is used as a functional ingredient in many food products. To increase the applicability of WPC as well as other food proteins, it is often necessary to enhance the functional properties of the protein. Various protein modification techniques can be used for this purpose; this includes chemical, physical and enzymatic modification. In present study acid hydrolysis, a chemical modification, was investigated as a means to improve functionality of WPC, emulsifying, foaming and gelatin. Most of the previous work on WPC has been directed at enzymatic hydrolysis.
Dispersions of WPC (8%) in organic acids (0.5 N, 1 N and 1.5 N acetic acid, citric acid phosphoric acid and mixture of these acids) were subjected to acid hydrolysis (6, 18 and 48 h) and the effects of this modification on functional properties was assessed. The degrees of hydrolysis were measured and freeze-dried hydrolysates were evaluated for their foam capacity and stability, emulsifying activity and stability index and toughness. Highest foam capacity was found in the hydrolysate obtained using 0.5 N acetic acid (6 h hydrolysis, foaming capacity of 140%); acid hydrolysis increased foam stability, in general. In addition, acid hydrolysis did not affect emulsifying activity index but gave higher emulsifying stability index and toughness of prepared gels.
Results of PAGE indicated that acidic modification led to progressive decrease in the $ alpha$-lactalbumin and BSA. $ alpha$-lactalbumin was found to be the most sensitive protein with significant degradation after 6 h hydrolysis. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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SOUZA, RODRIGO FERNANDES M. DE. "SELECTIVE ROASTING OF A SULPHIDE CONCENTRATE WITH LOW COPPER CONTENT". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2012. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=21437@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
Os concentrados de sulfetos minerais são importantes fontes de matériaprima para extração de metais não-ferrosos. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o processamento químico de um concentrado de calcopirita com um teor de cobre relativamente baixo, que o inviabiliza de ser utilizado nos processos metalúrgicos estabelecidos (ustulação / fusão mática / conversão / refino). A motivação para tal tem origem em uma parceria com uma empresa do setor de produtos químicos com interesse na obtenção seletiva de CuSO4 e Fe2O3 a partir de um concentrado com esta característica. Para atender a esse objetivo, foi inicialmente conduzido um estudo de fundamentação teórica (termodinâmico) tendo em vista identificar a viabilidade da seletividade desejada, seguido de uma apreciação do comportamento termoquímico desse sistema reacional. O estudo experimental foi realizado através da avaliação do efeito de variáveis relevantes, tais como temperatura e composição química da atmosfera reacional, e um estudo cinético. A matéria-prima e os produtos obtidos foram caracterizados através de Difração de Raios-X, Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura e Espectroscopia de Raios-X por Dispersão de Energia. Por fim, foram realizados testes de solubilização em água de amostras selecionadas dos produtos da ustulação a fim de se constatar, de forma prática, a conversão seletiva da calcopirita em CuSO4 e Fe2O3. Tal fato pôde ser observado através da formação de um licor azulado, típico do sulfato de cobre, e um resíduo sólido acastanhado desprovido de Cu, conforme verificado pelos métodos de caracterização.
The sulphide minerals concentrates are an important source of raw material in extractive processes of nonferrous metals. This study aims to evaluate the chemical processing of a chalcopyrite concentrate with a relatively low copper content. The motivation for the research comes from a partnership with a chemicals production company with interest in obtaining, selectively, CuSO4 and Fe2O3 from this kind of concentrate. For the purpose of meet this objective, it was performed a thermodynamic study, as well as an appreciation of the thermochemical behavior of the reaction system, in order to identify the conditions under which the mentioned selectivity could be fulfilled. Thereafter, it was conducted an experimental study evaluating variables such as temperature and chemical composition of the atmosphere over the reaction time. The obtained products as well as the raw materials were characterized using X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Spectroscopy Energy Dispersive. Finally, some water-solubilizing tests were performed on selected roasted products samples in order to verify, in practice, the selective conversion of chalcopyrite into CuSO4 and Fe2O3. Such fact could be observed through the formation of a blue liquor, typical copper sulfate, and a brown solid residue deprived of Cu, as verified by the characterization methods.

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Victor, Amber R. "Effects of Acute Tart Cherry Concentrate Consumption upon Exercise Performance". Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10246685.

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The aim of this study is to investigate an organic product that has been reported to aid in improving overall exercise performance. Specifically, this study is concerned with examining the effects of tart cherry concentrate ( Prunus Cerasus) on increased exercise performance by increased nitrate production and muscle oxygenation during exercise on a sample of 30 college aged males.

Thirty college-aged men volunteered to participate in this study. Subjects completed three separate visits in which they drank tart cherry concentrate or the placebo two times a day for seven days. The tart cherry concentrate was administered using a single blind randomization and included the tart cherry concentrate 75mg and a placebo 75mg made of an artificial cherry flavored syrup and lemon extract. Participants consumed their respective assigned drink two times a day, and thirty minutes prior to each of their lab visits. Venous blood was drawn and separated following the first consumption of the assigned group and then later frozen and analyzed for total nitrate levels. During the last day of the protocol subjects cycled for 1 hour or until exhaustion at 60% of their baseline VO₂ Peak wattage.

The results showed that there was no significant acute difference by treatment for total nitrate level, exercise lactate levels, total hemoglobin, and muscle oxygenation. There was a significant difference by treatment for Respiratory Compensation Point, and baseline VO₂ peak values. The results reveal that consumption of tart cherry concentrate provided no 67 increase in serum nitrate levels and muscle oxygenation during exercise. On the basis of the results of this research, it can be concluded that, when consumed in concentrate form, tart cherry concentrate, does not appear to have any direct ability to increase overall exercise performance.

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Bulbul, Kanak. "Influence of Change in pH on Whey Expulsion from Cheddar Cheese Curds made from Recombined Concentrated Milk". DigitalCommons@USU, 2019. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7440.

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The Western Dairy Center at Utah State University funded this project to investigate cheese research using concentrated milks. Concentrated milk was provided by the South Dakota State University and starter culture for this study was prepared and donated by Vivolac Cultures Corporation, Greenfield, Indiana. The project initiated as a continuation of a previous study on effects of protein concentration, coagulum cut size and set temperature on curd moisture loss kinetics while stirring during cheesemaking. It was aimed at determining the extent to which pH drop prior to draining and final cheese moisture when using microfiltered concentrated milk. We performed twelve cheesemaking trials using recombined milk from micellar casein concentrate, cream and skim milk according to a modified cheddar cheese-make procedure. Four different levels of starter cultures were used to achieve different acidification rates for pH change during cheesemaking. The amount of starter culture added had significant effect on moisture of cheese at whey drainage, moisture and pH of cheese. Thus, it can be said that the pH drop that occurs during the cheesemaking increases rate and extent of whey expulsion.

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Martinelli, Suziane Ghedini. "SUPLEMENTAÇÃO DE TAURINA EM DIETAS PARA JUNDIÁ (Rhamdia quelen)". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2016. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/4379.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Taurine is an essential amino acid in several physiological processes in the animal body. Its biosynthesis, from methionine and cystine, differs among the different species of fish and is also affected by their presence or not in the ingredients used in the manufacture of animal feed, so supplementation can improve feed efficiency and protect cells against oxidative damage of reactive oxygen species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the supplementation of taurine on performance, metabolic and antioxidant potential parameters in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). Three experiments were conducted on UFSM Fish Farming Laboratory: the first two, lasting 54 days, evaluated the productive performance and metabolic parameters of silver catfish (5g) fed with diet based on plant ingredients or fish meal as a source of protein, both being supplemented with taurine (0, 0.5, 1.5 or 2%). In these experiments, the design was completely randomized, with four levels of supplementation with four replications. In the third experiment, which lasted 24 days, it was evaluated the antioxidant potential of taurine in silver catfish (7g) when supplemented with methionine in semipurified diet. In the latter, the design was completely randomized in a factorial 3x4 (three levels of methionine and four taurine). The results obtained in the experiment with the addition of taurine in the diet with fish meal as protein source indicate that supplementation with this amino acid did not improve the growth of the animals compared to the unsupplemented diet. It was also observed that a higher level of taurine (2%) showed a decrease in growth, rates of protein deposition and consumption, and an increase in feed conversion. For the animals fed with plant diets there was no effect of taurine on growth and consumption. However, the addition of 0.5% taurine in the diet yielded higher protein retention, lower catabolism and better feed conversion, compared to treatment with 2% taurine. Metabolic parameters of the animals in both experiments were not affected by medium supplementation representative of taurine in the diet. In the third experiment, the evaluation of the antioxidant taurine and methionine action showed that with level of 1.5 and 2% taurine and 3.5% methionine had lower protein carbonyl formation and increased activity of antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase and decreased protein catabolism. Both growth studies showed that juvenile silver catfish did not require taurine supplementation even when fed with diets containing vegetable sources such as protein-based, though the third experiment showed that taurine has antioxidant action, with respect to the methionine level used.
A taurina é um aminoácido fundamental em vários processos fisiológicos no organismo animal. Sua biossíntese, a partir da metionina e cistina, difere entre as diversas espécies de peixes e também é afetada pela sua presença ou não nos ingredientes utilizados na confecção das rações, de modo que sua suplementação pode melhorar a eficiência alimentar e proteger as células contra os danos oxidativos das espécies reativas de oxigênio. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a suplementação de taurina sobre parâmetros zootécnicos, metabólicos e potencial antioxidante em jundiás (Rhamdia quelen). Foram conduzidos três experimentos no Laboratório de Piscicultura da UFSM: nos dois primeiros, com duração de 54 dias, avaliaram-se o desempenho produtivo e parâmetros metabólicos de jundiás (5g) alimentados com dieta à base de ingredientes vegetais ou com farinha de peixe como fonte proteica, sendo ambas suplementadas com taurina (0, 0,5, 1,5 ou 2%). Nestes experimentos, o delineamento foi o inteiramente casualizado, sendo quatro níveis de suplementação com quatro repetições. No terceiro, com duração de 24 dias, avaliou-se o potencial antioxidante da taurina em jundiás (7g) quando suplementada juntamente com a metionina em dieta semipurificada. Neste último, o delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3×4 (três níveis de metionina e quatro de taurina). Os resultados obtidos no experimento com adição de taurina em dietas com farinha de peixe como fonte protéica indicaram que a suplementação com esse aminoácido não melhorou o crescimento dos animais em relação à dieta não suplementada. Foi observado ainda que no nível mais elevado de taurina (2%) houve diminuição no crescimento, nos índices de deposição proteica e no consumo, além de aumentar a conversão alimentar aparente. Para os animais alimentados com as dietas vegetais não se verificou efeito da taurina no crescimento e no consumo. Entretanto, a adição de 0,5% de taurina nas dietas proporcionou maior retenção protéica, menor catabolismo e melhor conversão alimentar, comparado ao tratamento com de 2% de taurina. Os parâmetros metabólicos dos animais, de ambos os experimentos, não foram afetados de forma representativa pela suplementação de taurina nas dietas. No terceiro experimento, de avaliação da ação antioxidante da taurina e da metionina, foi observado que com nível de 1,5 e 2% de taurina e 3,5% de metionina houve menor formação de proteína carbonil e aumento na atividade da enzima antioxidante superóxido dismutase, além de menor catabolismo protéico. Os dois estudos de crescimento mostraram que os juvenis de jundiá não necessitam de suplementação de taurina, mesmo quando alimentados com dietas contendo fontes vegetais como base protéica, entretanto o terceiro experimento mostrou que a taurina apresenta ação antioxidante, tendo relação com o nível de metionina utilizado.

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Grilo, Katia Teixeira de Meiroz. "Determinação da concentração de hemoglobina livre em concentrados de hemácias pela espectrofotometria direta: método de Harboe". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17155/tde-06062017-165908/.

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O grau de hemólise (GH) é um dos parâmetros de qualidade de concentrados de hemácias (CH). Conforme a Portaria 158/2016, ao menos 1% da produção mensal de CH deve ser controlada para o GH e 75% desta parcela deve apresentar resultado inferior a 0,8% de hemólise em relação à massa eritrocitária no último dia de validade do CH. O GH é definido como a porcentagem de hemoglobina livre (HbL) em relação à hemoglobina total (HbT) com a devida correção do volume globular do CH. O método analítico utilizado para a dosagem da HbL pela maioria dos hemocentros da rede pública nacional não referencia a fonte bibliográfica consultada. A hemoglobina liberada dos eritrócitos devido à hemólise é tóxica e desencadeia reações fisiopatológicas, resultando em implicações clínicas com gravidade que varia em função do grau de hemólise e do volume de hemácias transfundidas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os resultados de três metodologias analíticas espectrofotométricas para a determinação da HbL. Foram comparados o método de espectrofotometria direta de Harboe, o método de espectrofotometria direta de Cinco comprimentos de onda (5CO) e o método espectrofotométrico de Primeira derivada (1ªD). Os métodos de Harboe e de 5CO utilizam fórmulas matemáticas que convertem diretamente as absorbâncias lidas no espectrofotômetro UV/Visível em concentração de HbL. O método de 1ªD requer espectrofotômetro de varredura para a visualização dos espectros e a concentração da HbL é dada pelo valor referente à distância entre o vale e o pico de absorção da hemoglobina e do fator de correção, resultante de curva de calibração. Nesse estudo foram testados os sobrenadantes de 187 CH com CPDA-1 e CH com solução aditiva de SAG-Manitol. As amostras foram diluídas segundo o aspecto visual de hemólise do sobrenadante. A cada corrida analítica foram incluídas amostras controle preparadas in-house a partir de CH com concentração de HbT conhecida. O método de Harboe emprega leituras espectrofotométricas em 380, 415 e 450 nm. Para o método de 5 CO as absorbâncias são lidas em 370, 415, 510, 577 e 600 nm. O método da 1ªD utiliza o espectro de absorção analisado em 568 nm e 580 nm. A correlação entre as três metodologias testadas foi considerada ótima, evidenciando a equivalência entre os métodos. O método de Harboe mostrou-se compatível para a dosagem de baixas e de altas concentrações de HbL. O intervalo de linearidade espectrofotométrica oscilou de 0,00041 a 0,06075 g/dL. Entretanto, para resultados confiáveis de HbL, é imprescindível que o espectrofotômetro tenha especificação de largura da banda espectral igual ou inferior a 5 nm. O método de Harboe é embasado cientificamente, de fácil execução e baixo custo. Este método proporciona resultados fidedignos, reprodutíveis e padronizados, além de dispensar o uso de substâncias químicas perigosas. Complementarmente, disponibilizou-se um Procedimento Operacional Padrão para a determinação da HbL pelo método de Harboe e um Guia visual de hemólise para assessorar os profissionais que atuam na área de controle de qualidade de hemocomponentes em hemocentros nacionais.
The hemolysis is one of the parameters of the red cell concentrate (RCC) control quality. According to the Brazilian Ordinance 158/2016, at least 1% of the monthly production of RCC should be controlled regarding hemolysis and 75% of this amount should present below than 0.8% of hemolysis in relation to the red cell mass at end of RCC storage. The hemolysis is defined as the percentage of free hemoglobin (FHb), relative to the total hemoglobin (THb), with the appropriate correction of the RCC hematocrit. The analytical method used by most the national public healthcare blood centers to dosage FHb does not reference the bibliography that has been consulted. Hemoglobin released from the erythrocytes due to hemolysis is toxic and triggers pathophysiological reactions, resulting in clinical implications whose severity varies depending on the hemolysis grade and the amount of transfused RCC. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of three spectrophotometric analytical methodologies for the determination of FHb. The Harboe spectrophotometry method, the method of five wavelengths direct spectrophotometry (5Wa) and the first derivative spectrophotometric method (1stD) were compared to each other. The Harboe and the 5Wa methods use mathematical formulas that directly convert the absorbance read from the UV/visible spectrophotometer in FHb concentration. The 1stD method requires scanning spectrophotometer to visualize the spectra and concentration of the FHb is given by the value calculated from the distance between the valley and the peak absorption of hemoglobin and a correction factor, resulting from the calibration curve. One hundred eighty-seven (187) RCC supernatants with CPDA-1 and RCC with SAG-mannitol additive solution were tested in this study. The samples were diluted according to the visual appearance of supernatants hemolysis. For each analytical run in-house control samples, prepared from RCC with known THb concentration, were included. The Harboe method employs spectrophotometric readings at 380, 415 and 450 nm. Absorbance is read at 370, 415, 510, 577 and 600 nm with the 5 Wa method. In the 1stD method the absorption spectrum is analyzed at 568 and 580 nm. There was correlation between the three tested methodologies that were tested, demonstrating equivalence between the methods. The Harboe method was compatible for dosage of low and high FHb concentrations. The spectrophotometer linear range varied from 0.00041 to 0.06075 g/dL. However, in order to achieve reliable FHb dosages it is imperative that the spectrophotometer has a spectral bandwidth equal to 5 nm or below. The Harboe method is scientifically based, easy to perform and inexpensive. It provides reliable, reproducible and standardized results, dismissing the use of dangerous chemical substances. In addition, this study has provided an Operational Procedure to determine FHb by the Harboe method and a Visual Guide of hemolysis to assist professionals working in the quality control of blood products.

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Cardoso, Rafael Silva [UNESP]. "Avaliação do impacto hematológico na dinâmica do ferro em doadores de sangue submetidos à coleta automatizada de células- aférese, de duplo concentrado de hemácias do hemonúcleo de um hospital oncológico". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/144404.

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Trata-se de um trabalho do tipo coorte para avaliar a espoliação dos depósitos de ferro em doadores de sangue. Sabendo-se que um percentual expressivo da população brasileira é portadora de ferro deficiência, e tendo em vista as inovações tecnológicas envolvendo os processos hemoterápicos este projeto teve como objetivo a avaliação da dinâmica de ferro com o monitoramento de parâmetros tais como: hematócrito, hemoglobina, dosagem de ferro e ferritina pré transfusionais e quatro meses após a doação, em quatro diferentes grupos de estudo:A,C,Ce D. Foi feita pelo teste ANOVA simples e para as variáveis sem distribuição normal pelo teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney e o teste de Kruskal Wallis, teste T-Pareado e Wilcoxon. No primeiro momento de análise (M1), com análise intra-grupos, as variações estatísticas foram presentes apenas nos parâmetros de Hb (p. 0,017), onde as variações estiveram presentes quando comparados os grupos A x D (p. 0,034) e C x D (p. 0,028) e Ht (p. <0,01) onde as variações estiveram presentes quando comparados os grupos A x D (p. 0,034) e C x D (p. 0,028). No segundo momento de análise (M2) foi identificada diferença entre os grupos, entretanto, devido à baixa significância estatística não foi possível identificar a diferença exata por grupo. Quando comparado entre os momentos um e dois- (M1 x M2) foi identificado redução da média de todos os parâmetros para os grupos A, B e C, significância estatística para o parâmetro de hemoglobina para todos os grupos e significância para o parâmetro de Ferritina exceto para o grupo B, sendo esse o único que demonstrou otimização na melhoria dos parâmetros exceto a hemoglobina. A doação de sangue diminui os índices de hemoglobina nos doadores de sangue a curto e médio prazo quando comparados em dois momentos com 4 meses de intervalo; para o indicador hematócrito e determinação de ferro sérico houve diminuição dos índices com significância estatística apenas para o grupo A (indivíduos que nunca haviam doado antes); quanto à sugestão na periodicidade das doações de CHD utilizando a modalidade de coleta aférese, o intervalo de 4 meses é insuficiente. Sugere-se 6 meses com a condição de se comprovar a viabilidade.
It is a work of the cohort to evaluate the plundering of iron deposits in blood donors. Knowing that a significant percentage of the population is disabled iron, and in view of the technological innovations involving haemotherapic processes this project aimed to evaluate the iron dynamics with the monitoring of parameters such as hematocrit, hemoglobin, iron dosing and pre transfusion ferritin months after the donation, in four different study groups: A, B, C and D. Statistical analyses was made by ANOVA and simple test for variables without normal distribution using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney and Kruskal Wallis test, Paired t-test and Wilcoxon. At first analysis (M1) and intra-group analysis, statistical variations were present only in Hb parameters (p. 0.017), where variations were present when comparing the x groups D (p. 0.034) and C x D (p. 0028) and HT (p. <0.01) in which variations were present when comparing the groups D x (p. 0.034) and C x D (p. 0028). In the second stage of analysis (M2) was identified differences between the groups, however, due to the low statistical significance was not possible to identify the exact difference per group. When compared between one and two- moments (M1 and M2) was identified reduction in the average of all parameters for groups A, B and C for the statistical significance hemoglobin parameter for all groups and significance for the parameter Ferritin except for the B group, which is the only one that showed improvement in optimization of parameters except hemoglobin. Blood donation decreases hemoglobin levels in the short and medium term blood donors when compared in two stages with 4 months apart; for the indicator hematocrit and determination of serum iron there was a decrease of the indices was statistically significant only for the group A (individuals who had never donated before); as the suggestion in the frequency of Double erythrocyte concentrate donations using the method of apheresis collection, four months range is insufficient. It is suggested that 6 months with the condition to prove the viability.

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35

Paiva, Daniel de Souza. "Avaliação da suplementação concentrada na produção de leite por produtores da Cooperativa dos Produtores Rurais de Alvinópolis MG (COOPRAL): estudo de caso". Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2009. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5955.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of concentrate supplementation by dairy farmers from Alvinópolis, Minas Gerais State. The study included 30 dairy farmers from a total of 256 associates of the Cooperativa de Produtores Rurais de Alvinópolis . Data set was obtained by using a structured questionnaire and a data bank of the Cooperative. Most herds were formed by crossbred cows (European x Zebu). Herds were formed in average by 39 cows, where 71.8% were lactating. Average daily milk production was 9.8 kg/cow. A larger proportion of farmers used formed pasture, with approximately 50% of natural and formed pasture together. Brachiaria sp. predominates among the grasses implemented that represented 47.7% of the pasture. Other grasses represented 1.8% of the total pasture formed. The average size of the farms was 47.6 ha, where 39.8 ha and 7.8 ha were used to pasture and production of supplemental forage, respectively. Sugarcane was the main supplemental forage. Most farmers (93.3%) informed they use sugarcane during a certain period of the year. Corn and sorghum silages represented the next most used forages. The concentrate supplementation did not follow a well-defined nutritional criterion. During the dry season the mean price of liter of milk received by farmers was superior to the price of kilogram of concentrate, but this was not the case for the rainy season. The results show there was a variation in the use of concentrate according to milk production and the season of the year (dry or rainy), with a major impact of the use of concentrate during the rainy season. The average costs of concentrate impacted the milk gross income to the farmers of Alvinópolis by 34.5%.
O estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a utilização da suplementação concentrada por produtores de leite de Alvinópolis. Utilizaram-se os dados de 30 produtores de um total de 256 associados à Cooperativa de Produtores Rurais de Alvinópolis. Os dados foram obtidos por intermédio de questionário e informações disponíveis no banco de dados da Cooperativa. A maioria dos rebanhos era formada por animais mestiços com composição racial Europeu x Zebu. A média dos rebanhos era de 39 vacas, com 71,8% em lactação e 28,2 % não lactantes. A média de produção era de 9,8 litros/dia para as vacas em lactação. Foi encontrada maior proporção de pastagens formadas nas propriedades avaliadas em relação à Zona da Mata MG, com revestimento aproximado de 50% para pastagens formadas e naturais. As gramíneas do gênero Brachiaria predominaram entre as gramíneas implantadas (47,7% das pastagens). As formadas por outras gramíneas perfizeram apenas 1,8% do total das pastagens. A área média das propriedades era de 47,6 ha, sendo 39,8 e 7,8 hectares de pastagens e volumosos para suplementação, respectivamente. A predominância entre os volumosos era de cana-de-açúcar, sendo que a maioria dos produtores (93,3%) informou que utilizavam cana com ureia durante algum período do ano. As silagens de milho e sorgo representavam a segunda opção do volumoso mais utilizado. As formas de utilização de concentrado não obedeceram a critérios nutricionais definidos. Durante o período da seca, observou-se que os preços médios recebidos pelo litro de leite foram superiores ao preço do quilograma de concentrado. Isto não se repetiu durante o período das águas. Pelos resultados apresentados, notou-se variação na utilização de concentrados de acordo com a produção e época do ano e o maior impacto nas despesas, com uso de concentrados, ocorreu no período das águas. Os custos médios dos concentrados impactaram a receita bruta aferida com o leite aos produtores de Alvinópolis em 34,5%.

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Mersereau, Oliver S. (Oliver Smith). "Plasma spout-fluid bed calcination of lac dore vanadium ore concentrate". Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59420.

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A laboratory scale plasma spout-fluid bed has been developed to calcine concentrated vanadium ore to extract vanadium in the form of sodium metavanadate. A 20-kW d.c. plasma torch was used with argon and nitrogen as the plasma gases. Air, the main fluidizing gas, permitted the fluidization of the vanadium concentrate within the bed and provided the oxygen for the roasting reaction. In addition, air injected tangentially into the spout region lowered the plasma gas temperatures to within the required roasting temperatures.
The bed stability and degree of vanadium recovery were analyzed as a function of bed temperature, time, and concentrate-to-salt ratio. It was shown that heating and reaction in the reactor occur primarily as the particles pass through the plasma spout. If spout temperatures are too high, melting and agglomeration of the particles occurs, leading to defluidization of the bed.
Conversion during batch operation, with sodium carbonate as the salt, was rather unsuccessful due to elutriation of the salt during heat-up. The highest conversions were observed in the fused and agglomerated particles of the bed. Simulated continuous operation of the bed however resulted in significantly higher conversion rates.

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Loedolff, Matthys Johannes. "Discolouring of grape juice concentrate : causes and possible ways of inhibition". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/16381.

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Thesis (MScEng) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The grape juice concentrate (GJC) plant of the KWV at Robertson spent significant amounts of money on the decolourisation of grape juice concentrate. A chemically activated powdered activated carbon (PAC) purchased from Norit, namely CA1, was used as decolourisation product. Apart from the expenses involved, it contributed largely to the solid waste produced at this plant. A way was sought to minimise or prevent GJC discolourisation (and possibly solid waste) without increasing operating expenses. Browning reactions in GJC are as old as the product itself. Numerous researchers have studied the origins of these reactions, the reactants and products involved, as well as the reaction kinetics of these reactions. From the work of these researchers four possible browning reaction pathways were identified, namely: • enzymatic oxidative browning, • non-enzymatic oxidative browning, • non-enzymatic browning (the Maillard reaction), and • caramelisation. It was also identified that 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) are indicative of the browning potential of GJC. A method to analyse for HMF (quantitative and qualitative) was develop for the purposes of this study, namely positive electron-spray ionisation preceded by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and followed by dual mass spectrometry. This method showed good repeatability and was used to analyse all samples generated during this study. It was confirmed that the manufacturing process at this plant favours nonenzymatic browning reactions, since mild heat treatment deactivates enzymes. Further investigation indicated that the overruling browning reaction on this plant was non-enzymatic oxidative browning. It was shown that neither the presence, nor the absence of protein had any effect on the rate of formation of HMF. It was, however, confirmed that HMF formation could be attributed to high temperatures and prolonged exposure to these temperatures. Other adsorption products were evaluated against the then current PAC (CA1), namely a steam activated PAC supplied by Norit, SA4, and a polymeric adsorbent, Polyclar V (polyvinylpolypyrrolidone/PVPP). Both SA4 and PVPP indicated superior HMF adsorption capacities. Replacing CA1 with SA4 could result in operating expenses savings and possible solid waste reduction. However, PVPP were too expensive to be considered an economically viable replacement for CA1. Improved concentration technologies such as reverse osmosis (RO) membrane concentration followed by centrifugal evaporation (CE) or twostage CE should be considered as possible replacement for the existing concentration technology (multi-stage falling film evaporator). This should decrease heat treatment/exposure by more than 90% and thus reduce browning significantly. An added advantage could be the reduction of solid waste, since less (if not no) decolourisation will be required. Alternatively, juice should be stored with added sulphur dioxide (SO2), since it was shown that this juice contained much lower HMF concentrations than diluted concentrate (stored for the same time). This should reduce heat exposure by up to 50% and thus minimise browning reactions.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die druiwesapkonsentraat (DSK) aanleg van die KWV in Robertson het jaarliks aansienlike bedrae geld spandeer tydens die ontkleuringsproses van DSK. ‘n Chemies geaktiveerde verpoeierde koolstof (GVK) verkrygbaar van Norit, naamlik CA1, is gebruik as ontkleuringsproduk. Buiten die kostes verbonde aan hierdie produk het dit ook grootliks bygedra tot soliede afval by hierdie aanleg. Oplossings is gesoek om die verbruining/ontkleuring van DSK (en dalk ook soliede afval) te verminder (of selfs te voorkom) sonder om bedryfskostes te verhoog. Verbruiningsreaksies in DSK bestaan al so lank soos DSK self. Verskeie navorsers het die oorsake, reaktante, produkte en reaksiekinetika van hierdie reaksies oor die jare heen bestudeer. Uit die werk van sommige van hierdie navorsers kon vier moontlike verbruiningsreaksieroetes geïdentifiseer word, naamlik: • ensiematiese oksidatiewe verbruining, • nie-ensiematiese oksidatiewe verbruining, • nie-ensiematiese verbruining (die Maillard-reaksie), en • karamelisering. Daar was verder geïdentifiseer dat 5-hidroksiemetielfurfuraal (HMF) aanduidend is van die verbruiningspotensiaal van DSK. ‘n Analitiese metode (kwalitatief en kwantitatief) om vir HMF te analiseer is vir die doel van hierdie studie ontwikkel, naamlik positiewe elektronsproei ionisasie, voorafgegaan deur hoëdruk vloeistof chromatografie en gevolg deur dubbele massa spektrometrie. Hierdie analitiese metode het goeie herhaalbaarheid getoon en was deurgaans gebruik om monsters te analiseer gedurende hierdie studie. Dit was bevestig dat die vervaardigingsproses by hierdie aanleg nieensiematiese verbruiningsreaksies begunstig, aangesien geredelike hittebehandeling ensieme deaktiveer. Verdere navorsing het getoon dat die oorheersende verbruiningsreaksies by hierdie aanleg nie-ensiematiese oksidatief van aard is. Resultate het getoon dat proteinstabiliteit geen invloed op die vormingstempo van HMF het nie. Dit was egter bevestig dat vorming van HMF direk verband hou met hoë temperature en lang blootstellingsperiodes aan hierdie temperature. Ander adsorpsieprodukte was vergelyk met die huidige GVK (CA1), naamlik ‘n stoom geaktiveerde verpoeierde koolstof (Norit se SA4) en ‘n polimeriese adsorbant, Polyclar V (polivinielpolipirrolidoon/PVPP). Beide SA4 en PVPP het CA1 oortref wat betref HMF adsorpsie. Moontlike bedryfskostebesparings (en soliede afval verminderings) potensiaal bestaan indien CA1 vervang word met SA4. Die teenoorgestelde is egter waar vir PVPP wat bedryfskoste aangaan. Instede van die huidige verdampinstegnologie, naamlik vallendefilmverdamping, hoort verbeterde konsentrasietegnologieë soos tru-osmose membraankonsentrasie gevolg deur sentrifugale verdamping, of, alternatiewelik, twee-stadium sentrifugale verdamping, orrweeg te word. Op hierdie wyse behoort hittebehandeling (en dus verbruining) met sowat 90% verminder te word. ‘n Moonlike addisionele voordeel is die vermindering van soliede afval aangesien minder ontkleuring nodig sal wees. Indien die verbeterde tegnologieë te duur is moet daar gekyk word daarna om die ongekonsentreerde sap met addisionele swaweldioksied (SO2) te stoor, aangesien veel laer HMF konsentrasies in sulke sap waargeneem is as in verdunde direkte konsentraat wat vir dieselfde typerk gestoor is. Hittebehandeling sal op hierdie wyse met tot 50% verminder word (en dus verbruining ook).

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38

Shillington, Jon Mark. "Injections of Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate as Treatment for Discogenic Pain". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/606247.

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A Thesis submitted to The University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine.
Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most common musculoskeletal pain complaints, affecting up to 84% of the U.S. adult population. In the United States, the highest rate of incidence is between the ages of 45 and 64 years. The causes for LBP are complex and of multiple origins, but one of the primary causes is mechanical low back pain that is discogenic in etiology. This can be secondary to either internal disc disruption (IDD) and/or degeneration of the intervertebral disc (IVD), also known as degenerative disc disease (DDD) [10,11]. Combined physical and medical therapies are successful in relieving pain in approximately 90% of cases of low back pain. However, the remaining 10% become chronic and generate a serious public health problem, known as chronic low--‐back pain (CLBP). CLBP decreases both the quality of life and the labor capacity of the patient. As specific diagnostic procedures for LBP have improved, discogenic pain has been identified as the primary cause of CLBP amongst adults. Within the classification of discogenic pain, the most common specific cause of pain – up to 42% of LBP complaints – is internal disc disruption (IDD), with other distinguishable causes including disc herniation, degenerative disc disease (DDD), and instability of the lumbar segment [10]. Effective treatment for discogenic LBP – and therefore for CLBP – would provide significant relief for individuals as well as for the overall health care system and the employers affected by the patients’ condition. One promising treatment option involves the use of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC), which may allow for regeneration of the disc itself. Treatment with MSCs via injections derived from autologous concentrated Bone Marrow Aspirate (cBMA) would capitalize on the regenerative potential of MSCs while reducing the risk of infection or rejection, both significant risks of treatment from a heterologous source. This project analyzed data collected from 33 patients with confirmed discogenic LBP, who were treated with intradiscal injections of autologous concentrated Bone Marrow Aspirate. After initial treatment, patients were monitored through follow up visits and questionnaires (VAS, Oswestry, SF--‐36) to determine the efficacy of treatment. The areas of interest for this study were intentionally narrow. This study sought to identify specifically the patients’ self--‐reported pain and functioning levels from 2 weeks post--‐treatment to 12 months post--‐treatment. Those reports were gathered using the aforementioned instruments and synthesized to show overall trends and statistically significant changes in the patients’ self--‐ assessment. The patients were also asked to give an overall impression of whether or not their back pain had improved post treatment. While admittedly limited in authority compared to a double--‐blind, randomized, controlled trial, the information was gathered from the patients with the hopes of augmenting ongoing research related to innovative treatments for discogenic LBP and of identifying new areas for further, future research.

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Briano, Lucía Benavente. "Production of ellagitannins concentrate by UF-NF from tropical highland blackberries". Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/10420.

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Dissertation presented to Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa for obtaining the master degree in Membrane Engineering
Tropical highland blackberries are produced in Costa Rica and other tropical countries. Since weather conditions in tropical regions are more stressful than in temperate ones, polyphenol content in blackberries is hypothetically higher for tropically grown fruits. Ellagitannins are hydrolysable tannins – polyphenols – that have been studied lately due to their health beneficial properties, such as antioxidants, cancer treatment agents and cardiovascular health improvers. The concentration of such components by low-ultrafiltration/nanofiltration technologies is of great interest since low processing temperatures are used. Therefore, thermal labile components are not lost due to heat. CITA and CIRAD have issued a patent for using membrane technologies for the production of fruit juices and concentrate by using mostly membrane technology. The results show that it is possible to concentrate ellagitannins in blackberry up to a concentration 5-times higher than the one in the initial clarified juice with a ceramic membrane at 30ºC, with a VRF of 11. Retentions of up to 99 % were obtained for anthocyanins and ellagitannins. The initial estimate of production cost per kilogram of product is of 34 U$S/kg and assuming a sales price of 72 U$S/kg of product the payback time for an investment of nearly 165,000 U$S and a consumption of 2000 kg/day of blackberries is of two and a half months. The preliminary stability study showed that there is a need for further stabilization steps in order to assure the quality of concentrate, since polyphenol content decreased by 28%, anthocyanins by 52% and the ellagitannin estimate reduction percentage was of 22%, for a storage at 37ºC for a 5-week period. All in all, it was possible to study the concentration of ellagitannins from blackberry clarified juice in a pilot scale.
The EM3E Master is an Education Programme supported by the European Commission, the European Membrane Society (EMS), the European Membrane House (EMH), and a large international network of industrial companies, research centres and universities

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40

Batchelor, Alison. "Immunological abnormalities in patients with haemophilia : role of factor VIII concentrate". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/19971.

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Intermediate purity factor VIII concentrates have greatly improved care for haemophilia sufferers but have been implicated in contributing to subclinical immunodeficiency observed in vivo. During the course of factor VIII replacement therapy haemophilia patients are reepatedly exposed to an enormous number of allogeneic protein contaminants and this substantial protein load may be responsible for establishing immunological abnormalities. Indeed, it has been proposed that intermediate purity factor VIII concentrates could accelerate the rate of disease progresssion in those haemophiliacs infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Highly purified factor VIII preparations are now available commercially, but are extremely expensive compared to conventional intermediate purity concentrates and their use must therefore be justified in terms of patient benefit. I have set out to investigate whether intermediate purity factor VIII concentrates could contribute significantly to immune abnormalities observed in haemophilia patients in vivo. I have approached this problem by investigating the effects of various factor VIII preparations on immune stimulation in vitro. My results demonstrate that intermediate purity factor VIII concentrates can modulate lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. In contrast, highly purified factor VIII preparations have no effect on immune stimulation in this system. Although I have failed to identify the factor(s) responsible for the observed immune modulation in vitro I have excluded a number of potential candidates. The inhibitory effects of factor VIII preparations on lymphocyte proliferation previously demonstrated in vitro are probably not related directly to observed abnormalities in haemophilia patients in vivo. Immune alterations in vivo may be related to stimulation, rather than suppression of the immune system. My findings have a bearing on these stimulatory effects and suggest that the use of highly purified factor VIII preparations in the treatment of haemophilia is justified.

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Chen, Yingying, i Yingying Chen. "Removing Phosphonate Antiscalants from Membrane Concentrate Solutions using Ferric Hydroxide Adsorbents". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624128.

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Phosphonate antiscalants are commonly used in nanofiltration and reverse osmosis water treatment to prevent membrane fouling by mineral scale. In many circumstances it is desirable to remove these phosphonate compounds before concentrate disposal or further treatment. This research investigated the removal of phosphonate compounds from simulated membrane concentrate solutions using ferric hydroxide adsorbents. Two phosphonate antiscalants were investigated, Permatreat 191® (PT191) and nitrilotrimethylphosphonic acid (NTMP). Batch adsorption isotherms and column breakthrough and regeneration experiments were performed on two commercial adsorbents and a ferric hydroxide loaded polyacrylonitrile fiber adsorbent prepared in our laboratory. The best performing adsorbent was Granular Ferric Hydroxide® (GFH) obtained from GEH Wasserchemie. Adsorption isotherms measured after 24-hour equilibration periods showed initial concentration effects, whereby the isotherms were dependent on the initial adsorbate concentration in solution. Significant differences in adsorption behavior were observed between the PT191 and the NTMP adsorbates. Differences in adsorption behavior between NTMP and PT191 are all consistent with the PT191 containing fewer phosphonate functional groups per molecule than NTMP. Desorption rates were bimodal, with 40-50% of the adsorbed phosphonate being released on a time scale of 10-24 hours, while the remaining fraction was released approximately one order of magnitude more slowly. The slow desorbing fraction primarily resulted from equilibrium effects resulting from significant phosphonate adsorption, even in 1.0 mol/L NaOH solutions. Complete regeneration could not be achieved, even after eluting the adsorbent columns with more than 300 bed volumes of 1.0 mol/L NaOH. However, the incomplete regeneration had only a minor effect on phosphonate uptake in subsequent column breakthrough experiments.

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Liu, Xiaoming. "Effect of high hydrostatic pressure on whey protein concentrate functional properties". Online access for everyone, 2004. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2004/X%5Fliu%5F050504.pdf.

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Santella, Davide. "Caratterizzazione colorimetrica di paste concentrate in funzione del tempo di conservazione". Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/4524/.

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Lo sviluppo negli ultimi decenni di strumentazioni sempre più pratiche, versatili, veloci ed economicamente accessibili, ha notevolmente incrementato la capacità delle aziende, in particolar modo quelle operanti nel settore dell'industria alimentare, nel cogliere le potenzialità di una tecnologia che applica rigore scientifico a una materia a lungo considerata liminale e di secondaria rilevanza, quale quella cromatica. A fronte di ciò, si è ritenuto opportuno introdurre strumenti di misura formalizzati a livello internazionale, atti a individuare e verificare parametri di colore, i quali attestassero la qualità della materia prima utilizzata, nonché riconducibili a una tecnologia di produzione di massa. L’attuale progetto deriva dalla necessità di un’azienda produttrice di concentrati in pasta e semi-lavorati in polvere per la gelateria e la pasticceria, di introdurre un sistema di misurazione oggettiva del colore, che vada a sostituirsi a una valutazione soggettiva, a lungo ritenuta come unico metodo valido di analisi. Il ruolo rivestito all’interno di tale azienda ha consentito, grazie anche al supporto fornito dal Controllo Qualità, la realizzazione di un elaborato finale di sintesi, contenente i risultati delle analisi colorimetriche condotte su alcune paste concentrate. A partire dunque dalla letteratura scientifica elaborata in materia, si è proceduto inizialmente, alla realizzazione di una parte generale riguardante la descrizione del colore, delle sue proprietà e manifestazioni, e dei metodi di misurazione, ripercorrendo le tappe dalla nascita delle prime teorie fino all’adozione di uno spazio di colore universale; una seconda sperimentale, in cui si elaborano- tramite software statistici (Anova , Spectra Magic Nx)- i parametri colorimetrici e il pH dei singoli campioni. In particolare, la determinazione del colore su paste concentrate, ha permesso di valutare in maniera oggettiva le variazioni di colore in termini di coordinate L*, a*, b*, che avvengono durante il periodo di conservazione (24-36 mesi). Partendo dai dati oggettivi di colore, sono state definite semplici equazioni che descrivono l'andamento dei parametri in funzione dei mesi di conservazione e del pH del prodotto. Nell’ottica del miglioramento della gestione della qualità delle aziende specializzate nella produzione di semilavorati-concentrati per le gelaterie, il presente lavoro ha fornito uno spunto per la realizzazione e l’applicazione di un sistema di controllo del colore durante la conservazione del prodotto; ha anche permesso di definire le linee per un sistema di analisi colorimetrica utile alla messa a punto di un database aziendale comprensivo d’indici, stime e annotazioni. Tale database dovrà essere mirato all’ottenimento di un sempre più alto livello di qualità del prodotto, suggerendo allo stesso tempo possibili interventi correttivi (maggior standardizzazione del colore e possibile definizione di un adeguato intervallo di tolleranza), ma anche a un miglioramento nella gestione di problematiche in fase di produzione e quindi, l’incremento della capacità produttiva con conseguente riduzione dei tempi di evasione degli ordini. Tale contributo ha consentito a delineare le future prospettive di sviluppo favorendo l’implementazione (nella realtà aziendale) di un approccio strumentale e quindi oggettivo, in relazione alle più comuni problematiche di tipo colorimetrico, al fine di migliorare il valore qualitativo del prodotto.

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Smith, Mark H. "Manufacture of a Dairy Dessert from Ultra-High Temperature Milk Concentrate". DigitalCommons@USU, 1994. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5424.

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The purpose of this project was to initiate development of a nonrefrigerated dairy dessert product. Milk was concentrated by pressure-driven filtration and then sterilized using ultra-high temperature (UHT) processing. Following sterilization, samples were aseptically inoculated with rennet to coagulate the milk, which was then stored at room temperature. These processing steps produced a dairy dessert that did not require refrigeration. I investigated the influence of total solids, milk fat, rennet dosage, storage temperature, and storage time on curd firmness and syneresis. I investigated the effect on curd firmness and syneresis of giving the concentrate a heat treatment prior to UHT processing. Chocolate and vanilla dairy desserts were prepared, and a taste panel was conducted to compare the dairy dessert with a ready-to- eat starch-based pudding. Milk concentrate obtained by reverse osmosis did not form a gel, whereas concentrate obtained by ultrafiltration did gel. Increasing the solids content of the milk concentrate increased curd firmness, but increasing the fat content of the concentrate decreased curd firmness. Curd firmness and syneresis increased as the concentration of rennet was increased. Products stored at 21°C yielded firmer gels with more syneresis than products stored at 4°C. Moreover, products stored for longer periods of time produced firmer gels and greater amounts of syneresis. Concentrate that received a batch heat treatment prior to sterilization reduced syneresis. The addition of cocoa to the concentrate inhibited coagulation. Taste panelists preferred the commercial pudding over the dairy

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Solorio, Hector Alejandro. "Heat-Induced Gelation of Ultrafiltered Whole Milk Concentrate and Product Applications". DigitalCommons@USU, 1999. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5469.

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The heat-induced gelation properties of ultrafiltered (UF) whole milk concentrate were studied under different physical and chemical conditions. total solids concentration, homogenization pressures, heating temperatures, and heating times were found to have a positive correlation with gel strength. The addition of calcium chloride, sodium chloride, or trisodium citrate produced gels of higher strengths and textural properties than the gels obtained with non-salt-treated concentrate. Calcium chloride produced the strongest gels with a cheese-like texture and poor spreadability. Sodium chloride produced gels of intermediate strength with a firm, elastic texture and poor spreadability. Trisodium citrate produced the softest gels with a smooth, creamy texture and good spreadability. A shelf stable 40% total solids UF concentrate was manufactured using ultra-high temperature (UHT) processing by direct steam injection. The pourable concentrate had a shelf life of 75 to 90 days at 23°C and did not have the ability to produce heat-induced gels after a second heating. Addition of calcium chloride, sodium chloride, or trisodium citrate restored the heat-induced gelation of the retentate. However, the gels were weaker and presented different characteristics than did the gels from non-UHT-treated concentrate. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies revealed a relationship between gel firmness and gel ultrastructure of the heat-induced gels. The gels consisted of a network of casein micelles connected with strands of a less dense protein material. The tighter the network the stronger the gel strength. High heating temperatures and calcium chloride addition caused fusion of the casein micelles int he network. Sensory evaluation of two prototype gelled desserts by a general consumer population showed a good potential for the use of the heat-induced gelation property of UF-concentrated whole milk in the development of new gelled dessert applications.

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Fontenot, Robin L. "Tube centrifugation for processing platelet-rich plasma in the horse". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76971.

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Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a popular treatment for equine tendon and ligament injuries; however, commercial PRP systems are expensive. Development of a safe, inexpensive alternative would make PRP therapy more widely available to horse owners. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality and bacteriologic safety of PRP produced by three simple, inexpensive tube centrifugation methods and compare the results to a commercial system. Citrated blood collected from 26 normal horses was processed by four methods: blood collection tubes centrifuged at 1200 and 2000 x g, a 50ml conical tube, and a commercial system. Platelet and cell counts and mean platelet volume (MPV) in whole blood and PRP were determined using an automated hematology analyzer. Results were analyzed using mixed model ANOVA with post-hoc comparisons (MPV and fold change for RBC, WBC, and platelets) and binary logistic generalized estimating equations with horse as a blocking factor (absolute numbers of WBC, and platelets). Aerobic and anaerobic cultures were performed. Significance was set at p<0.05. Mean platelet concentrations ranged from 1.55 to 2.58 fold. The conical tube method produced the highest number of PRP samples with platelet concentrations of greater than 2.5-fold and within the clinically acceptable range of >250,000 platelets/?l. WBC counts were lowest using the commercial system and unacceptably high using the red top methods. The incidence of bacterial contamination was low (2.1%). Based on these results, the conical tube method may be a suitable alternative to commercial PRP systems in cases with budgetary constraints.
Master of Science

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Hübner, Cristiano Haetinger. "Desempenho e comportamento ingestivo de ovelhas em lactação alimentadas com dietas contendo diferentes níveis de fibra em detergente neutro". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2006. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10694.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The study was carried out the Department of Animal Science of the Federal University of Santa Maria, with the objective to investigate the effect of the supply of diets with different levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) on the nutrients intake, daily milk yield (MP), milk composition (MC) and ingestive behavior of lactating ewes. Eighteen ewes, proceeding from the alternated crossing between Texel and Ile de France breeds were used, housed indoors in individual cages. The animals were distributed on three treatments: 34, 43 and 52% NDF in the diet, in dry matter basis (DM) to consist in the treatments. Equal protein diets, with 13% of PB (crude protein) content, in DM basis, was composed of total mixed ration of corn ensilage (Zea mays L.), and a concentrate mixture based on fragmented corn, soybean bran (Glycine max L.) and mineral mixing. The food supply was ad libtum, done twice a day, in set up times at 8:30 AM and 4:30 PM. An entirely randomized design was used, with three treatments and six repetitions each. The results were submit of the analysis of variance and regression study. The addition of increasing in NDF levels result in quadratic effect (P<0,05) on the intake of dry matter (DMI), organic matter (OMI), crude protein (CPI), ethereal extract (EEI), total carbohydrates (TCHOI), and non-structural carbohydrates (NSCI), neutral detergent fiber (NDFI) and acid detergent fiber (ADFI), expresses in kg/day, % PV and g/kg PV0,75. The maximum DMI corresponded to 42.7% NDF level in the diet. Do not significant effect (P>0.05) of the diets on the variations of average weight daily gain (GMD). The body score condition (CC) presented quadratic behavior (P<0.05). Quadratic effect was verified (P<0.05) on the milk yield in function of the treatments, that was maximum with 39.8%NDF level of in the diet. The crude protein milk (CP) values presented quadratic variation (P<0,05). The milk fat contents (Gord), express in g/day, and the density, had diminished linearly with the NDF increasing in the diet. The total solids contents, express in g/day, density, 3.5% and 4% fat corrected milk yield had varied in quadratic way (P<0.05), in function of the treatments. The stage of lactating influenced on milk production (P<0.05), resulting quadratic effect for 34% and 43% NDF levels, and linear effect for the 52%NDF level in the diet. Quadratic effect (P<0.05) were verified in the resting, rumination, intake and total chewing times in function of the NDF levels in the diets. The feeding and rumination efficiency of the NDF is increased with the increase of the level of this fraction in the diet. Lactating ewes confined present greater concentration of activity of feeding during the day and rumination during the night.
O estudo foi realizado no Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, com o objetivo de investigar o efeito do fornecimento de dietas com diferentes níveis de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) sobre o consumo de nutrientes, ganho de peso, produção e composição do leite e comportamento ingestivo de ovelhas em lactação. Foram utilizadas 18 ovelhas, provenientes do cruzamento alternado entre as raças Texel e Ile de France, confinadas em baias individuais. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em três tratamentos: 34, 43 e 52% de FDN na dieta, em base na matéria seca (MS). As dietas, isoprotéicas, contendo 13% de PB (MS) foram compostas por mistura completa de silagem de milho (Zea mays L.), concentrado a base de milho triturado e farelo de soja (Glycine max) e premix mineral. O arraçoamento foi feito ad libtum, duas vezes ao dia, em horários preestabelecidos, às 8:30 e 16:30 horas. Utilizou-se um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos e seis repetições cada. Os dados foram interpretados através de análises de variância e regressão. Houve influência do nível de FDN da dieta (P<0,05) sobre os consumos de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), carboidratos não-estruturais (CNE), carboidratos totais (CHT) e cinzas (CIN), expressos em Kg/dia, em %PV e em g/Kg PV0,75, que apresentaram comportamento quadrático. O máximo consumo de MS correspondeu ao nível de 42,7% de FDN na dieta. Não houve efeito significativo (P>0,05) das dietas sobre as variações de peso vivo (GMD). A condição corporal final (CC2) evoluiu quadraticamente (P<0,05). Verificou-se efeito quadrático (P<0,05) da produção de leite em função dos tratamentos, que foi máxima com um nível de 39,8% de FDN na dieta. Os teores de PB do leite variaram quadraticamente (P<0,05). O teor de gordura do leite (Gord), expresso em g/dia, e a densidade, diminuíram linearmente (P<0,05) com o incremento de FDN na dieta. Os teores de sólidos totais (ST), expressos em g/dia, densidade (DENS), leite corrigido para 3,5% de gordura (LCG3,5) e 4% de gordura (LCG4) e leite corrigido para sólidos totais (LCST) variaram de modo quadrático (P<0,05), em função dos tratamentos. O estágio da lactação influenciou a produção de leite dos animais (P<0,05), resultando efeito quadrático para os níveis 34% e 43% de FDN, e linear para o nível de 52% de FDN na dieta. Houve efeito quadrático (P<0,05) do nível de FDN da dieta sobre os tempos despendidos em alimentação, ruminação, ócio e de mastigação total (TMT). A eficiência de alimentação e ruminação da FDN é incrementada com o aumento do nível desta fração na dieta. Ovelhas em lactação mantidas confinadas apresentam maior concentração de atividade de alimentação durante o período diurno e de ruminação durante o noturno.

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Melo, Lauro Luis Martins Medeiros de. "Perfil sensorial como ferramenta para o desenvolvimento de chocolates ao leite Diet em sacarose e Light em calorias contendo substitutos da sacarose e de gordura". [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/254224.

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Orientador: Helena Maria Andre Bolini
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: Atualmente, há um interesse crescente de consumidores do mundo todo por alimentos e bebidas com menores quantidades de calorias. Neste contexto, a Análise Sensorial é a única forma de se determinar a aceitação e o perfil em relação à aparência, aroma, sabor e textura de alimentos e bebidas, sendo, portanto, uma ferramenta insubstituível. Com base nestes fundamentos, o objetivo do presente projeto foi realizar a determinação de doçura ideal, doçura equivalente de diferentes edulcorantes, análise descritiva quantitativa (ADQ) e análise de aceitação (com mapas de prerência interno, extendido e análise de regressão de mínimos quadrados parciais, Partial Least Squares - PLS) de chocolates adoçados com diferentes edulcorantes (estévia e sucralose) e sacarose (convencional), e com substituto de gordura (concentrado de soro de leite, WPC), comparando seus comportamentos sensoriais, para a obtenção de uma formulação de alta qualidade sensorial. Também foi incluída ao estudo uma amotra diet (em sacarose) comercial. A ADQ e a análise de aceitação foram conduzidas ao longo da estocagem dos chocolates a 20 °C em 0, 3, 6 e 9 meses. A análise de aceitação foi conduzida tanto com consumidores não-diabéticos quanto com diabéticos. Também foram realizadas análises no NCSU Sensory Service Center da North Carolina State University nos Estados Unidos, incluindo análise descritiva, aceitação e conjoint analysis. Foi possível produzir chocolates ao leite diet (em sacarose) e diet (em sacarose)/light (em calorias) com sucralose e estévia como substitutos da sacarose e WPC como substituto parcial de gordura com curvas tempointensidade do gosto doce similares à curva tempo-intensidade do chocolate ao leite convencional de melhor aceitação dentre os testados (43% de sacarose). Houve poucas alterações nos chocolates desenvolvidos em relação ao chocolate convencional. A amostra de chocolate ao leite convencional adoçada com sacarose caracteriza-se mais pelos atributos aroma doce e doçura. As amostras adoçadas com sucralose e sucralose/WPC são caracterizadas, principalmente, pelo atributo sabor de leite em pó (aumentado pelos agentes de corpo lactitol/polidextrose e pelo substituto de gordura WPC). As amostras com estévia se caracterizam pelos atributos amargor e residual amargo. A amostra comercial foi caracterizada por aroma de manteiga de cacau e derretimento na boca. A maioria dos atributos sensoriais das amostras não foi significativamente alterada até o término do estudo aos 9 meses. A comparação das equipes de provadores do Brasil e dos Estados Unidos mostrou que equipes de provadores altamente treinadas usando terminologia padronizada e representativa podem fornecer resultados similares. As amostras convencional e comercial apresentaram as maiores aceitações entre consumidores não-diabéticos. As alterações observadas nos perfis sensoriais não foram suficientes para provocar mudança na aceitação das amostras durante o período de estocagem, o que garante uma vida-de-prateleira efetiva de pelo menos 9 meses. Análise de cluster dividiu os consumidores em dois grupos. As médias de aceitação das amostras convencional e comercial para o grupo 2 foram significativamente maiores. Para o grupo 1, não houve diferença entre as médias de aceitação das amostras convencional, sucralose e sucralose/WPC. As amostras produzidas com sucralose são tão bem aceitas quanto à amostra comercial entre consumidores diabéticos. Todos os chocolates desenvolvidos (diet em sacarose e diet em sacarose/light em calorias, com sucralose ou estévia) apresentaram médias de aceitação estatisticamente maiores entre diabéticos do que entre não-diabéticos. Os consumidores se dividiram principalmente para a amostra convencional e para a amostra comercial. A doçura foi o atributo mais importante para o primeiro grupo enquanto os atributos derretimento na boca e aroma de manteiga de cacau foram mais importantes para o segundo grupo. Estas tendências se mantiveram até o fim do estudo de tempo de estocagem aos 9 meses. Para consumidores dos Estados Unidos, o atributo declaração sobre açúcar é mais importante para diabéticos do que para não-diabéticos enquanto que o tipo de edulcorante e a redução calórica têm a mesma importância para ambos os grupos. Teoricamente, um chocolate com declaração ¿livre de açúcar¿, edulcorante natural e 25% de redução calórica seria a melhor combinação. Os consumidores dos Estados Unidos foram divididos em três grupos, sendo que o grupo 1 se assemelha mais aos diabéticos em geral, e os grupos 2 e 3, aos nãodiabéticos. A principal diferença entre os grupos 2 e 3 está no fato de o grupo 2 ser mais atento ao consumo de calorias. Nos Estados Unidos, convencional, sucralose e sucralose/WPC foram as amostras com melhor aceitação entre não-diabéticos e sucralose, sucralose/WPC e comercial, entre diabéticos, não confirmando o resultado teórico da conjoint analysis. Os consumidores diabéticos são mais receptivos a chocolates ao leite diet (em sacarose) e diet (em sacarose)/light (em calorias) do que consumidores não-diabéticos
Abstract: Nowadays, there is an increasing interest in foods and beverages with smaller amounts of calories. Then, Sensory Evaluation is the most important tool for evaluation of acceptance and sensory characteristics regarding appearance, aroma, flavor and texture of foods. Therefore, objective of the current study was determination of the most accepted sweetness, equi sweet concentration for different sweeteners, quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) and acceptance testing (using internal and extended preference mappings and PLS regression) of chocolates sweetened with differente sweeteners (steviosídeo and sucralose) and sucrose (conventional), and with whey protein concentrate (WPC) as fat replacer, comparing their sensory characteristics, in order to get a high sensory quality recipe. This research also included a commercial sugra-free sample. QDA and acceptance testing were performed during storage time at 20 °C after 0, 3, 6 and 9 months. Acceptance testing was performed with both non-diabetic and diabetic consumers. In addition, some analyses were carried out at NCSU Sensory Service Center at North Carolina State University, in the USA, including descriptive analysis, acceptance testing, and conjoint analysis. Lab developed prototypes sugar-free and reduced calorie milk chocolates with sucralose or stevioside and WPC as fat replacer presented time-intensity curves similar to most accepted chocolate with sucrose (43%). There were few changes comparing lab developed prototypes to convencional chocolate. Sweet aroma and sweetness were the most important attributes for conventional milk chocolate sweetened with sucrose while milky flavor (increased by bulking agents lactitol/polydextrose and by fat replacer WPC) was the most important attribute for samples sweetened with sucralose and sucralose/WPC. Bitterness and bitter aftertaste were the most important attributes for samples sweetened with stevioside. Regarding commercial sample, cocoa butter aroma and melting rate were the most important attributes. There were not significant changes in most of sensory attributes during 9-month storage time. Comparisons with Brazilian and USA panels showed that highly trained panels using standardized, representative languages can provide comparable results. Conventional and commercial chocolates presented higher acceptance means for non-diabetic consumers. Effects of aging on some sensory characteristics of chocolates were not enough to change consumer acceptance over time, which assures a realistic shelf life for at least 9 months. Cluster analysis presented two groups. Conventional and commercial chocolates presented higher acceptance means for group 2. For group 1, there was no difference between acceptance means for conventional, sucralose, and sucralose/WPC. Diabetic consumers accept samples produced with sucralose so well as they accept commercial sample. All lab developed prototypes presented higher acceptance means among diabetics compared to non-diabetics. Consumers presented preferences especially for conventional sample or for commercial sample. Sweetness was the most important attribute for the first group while melting rate and cocoa butter aroma were the most important attributes for the second group. These results lasted until the end of storage time (9 months). For USA consumers, sugar claim attribute is more important for diabetics than for non-diabetics while sweetener type and calorie reduction attributes have the same importance for both groups. A chocolate with sugar-free claim, natural sweetener and 25% calorie reduction would be theoretically the best combination. USA consumers were segmented in 3 clusters and cluster 1 was more similar to diabetics while clusters 2 and 3 were more similar to non-diabetics. The main difference between clusters 2 and 3 is consumers in cluster 2 are more concerned about calorie consumption. In the USA, conventional, sucralose, and sucralose/WPC were the most accepted samples among nondiabetics and sucralose, sucralose/WPC, and commercial were the most accepted samples among diabetics, which did not confirm theorical results of conjoint analysis. Diabetic consumers are more accepting than non-diabetic consumers of diabetic and diabetic/reduced calorie milk chocolates
Doutorado
Consumo e Qualidade de Alimentos
Doutor em Alimentos e Nutrição

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FREITAS, NETO Marcondes Dias de. "DESEMPENHO DE BOVINOS MESTIÇOS LEITEIROS ALIMENTADOS COM DIFERENTES NÍVEIS DE CONCENTRADO NA RECRIA E TERMINAÇÃO". Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/927.

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The objective of the experiment was to evaluate the feedlot performance of steers with dairy origin, which during the growing phase were supplemented on pasture with two levels of concentrate (high=1% or medium=0,5% BW), and that during finishing were submitted to two concentrate levels (high=80% or medium=50%), resulting into four feedlot treatments, THH, THM, TMH and TMM. Steers from treatments that received higher supplementation level during growth,, were heavier at beginning and stayed less time in feedlot to reached slaughter weight. Average daily dry matter intake (DMI) for TAA was higher than for TMM animals, both not differing from TAM and TMA. DMI expressed as percentage of weight, average daily weight gain and feed conversion were similar among treatments. Animals supplemented with 1% during growing phase showed higher (p<.05) initial thoracic perimeter and lower gain of this measure during feedlot, resulting no difference among treatments at the end. Animals that received lower level of supplement during growing phase had lower rump height at the beginning and showed higher gain for this measure during feedlot. Final rump height was higher (p<.05) for TAM and TMM animals
Foi avaliado o desempenho em confinamento de novilhos de origem leiteira, que na fase de recria foram suplementados no pasto com dois níveis de concentrado (Alto=1% ou Médio=0,5% do PV), e que na terminação foram subdivididos e submetidos a dois níveis de concentrado (Alto=80% ou Médio=50%), gerando quatro tratamentos no confinamento, TAA, TAM, TMA e TMM. Os animais dos tratamentos que receberam maior nível de suplementação na recria foram mais pesados no início e permaneceram menos tempo no confinamento para chegar ao peso de abate. O consumo de matéria seca (CMS) médio diário no TAA foi maior que no TMM, ambos não diferindo do TAM e TMA. CMS expresso por 100 kg de peso, ganho de peso médio diário e conversão alimentar foram similares entre tratamentos. Animais suplementados com 1,0% na fase de recria apresentaram maior (p<0,05) perímetro torácico inicial e menor ganho desta medida durante o confinamento, sem diferença entre tratamentos no final. Animais que receberam menor nível de suplementação na recria apresentaram menor altura de garupa no início e maior ganho em altura durante o confinamento. No final esta medida foi maior (p<0,05) nos animais TAM e TMM

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Pires, Suzana da Cruz. "Desempenho zootécnico de bezerras da raça holandesa alimentadas com diferentes volumes de sucedâneo do leite". Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2014. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1554.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The heifers breeding for replacement of dairy herds have great importance for the national livestock. This breeding phase is critical and challenging due to numerous factors, but mainly when it comes to feeding management. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of three different volumes of milk replacer, provided for Holstein heifers up to 60 days, on the zootechnical performance and the relation cost-benefit of production. The work was carried out at the heifers Rearing Unit of Cooperativa Agroindustrial Lar in São Miguel do Iguaçu - PR. 45 heifers were used, randomly allocated into three treatments. With the use of an automatic feeder, the treatments were based on offering three different amounts of milk replacer: 4L Treatment (four liters); 6L (six liters) and AL (ad libitum). All animals received concentrate ad libitum. The morphometric measurements (height, body length, chest girth) and weight were measured weekly. The used experimental outline was completely randomized. It was performed the variance analysis and for comparison of means it was used Tukey at 5% significance. Data were analyzed by statistical program Sisvar. 4L and 6L heifers had higher concentrate intake than AL heifers. The feeding cost of 4L and 6L heifers was 66.42 and 90% respectively lower compared to AL heifers. AL heifers showed higher weight averages and morphometric measurements than other treatments in most of weeks. Regardless of the milk replacer volume supplied, 4L heifers showed higher concentrate intake and lower production cost. The zootechnical performance was similar for all treatments at weaning
As criações de bezerras para a reposição de rebanhos leiteiros têm grande importância para a pecuária nacional. Essa fase da criação é crítica e desafiadora em função de inúmeros fatores, principalmente quando se trata do manejo alimentar. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de três diferentes volumes de sucedâneo de leite, fornecidos para bezerras da raça Holandesa até 60 dias, sobre o desempenho zootécnico e a relação custo benefício de produção. O trabalho foi realizado na Unidade de Recria de Novilhas da Cooperativa Agroindustrial Lar no município de São Miguel do Iguaçu PR. Foram utilizadas 45 bezerras distribuídas ao acaso em três tratamentos. Com o uso de um alimentador automático, os tratamentos basearam-se na oferta de três diferentes quantidades de sucedâneo de leite: Tratamento 4L (quatro litros); 6L (seis litros) e AL (ad libitum). Todos os animais receberam concentrado a vontade. As medidas morfométricas (altura, comprimento corporal, perímetro torácico) e o peso foram mensurados semanalmente. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado. Foi realizada análise de variância e para comparação de médias foi utilizado Tukey a 5% de significância. Os dados foram analisados pelo programa estatístico Sisvar. As bezerras 4L e 6L tiveram consumo de concentrado superior às bezerras AL. O custo da alimentação das bezerras 4L e 6L foi de 66,42 e 90% respectivamente inferior em relação às bezerras AL. As bezerras AL apresentaram médias de peso e medidas morfométricas superiores aos demais tratamentos na maioria das semanas. Independente do volume de sucedâneo de leite fornecido, as bezerras 4L apresentaram maior consumo de concentrado e menor custo de produção. O desempenho zootécnico foi semelhante para todos os tratamentos ao desmame

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