Rozprawy doktorskie: „Computable general equilibrium”

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Rumler, Fabio. "Computable general equilibrium modeling. Numerical simulations in a 2-country monetary general equilibrium model". Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1999. http://epub.wu.ac.at/70/1/document.pdf.

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This paper presents the concept of numerical CGE modeling with the help of a 2-country general equilibrium model. In the framework of this simple dynamic monetary model the effects of a (unilateral) monetary and fiscal expansion are simulated. The exchange rate of the home vis-à-vis the foreign currency depreciates in response to both types of shocks. The monetary expansion leads to an increase in home relative to foreign private consumption and to a sharp increase in relative home output in the short run, while in the long run output increases in the foreign country and decreases in the home country. The unilateral fiscal expansion, on the other hand, results in a fall of private consumption in the home relative to the foreign country, and in an increase in relative home output in the short as well as in the long run. The world real interest rate falls quite substantially in response to both shocks. (author's abstract)
Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

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Nguyen, Tien Dung. "Trade Reforms in Vietnam : A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis". Graduate School of International Development. Nagoya University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/6310.

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Sundberg, Marcus. "Spatial computable general equilibrium modelling : static and dynamic approaches". Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Div. of transport and location analysis, Dept. of transport and economics, Royal institute of technology, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-484.

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Philippidis, George. "Computable general equilibrium modelling of the Common Agricultural Policy". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300387.

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Gillham, Jonathan. "The economic interrelationships of tourism : a computable general equilibrium analysis". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2005. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11330/.

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This thesis investigates the economic interrelationships that tourism has in the wider economy in the context of a country that is heavily reliant on tourism revenues. More specifically, it seeks to examine the welfare, intersectoral, distributional, competitive, investment and dynamic issues relating to the tourism sector that have been under investigated in both the tourism and trade literature. These issues have been investigated empirically using Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) analysis. The thesis is set out as follows: Chapter 1 sets out the relative position of Spain in terms of its international competitors and defines the tourism sector. It also explains why CGE modelling is felt to be the most suitable approach for modelling the Spanish tourism sector for the purposes of this thesis. It also presents an overview of the planned research. Chapter 2 gives an overview of the structure and key features of the Spanish economy. It discusses the evolution of the tourism sector and how it varies between the different autonomous communities in Spain. The Spanish Tourism Satellite Account is presented and Spanish tourism policy is examined. Chapter 3 reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on CGE modelling and tourism analysis relevant to this thesis. Various types of CGE model are scrutinised and their usefulness assessed. The role of tourism in international trade is considered and the characteristics of the tourism sector that need to be embodied into a CGE model are discussed. Chapter 4 describes the core CGE model used in this thesis and the underlying equations that are associated with it. The central data set used is the Spanish input-output table for 1996. This data set is described and all subsequent input-output tables used in other chapters are amended so as to be consistent with this data set. Closure rules, elasticity parameters, solution methods and calibration methods are also discussed. Chapter 5 presents the results of the experiments carried out with the dynamic Spanish national CGE model. The core model presented in Chapter 4 has been extended to incorporate foreign direct investment and these changes are disclosed in the opening sections. Counterfactuals are designed so as to estimate the impact of foreign direct investment inflows and tourism demand shocks on the Spanish economy. Sensitivity analysis of the key exogenous parameters is also undertaken. Chapter 6 presents the results of the experiments carried out on the static regional CGE model of the regions of Spain. Input-Output tables for four of Spain's autonomous regions were obtained and integrated with the Spanish national table to create a data set which accounts for the four regions analysed and the remainder of the Spanish economy. The model presented in Chapter 4 is adapted to incorporate regional trade flows and structural differences are discussed. Counterfactuals are designed in order to investigate how regional tax policy might affect tourism flows in Spain and how tourism demand impacts on different regions in Spain. Sensitivity analysis of the key exogenous parameters is also undertaken. Chapter 7 presents the results of the experiments of the dynamic CGE model for the Canary Islands. The core model is identical to that presented in Chapter 4, except that it is applied at a sub-national rather than a national level. Counterfactuals are designed so as to take account of the issues affecting a small island economy that is heavily reliant on tourism. As before, sensitivity analysis of the key exogenous parameters is also undertaken. Chapter 8 summarises the findings of this study, highlights possibly policy implications and cites limitations of the research. Suggestions for further research are also highlighted.

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Winchester, Niven. "Trade, technology and relative wages : a computable general equilibrium analysis". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2002. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11442/.

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The cause(s) of increased wage inequality in developed nations in recent decades is a contentious issue in international economics. In the UK, the ratio of non-manual to manual wages increased by 24.4 percent between 1979 and 1999. Over the same interval, there has been an increase in the relative supply of skilled workers. This suggests that the increase in the relative wage of skilled labour has been driven by a large increase in relative demand for this type of labour. Two candidates commonly cited as the catalyst behind the demand shift are increased trade between developed countries and unskilled-labour-abundant developing nations, and technical change favouring skilled labour. This thesis contributes to the debate by evaluating the effects of trade and technology on UK wages using a computable general equilibrium framework. Modelling is aided by identifying a larger number of labour types than is the norm and estimating changes in the stocks of four different capital assets over the period of interest. The results, although sensitive to key parameter values, single out technical change as the cause of increased wage dispersion in the UK, but also raise the possibility that trade has had a significant adverse effect on the relative wage of a narrowly defined group of workers at the bottom end of the skill distribution.

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Tanaka, Tetsuji. "Risk assessment of food supply : a computable general equilibrium approach". Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2012. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/13627/.

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Idris, Jasmin. "A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis of Energy Policies in Malaysia". Thesis, University of Surrey, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.499404.

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Blake, Adam. "Computable general equilibrium modelling and the evaluation of agricultural policy". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1998. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10336/.

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This thesis is concerned with computable general equilibrium modelling and evaluation of agricultural policy in a global context. Particular emphasis has been given to the EU's Common Agricultural Policy, reform of which was an important element in the successful conclusion of the Uruguay Round (UR), and which is to be subject to further reforms under Agenda 2000. Nevertheless, attention has also been given to modelling the effects of other Uruguay Round outcomes in manufactures and services, so that the reform of the CAP can be assessed within the liberalised global setting. Chapter 1 describes the UR agreement in general, and the Agricultural Agreement in detail. Chapter 2 discusses the construction of computable general equilibrium models. This informs the consideration given in Chapter 3 to the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model and to results from several papers that use the model for the analysis of the UR, as well as other UR CGE models. The GTAP version 2 database is examined in Chapter 4 (the latest version, released in June 1998, is covered in Chapter 7). Chapter 5 gives attention to the finer detail of the standard GTAP model, and describes the modifications and extensions made to this model, such as the modelling of partiallyspecific- factors and endogenous subsidy rates and a means of decomposing welfare changes in the GTAP model. Chapter 6 presents the resuUs from modelling the Uruguay Round with the aggregation and model developed in Chapters 4 and 5. The main resuUs for these simulations show that the global welfare gain and regional gains to the EU, the USA and Japan are comparable to studies discussed in Chapter 3. Chapters 7 and 8 use the most recent GTAP database, which gives wider coverage of regions, sectors and factors than the version used in earlier chapters. Chapter 7 augments the model of Chapter 5 with production quotas for milk and sugar, explicit modelling of compensation and headage payment, intervention prices and support buying, and detailed representation of the EU export subsidy commitments. Chapter 8 reports the resuUs of simulations using this in a model 'projected' to 2005. The main resuUs are that the UR leads to welfare losses in the EU, which are partially reduced through Agenda 2000, and that in all scenarios, the redistributional impacts of reforms are far greater than the overall welfare changes. Finally, Chapter 9 offers some conclusions and suggestions for future research.

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Bevan, Alan Arthur. "Computable general equilibrium modelling of the Hungarian economy during transition". Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/1130.

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Yerushalmi, Erez. "Essays in applied public economics using computable general equilibrium models". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2012. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/57035/.

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This thesis analyses two issues in public economics: (1) water allocation in Israel; and (2) malaria prevention in Ghana. In both cases a computable general equilibrium modelling approach has been applied for policy analysis. Part I: In Israel, parliamentary investigative committees and water researchers have concluded that for decades, the administrative water allocation mechanism has mismanaged water allocation. Over subsidising of the agricultural sector, and underfunding of desalination plants, had led to a severe hydrological deficit. Critics argue that a water market allocation could solve these issues. However, the administrative allocation is crucial because it protects social value, which is not represented in a market mechanism. Part I of the thesis compares these two alternative allocation mechanisms using a general equilibrium model, for the case of Israel. The model concludes that from 1995 to 2006, the upper-bound water misallocation in Israel was relatively small, on the average of 5.5% of the potable water supply. The lower-bound value of agricultural amenities is imputed at approximately 2.3 times agricultural economic output. At the margin, introducing a water market in Israel is not recommended, i.e., net-social welfare would fall. Part II: Research that links between malaria and economic growth have, so far, used econometric approaches. These provide results that are too broad, and not particularly useful for policy analysis. We, therefore, develop a multi-region multihousehold dynamic computable general equilibrium (DCGE) model, which is calibrated to Ghana as a case study. Households are disaggregated by five epidemiological malaria regions, urban-rural divide, and income level quintiles. The model links with malaria through regional demographic effects, and labour effectiveness indices. Hypothetical interventions simulate reducing malaria prevalence by 50%, for children under-five years with varying degrees of coverage. We find that even under this limited intervention, malaria prevention clearly adds to economic growth and reduces income inequality. Our approach is particularly useful for policy makers to compare alternative intervention strategies using cost-benefit methods, which are not commonly used in health policy.

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Punt, Cecilia. "Modelling multi-product industries in computable general equilibrium (CGE) models". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79959.

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Thesis (PhD (Agric))--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It is common practice in computable general equilibrium (CGE) models that the output composition of multi-product industries remains constant despite changes in relative prices of products. The results of any scenario will show that products produced by a single industry will still be produced in the same ratio to each other as reflected by the base data. The objective of the study was to develop a CGE model for South Africa in which this assumption of fixed composition of output can be selectively relaxed. In order to allow industries to adjust their output composition in response to changes in relative prices of products a Constant Elasticity of Transformation (CET) function and the related first order condition were incorporated into an existing CGE model. This alternative specification of an output transformation function in the model enables the modeller to allow selected multi-product industries to increase production of products that show greater price increases relative to other products. The first order condition of the CET function determines the optimal combination of products for each industry. With the inclusion of the CET function there is a trade-off between theoretical rigour of the model and realism of the results, therefore an assumption of input-output separability was introduced as a way of recognising that the inclusion of a CET function violates the assumption that prices in the same row of a social accounting matrix (SAM) are equivalent. The model was calibrated with a SAM for South Africa for 2007 that was developed for purposes of this study. Set controls were included in the model to generalise the model in order that it can be calibrated with data from other countries as well. The SAM for South Africa contains provincial level information in the accounts for agriculture, labour and households. The agricultural industries are defined by geographical area, hence these industries are particularly good examples of multi-product industries that respond to relative price changes when determining production levels of individual products. The adjusted CGE model was used to analyse four scenarios focusing on selected issues mentioned in the National Development Plan for South Africa released by the National Planning Commission in 2011. The scenarios relate to increases in fruit exports as a result of global positioning, technical efficiency improvements for the agricultural sector through continued research and development, factor productivity growth in government and selected services sectors resulting from fighting corruption and curbing strikes, and augmenting the supply of skilled labour through an improvement in the quality of education. The results of the adjusted model show the desired effect: producers produce relatively more of the products for which they can get a relatively higher price and vice versa. This holds true regardless of whether the level of industry output increases or decreases. The impact of the model adjustment and the effects of changes in the levels of elasticities and choice of variables to close the model were analysed as part of the sensitivity analyses. The impact of changes in the functional form, elasticities and model closures on results, are different for each scenario.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit is erkende praktyk in berekenbare algemene ewewigsmodelle dat die verhoudings waarin produkte tot mekaar geproduseer word deur multi-produk industrieë konstant gehou word, ongeag veranderings in relatiewe pryse van produkte. Die resultate van enige senario sal dus aandui dat die produkte wat deur 'n enkele industrie geproduseer word steeds in dieselfde verhouding tot mekaar geproduseer sal word, soos weerspieël in die basis data. Die doel van die studie was om 'n berekenbare algemene ewewigsmodel vir Suid-Afrika te ontwikkel wat die aanname dat die samestelling van elke industrie se uitset onveranderbaar is, selektief kan verslap. Om toe te laat dat industrieë die samestelling van uitset kan aanpas namate die relatiewe pryse van produkte verander, is 'n Konstante Elastisiteit van Transformasie funksie en die gepaardgaande eerste orde voorwaarde in 'n bestaande berekenbare algemene ewewigsmodel ingesluit. Die eerste orde voorwaarde bepaal die optimale verhoudings waarin produkte geproduseer moet word. Met die insluiting van die Konstante Elastisiteit van Transformasie funksie word teoretiese korrektheid van die model ingeboet in ruil vir meer realistiese resultate, dus is die aanname van inset-uitset onafhanklikheid gemaak en daardeur word ook erken dat as gevolg van die insluiting van die Konstante Elastisiteit van Transformasie funksie word daar nie meer voldoen aan die aanname data alle pryse in dieselfde ry van die sosiale rekeninge matriks (SRM) aan mekaar gelyk is nie. Die model is gekalibreer met 'n SRM vir Suid-Afrika vir 2007 wat vir doeleindes van die studie ontwikkel is. Deur die insluiting van kontroles vir versamelings is die model veralgemeen sodat die model ook met data van ander lande gekalibreer kan word. Die SRM vir Suid-Afrika se rekeninge vir landbou, arbeid en huishoudings bevat inligting op provinsiale vlak. Die landbou industrieë is volgens geografiese gebiede afgebaken en is dus besonder goeie voorbeelde van multi-produk industrieë wat reageer op relatiewe prys veranderings wanneer die produksievlakke van afsonderlike produkte bepaal word. Die aangepaste algemene ewewigsmodel is gebruik om vier senarios te ondersoek wat fokus op geselekteerde onderwerpe vervat in die Nasionale Ontwikkelingsplan wat deur die Nasionale Beplanningskommissie van Suid Afrika in 2011 vrygestel is. Die senarios hou verband met 'n styging in vrugte uitvoere as gevolg van globale posisionering, tegniese produktiwiteitsverhogings vir die landbousektor deur volgehoue navorsing en ontwikkeling, verhoging in die produktiwiteit van produksiefaktore van die regering en geselekteerde dienste sektore deur die aanspreek van korrupsie en vermindering in stakings, en die toename in geskoolde arbeid deur 'n verbetering in die kwaliteit van onderwys. Resultate van die aangepaste model toon die gewenste uitwerking: produsente produseer relatief meer van die produkte waarvoor hulle 'n relatiewe hoër prys kan kry, en omgekeerd. Dit geld ongeag of daar 'n verhoging of 'n verlaging in die vlak van die industrie se uitset is. Die impak van die modelaanpassing, die effek van veranderings in die vlakke van elastisiteite en die keuse van veranderlikes om die model te sluit, is geanaliseer as deel van die sensitiwiteitsanalises. Die impak van veranderings in die funksionele vorm, elastisiteite en modelsluiting op resultate, is verskillend vir elke senario.

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Pizarro, Ríos Juan. "Electronic Commerce and Developing Countries: a Computable General Equilibrium Analysis". Economía, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117341.

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Es ampliamente reconocido que el comercio electrónico reduce costos de transacción,incrementa la eficiencia y produce importantes cambios en la administración ylos procesos productivos de los negocios. Asimismo, en el ámbito macroeconómico,un creciente número de economistas reconocen que el comercio electrónicoBusiness-to-Business puede tener un impacto positivo en la productividad y el crecimientode los paises desarrollados. Este articulo hace un análisis cuantitativo delimpacto del comercio electrónico sobre la economía global cuando las economías endesarrollo se atrasan tecnológicamente y cuando alcanzan a los países desarrollados.El análisis se centra en la reducción de costos y asume que el comercio electrónicopuede reducir costos de servicios, particularmente, en el comercio al por mayory por menor, transporte, así como en el sector financiero. Los experimentos se basanen un modelo computable de equilibrio general, ei GTAP, de trece sectores y seisregiones. Las reducciones de costos en el sector servicios son simuladas por un crecimientode la productividad. A excepción de los servicios de transporte acuático, losresultados en general revelan que cuando los países en desarrollo se atrasan tecnológicamente,la brecha entre el ingreso de los paises en desarrollo y los países desarrolladosse incrementará. Los países en desarrollo perderán bienestar y verán deterioradossus términos de intercambio y reducidos sus salarios. Los resultadostambién indican que una convergencia en la productividad del sector servicios ofrecela posibilidad a los países en desarrollo de incrementar su competitividad e incrementarla producción, los salarios y el bienestar.

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Alsheikh, Alwaleed. "A dynamic computable general equilibrium analysis of the Saudi Arabian economy". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.499889.

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Zhu, Jie. "A spatial computable general equilibrium model for London and surrounding regions". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610888.

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Warziniack, Travis W. "Trade-related externalities and spatial public goods in computable general equilibrium". Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1806724721&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Gesualdo, Maria. "Building and running a computable general equilibrium tax model of Italy". Thesis, IMT Alti Studi Lucca, 2014. http://e-theses.imtlucca.it/136/1/Gesualdo_phdthesis.pdf.

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In dealing with computable general equilibrium modelling, this thesis builds and runs a computable equilibrium (CGE) tax model for Italy, with the aim of policy analysis. It demonstrates in considerable detail the methodology to incorporate a fiscal extension to the national comparative-static computable general equilibrium model of Italy. The output is a model featuring a detailed modelling of a full range of direct and indirect taxes, enabling the evaluation of alternative proposal for tax reforms. Within the fiscal extension, a comprehensive Value-Added-Tax (VAT) framework has been developed, which accounts for weaknesses of the current European VAT system, such as the taxation of trade and the taxation of the public bodies and the exemptions in the public interest. In addition, a special emphasis has been given to sectors national accounts, with detailed equations describing revenue and expenditure items. The contribution this thesis makes is to fill the existing gap in the Italian CGE literature, as the model is designed for the Ministry of Economy and Finance, intended to provide practical policy recommendation. In using the model for policy analysis, a static general equilibrium methodology for evaluating alternative industrial and fiscal reforms is presented. Two illustrative simulations are performed. First, the economic impact of the shutdown of the ILVA Taranto steel-plant is assessed, giving new insights on the Italian industrial policy. The top-down regional dimension, together with the multi-sectoral supply-demand interaction and the multi-production structure of the economy make the model especially well-suitable for the assessment of industrial policy, at national, sectoral and regional level. Simulation results show a negligible economic damage at national level, with changes in the macro variables driving sectoral results. At regional level, when direct and indirect effects on regional economic activities from the removal of the plant are taken into account, it is not always the case that Italian regions suffer from the removal of the ILVA plant. Second, in response to calls for a simplification of the current EU VAT system, and of the fiscal consolidation need faced by Italy, a redesign of the VAT system is considered. Using the developed VAT model, an equalising VAT rate reform is performed. The simulation suggests that a phase-broadening is desirable, as results show a welfare gain resulting from the implemented policy.

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Lee, Huey-Lin 1974. "Modelling private vehicle use in a computable general equilibrium model of Taiwan". Monash University, Centre of Policy Studies, 2002. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/7895.

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Hill, Martin. "Essays on environmental policy analysis : computable general equilibrium approaches applied to Sweden". Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Economic Research Institute, Stockholm School of Economics (Ekonomiska forskningsinstitutet vid Handelshögsk.) (EFI), 2001. http://www.hhs.se/efi/summary/551.htm.

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Lecca, Patrizio. "Three essays on policy modelling : an inter-temporal computable general equilibrium approach". Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2011. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=16831.

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The thesis contains three independent essays on policy modelling. In all three, a numerical dynamic general equilibrium framework is used to discuss methodological advances in regional economic modelling and to analyse specific policies for the economies of Sardinia, Scotland and the United Kingdom respectively. In the first essay, I present a stylized regional intertemporal forward-looking model able to take into account regional economic features. Furthermore, I discuss some of the objections to myopic models, such as the presumed lack of capital adjustment and the differences in the long-run steady-state results between myopic and forward- looking models. I show that properly specified myopic and forward looking models produce identical results in the long run, in contrast to claims in some of the literature in this area. In the second essay I investigate the impact of a balanced budget fiscal policy expansion. I take Scotland as an example where, recently, there has been extensive debate on greater fiscal autonomy. In response to a balanced budget fiscal expansion the model suggests the following results. First, an increase in current government purchases of goods and services has negative multiplier effects only if the elasticity of substitution between private and public consumption is high enough to reduce the marginal utility of private consumers. Second, public capital expenditure crowds in consumption and investment even with a high level of congestion. Third, crowding out effects might arise in the short-run if agents are myopic. CGE modelling techniques have been widely used in the literature to examine the rebound effect in an economy wide context. However, most of the studies focus on economy-wide rebound from an energy efficiency improvement on the production side of the economy. In the third essay, I present simulation results for an improvement in energy efficiency in the household sector which is a clear example of a demand side shock where households take all prices as given and with limited supply side effects.

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Ouraich, Ismail. "Agriculture, climate change, and adaptation in Morocco| A computable general equilibrium analysis". Thesis, Purdue University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3719694.

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The empirical analysis in this dissertation comprises two essays investigating the impacts of climate change on agriculture in Morocco, with an emphasis on climate uncertainty and robust adaptation.

The first essay in Chapter 4 provides estimates of economic impacts of climate change, and estimates on the extent to which the current Moroccan agricultural development and investment strategy, the Plan Maroc Vert (PMV), could help in agricultural adaptation to climate change and uncertainty.

We simulated three cases. First, we examined the impacts of PMV on the economy in the absence of climate change and found that it could provide about a 2.4% increase in GDP if the targets could be achieved. Subsequently, we did a separate simulation of the impacts of climate change on the Moroccan economy with no PMV (CC-Only) and found that there would be negative GDP impacts ranging between -0.5% and -3% depending on the climate scenario under the without CO₂ case. Including CO₂ fertilization effects induces a slight change in the distribution of impacts, which range from -1.4% to +0.3%. Finally, we evaluated the extent to which PMV could help mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change, and we found that the gain was quite small ranging between +0.02% and +0.04%.

The ability of the PMV strategy to mitigate the negative effects of climate change is limited at best, if non-existent. This is due to the scope of the PMV simulations limited to the strategic agricultural crop sectors in Morocco, which jointly represent no more than 35% of aggregate agricultural GDP; whereas the rest of the sectors account for 65%. Additionally, the likelihood of meeting the PMV productivity targets is low in light of our benchmark analysis comparing productivity prior to and after the adoption of GMO technologies.

The second essay examines the interaction of globalization through trade liberalization and climate change. Our hypothesis was that the more trade is liberalized, the higher the potential to compensate for losses due to climate change.

Our findings suggest that at the global level, our hypothesis is verified. World welfare gains are highest under a multilateral trade liberalization scenario, which induces a total offset of climate change welfare losses. However, under partial trade liberalization, the welfare gains become very small in comparison with the climate change impacts.

At the regional level, the results are more nuanced and our hypothesis does not hold for all regions. For instance, and focusing on Morocco as a case study, the net welfare impacts associated with trade liberalization are negative on average. But under the multilateral trade liberalization scenario, Morocco experiences net welfare gains under the SRES A1B and B1, which respectively reached US$ +23 million and US$ +16 million. Although trade liberalization induces net allocative efficiency gains under most scenarios, the large negative terms of trade effects offset most of the gains.

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Hwang, Sun-moon. "Economic impacts of open regionalism within APEC : a computable general equilibrium analysis". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.410429.

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Gooroochurn, Nishaal. "Computable general equilibrium (GCE) modelling of tourism taxation : the case of Mauritius". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251775.

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Kearney, Marna. "Restructuring value-added tax in South Africa a computable general equilibrium analysis /". Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2003. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09032004-134859.

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Timko, Troy Thomas. "Economic impact of adopting silvopasture in Florida a computable general equilibrium analysis /". [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0008944.

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Gounder, Neelesh. "Trade Liberalization and Poverty in Fiji: A Computable General Equilibrium - Microsimulation Analysis". Thesis, Griffith University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367969.

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The aim of this thesis is to examine whether trade liberalization, in terms of complete tariff reductions, will contribute to poverty reduction in Fiji. Whilst poverty reduction is the ultimate goal of trade reforms, and if trade liberalization does promote growth, then will the poor benefit from this trade liberalization? Previous studies on trade liberalization on Fiji are based on partial equilibrium as well as general equilibrium analysis. These studies have shown that trade liberalization will have positive impacts on the Fijian economy. Trade liberalization is unlikely to produce equivalent results of its impact on poverty across households and regions. Thus even within a country or geographic regions, households and individuals are likely to be differently impacted. However, none of the existing studies focus on the impact of trade liberalization on poverty at the household level. This, according to my knowledge, is thus the first study using a computable general equilibrium combined with a microsimulation approach for analysing the impact of trade liberalization on poverty in Fiji. This research will therefore further our understanding of the impact of trade liberalization on poverty in a small island developing country. It will also fill the gap in the literature on Fiji which lacks the impact of macroeconomic policies such as the impact of trade liberalization on poverty.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
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Sudarto, Economics Australian School of Business UNSW. "General equilibrium effects of an alternative social security development in Indonesia". Publisher:University of New South Wales. Economics, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43178.

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This study investigates general equilibrium effects of an alternative social security policy in Indonesia. The study aims to analyse some financial issues of the proposed policy using a dynamic CGE model. The focus is investigating possible tax scenarios to finance the proposed policy and their impacts on the economy. The simulation results suggest that the consumption tax base should be used as the main financing method. This is because based on various simulations the selected consumption taxes have less negative impacts on the economy than the selected income taxes. Those selected consumption taxes more equitably distribute tax burden and improve income inequality in the long run. However, the increasing price because of this policy selection should also be considered seriously. The simulations also include the study of the demographic transition in Indonesia. A view that is common in the literature is that the rapid increase of labor force in the next three decades could raise the proportion of skilled workers in the labor force and enhance the economic growth. Instead the simulations suggest contrary results. When we repeat the tax/transfer simulations with the demographic transition, real GDP per capita and consumption per capita fall further below the baseline projections. Further simulations are conducted to investigate possible policy actions to mitigate the effects of this demographic transition. This study also covers possible allocation decision trade-offs surrounding the proposed social security policy. That is, the trade-offs between universal social pension insurance and universal social health insurance, and between universal tax-financed social security programs and other important development programs. Given the limitation of our study, that all stakeholders have agreed to develop a universal tax-financed social security program, we conclude that universal tax-financed social health insurance should be given more priority than universal tax-financed social pension insurance. The study concludes with some remarks regarding important areas for future research.

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Khondker, Bazlul Haque. "Analysis of tariff and tax policies in Bangladesh : a computable general equilibrium approach". Thesis, University of Warwick, 1996. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/36239/.

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The prime objectives of the study are to analyse the effects of tax and tariff policies in Bangladesh. Toward this end, different variants of computable general equilibrium models are developed and used to assess the distributional consequence of tax reform and to examine the resource allocation and income distribution effects of tariff liberalisation within the paradigm of both 'traditional' and 'new' trade theories. A computable general equilibrium model of the Bangladesh economy is developed to assess the distributional consequences of the indirect tax reform which involves the introduction of a value added tax system. The model captures specific features of a consumption-type and destination principle-based value added tax system which has been adopted in Bangladesh. An alternative model of the Bangladesh economy is also developed to analyse the effects of tariff liberalisation on resource allocation and income distribution under both competitive and non-competitive assumptions. The model explicitly incorporates 'market structure' variables such as marginal costs, the number of domestic firms, the excess profit condition, the market demand elasticities for domestic firms and increasing returns to scale. The models are static in nature and are calibrated to a 1988/89 data set compiled within the framework of a social accounting matrix (SAM). The social accounting matrix integrates different data sources and the input-output table to depict the major macroeconomic relations and provides a consistent macroeconomic data set for policy modelling. Such a framework is particularly useful for a country such as Bangladesh with sparse and conflicting data sources. The SAM is an attractive framework for locating inconsistencies and for resolving them in best the possible ways. The incidence effects of the indirect tax system under pre-VAT and VAT systems are based on two approaches: a simple approach and a computable general equilibrium approach. Two sets of policy experiments are carried out. First, excise duties of domestic production activities and sales taxes on imports are replaced by a revenue-neutral single rate of value-added tax. In the second experiment, the VAT system is extended to the service sector with a revenue-neutral VAT rate. The results of policy experiments indicate that because of exemptions on subsistence agricultural products, and because of the progressive structure of the tariffs, the overall indirect tax system would remain progressive even after the introduction of a single rate VAT. However, the overall indirect tax incidence appears to be less progressive under the VAT system compared with the pre-VAT system. The effects of tariff liberalisation on resource allocation and income distribution are also examined in this study. It is observed that the results of tariff liberalisation are sensitive to the way the model is specified. It is also observed that in the competitive and constant returns to scale model variant, resources move from the heavily protected sector to the less protected sectors as a result of tariff liberalisation. In contrast, the heavily protected manufacturing sectors turn out to be the main beneficiary of liberalisation when imperfect competition is introduced. Expansion of manufacturing output appears to come from the pro-competitive effects of tariff liberalisation. On the other hand, almost all the manufacturing sectors show much larger output growth with the incorporation of increasing returns to scale. The larger expansion of output of manufacturing sectors is due to a reduction in unrealised scale economies. The income distribution effects of tariff liberalisation are captured through the changes in income levels of the six household groups and changes in factor income and factor returns. The redistribution of income under liberalisation appears to favour the low income household groups. However, it appears that the relative progressivity and regressivity in the distribution of household income depend on the relative changes of capital and labour income. The association between market structure variables and profitability in the manufacturing sector of Bangladesh is also analysed in this study. This exercise provides some evidence on the association between industrial structure and profitability and assesses the importance of foreign and domestic factors on industry profitability. Two alternative measures of concentration namely concentration ratio and Hirschman-Herfindahl index and two foreign competition variables such as import shares and effective tariff rates are used to examine this association. The results of this exercise indicate that profitability is significantly related to concentration levels in the manufacturing sector of Bangladesh. It also reports that foreign competition variables play a significant role in affecting profitability in domestic industries. It is observed that the profitability is higher in those industries where concentration levels are high and import shares are low and effective tariff rates are high.

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Osman, Rehab Osman Mohamed. "The EU Economic Partnership Agreements with Southern Africa : a computable general equilibrium analysis". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/38615/.

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This thesis examines the potential impacts of the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) between the EU and the Southern African Development Community (SADC). It provides a quantitative assessment of the prospective implications for welfare, output and trade structures, resource allocation, prices and fiscal revenue. The thesis undertakes country- and sector-specific analyses using the multi-region, multi-sector computable general equilibrium (CGE) GLOBE model. The model is calibrated to the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) Database- version 7 for 2004. Different scenarios are implemented in order to simulate the alternative EU-SADC EPA scenarios in addition to their WTO-compatible alternatives. The thesis aims to contribute novel insights to the ongoing debate on the EU-SADC EPAs. It provides detailed country- and sector-specific impact projections within an internally consistent modelling framework. Furthermore, it contemplates the other WTO-compatible arrangements for SADC-EU trade in the case of not signing final EPAs. The simulation results inform answers for several research questions, as follows. Who gains and who loses from the EU-SADC EPAs? Do the agreements help SADC to effectively integrate into the world economy? What type of structural change might SADC experience under the EU-SADC EPA scenarios? How significant are potential adjustment costs for the SADC members likely to be? Are the WTO-compatible alternatives preferable for SADC members compared to the EU-SADC EPAs scenario? The simulation results suggest that a comprehensive EPA scenario is welfare-improving for many SADC members. The agreements, however, do not serve as a stumbling block towards more integration for SADC members into the world markets. Overall, SADC production structures become more concentrated in export-oriented sectors. These structural changes are accompanied by a high degree of adjustment in factor markets and substantial fiscal losses. A comprehensive EPA scenario is the best option vis-à-vis the WTO-compatible alternatives for SADC non-LDCs, whereas the results for SADC LDCs are mixed.

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30

Sue, Wing Ian 1970. "Induced technical change in computable general equilibrium models for climate-change policy analysis". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16783.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, Technology, Management, and Policy Program, 2001.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 329-352).
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Policies to avert the threat of dangerous climate change focus on stabilizing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations by drastically reducing anthropogenic emissions of carbon. Such reductions require limiting the use of fossil fuels-which supply the bulk of energy to economic activity, and for which substitutes are lacking-which is feared will cause large energy price increases and reductions in economic welfare. However, a key determinant of the cost of emissions limits is technological change-especially innovation induced by the price changes that stem from carbon abatement itself, about which little is understood.This thesis investigates the inducement of technological change by limits on carbon emissions, and the effects of such change on the macroeconomic cost of undertaking further reductions. The analysis is conducted using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the US economy-a numerical simulation that determines aggregate welfare based on the interaction of prices with the demands for and supplies of commodities and factors across different markets. Within the model induced technical change (ITC) is represented by the effect of emissions limits on the accumulation of the economy's stock of knowledge, and by the reallocation of the intangible services generated by the stock, which are a priced input to sectoral production functions.
(cont.) The results elucidate four key features of ITC: (1) the inducement process, i.e., the mechanism by which relative prices determine the level and the composition of aggregate R&D; (2) the effects of changes in R&D on knowledge accumulation in the long-run, and of contemporaneous substitution of knowledge services within and among industries; (3) the loci of sectoral changes in intangible investment and knowledge inputs induced by emissions limits; and (4) the ultimate impact of the accumulation and substitution of knowledge on economic welfare.
by Ian Sue Wing.
Ph.D.

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31

Kabajulizi, Judith. "Macroeconomic implications of healthcare financing reforms : a computable general equilibrium analysis of Uganda". Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2016. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/2545198/.

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There are a lot of health sector reforms across the spectrum of high to low income countries. There are underlying pressures for reform regarding the role and responsibility of different actors in relation to healthcare financing, production, consumption and regulation. The health sector itself is usually a very significant economic sector in its own right, and thus changes to it have direct impacts on the economy and indirectly through their effect on health, yet there is little consideration of these wider macro effects. The wider macro-economic effects refer to the general equilibrium outcomes of the economy’s transmission mechanisms through wages,rents, factor demand and supply, foreign exchange rates and sectoral shares in output, which in turn affect changes at the macro level (including GDP, private and public consumption, investment, imports and exports, and poverty levels). There is an ever increasing attention to the question of how to increase financial resources for healthcare, particularly by governments. This thesis sets out to evaluate the economy wide impacts of healthcare financing reform policies, taking Uganda as a case study. Using a recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, calibrated from a health-focused Social Accounting Matrix (SAM), the impact of healthcare financing reform policies is assessed. Three sources of fiscal space for health – prioritisation of the health sector, earmarked taxes for health, and aid for health – are analysed. Results showed that increasing resources to the health sector from any of the three sources of fiscal space for health coupled with the envisaged improvements in the population health status leads to higher GDP growth rates and reduces poverty. The tax for health policy showed the highest GDP growth rates while the aid for health policy achieved the highest reduction in poverty. Therefore, government should increase resources to the health sector in order to achieve the aspirations of the Uganda Vision 2040.

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32

Naqvi, Farzana. "GE-PAK : a computable general equilibrium model of energy-economy interaction in Pakistan". Phd thesis, Department of Economics, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/3964.

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HOSSEINI, DELDOOST Seyed Mostafa. "IMPACTS OF CO2 TAX ON ITALIAN ECONOMY. A COMPUTABLE GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM APPROACH (CGE)". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2389100.

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Mbabazi, Jennifer. "Trade liberalisation, inequality and growth in developing countries". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288758.

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35

Adilu, Shiferaw A. "The implication of multilateral trade liberalization for Canada agriculture, a computable general equilibrium evaluation". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ34719.pdf.

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36

Cao, Jing. "Essays on environmental tax policy analysis dynamic computable general equilibrium approaches applied to China /". online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium, 2007. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?3264920.

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37

Luna, Martinez Sergio Alejandro. "Trade liberalisation and industrial organisation in Mexican manufacturing industry : a computable general equilibrium approach". Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339146.

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38

Deng, Ziliang. "The productivity spillovers of foreign direct investment in China : a computable general equilibrium model". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2009. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/29397/.

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One of the most important aspects of foreign direct investment (FDI) is that it embodies advanced technologies and business practices which can spill over to domestic firms via various channels, e.g. labour mobility, input-output linkages, export of multinational affiliates, demonstration and competition. This research combines computable general equilibrium (CGE) modelling and econometric techniques to quantify FDI productivity spillovers. The research is conducted in the context of the Chinese economy. A static lOl-sector CGE model is constructed to measure the endogenous productivity spillovers of FDI. Spillover effects are analysed under three different market structure assumptions, namely perfect competition, monopolistic competition with homogeneous firms, and monopolistic competition with heterogeneous firms. The research results show that the presence of FDI productivity spillovers can generally improve the productivity and output level of domestic enterprises in China. Spillovers make foreign firms' total output decrease. But collectively, spillovers exert positive impact on national aggregate variables, i.e. GDP, total output and welfare. The market structure assumptions of monopolistic competition and firm heterogeneity provide more perspectives (e.g. product variety and scale) for this research than the assumption of perfect competition does. A removal of preferential corporate income tax treatment on foreign enterprises can increase the output level of domestic enterprises and promote national welfare. From a dynamic perspective, it could also promote the productivity splllovers from foreign firms.

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39

Kanakaratnam, Arjuna. "Reforming the Sri Lankan Employees' Provident Fund : a computable general equilibrium simulation based study". Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.431983.

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40

Waugh, C. (Caleb Joseph). "An integrated assessment of air pollutant abatement opportunities in a computable general equilibrium framework". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/72904.

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Thesis (S.M. in Technology and Policy)-- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2012.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 116-121).
Air pollution and anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission reduction policies are desirable to reduce smog, tropospheric concentrations of ozone precursors, acid rain, and other adverse effects on human health, the environment, and the economy. While reduction of both air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions is often attained through economic instruments such as taxes, caps, and other regulation, emission controls in both developed and developing countries often achieves reduction through policies that target air pollution and greenhouse gases separately. However, because the emissions of both air pollution and greenhouse gases are often intrinsically linked to the same sources, any attempt to design policies to optimally achieve desired reduction goals must consider the complex socioeconomic interactions that produce both kinds of emissions as they collectively react to regulatory constraints. Integrated assessment models have often been used as tools to inform policy design by representing the interactions between technology, economics, policy, and the environment within a self-contained framework. Many contemporary integrated assessment models consider emissions of greenhouse gases while others also consider air pollution emissions. While greenhouse gas reduction opportunities are often represented endogenously in the models through the availability of backstop technologies such as carbon capture and storage or by shifts away from carbon intensive to less carbon intensive production, representation of air pollutant reduction has largely been represented within integrated assessment models exogenously based on empirically observed trends. By treating air pollution reduction opportunities exogenously, such models are unable to represent many key considerations important to policy design including the true economic impact of air pollutant reduction policy, the impact such policies may have on the market penetration of backstop energy production technologies, and the ancillary co-benefits of air pollution policy on greenhouse gas emission reduction. To overcome current limitations imposed by exogenous representation of air pollution abatement, I develop a new method for representing air pollutant abatement opportunities endogenously within an integrated assessment model designed using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) framework. CGE models are often used to simulate macroeconomic activity based on microeconomic theory and are well suited for emission policy analysis because of their ability to represent the interactions between multiple economic regions and sectors, to connect emission sources to economic activity, and to accommodate a large degree of technological detail not captured by other macroeconomic models. Using this new method, I demonstrate how the parameters needed to represent the abatement opportunities are derived from engineering data on specific abatement technologies available within each economic sector and for distinct fuel types as air pollution is largely generated through the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. With both the methodology and parameterization established, I represent sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxide abatement opportunities in the MIT Emissions Prediction and Policy Analysis (EPPA) model and compare model results with previous representations of air quality pollutant reduction methodologies based on exogenous trends. An example of how the model predicts co-benefits for C0₂ reduction and policy costs in China is then presented. Overall, the new model demonstrates the ability to fully capture important effects relevant to policy design not captured in integrated assessment models where air pollution abatement is exogenously represented.
by Caleb J. Waugh.
S.M.in Technology and Policy

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41

Easterly, William Russell. "A computable general equilibrium model of Mexico with portfolio balances : with application to devaluation". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/15128.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 1985.
MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND DEWEY
Includes bibliographies.
by William Russell Easterly.
Ph.D.

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42

Kraybill, David S. "A computable general equilibrium analysis of regional impacts of macro-shocks in the 1980S". Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53561.

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The purpose of this study is assess the domestic regional impacts of changes in federal fiscal policies and the nation's trade deficit. An attempt is made to fill a gap in the literature of regional economics by providing an explanation of how economic changes at national and international levels are transmitted to regions, and by providing general-equilibrium estimates of the effects of these changes. The level of regional economic activity is assumed to be linked to the federal budget through federal purchases of goods and services, through intergovernmental transfers, and through net transfers to households. Domestic regions are linked to the balance of trade through shifts in exports and imports and through shifts in net income transfers from abroad. An interregional computable general equilibrium (CGE) model is constructed and calibrated for Virginia and the rest of the United States (ROUS). Scenarios approximating federal fiscal policies and the trade deficit during the period 1981-85 are introduced, and the model is solved to obtain a new equilibrium. As a result of these shocks, it is concluded: (a) that the magnitude of sectoral effects differed in Virginia versus ROUS, (b) that in contrast to non-rural sectors, rural sectors in Virginia experienced slower growth in value added, (c) that investment in Virginia and in ROUS increased in response to the net inflow of savings from abroad, but the increase was mitigated by the rise in federal spending, and (d) that a tariff increase on the output of the apparel and textile industry would increase output in that industry in Virginia but would decrease it in other industries if the economy were fully employed.
Ph. D.

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43

Banerjee, Onil. "Socioeconomic and environmental impacts of forest concessions in Brazil a computable general equilibrium analysis /". [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0022324.

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44

Liyanaarachchi, Tilak Susantha. "Trade Liberalisation and Poverty in Sri Lanka: A Computable General Equilibrium Micro-Macro Analysis". Thesis, Griffith University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/368152.

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Economic theory suggests that removing trade barriers increases economic growth and reduces poverty in developing countries. Mixed empirical evidence has made the trade — poverty linkage a controversial topic as there is still no guarantee that trade liberalisation will benefit the poor. Since the effects of trade on the poor are indirect, the empirical analysis of this relationship has become a complex task. Trade reform is observed at the macro level while income distribution and poverty issues are observed and analysed at the micro level. A general equilibrium model based Input-Output or Social Accounting Matrix or a microeconomic model based on household survey data alone is therefore not able to fill this micro-macro gap. In order to examine the impact of trade liberalisation on poverty and income inequality within a developing country context, this study develops a macro-micro framework to fill this gap by linking computable general equilibrium (CGE) and microsimulation models in top-down mode for the Sri Lankan economy. While the CGE model analyses the effects of trade liberalisation, the microsimulation model analyses the impact on poverty at the household level.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
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Chalise, Sudarshan. "Climate Change, Adaptation in Agriculture and Poverty in Nepal: A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis". Thesis, Griffith University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367804.

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Agriculture is one of the sectors most affected by climate change in Nepal. Crop production, especially rice, wheat and maize, the main food staples, are the most susceptible to climate change and variability. Any changes in climate will thus increase uncertainty regarding production of these staples, as climate is the major cause of the year-to-year variability in their productivity. This study is motivated partly by the susceptibility of the Nepalese agricultural system to climate change and partly by the lack of economy-wide studies of climate change of Nepal on this topic. The overall aim of this thesis is thus to assess the economy-wide impacts of climate change and land re-allocation as an adaptation strategy in the Nepalese agricultural system at three levels: macro; sectoral; and household. At the macro level, this study investigated the impacts of climate change and adaptation on national GDP, overall employment and trade balances. At the sectoral level, this study investigated the changes in sectoral output and sectoral employment due to climate change and adaptation in Nepalese farming system. Finally, this study investigated the effects of climate change and adaptation on household income, consumption, consumer prices and ultimately absolute poverty in seven different household groups developed in the model.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
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46

Breuss, Fritz, i Jean Tesche. "A general equilibrium analysis of East-West migration. The case of Austria-Hungary". Forschungsinstitut für Europafragen, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1996. http://epub.wu.ac.at/870/1/document.pdf.

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We use a three-country, 14-sector computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to examine the effect of immigration on the labor market, production sectors and the macroeconomy of Austria and Hungary. We analyze the phenomenon of immigration in an empirical model in order to get an idea of the quantitative dimension of the economic problems involved, rather than introduce new integration theory. Our study aims more at the impact of migration than at forecasting future migration flows. (excerpt)
Series: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut

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47

De, Schoutheete Dimitri. "Control of Carbon Emissions and Energy Fiscal Reform in Spain A Computable General Equilibrium Assessment". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/107852.

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La tesis desarrolla un modelo de equilibrio general aplicado (MEGA) para investigar los posibles efectos sectoriales y macroeconómicos de diversas políticas fiscales orientadas a reducir las emisiones de carbono y mejorar la eficiencia energética a medio plazo en España. La formulación de un MEGA permite tener en cuenta las interacciones de los principales agentes en una pequeña economía abierta como España, las reglas de cierre macroecónomicas, y los mecanismos de asignación de recursos de las reformas fiscales propuestas. Representando de manera esquemática la estructura de la economía española, el MEGA incluye 27 sectores económicos, un hogar representativo, un sector público, una institución sin ánimo de lucro al servicio de los hogares representativa, y dos sectores exteriores diferenciando, por una parte, unos 15 países europeos y, por otra parte, el resto del mundo. Incluye también una desagregación explicita del sistema impositivo español. El modelo de equilibrio general está calibrado sobre una nueva matriz de contabilidad social para el año 2000, establecida a partir de estadísticas de las Cuentas Nacionales de España. Esta matriz contable ofrece una visión detallada de los flujos de la renta nacional, enfatizando de manera detallada una desagregación del uso de las diversas energías, fósiles o no, en las actividades de producción y de consumo. Los simulaciones de políticas fiscales consideran une reducción ex-ante de diferentes tipos impositivos existentes, generando una disminución de recaudación fiscal equivalente al 1% del PIB. Para esa políticas fiscales expansivas, consideramos cuatro variantes representando diversas categorías impositivas: una reducción de los tipos de las cotizaciones a la Seguridad Social de los empleadores; una reducción de los tipos del impuesto sobre el valor añadido; una reducción del tipo impositivo sobre la renta personal; y una reducción simultanea de los tipos impositivos sobre la renta personal y el beneficio de las sociedades. Frente a las perdidas de recaudación fiscal generadas por esas políticas, las simulaciones contemplan dos respuestas alternativas. En la primera alternativa, las reducciones impositivas no están compensadas por otros ingresos fiscales o reducción del gasto en inversión publica. En una segunda alternativa, las mismas reducciones fiscales se ven compensadas por tres mecanismos imponiendo el supuesto de neutralidad presupuestaria, esto es, sin alterar el ratio del déficit público sobre el PIB. Esos escenarios incluyen una reducción del gasto en inversión publica; la introducción de un impuesto sobre el contenido en carbono de las energías fósiles; y la introducción de una impuesto combinado sobre las energías, con el 50% de la carga impositiva recayendo sobre el contenido en carbono de las energías fósiles y el otro 50% centrado en el contenido energético de las energías finales. Los resultados sugieren que algunos escenarios fiscales permiten un “doble dividendo”. Eso es, para determinados escenarios, una reforma fiscal energética puede conducir a reducciones significantes en las emisiones de carbono sin afectar de manera negativa el nivel de actividad económica y de empleo. La variante reduciendo las cotizaciones a la Seguridad Social de los empleadores emerge como la opción más favorable, puesto que representa la única variante generando de manera simultanea unas reducciones en las emisiones de carbono y una leve mejora en el PIB real y el nivel de empleo. Los sectores más perjudicados por los impuestos sobre el contenido en carbono y en energía son los sectores que proveen los insumos energéticos afectados por los impuestos (carbón, gas, petroleo, electricidad) y los sectores teniendo un uso intensivo de esos insumos energéticos. El echo de que los impuestos sobre las emisiones de carbono no parecen tener unos efectos muy perjudiciales sobre el nivel de empleo indica que la distribución de los factores productivos permite a la economía absorber los impactos negativos sobre los sectores muy intensivos en energía a través de una expansión de otros sectores, relativamente más intensivos en el factor trabajo.
This study develops a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to assess the potential sectoral and macroeconomic impacts of different tax policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions and improve energy efficiency in Spain over the medium term. The CGE formulation allows to take into account the interactions of the main agents in a small open economy, the macroeconomic closures and the resources allocation mechanisms of the proposed tax reforms. Representing schematically the structure of the Spanish economy, the CGE model includes 27 economic sectors, one representative household, the public sector, one representative non-profit institution serving households and two foreign sectors, one for the EU-15 countries and the other for the rest of the world. It also includes an explicit disaggregation of the Spanish tax system. This model is calibrated to a benchmark social accounting matrix for the year 2000, derived from the Spanish National Accounts. It emphasizes in particular energy disaggregation for production and consumption activities, allowing substitutions between energy inputs. All the policy scenarios simulate an ex-ante reduction in different current tax rates, generating a decrease in corresponding tax revenues equivalent to a 1% reduction of GDP. For these expansionary fiscal policies, we consider four variants referring to distinct tax categories: a reduction of the employers Social Security contributions rates; a reduction of the value added tax rates; a reduction of the private income tax rate; and a joint reduction of the private income tax and the corporate income tax rates. With the tax revenue losses generated by the initial fiscal policies, the simulations contemplate two types of responses. In a first alternative, the tax reductions remain uncompensated by other tax revenues or a decrease in public investment expenditure. In a second alternative, the same tax reductions are simulated employing three different compensatory mechanisms to guarantee a constant ratio of public deficit to GDP: a cut in public investment expenditure, determined endogenously; the introduction of a tax on the carbon content of fossil fuels, with its rate being endogenously determined; the introduction of a twin tax on energy inputs with 50% of the tax to be based on the carbon content of the fuels and the other 50% on the energy content. The results suggest that some tax policy scenarios allow to obtain a “double dividend”. In other words, for some of the policy scenarios considered, an energy tax reform could achieve significant reductions in carbon emissions without jeopardizing the level of economic activity and employment. The variant reducing the employers Social Security contributions rates appears as the most favourable option, as it represents the only variant with scenarios involving an increase in real GDP and employment level, concomitant with a significant reduction in carbon emissions. The sectors most negatively affected by the carbon/energy taxes are the ones which provide the energy inputs on which these taxes are based (coal, gas, refined petroleum, electricity) and the sectors having an intensive use of these energy inputs. The fact that the employment effects of taxing Spanish carbon emissions do not appear so dramatic indicates that the distribution of production factors allows the economy to absorb the negative shocks on the energy intensive sectors through an expansion in other sectors, relatively more labour intensive.

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Flaig, Dorothee [Verfasser], i Harald [Akademischer Betreuer] Grethe. "Factor mobility and heterogeneous labour in computable general equilibrium modelling / Dorothee Flaig. Betreuer: Harald Grethe". Hohenheim : Kommunikations-, Informations- und Medienzentrum der Universität Hohenheim, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1052933556/34.

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TRAN, Thanh Tu. "A Study on Low Carbon Development with a Computable General Equilibrium Model : Application to Vietnam". 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/161002.

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Naranpanawa, Athula Kithsiri Bandara, i n/a. "Trade Liberalisation and Poverty in a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Model: The Sri Lankan Case". Griffith University. Griffith Business School, 2005. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070130.165943.

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Many trade and development economists, policy makers and policy analysts around the world believe that globalisation promotes growth and reduces poverty. There exists a large body of theoretical and empirical literature on how trade liberalisation helps to promote growth and reduce poverty. However, critics of globalisation argue that, in developing countries, integration into the world economy makes the poor poorer and the rich richer. The most common criticism of globalisation is that it increases poverty and inequality. Much of the research related to the link between openness, growth and poverty has been based on cross-country regressions. Dollar and Kraay (2000; 2001), using regression analysis, argue that growth is pro poor. Moreover, their study suggests that growth does not affect distribution and poor as well as rich could benefit from it. Later, they demonstrate that openness to international trade stimulates rapid growth, thus linking trade liberalisation with improvements in wellbeing of the poor. Several other cross-country studies demonstrate a positive relationship between trade openness and economic growth (see for example Dollar, 1992; Sach and Warner, 1995 and Edward, 1998). In contrast, Rodriguez and Rodrik (2001) question the measurements related to trade openness in economic models, and suggest that generalisations cannot be made regarding the relationship between trade openness and growth. Several other studies also criticise the pro poor growth argument based upon the claim of weak econometrics and place more focus on the distributional aspect (see, for example, Rodrik, 2000). Ultimately, openness and growth have therefore become an empirical matter, and so has the relationship between trade and poverty. These weaknesses of cross-country studies have led to a need to provide evidence from case studies. Systematic case studies related to individual countries will at least complement cross-country studies such as that of Dollar and Kraay. As Chen and Ravallion (2004, p.30) argue, 'aggregate inequality or poverty may not change with trade reform even though there are gainers and losers at all levels of living'. They further argue that policy analysis which simply averages across diversities may miss important matters that are critical to the policy debate. In this study, Sri Lanka is used as a case study and a computable general equilibrium (CGE) approach is adopted as an analytical framework. Sri Lanka was selected as an interesting case in point to investigate this linkage for the following reasons: although Sri Lanka was the first country in the South Asian region to liberalise its trade substantially in the late seventies, it still experiences an incidence of poverty of a sizeable proportion that cannot be totally attributed to the long-standing civil conflict. Moreover, trade poverty linkage within the Sri Lankan context has hardly received any attention, while multi-sectoral general equilibrium poverty analysis within the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) based CGE model has never been attempted. In order to examine the link between globalisation and poverty, a poverty focussed CGE model for the Sri Lankan economy has been developed in this study. As a requirement for the development of such a model, a SAM of the Sri Lankan economy for the year 1995 has been constructed. Moreover, in order to estimate the intra group income distribution in addition to the inter group income distribution, income distribution functional forms for different household groups have been empirically estimated and linked to the CGE model in 'top down' mode: this will compute a wide range of household level poverty and inequality measurements. This is a significant departure from the traditional representative agent hypothesis used to specifying household income distributions. Furthermore, as the general equilibrium framework permits endogenised prices, an attempt was made to endogenise the change in money metric poverty line within the CGE model. Finally, a set of simulation experiments was conducted to identify the impacts of trade liberalisation in manufacturing and agricultural industries on absolute and relative poverty at household level. The results show that, in the short run, trade liberalisation of manufacturing industries increases economic growth and reduces absolute poverty in low-income household groups. However, it is observed that the potential benefits accruing to the rural low-income group are relatively low compared to other two low-income groups. Reduction in the flow of government transfers to households following the loss of tariff revenue may be blamed for this trend. In contrast, long run results indicate that trade liberalisation reduces absolute poverty in substantial proportion in all groups. It further reveals that, in the long run, liberalisation of the manufacturing industries is more pro poor than that of the agricultural industries. Overall simulation results suggest that trade reforms may widen the income gap between the rich and the poor, thus promoting relative poverty. This may warrant active interventions with respect to poverty alleviation activities following trade policy reforms.

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