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Métayer, Natacha. "Compréhension et stratégies d’exploration des documents pédagogiques illustrés". Thesis, Rennes 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN20001/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIt is easier today to offer in one informative document many sources of information presented in different formats. Presenting various media can bring benefits in terms of learning performance, but dealing effectively with these different sources of information is complex. Therefore, offering documents guiding the learner when he is reading may be necessary to promote the construction of a qualitative mental model. Empirical studies that are conducted during this thesis endeavour to determine which formats are most effective while gradually increasing guidance within the document. Thus, four items are tested: the position of the picture relative to the text, the effect of the instructions, the text segmentation and the introduction of a guidance through a figure-ground contrast. Moreover, in order to bring new elements of reflection about how people explore an informative document and the impact of these strategies on performance, the eye movements of the learners were recorded. The results showed that changes in the format of information have an impact on the strategies of consultation of the document, including the increasing eye transitions between texts and illustrations. However, only the segmentation of the text in the form of semantic paragraphs brought benefits in terms of understanding
Janod, Killian. "La représentation des documents par réseaux de neurones pour la compréhension de documents parlés". Thesis, Avignon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AVIG0222/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaApplication of spoken language understanding aim to extract relevant items of meaning from spoken signal. There is two distinct types of spoken language understanding : understanding of human/human dialogue and understanding in human/machine dialogue. Given a type of conversation, the structure of dialogues and the goal of the understanding process varies. However, in both cases, most of the time, automatic systems have a step of speech recognition to generate the textual transcript of the spoken signal. Speech recognition systems in adverse conditions, even the most advanced one, produce erroneous or partly erroneous transcript of speech. Those errors can be explained by the presence of information of various natures and functions such as speaker and ambience specificities. They can have an important adverse impact on the performance of the understanding process. The first part of the contribution in this thesis shows that using deep autoencoders produce a more abstract latent representation of the transcript. This latent representation allow spoken language understanding system to be more robust to automatic transcription mistakes. In the other part, we propose two different approaches to generate more robust representation by combining multiple views of a given dialogue in order to improve the results of the spoken language understanding system. The first approach combine multiple thematic spaces to produce a better representation. The second one introduce new autoencoders architectures that use supervision in the denoising autoencoders. These contributions show that these architectures reduce the difference in performance between a spoken language understanding using automatic transcript and one using manual transcript
Hidrio, Cédric. "Compréhension de documents multimédia : des illustrations statiques aux animations". Rennes 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REN20040.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe aim of this research was to give an account of the cognitive processes involved in the simultaneous processing of auditory verbal information and corresponding pictorial information. For that, 5 experiments were conducted. Four experiments aimed at comparing different types of illustrations simultaneously presented with an audio explanation on the establishment of mental models. We also evaluated the impact of different systems which aimed at facilitating the co-referencing between the informational sources (i. E. Verbal and pictorial). These systems consisted in highlighting pictorial elements, inserting pauses in the documents which gave access or not to pictorial information and manipulating subjects prior knowledge about a target learning. The 5th experiment took place in a research convention and aimed at optimising the presentation format of a Web site. For that, we evaluated the effects of two factors: the modality of verbal information and the presence of animated picture
Poulain, d'Andecy Vincent. "Système à connaissance incrémentale pour la compréhension de document et la détection de fraude". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LAROS025.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe Document Understanding is the Artificial Intelligence ability for machines to Read documents. In a global vision, it aims the understanding of the document function, the document class, and in a more local vision, it aims the understanding of some specific details like entities. The scientific challenge is to recognize more than 90% of the data. While the industrial challenge requires this performance with the least human effort to train the machine. This thesis defends that Incremental Learning methods can cope with both challenges. The proposals enable an efficient iterative training with very few document samples. For the classification task, we demonstrate (1) the continue learning of textual descriptors, (2) the benefit of the discourse sequence, (3) the benefit of integrating a Souvenir of few samples in the knowledge model. For the data extraction task, we demonstrate an iterative structural model, based on a star-graph representation, which is enhanced by the embedding of few a priori knowledges. Aware about economic and societal impacts because the document fraud, this thesis deals with this issue too. Our modest contribution is only to study the different fraud categories to open further research. This research work has been done in a non-classic framework, in conjunction of industrial activities for Yooz and collaborative research projects like the FEDER Securdoc project supported by la région Nouvelle Aquitaine, and the Labcom IDEAS supported by the ANR
Delecraz, Sébastien. "Approches jointes texte/image pour la compréhension multimodale de documents". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0634.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe human faculties of understanding are essentially multimodal. To understand the world around them, human beings fuse the information coming from all of their sensory receptors. Most of the documents used in automatic information processing contain multimodal information, for example text and image in textual documents or image and sound in video documents, however the processings used are most often monomodal. The aim of this thesis is to propose joint processes applying mainly to text and image for the processing of multimodal documents through two studies: one on multimodal fusion for the speaker role recognition in television broadcasts, the other on the complementarity of modalities for a task of linguistic analysis on corpora of images with captions. In the first part of this study, we interested in audiovisual documents analysis from news television channels. We propose an approach that uses in particular deep neural networks for representation and fusion of modalities. In the second part of this thesis, we are interested in approaches allowing to use several sources of multimodal information for a monomodal task of natural language processing in order to study their complementarity. We propose a complete system of correction of prepositional attachments using visual information, trained on a multimodal corpus of images with captions
Delecraz, Sébastien. "Approches jointes texte/image pour la compréhension multimodale de documents". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0634/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe human faculties of understanding are essentially multimodal. To understand the world around them, human beings fuse the information coming from all of their sensory receptors. Most of the documents used in automatic information processing contain multimodal information, for example text and image in textual documents or image and sound in video documents, however the processings used are most often monomodal. The aim of this thesis is to propose joint processes applying mainly to text and image for the processing of multimodal documents through two studies: one on multimodal fusion for the speaker role recognition in television broadcasts, the other on the complementarity of modalities for a task of linguistic analysis on corpora of images with captions. In the first part of this study, we interested in audiovisual documents analysis from news television channels. We propose an approach that uses in particular deep neural networks for representation and fusion of modalities. In the second part of this thesis, we are interested in approaches allowing to use several sources of multimodal information for a monomodal task of natural language processing in order to study their complementarity. We propose a complete system of correction of prepositional attachments using visual information, trained on a multimodal corpus of images with captions
Lombard, Jordan. "Guidage des traitements et acceptabilité de la tablette pour la compréhension de documents multiples". Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU20035.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis focuses on students' activity (including information selection) when they read multiple textual documents in order to develop their critical perspective on a topic; and it focuses on students' perceptions (including ease of use) of the tablet as a tool for consulting documents. Under these conditions, three studies evaluate the comprehension performance of students following the reading of several documents on a tablet with an innovative application (e.g., display of several documents simultaneously), depending on whether they freely study the documents or are guided in the processing of the documents. In addition, these studies assess how students perceive the tablet as a tool for studying documents, particularly if they consider the tablet to improve their performance
Bertrand, Annick. "Compréhension et catégorisation dans une activité complexe : l'indexation de documents scientifiques". Toulouse 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU20042.
Pełny tekst źródłaIndexing consists in identifying the main ideas of a document and in converging them into indexing terms chosen among a controlled vocabulary. An important variability among indexers has been shown and thereby raises two questions : what processing are made by indexers to structure and to reduce the information contained into a document and to categorize the ideas into indexing terms ? what factors step in these processing ? a situation reproducing the characteristics of the actual work has been built up. Twenty-five subjects have indexed eleven books ; they had to write the terms presenting the main ideas and the indexing terms retained from the documenting language rameau. Two classes of variables have been manipulated : the textual content (three topics and two languages) and the operators' characteristics (expertise in indexing, practice of rameau and familiarity with the scientific domain). The results reveal three indexing strategies that can vbe distinguished, on the one hand, by the nature of knowledge involved and the objectives pursued, on the other hand, by the preferential use of either bottom-up processes driven by the knowledge. The major difference depends on the level of analysis of the document : those who pratice rameau carried the level of analysisrequired by this language, the unexperienced in the language carried out a 'specific' description and the beginner indexers have chosen a general level of analysis to access quickly to the language
Clavier, Annie. "La sémiologie de l’image et du texte dans les documents utilisés en pédagogie espagnole". Paris 10, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA100225.
Pełny tekst źródłaImages play a very significant part in today’s civilization. The iconic dimension is one of the fundamental aspects of a new culture in which pictures proliferate in everyday life – whether in books, papers, posters or on screens – and where they hold an important role along with texts, even in primary and secondary school handbooks and in children’s and teenagers’ fiction works. Pictures and writing share the same origin : they were merged on Paleolithic walls. Then, they have evolved separately and in parallel. Thanks to the current means of production and circulation of texts and images, and to 20th century discoveries in cognitive sciences, they are now merged again; they are both considered as means of communication. The studies in semiology have proved that pictures, just like language, are a system of signs which express ideas, produce meaning and which we use in order to communicate. Images therefore show numerous analogies with texts regarding their production, functioning and reception. But some differences between texts and images do not enable the pictures to replace the texts as the primary vehicles of communication and information because they need the texts to compensate some of their expressive lacks. Nowadays in Spain, as in France, the new pedagogical directions stress the command of oral and written languages in primary and secondary education. But they also acknowledge the pervasiveness and power of images in contemporary writing. Although their attractive, persuasive and, according to some people, negative characters are recognized, images are widely used in Spanish education along with the texts, in didactic works and in class activities alike. In education, images can be usefully employed along with the texts since they both have some specificities. Education sciences perceive the great efficiency of images used along with texts: by using the qualities and the lacks of each code – verbal and iconic – the two interact, they clarify and reinforce each other so as to better transmit knowledge to the pupils. As a democratic state, today’s Spain gives great importance to the education received by the young to become citizens. Spanish teachers take into account the surrounding culture and also use documents from outside the school which include all types of texts and images – such as newspapers, magazines, posters, websites – to teach the pupils how to act responsibly and have a critical mind regarding the contents, tools and media of their everyday environment. In the current Spanish pedagogical system, the teachers emphasize the “defense and protection” against the “manipulation” and apathy of the critical mind. But it has not always been so in Spain, as during the Franco era
Ganier, Franck. "Le traitement cognitif : déterminant de la conception de documents procéduraux : le cas des guides d'utilisation SEB". Dijon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999DIJOL003.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe aim of the work reported here was to transfer knowledge acquired in the field of psycholinguistics to the domain of technical writing and, in particular, to that of writing instructions. Several studies carried out in natural situations and in laboratory suggested theorical research and applications. A preliminary observation allowed to apprehend users'behaviors when dealing with procedural documents. Furthermore, three studies were carried out to investigate the effects of different instructional formats on how users processed instructional documents. In the first experiment, seven formats of instructions were tested with two groups of adults at two levels of education (high vs. Low levels of schooling). The second experiment assessed the effects of an advanced organizer on the elaboration of a representation and a control activities during the execution of instructions. The third experiment explored users' representations induced by processing textual or graphic instructions. These investigations allowed to developp a procedural model of processing instructions aimed at helping technical writers to design procedural documents. This "user-model" helped to improve markedly the quality of documents, facilitated searching, and lead to a greater understanding of the instructions
Rousset, Frédéric. "Bases cognitives et sensorielles dans la compréhension des métaphores". Lyon 2, 2002. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2002/rousset_f.
Pełny tekst źródłaMax, Aurélien. "De la création de documents normalisés à la normalisation de documents en domaine contraint". Grenoble 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003GRE10227.
Pełny tekst źródłaWell-formedness conditions on documents in constrained domains are often hard to apply. An active research trend approaches the authoring of normalized documents through semantic specification, thereby facilitating such applications as multilingual production. However, the current systems are not able to analyse an existing document in order to normalize it. We therefore propose an approach that reuses the resources of such systems to recreate the semantic content of a document, from which a normalized textual version can be generated. This approach is based on two main paradigms : fuzzy inverted generation, which heuristically finds candidate semantic representations, and interactive negotiation, which allows an expert of the domain to progressively validate the semantic representation that corresponds to the original document
Sorin, Laurent. "Contributions des architectures textuelles à l'accessibilité non-visuelle des documents numériques". Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20132/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaDigital accessibility plays a crucial role for the education, the social inclusion and the autonomy of impaired people. This work focused on a universal component of digital documents: text formatting. Colors, fonts and text disposition are far more than just an ornament; text formatting conveys important meaning for content comprehension, and allows reader to optimize their activity. For instance, a specific set of colors and font can be enough to indicate the presence of a title, which allows a global representation of the content themes. Thus, we aimed at making text formatting meaning accessible to visually impaired people, so they can obtain the same information as sighted readers, and also benefit from the same optimizations when accessing the document with synthetic voices
Fabre, Delphine. "Organisation du lexique mental : rôle des mots polymorphémiques". Lyon 2, 2006. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2006/fabre_d.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn this PhD thesis, our aim is to investigate the role played by the representations of putative individualized morphemes with respect to the representation of polymorphemic words in the mental lexicon. Experiments of chapter 2 show that in a visual word recognition task, not only morphemic but also the whole representations are activated in the subject's mind, whereas only morphemic components are activated in the auditory modality. From these results, a distinct organization of the visual and auditory lexicons regarding polymorphemic words may be inferred. In the experiments reported in chapter 3 it appears that both idiosyncratic stems (e. G. Buv- in buvait, from the verb boire `to drink') and regular stems (e. G. Mang- in mangeons, from the verb manger `to eat'), as well as the surface forms of these verbs influence latencies of visual recognition. This finding is discussed with regard to models with one or two levels of representions. In chapter 4 and chapter 5, the decompositional process is the main focus of attention. Firstly, a lexical decision priming task indicates that the sole occurrence of a suffix in a word initiates the mechanism of decomposition. Secondly, in chapter 5, data acquired from an fMRI experiment point out a decrease in the activation of the dorsal region of the left inferior frontal gyrus when participants process morphologically related words. This outcome highlights a possible role of the previous region as a dedicated locus for the processing of polymorphemic words. Overall, our PhD thesis fuels the debate over morphemic representations by supplying new clues favouring their role in the organization of polymorphemic words
Arias, Aguilar José Anibal. "Méthodes spectrales pour le traitement automatique de documents audio". Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/436/.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe disfluencies are a frequently occurring phenomenon in any spontaneous speech production; it consists of the interruption of the normal flow of speech. They have given rise to numerous studies in Natural Language Processing. Indeed, their study and precise identification are essential, both from a theoretical and applicative perspective. However, most of the researches about the subject relate to everyday uses of language: "small talk" dialogs, requests for schedule, speeches, etc. But what about spontaneous speech production made in a restrained framework? To our knowledge, no study has ever been carried out in this context. However, we know that using a "language specialty" in the framework of a given task leads to specific behaviours. Our thesis work is devoted to the linguistic and computational study of disfluencies within such a framework. These dialogs concern air traffic control, which entails both pragmatic and linguistic constraints. We carry out an exhaustive study of disfluencies phenomena in this context. At first we conduct a subtle analysis of these phenomena. Then we model them to a level of abstraction, which allows us to obtain the patterns corresponding to the different configurations observed. Finally we propose a methodology for automatic processing. It consists of several algorithms to identify the different phenomena, even in the absence of explicit markers. It is integrated into a system of automatic processing of speech. Eventually, the methodology is validated on a corpus of 400 sentences
Tachoua, Njoud. "Interactions enseignant-élèves et situations d'enseignement-apprentissage en optique géométrique". Lyon 2, 2005. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2005/tachoua_n.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe studied domain of Physics is geometrical Optics. The teaching sequence takes place at grade 11 (scientific route) of upper secondary school. Our objective is to analyse the nature of the links between teacher-students and student-student interactions and the evolution of students' understanding of Physics concepts. For us an essential aspect of the Physics concepts is their capability to ensure modelling processes and to articulate a representation in various semiotic registers. We chose a case study methodology in a normal class, grounded upon the complete recording of the verbal and gesture activity of the teacher and of two students. Our main result is that students have acquired a modelling language and that they successfully used a given semiotic register (the schematic register) by collaborating each other and with teacher. Their verbalisation shows that they have constructed a conceptual comprehension of the decomposition in elementary points of an object and of image formation through converging lens and mirror
Chevaux, Florelle. "Le genre grammatical : représentations et traitements cognitifs". Lyon 2, 2005. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2005/chevaux_f.
Pełny tekst źródłaWhatever the language considered, gender is a traditional way to categorize words contained in our mental lexicon. But in parallel to this observation, some points are prone to variation according to the linguistic system explored, such as the number of subclasses, the common features for distinguishing the different noun classes and the agreement rules. The grammatical gender feature offers interesting opportunities to investigate the contribution of gender information to lexical access either in word production and recognition. If many studies were interested in the last decades to the temporal integration to phonological and gender cues during language production, very little empirical evidence for the time course of the events was provided in the field of word recognition. The question addresses in the present study concerns the time course of the various processes involved in the treatment of gender, and more precisely, the aim was to determine whether the sequential timing of gender and wordform encoding found in production tasks was reversed or not in comprehension tasks. To answer these questions a series of off-line and on-line experiments will be done on native speakers of French. The planned experiments include further lexical decision tasks and gender decision tasks, and some production tasks. ERP experiments to investigate the above issues will be done as well. These tasks have allowed us to test some models in both modalities
Coulaud, Marie. "Evaluer la compréhension des concepts de mécanique chez des élèves de seconde : développement d'outils pour les enseignants". Lyon 2, 2005. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2005/coulaud_m.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe aim of this work was to elaborate a reflection about students' knowledge assessment, taking into account both studies about evaluation and studies about learning, especially learning Mechanics. We also wanted to produce concrete tools (exercises and associated comments) which could be used by high school teachers and which were related to an existing Mechanics teaching sequence. This sequence was previously developed by our research team. We used an Internet website to provide Physics teachers with the different assessment tests. In order to design these tests, we analyzed the knowledge involved in the teaching sequence. The various observed pieces of knowledge have been assessed in various situations so that we could measure the consistency in pupils' written answers. We also used research works about pupils' conceptions. We finally used learning hypotheses that were used for the design of the teaching sequence. Using this methodology, we designed 4 tests, containing 16 exercises, which were given to 3 classes at the end of each part of the teaching sequence. The last test (summative test) was given to 10 more classes. We statistically analyzed the pupils' written answers. In order to validate the written answers as a good indicator of pupils' understanding, we interviewed a few pupils after they answered to the test. The oral answers strengthened most of the time the analysis made using written answers. Moreover these oral interviews were a rich source of information for understanding the influence of the assessment situation on pupils' written answers. Some short extracts of these videoed interviews were selected in order to give teachers information about various points such as: influence of the didactical contract, resolution order, link with what was done in classroom. .
Rigaud, Christophe. "Segmentation and indexation of complex objects in comic book images". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LAROS035/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn this thesis, we review, highlight and illustrate the challenges related to comic book image analysis in order to give to the reader a good overview about the last research progress in this field and the current issues. We propose three different approaches for comic book image analysis that are composed by several processing. The first approach is called "sequential'' because the image content is described in an intuitive way, from simple to complex elements using previously extracted elements to guide further processing. Simple elements such as panel text and balloon are extracted first, followed by the balloon tail and then the comic character position in the panel. The second approach addresses independent information extraction to recover the main drawback of the first approach : error propagation. This second method is called “independent” because it is composed by several specific extractors for each elements of the image without any dependence between them. Extra processing such as balloon type classification and text recognition are also covered. The third approach introduces a knowledge-driven and scalable system of comics image understanding. This system called “expert system” is composed by an inference engine and two models, one for comics domain and another one for image processing, stored in an ontology. This expert system combines the benefits of the two first approaches and enables high level semantic description such as the reading order of panels and text, the relations between the speech balloons and their speakers and the comic character identification
Grataloup, Claire. "La reconstruction cognitive de la parole dégradée : étude de l'intelligibilité comme indice d'une capacité cognitive humaine". Lyon 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2007/grataloup_c.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis study investigated degraded speech comprehension. Using psycholinguistic and neurophysiologic approaches, behavioural studies and auditory tests were conducted among healthy adult participants and dyslexic adult participants. Behavioural experiments explored the participants' abilities to restore artificially degraded speech. Two types of degradation were used : reversed speech and speech in speech. The results evidence a cognitive capacity to reconstruct degraded speech that depends on the degradation level of the original speech signal but also on some cognitive system parameters. These parameters are specific to each individual, such as the ability to activate lexical mechanisms and possibly the hemispheric lateralization. Psycholinguistic characteristics of target words affect their comprehension in a situation where speech is difficult to understand. During speech in speech perception, psycholinguistic characteristics of words from the competing babble influence the target's restitution. Auditory tests have shown correlations between the participants' lateralization of auditory descending pathways and their abilities to understand degraded speech. Results from dyslexic individuals in the reconstruction of degraded speech exhibit reduced performances associated with a symmetric pattern of descending auditory pathways. These results support the hypothesis of a link between cortical asymmetry and language processing skills
Küçüközer, Hatice Asuman. "L'étude de l'évolution de la compréhension conceptuelle des élèves avec un enseignement : cas de la mécanique en 1ère S". Lyon 2, 2005. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2005/akcaoglu_ha.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis deals with the study of the evolution of the students' conceptual understanding in the case of a teaching sequence in mechanics at 1ère S (11th grade). The theoretical framework is socio-constructivist based on the learning theories of Piaget and Vygotki and also based on recent works in didactics of science: conceptual change, learning processes and modelling activity. The method is a case study with accent on the descriptive perspective. All along the teaching sequence, a pair of students was videotaped during three weeks (4h 30 a week). This teaching sequence corresponds to the official curriculum, and was designed by a research-development group (“Outils”). The verbal productions have been transcribed and analysed by taking into account the class situation. The transcriptions have been divided into episodes and analysed on the basis of a categorisation in terms of facets of several types of knowledge, in particular conceptual knowledge, on the knowledge of the material world, and on the general processes of reasoning. The qualitative analysis aims to reconstruct the conceptual knowledge of the pair of students. The analyses show the variety and the large number of elements of knowledge that intervene in the construction of meaning and the conceptual evolution. Moreover, these analysis lead to specify the types of conceptual change which intervene all along the conceptual evolution
André, Christian. "Apprentissage de la lecture et médiation parentale : vers une compréhension de la relation parent-enfant lors de l'apprentissage de la lecture". Lyon 2, 2000. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2000/candre.
Pełny tekst źródłaGonnand, Sophie. "Effet de familiarité et capacités de restitution dans les narrations écrites d'enfants de 6 à 11 ans". Lyon 2, 2000. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2000/gonnand_s.
Pełny tekst źródłaMany linguists and psycholinguists (Nelson, 1977 ; Kintsch et Van Dijk, 1978 ; Nelson 1978 ; Freebody et Anderson, 1983 ; Dehnière, 1984 ; Hudson et Nelson, 1983 ; Fayol, 1985) interested in the narrative textual type have noted the influence of familiarity on the quality of recalls, to the effect that the more familiar the situation is, the better the comprehension /memorization and recall abilities are. However, in these experimental designs it was the topic of the story which is more or less known of the subjects (i. E. "a birthday party" vs "withdrawing money from a bank"). In our work we wanted to see what would happen if the content of the story was stored in the subjects' long-term memory. In this scope, we set up an experimental design involving children 6-7 year-old (i. E. 1st grade), 10-11 year-old (i. E. 4th and 5th grade) and a control group of adults (1st year undergraduate students), and we then compared the written narrative recalls obtained by the subjects when using as stimuli (i) a famous folk-tale (i. E. The Little Red Riding Hood) and (ii) a story the content of which was not previously known of the subjects (i. E. Dan, The Little Canadian Hunter). Both macro- and micro- structural levels were investigated - i. E. From narrative-component level to word level - passing through the sharp examination of narrative sub-components and the semantic relations of causes and consequences. Our results confirm previous assertions concerning the influence of topic familiarity on recall quality. They show that subjects who have previous knowledge of the story content can free some of the cognitive space of the short-term memory, both during the phases of comprehension and memorization and during the recall stage. Eventually our work shows that, by allowing a reduction of high-level operations (i. E. For examples, content activation and organization), the feature [+ known] leads to a significantly more important treatment of low-level operations (i. E. Grapho-motor level for example)
Bakkali, Souhail. "Multimodal Document Understanding with Unified Vision and Language Cross-Modal Learning". Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Rochelle, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LAROS046.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe frameworks developed in this thesis were the outcome of an iterative process of analysis and synthesis between existing theories and our performed studies. More specifically, we wish to study cross-modality learning for contextualized comprehension on document components across language and vision. The main idea is to leverage multimodal information from document images into a common semantic space. This thesis focuses on advancing the research on cross-modality learning and makes contributions on four fronts: (i) to proposing a cross-modal approach with deep networks to jointly leverage visual and textual information into a common semantic representation space to automatically perform and make predictions about multimodal documents (i.e., the subject matter they are about); (ii) to investigating competitive strategies to address the tasks of cross-modal document classification, content-based retrieval and few-shot document classification; (iii) to addressing data-related issues like learning when data is not annotated, by proposing a network that learns generic representations from a collection of unlabeled documents; and (iv) to exploiting few-shot learning settings when data contains only few examples
Douzon, Thibault. "Language models for document understanding". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, INSA, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ISAL0075.
Pełny tekst źródłaEvery day, an uncountable amount of documents are received and processed by companies worldwide. In an effort to reduce the cost of processing each document, the largest companies have resorted to document automation technologies. In an ideal world, a document can be automatically processed without any human intervention: its content is read, and information is extracted and forwarded to the relevant service. The state-of-the-art techniques have quickly evolved in the last decades, from rule-based algorithms to statistical models. This thesis focuses on machine learning models for document information extraction. Recent advances in model architecture for natural language processing have shown the importance of the attention mechanism. Transformers have revolutionized the field by generalizing the use of attention and by pushing self-supervised pre-training to the next level. In the first part, we confirm that transformers with appropriate pre-training were able to perform document understanding tasks with high performance. We show that, when used as a token classifier for information extraction, transformers are able to exceptionally efficiently learn the task compared to recurrent networks. Transformers only need a small proportion of the training data to reach close to maximum performance. This highlights the importance of self-supervised pre-training for future fine-tuning. In the following part, we design specialized pre-training tasks, to better prepare the model for specific data distributions such as business documents. By acknowledging the specificities of business documents such as their table structure and their over-representation of numeric figures, we are able to target specific skills useful for the model in its future tasks. We show that those new tasks improve the model's downstream performances, even with small models. Using this pre-training approach, we are able to reach the performances of significantly bigger models without any additional cost during finetuning or inference. Finally, in the last part, we address one drawback of the transformer architecture which is its computational cost when used on long sequences. We show that efficient architectures derived from the classic transformer require fewer resources and perform better on long sequences. However, due to how they approximate the attention computation, efficient models suffer from a small but significant performance drop on short sequences compared to classical architectures. This incentivizes the use of different models depending on the input length and enables concatenating multimodal inputs into a single sequence
Bordetas, Bonilla Alba. "Compréhension de l'oral en espagnol langue étrangère : construction de sens à partir de dispositifs de représentation audiovisuels". Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20109/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn this study, I analyze the cognitive process of oral Spanish comprehension as a sense-building process through what I have called “audiovisual representation devices.” These devices are a vehicle for audiovisual (involving multimodality), real (favoring the authenticity of the language), narrative (describing actions following specific patterns) and artistic (appealing to our senses, emotions and intellect) texts. Although a cognitive process cannot be taught, it is possible to explore the strategies that teachers can use to guide students in their learning by encouraging them to "experience" the device, to appropriate it, and so allow them to create new sense, a sense of their own. Thus, this study, which is based on a collection of data after thorough field testing, is guided by the following questions: to what extent can audiovisual representation devices assist in oral Spanish comprehension in higher education? What relationship favoring the creation of meaning maintain language, image and sound in audiovisual representation devices? How must the teacher approach audiovisual representation devices so as to involve, lead, and guide students ensuring they all have a genuine (inter)active role despite any device paradigm shifts? The answers to these questions, which form the body of this dissertation, serve as a few guidelines to help teachers gain an insight into what is at stake when they choose to work using audiovisual representation devices. These answers also aim to motivate higher-education students to approach learning Spanish under better conditions
Alk-Hal, Saloua. "Les étudiants étrangers face aux "genres" académiques français : l'impact des Cours Magistraux et des Travaux dirigés sur le taux d'échec en première année : le cas de la Faculté des Sciences économiques et de Gestion de l'Université Lumière-Lyon 2". Lyon 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2007/alk-hal_s.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe failure recorded among first year students at French universities is an alarming report. We undertook a study within the faculty of economic and management sciences that accommodate a large number of students a significant part of which is non francophone. We analyzed more particularly the factors which lead the non francophone students to failure at their university studies since their first year. Economic and Management Sciences is a field of study the teaching of which is based on two academic ways: lectures and laboratory classes at the first year. The scientific knowledge transmission is also an initiation to the corresponding languages of speciality. The results of our research show the existence of a significant cause to effect relationship between the nature of the academic teaching ways applied on foreign students of poor knowledge of the French language and the high rate of failure among these latter at their first university year. Throughout our research, we showed that the academic teaching way, in its being oral lectures, generates very important understanding difficulties for foreign students. In parallel to this analysis, we undertook a sociological study which showed that the large number of foreign students and their random self-orientation helps at the understanding of the end of year's disappointments. In conclusion of our research, we carried out some didactic proposals that may help at the improving of cognitive, technical and linguistic skills of the students in difficulty
Constum, Thomas. "Extractiοn d'infοrmatiοn dans des dοcuments histοriques à l'aide de grands mοdèles multimοdaux". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMR083.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis focuses on automatic information extraction from historical handwritten documents, within the framework of the POPP and EXO-POPP projects. The POPP project focuses on handwritten census tables from Paris (1921-1946), while EXO-POPP deals with marriage records from the Seine department (1880-1940). The main objective is to develop an end-to-end architecture for information extraction from complete documents, avoiding explicit segmentation steps.Initially, a sequential processing pipeline was developed for the POPP project, enabling the automatic extraction of information for 9 million individuals across 300,000 pages. Then, an end-to-end architecture for information extraction was implemented for EXO-POPP, based on a convolutional encoder and a Transformer decoder, with the insertion of special symbols encoding the information to be extracted.Subsequently, the integration of large language models based on the Transformer architecture led to the creation of the DANIEL model, which achieved a new state-of-the-art on several public datasets (RIMES 2009 and M-POPP for handwriting recognition, IAM NER for information extraction), while offering faster inference compared to existing approaches. Finally, two public datasets from the POPP and EXO-POPP projects were made available, along with the code and weights of the DANIEL model
Lafaquière, Vincent. "Compréhension et prédiction de l'énantiosélectivité des lipases". Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ISAT0002/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis work has been focused on the understanding of the Burkholderia cepacia lipase (BCL) enantioselectivity towards 2-substituted acids which are chiral building blocks of pharmaceutical interest. The main objective of this work was the investigation of the potential role of substrate accessibility toward the buried active site of BCL on enantioselectivity and the development of an engineering procedure for the design of enantioselective mutants. To study further this hypothesis, a novel computational approach, based on motion-planning algorithms, originally used in robotics, was developed. It allows the conformational exploration of constrained high-dimensional spaces and was applied to the computation of trajectories for a set of racemates within the catalytic site. This methodology also enables the identification of residues potentially hindering substrates displacement along the active site. Results obtained in silico were correlated qualitatively with experimental values of enantioselectivity. On the basis of these results, engineering of the narrow active site of BCL has been undertaken to modulate selectively the access of R and S enantiomers to the catalytic triade. An heterologous expression system of BCL in E. coli compatible with production at microplate scale was developed. A library of 57 (3x19) variants targeted at positions Leu17, Val266 and Leu287 was built by iPCR and subsequently screened using a medium-throughput procedure to identify active variants against pNPB hydrolysis. Next, the enantioselectivity of these mutants was evaluated towards a given racemate, the (R,S)-2-chloro ethyl 2-bromophenylacetate, using a novel screening procedure developed in deep wells. Such screening enabled the identification of several variants amongst which the most promising were characterized. Mutants Leu17Ser and Leu17Met showed a remarkable 10-fold increase of their enantioselectivity and a 4- and 5-fold improvement of their specific activity. Compared to the wild-type enzyme, mutant Val266Gly displayed a reversed enantioselectivity for the substrate of interest. Investigation of the trajectories using motion-planning techniques combined to a voxel map representation was carried out. For selected variants, a fair correlation was observed between in silico and experimental results. Moreover, this enabled us to suggest novel combinations of mutations that led to the identification of two double-mutants Leu17Met/Val266Met and Leu17Ser/Leu287Ile showing an enantioselectivity value higher than 150 for the racemic substrate, revealing thus the effiency of the semi-rational strategy
Gautreau, Aurore. "Compréhension de la parole dans la parole : une approche inter-langues pour évaluer les interférences linguistiques durant la compréhension". Thesis, Lyon 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO20124/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis research aimed to explore the linguistic interference that occurs during the speech-in-speech situation, by comparing the masking effects of speech backgrounds that were produced in an intelligible language for the participants (i.e., French), to the masking effects of speech backgrounds that were produced in unknown foreign languages (i.e., Irish and Italian), on the identification of French target words. At -5 dB SNR, a lexical decision task revealed significantly divergent results with the unknown languages (i.e., Irish and Italian), with Italian and French speech backgrounds hindering French target word identification to a similar extent, whereas Irish speech backgrounds led to significantly better performances. Using fluctuating noise backgrounds derived from each speech background signals, showed that only the speech backgrounds generated in an intelligible language (i.e., French) produced linguistic interference of high level in addition to acoustic interference and linguistic interference of low level. Thus, the difference observed between the speech backgrounds in Irish and Italian can be explained at an acoustic level but not at a linguistic level. Moreover, although the speech backgrounds in French and in Italian had equivalent masking effects on French word identification, the nature of their interference was different. When Italian became intelligible to the participants, the speech backgrounds in Italian produced linguistic interference of high level like those generated in French, with the target words produced in the native language to the participants or in their second language
Maldonado, Mora. "La compréhension des ambiguïtés sémantiques : une perspective expérimentale". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEE014/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaSentence ambiguities have been at the center of the research on language comprehension for some time. For semanticists, these ambiguities have been taken to suggest the existence of different abstract mechanisms that may apply to the same syntactic structure at the interpretation stage. For psycholinguists, semantic ambiguities have provided a tool to analyze the dynamics of sentence parsing: since ambiguities tend to be solved incrementally (i.e. before the end of the sentence), the processing pattern of ambiguous sentences might allow identifying the linguistic and non-linguistic factors that play a role during online comprehension. This dissertation informs theories of language comprehension by exploring two complementary questions: (1) how are different meanings associated to a single sentence form, and (2) how are we able to access and compute these alternative interpretations during parsing. To address these questions, the present work mainly focuses on the so-called plural ambiguities, which arise by the interaction between certain predicates and their plural arguments. For instance, the sentence Amir and Milica built a sandcastle has a non-distributive, collective, interpretation (i.e. Amir and Milica together built a sandcastle) as well as a distributive one (i.e. Amir and Milica each built a sandcastle). Most linguistic approaches assume that distributive readings are derived from more basic non-distributive interpretations by the application of a covert “distributivity” operator (Link, 1987; Champollion, 2014) . The first part of this dissertation presents two studies that aim to identify the abstract mechanisms underlying the distributive/non-distributive contrast through a priming paradigm. This priming method is then extended to other semantic phenomena (i.e. scope ambiguities) in the second part of the dissertation, where some interactions between plurality and scope phenomena are also tested experimentally. To assess the dynamics of ambiguity resolution, the third part of this work presents a mouse-tracking study designed to establish the features of mouse-trajectories that correlate with decision making and disambiguation. The methodology developed in this study is then used to analyze preliminary data on the processing of plural ambiguous sentences
Ventalon, Geoffrey. "La compréhension de la métaphore dans les images". Thesis, Paris 8, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA080115/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaA metaphor is a figure of style in which the meaning of a term is transferred to that another term. For example, the sentence “Axel is a fox” is a metaphor in which a man is smart. The metaphor is not only introduced in a text. It can be depicted in a picture. Therefore, the image of a man with a body of a fox can refer to the sentence: “this man is a fox.” According to Forceville (2007,2009), a pictorial metaphor can be characterized considering its type (contextual metaphor, hybrid metaphor, simile and integrated metaphor), considering its structure (monomodal and multimodal metaphor) and its use (in commercials, in social campaigns, in political cartoons or in Art). The aim of this work is to create a knowledge base of pictorial metaphors examining their characteristics (topics, vehicles). Experimental studies examined the understanding of monomodal pictorial hybrid metaphors by focusing on property attribution process in several situations regarding the effect of the native language (French versus Spanish), context, age and the use of the metaphor. The discussion section illustrates perspectives of research considering current studies focused on pictorial metaphor comprehension and the use of specific tools (e.g. eye tracker). The understanding of pictorial metaphors could be applied to others field of expertise of psychology (e.g. Neuropsychology), other people (e.g. children) and different cultures (e.g. Korean)
Walus, Sylwia. "Accumulateur lithium/soufre : développement et compréhension des mécanismes électrochimiques". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAI020/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn this work two main aspects has been conducted in parallel. The first one was focused on betterunderstanding the very complex working mechanism of Li/S cell. Structural changes evolution ofactive material upon real time battery operation was explored, giving a clear answer on thesolid/liquid reaction evolution, which govern the electrochemistry of Li/S technology. Formationof another allotropic form of sulfur (monoclinic beta-S8) during recharging the battery have beenreported for the first time ever in Li/S community. Impedance technique applied to such systemprovided additional information concerning the kinetics of these reactions. Apart from that,another aspect targeted rather on improvements of already existing solutions (making better sulfurelectrodes, with significantly improved specific capacities) as well as development the alternativesolutions, i.e. fabrication and test of new Li2S-based positive electrodes, which could be apromising transition from classical Li/S cells into safer Li-ion/S batteries
Aillaud, Marlène. "Compréhension et appréciation de l'humour noir : Approche cognitivo-émotionnelle". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM3033/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaAccording to Suls (1972), humor relies on the perception of a situation from two self-consistent but normally incompatible frames of reference, leading to incongruity. The subsequent resolution of the incongruity triggers positive emotional states such as mirth. Yet, the emotional experiences triggered by humorous situations are mostly disregarded in Suls' model. The aim of the present dissertation is to highlight that the relation between cognitive and emotional elements is crucial in the examination of the humor process. Indeed, a growing focus on the interrelation between cognition and emotion can be found in the literature. Because black humor relies on social norm transgression, it allows us to examine both the cognitive assessment and the variability of emotional responses triggered by this humor style, compared to nonblack humor. Finally, we propose a cognitive-emotional model to promote the study of the relationships between the cognitive and emotional aspects of humor
Carpin, Mélanie. "Le mottage du lactose : Compréhension des mécanismes et prévention". Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NSARB309/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaDriven by the growth in the infant formula market, lactose production is increasing worldwide, and the requirements for the product quality are becoming stricter. Caking, or the unwanted agglomeration of lactose powder particles, is synonym of poor quality for the customers and should therefore be prevented to avoid large economic loss. Focusing on the process–product relationship, this PhD project aimed at finding the critical parameters and understanding the caking mechanisms in lactose powder in order to establish means to limit caking. In samples from pilot production, impurities (i.e. non-lactose components) were shown to increase moisture sorption and caking. The particle size distribution of the powder also exhibited a large effect on caking. Indeed, smaller particles and a broader distribution were characterized by enhanced moisture sorption and stronger caking, which were explained by a larger impurity content and surface area and more contact points.Analyses on the commercial powder confirmed these results and revealed the instability of the water activity during storage of the powder after drying, which was linked to caking in the bags. This PhD project also addressed an essential need in the dairy industry, i.e. the development of an accelerated caking test. Samples from different production sites were discriminated in terms of caking in less than a day, using appropriate test conditions (50°C and 60% RH). A similar test implemented at all sites would highlight batches with a high caking tendency before shipment to the customers. The better understanding of th
Beauquel, Julia. "Esthétique de la danse : définitions, expression et compréhension chorégraphiques". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0010/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis study is a philosophical aesthetic analysis of choreographic art. Often considered as an immediate and natural form of expression, dance is also an art with a relatively recent, rapidly evolving history and varied styles and thematic contents. This paradoxical combination of simplicity and complexity leads to question our most sophisticated theoretical systems and our most apparently obvious conceptual distinctions, in a reconsideration of fundamental philosophical problems.The advantages and drawbacks of diverse definitions of art are examined, before addressing the symbolic functioning and the reality of choreographic properties. As a multiple art, dance is an ontological challenge. A chapter is devoted to the creation processes, the status of notation and the relation between the works and their performances and interpretations. After proposing a definition of dance, the study focuses on the concept of expression. In addition to mental states and physical movements, intention and action, freewill and determinism, the notions of natural expressiveness, technique, style and meaning are studied in detail. The traditional philosophical dichotomies appear to be inadequate to dance, insofar as this art reconciles sensibility and rationality, emotion and understanding, spontaneity and deliberation, activity and passivity, interiority and exteriority, constraint and freewill
Zhou, Meng. "Compréhension des mécanismes de transferts d'eau dans le bois". Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1044/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaWood has excellent physical properties which however depend closely on the moisture content in the material. Because of its multi-scale structure and different states of water existing in the material, the mechanisms of water transfers in wood are still poorly understood. The essential phenomena at the origin of imbibition/drying properties of hardwood are studied in this thesis. We first show with classical macroscopic measurements that, water imbibition in wood is significantly damped compared to Washburn’s law which predicts the dynamic of capillary imbibition in the porous medium. The bound water and free water distributions obtained by MRI during imbibition show that, the bound water adsorbed in cell walls diffuses more quickly than the free water located in the pores. Free water cannot penetrate in the pores unless the cell walls have been saturated with bound water. The tomographic image analysis reveals that the damped dynamic of liquid water penetration in wood is due to the modification of wetting conditions by bound water content in the cell walls. Imbibition Tests with a hydrogel-based “artificial wood” confirm our hypothesis. Finally, the observations of wood drying by MRI show also different drying dynamics for bound and free water. At high moisture content, wood drying is controlled by the evaporation of free water from a dry front. Bound water starts to evaporate significantly only after the total disappearance of free water
Ben, Ghezala Mohamed Walid. "Compréhension dynamique du contexte pour l'aide à l'opérateur en robotique". Thesis, Evry, Institut national des télécommunications, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TELE0006/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaComputer technology and robotics are in perpetual evolution. Based on this technological evolution, the operator support systems remain a topical domain of research. The main challenge for the next generation of systems is to be "intelligent", aware of the context in a complex and unpredictable environment. This thesis is into this framework and addresses the dynamic understanding of the context by a robot evolving in such an environment. In particular, the work is interested in the question: How to make a robot able to react to blocked situations unplanned in its initial action plan to achieve the goal set by the operator?In the literature, this issue was raised and resolved in part by programming in robotic system, some of the features making a robot more autonomous. However, the integration of these functions in one framework is missing and more research in this direction is underway. In our work we propose a system supporting a complete and generic approach that ensures a robot the ability to be aware of the blocking situation in which it is found, to understand and deal with deadlock situations encountered. Our approach, called Robot Situation Awareness (RSAW) is inspired by the notion of Situation Awareness (SA), which has been proven in many areas especially in aviation. Our main contributions in RSAW involve the design of a semantic framework integrating the understanding capacity, based on a generic representation of knowledge and giving the possibility to apply reasoning techniques borrowed from cognitive science. Integrating RSAW in a robotic system has also been studied, designed and implemented in a layer system. This experimental system is the robot SAM (Smart Autonomous Majordomo) with the AVISO system developed by CEA-LIST. The conducted experiments allowed testing of the deductive reasoning in resolving a blocked situation and confirmed the need to resort to analogical reasoning. Another wave of experimentation has taken place to prove the effectiveness of our choices. The results of experiments developed as part of the work in this thesis are successful and promising
Merieau, David. "L'incubateur Produit en Bretagne : essai de compréhension et de modélisation". Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30032/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn our research, we are making a description and an analysis of how is working “Produce in Britanny incubator”. At the same time, we were doing our research, we did set-up this new incubator in Britanny. For this reason, we have doing an intervention-research that we did qualified, at the end, as a participative one. We did work out some contributions, as we are close to our study area with 19 people getting some ideas (to set-up new companies), in our incubator and since 2006. This research allows us to clarify the position of our incubator inside the creation process of new and innovative companies. Our research lets us understand our intervention ground of Produce in Britanny incubator. We did put in light the fact that technological incubators do not give good opportunities to access to keys factors of success to set-up new companies. With our intervention-research, we did act in a positive way in our study ground, that is to say, in the incubator we are managing. At the same time, we were able to make it evolving and keeping good elements regarding its operational way. At the end, we would like to emphasize the fact that we did regenerate our intellectual contribution, during 4 years, in links with our 4 status (researcher, expert, manager of an incubator, leader in investigation)
Delebecq, Etienne. "Compréhension et améliorations d'élastomères silicone de type Liquid Silicone Rubber". Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ENCM0014/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis PhD work aimed at improving the water and air-proofing properties of automotive connectors made of silicones. The first approach consisted of understanding the relationships between the chemical structures added in the LSR formulations and their ultimate mechanical performances so as to propose additives which would improve tear resistance of the materials. In a preliminary study, we investigated the synergistic role of platinum catalyst and silica on the thermal degradation of silicone formulations. These investigations allowed us to describe the degradation mechanism and to suggest new formulations in order to improve the residue content at high temperature. This first study, combined with other techniques, allowed us to analyze the chemical structures present in eight commercial formulations. We also characterized the reactivities as well as the network topologies obtained after curing the formulations. Correlations between the chemical structures and the network topology were then established. Finally, some mechanical properties, i.e. the compression set, the ultimate properties (tensile strength and elongation at break) and the tear resistance of final materials were matched with network topologies. The second part was dedicated to the synthesis of a functional additive which could be thermally reactivated to heal a tear. In order to select the best system according to the strict specifications of this work, a complete literature review on the reversibility of urea and urethane bonds was done, with special emphasis on blocked isocyanate chemistry. After a study on the isocyanate group thermal reactivation, two blocking molecules were chosen. A monomer bearing this blocked isocyanate function was then copolymerized to obtain different generations of additives which were finally tested according to standard norms applied to connectors
Pham, Thi Nhung. "Résolution des anaphores nominales pour la compréhension automatique des textes". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCD049/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn order to facilitate the interpretation of texts, this thesis is devoted to the development of a system to identify and resolve the indirect nominal anaphora and the associative anaphora. Resolution of the indirect nominal anaphora is based on calculating salience weights of candidate antecedents with the purpose of associating these antecedents with the anaphoric expressions identified. It is processed by twoAnnexe317different methods based on a linguistic approach: the first method uses lexical and morphological parameters; the second method uses morphological and syntactical parameters. The resolution of associative anaphora is based on syntactical and semantic parameters.The results obtained are encouraging: 90.6% for the indirect anaphora resolution with the first method, 75.7% for the indirect anaphora resolution with the second method and 68.7% for the associative anaphora resolution. These results show the contribution of each parameter used and the utility of this system in the automatic interpretation of the texts
Mihelich, Martin. "Vers une compréhension du principe de maximisation de production d'entropie". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS038/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn this thesis we try to understand why the maximum entropy production principlegives really good results in a wide range of Physics fields and notably in climatology. Thus we study this principle on classical toy models which mimic the behaviour of climat models. In particular we worked on the Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Process(ASEP) and on the Zero Range Process (ZRP). This enabled us first to connect MEP to an other principle which is the maximum Kolmogorov-Sinaï entropy principle (MKS). Moreover the application of MEP on these systems gives results that are physically coherent. We then wanted to extend this link between MEP and MKS in more complicated systems, before showing that, for Markov Chains, maximise the KS entropy is the same as minimise the time the system takes to reach its stationnary state (mixing time). Thus, we applied MEP to the atmospheric convection
Gallegos, Mayorga Linamaría. "Contribution à la compréhension du comportement mécanique des assemblages rivetés anciens". Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0038/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaNumerous metallic bridges can be found in the French railway heritage. Since a majority of these structures was built during the second half of the 19th century, they have been in service for over a hundred years and need an adapted maintenance policy.These doctoral thesis, done in collaboration with SNCF Réseau, improves the understanding of the mechanical behaviour of hot riveted assemblies under monotonic and cyclic loadings. An experimental strategy was proposed and carried out in order to identify the failure mechanisms of riveted assemblies. First, the studied material, a puddled iron, was obtained from recovered elements from the bridge over the Adour river in Bayonne (1864-2013). Mechanical testing and characterisation was performed under monotonic and cyclic loadings. Puddled iron’s brittle, anisotropic and scattered behaviour was observed and analysed. In-house software applications were developed in order to study this kind of material. Additionally, hot riveted specimens (constructional details) were designed, manufactured and tested under monotonic and cyclic loadings. A precise working (and failure) scenario of the double shear mono-rivet assembly was identified. The influence of the material’s behaviour, stress concentrators, shearing of the rivet and clamping force of the rivet were studied. The results obtained during these research works, compared to the ones found in academic literature as well as construction norms for metallic structures, showed the importance and complementarity of a multi-scale approach (material behaviour and local study of assemblies) in order to understand and assess the behaviour of ancient riveted structures
Cagnina, Stefania. "Compréhension des mécanismes d'incompatibilité chimique du nitrate d'ammonium par modélisation moléculaire". Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066629/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaNumerous chemical reactants tend to lead to undesired phenomena of incompatibility. In order to prevent the happening of those phenomena, a rapid and accurate identification of the incompatibilities is needed. Until now, experimental studies, which provide insightful, but limited information, were the only possible approach used for the study of incompatibilities. In this work a molecular modeling approach was used in order to complete and improve experimental results of incompatibility processes for the reactivity of ammonium nitrate. Ammonium nitrate is a widely used compound in the chemical industry, known for its long list of incompatibilities and often involved in major accidents (Toulouse, 2001).This theoretical work, based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, is intended to provide insights into the possible reaction pathways, enthalpies and products formed by incompatibility reaction between ammonium nitrate and other compounds. In this thesis the mechanism of the decomposition of pure ammonium nitrate in the gas phase was firstly characterized and then the reactivity of the mixture of ammonium nitrate – sodium dichloroisocyanurate (DCCNa) was considered. The results obtained suggest the existence of a reaction path, involving a direct reaction between the ammonium nitrate and DCCNa in the presence of a molecule of water.Furthermore, the theoretical approach was employed focusing on the study of the limiting steps of other chemical incompatibilities for ammonium nitrate systems (NaNO2, chlorinated substances). Those results were employed to understand the potentiality of the theoretical approach as a priori predicting tool for the incompatibility processes.In summary this work, pioneer in the microscopic study of chemical incompatibilities of ammonium nitrate, has clarified the reaction mechanisms involved in the decomposition of pure compounds, as well as in contact with other contaminants
Da, Costa Soares Jean-Jérôme. "Compréhension moléculaire et prédiction des propriétés physicochimiques dans les produits pétroliers". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1310/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe rapid decline in light crude oils requires to convert heavy petroleum fractions into more valuable products (naphtha, diesel, lubricants, etc.). In this context, hydrocracking process (HCK) consists on upgrading vaccum gas oil (VGO) into high quality products. The quality of petroleum products is based on some chemical and physical properties that should fulfill prerequisite specifications. The hydrocracking process optimization requires to set up time consuming and costly experiments for developing catalysts and setting operating conditions. High throughput experimentation (HTE) units are then increasingly used at IFPEN. However, these units do not enable to obtain end products. Otherwise, predictive models were developed in order to understand and predict the impact of operating conditions about products quality. However, some complex properties are very difficult to model and require a better understanding. This work is mainly concerned with the understanding of diesel cloud point (CP) and viscosity index (VI) of base oils. Two analytical techniques were used: the two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) that enables to identify hydrocarbons compounds in petroleum products and the 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy which provides structural characteristics of these compounds. A sparse multivariate regression (sparse Partial Least Squares) was performed using chromatographic and spectroscopic data. The sparse PLS is derived from classical PLS. It allows to reduce the number of factors by performing a variable selection. The selected factors are the most correlated to the property to model. Globally, this approach enabled to better understand how hydrocarbon compounds (nparaffins, isoparaffins, aromatics,…) and their molecular characteristics (carbon number, degree of branching,…) affect the diesel CP and the VI of base oil. Furthermore, the good performances of developed sparse PLS models show that it is possible to access to the products quality when using HTE units. Kriging models were also developed. Kriging is an interpolation method that predicts the value of a function at a given point by computing a weighted average of the known values of the function in the neighborhood of the point. Kriging models have local aspect which is well adapted to complex data. Its probabilistic approach enables to provide an estimate of predicted value uncertainty. Results show that kriging improves predictive performances for both diesel CP and VI of base oil. This approach is quite innovative in modelling of petroleum products properties. When using HTE units, it allows to estimate the VI of base oil more easily than from chromatographic or spectroscopic data which are not available for the refiners
Molza, Audrey. "Contribution à la compréhension des mécanismes de lubrification par particules colloidales". Thesis, Antilles, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ANTI0037/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe use of conventional additives (MoDTC, ZnDTP) in lubricants to reduce friction and wear of friction parts have shown limitations. To overcome the limitations of these additives new lubrication strategies were developed using friction reducer colloidal particles. Previous work has shown that the introduction of a solid lubricant composed of nanoparticles dispersed in the lubricating base oil presenting a low viscosity has shown a reduction of the friction. The aim of the thesis is the elucidation of the mechanisms of action used during the process of friction reduction. All the experimental results acquired during the tests on the films of nanoparticles (exfoliated graphite and CND-G) in the presence of pentane or presence of nanoparticles dispersion in dodecane, using a alternating tribometer geometry sphere / plan allowed us to show that the friction reducing process is related to the formation of a conform contact by the formation of a thick film of agglomerated nanoparticles in Hertz penumbra that led to a transition of lubrication boundary regime to a mixed or EHD regime. The physicochemical analyzes of sliding contact by in situ spectrometry Raman in situ allowed us to show that the lubricant film is composed of the dispersion of nanoparticles in the liquid and the specific friction reduction mechanims is also associated to the orientation of nanoparticles parallel to the sliding surfaces
Duran, Geoffrey. "Compréhension, Emotion, et Attention, une nouvelle approche à détecter le mensonge". Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE2090/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaWe are all so familiar with the notions of deception and lie detection. We readily admit that lying is not morally acceptable. Lying has always been a moral problem. For example, Aristotle said that "falsehood is in itself mean and culpable" or Kant regarded the truth as "unconditional duty which holds in all circumstances.” Machiavelli has taken a different position by praising deceit in the service of self. After having been a moral and legal problem for millennia, the question of lies and their detection has become a question of research for about sixty years. How do people deceive others? How are people likely to believe the lies of others? Are they able to detect when someone is lying to them? And if yes, how? Why are people fooled? These questions are still relevant, and this thesis is part of the continuity of research on the detection of lies, in the context of detection without a specialized instrument.Scientific publications from the literature on the human capacity to detect lies are pessimistic and show that individuals rarely do better than chance. If explanations have been made, many questions still persist, such as the influence of certain aspects of personality and cognition on the ability to detect lies. We have conducted several experimental studies to answer some of the questions. All of our results suggest that personality traits associated with sensitivity to the emotions of others interfere with the capacity to detect lies. Our results show, for the first time, that cognitive functions, such as recognition of prosody, attentional processes and discourse comprehension, are involved in the detection of lies. Finally, this thesis also examined whether aspects of personality and cognition influence the detection ability of police officers (French Gendarmes)
Simonnet, Edwin. "Réseaux de neurones profonds appliqués à la compréhension de la parole". Thesis, Le Mans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LEMA1006/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis is a part of the emergence of deep learning and focuses on spoken language understanding assimilated to the automatic extraction and representation of the meaning supported by the words in a spoken utterance. We study a semantic concept tagging task used in a spoken dialogue system and evaluated with the French corpus MEDIA. For the past decade, neural models have emerged in many natural language processing tasks through algorithmic advances or powerful computing tools such as graphics processors. Many obstacles make the understanding task complex, such as the difficult interpretation of automatic speech transcriptions, as many errors are introduced by the automatic recognition process upstream of the comprehension module. We present a state of the art describing spoken language understanding and then supervised automatic learning methods to solve it, starting with classical systems and finishing with deep learning techniques. The contributions are then presented along three axes. First, we develop an efficient neural architecture consisting of a bidirectional recurrent network encoder-decoder with attention mechanism. Then we study the management of automatic recognition errors and solutions to limit their impact on our performances. Finally, we envisage a disambiguation of the comprehension task making the systems more efficient
Elhajjar, Samer. "Compréhension de la contestation de la publicité environnementale : principes et conséquences". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAB007/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis research seeks to analyze the phenomenon of environmental advertising contestation. In effect, there is a shortage of studies on these issues. The objective of this thesis is to explore the contours of the environmental advertising contestation concept while identifying the reasons, the manifestations and the risks associated with it. Three empirical studies, one qualitative and two experimental, show that that there are reasons of contestation related to creative elements of advertisement and discourse advertisements and others linked to advertising medium and confidence of consumer toward the advertising source. Moreover, the manifestations of contestation can range from collective and visible movements to more individual behaviors such as avoidance and the rejection of environmental advertising. In addition, the contestation seems to have a negative impact on consumer buying behavior and on the firm's image. Finally, the results indicate that provocation- a tool used by companies according to literature to avoid contestation- has negative effects on consumers‘ perceptions and attitudes toward the advertisement. In the light of the obtained results, the limitations of the thesis are outlined and future avenues of research are proposed
Shokhenmayer, Evgeny. "Champs associatifs des noms propres et mécanismes de la compréhension textuelle". Thesis, Paris 10, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA100041/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe studies of Proper Names start to be very fruitful. The present work allows an illuminating insight into some of the major issues at stake in contemporary proprial semantics. In fact, one of the main implicit presuppositions underlying onomastics is a certain vacuity, or, quite the contrary, superfluity of the sense. Our purpose is to acknowledge the personal name as the linguistic sign with its meaning and sense, by recognizing the "reflecting faculty of semantics" by means of the associations and representations in the culture or a context. We bestow on onoma's dialectics a leading role in the correlation of the generalized meaning in the language and the personalized sense in the discourse, reflecting the time-varying changing world. Our Ph.D. thesis aims at a twofold task. The objective is to survey the literature on the meaning of proper names from the point of view of appellativization, that is semantic change of proper names. The second task is closely linked to this : to find a possible model for the appellativisation of proper names which is acceptable for different languages and various types of proper names; we attempt at stressing those factors which contribute to the formation of such semantic change and at exploring the general characteristics of such a change. Finally we show the characteristics of this change on a selected material of given names. Onomastic material to be analysed now was selected in a way appropriate for the illustration of significant proportions and tendencies. This helped to develop our own proposal regarding both the semantics and the pragmatics of Proper Names. According to this view a semantic theory dealing with Proper Names should account for the connotative semantics of Names, their foundational semantics, and the semantics of modal statements in which they figure. Connotative semantics focuses on the contribution a Recategorized Proper Name makes to the associative fields in which it occurs. Based on such an analysis, a semantically Modified Proper Name is assigned a psychosemantic value, which is supposed to provide us with an interpretation of that name, /deonym/. A crucial part of this task is to see just what kind of thing the associatively semantic value of a Proper Name is and how this appellativization is gradually proceed