Artykuły w czasopismach: „Composition of biomass”

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Széliová, D., D. Ruckerbauer, S. N. Galleguillos, M. Hanscho i N. Borth. "Determination of CHO biomass composition". New Biotechnology 44 (październik 2018): S144—S145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2018.05.1121.

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Herout, M., J. Malaťák, L. Kučera i T. Dlabaja. "Biogas composition depending on the type of plant biomass used". Research in Agricultural Engineering 57, No. 4 (14.12.2011): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/41/2010-rae.

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The aim of the work is to determine and analyse concentrations of individual biogas components according to the used raw materials based on plant biomass. The measurement is focused on biogas production depending on input raw materials like maize silage, grass haylage and rye grain. The total amount of plant biomass entering the fermenter during the measurement varies at around 40% w/w, the rest is liquid beef manure. The measured values are statistically evaluated and optimised for the subsequent effective operation of the biogas plant. A biogas plant operating on the principle of wet anaerobic fermentation process is used for the measurement. The biogas production takes place during the wet fermentation process in the mesophile operation at an average temperature of 40°C. The technology of the biogas plant is based on the principle of using two fermenters. It follows from the measured results that maize silage with liquid beef manure in the ratio of 40:60 can produce biogas with a high content of methane; this performance is not stable. At this concentration of input raw material, the formation of undesirable high concentrations of hydrogen sulphide occurs as well. It is shown from the results that the process of biogas production is stabilised by the addition of other components of plant biomass like grass haylage and rye grain and a limitation of the formation of hydrogen sulphide occurs. It follows from the results that the maize silage should form about 80% w/w from the total amount of the plant biomass used.

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SUBEKTI, NIKEN, Priyantini Widiyaningrum, Dodi Nandika i Dedy Duryadi Solihin. "COLONY COMPOSITION AND BIOMASS OF MACROTERMES GILVUS HAGEN (BLATTODEA: TERMITIDAE) IN INDONESIA". IIUM Engineering Journal 20, nr 1 (1.06.2019): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v20i1.1032.

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ABSTRACT: There is no study conducted to investigate the composition and biomass of Macrotermes gilvus Hagen in natural forest ecosystem. This study aimed to analyze the colony composition and biomass of M. gilvus Hagen colony in natural forest and to evaluate the need of food of the species as well as factors affecting it. Research was conducted in Yanlappa Sanctuary, Bogor, West Java. Termites were surveyed by collecting individual M. gilvus Hagen from different colony at different size of mound, small (0 – 0.99 m), medium (1- 1.99 m), large (? 2 m) and then were measured the number of individuals, wet and dry body mass, ratio of dry or wet body mass, and the average of biomass. Results indicated that the small mount was dominated by workers, whereas the medium and the large nest was dominated by nymph. Mean of the termite biomass was 936 kg/ha2. Average of termite biomass collected from large mount was 949.8 kg/km2, medium mount was 605.2 kg/ha2 and small mount was about 537.5 kg/ha2. Factor affecting the biomass of subterranean termite M. gilvus Hagen are food source, energy efficiency, predators, and environment. The presence of termite mounds influences natural ecosystem, but that the type of mound plays a crucial role in determining the nature of the effects. ABSTRAK: Kajian tentang komposisi koloni dan biomas anai-anai tanah M. gilvus Hagen di hutan alam belum pernah dilakukan. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis komposisi koloni dan biomas koloni anai-anai tanah M. gilvus Hagen di hutan alam dan menganalisa faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pemakanannya. Kajian ini dilakukan di Cagar Alam Yanlappa, Bogor, Jawa Barat. Hasil kaji selidik menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan koloni didasarkan pada ukuran tinggi sarang. Sarang kecil (0 – 0.99 m), sarang sedang (1- 1.99 m), dan sarang besar (? 2 m) dan ukuran berat basah, berat kering serta kadar berat basah atau berat kering, dan rata-rata biomas. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa sarang kecil didominasi oleh koloni pekerja, sementara itu sarang serdahana dan sarang besar didominasi oleh koloni nympha. Rata-rata biomas yang ditemukan untuk sarang besar 949.8 kg/ha2, sarang serdahana 605.2 kg/ha2, dan sarang kecil 537.5 kg/ha2. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi biomas anai-anai tanah M. gilvus Hagen adalah makanan, tenaga, pemangsa dan lingkungan. Kehadiran koloni anai-anai mempengaruhi ekosistem semulajadi, tetapi jenis koloni memainkan peranan penting dalam menentukan sifat kesannya.

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Machado, Henrique, Ana F. Cristino, Sofia Orišková i Rui Galhano dos Santos. "Bio-Oil: The Next-Generation Source of Chemicals". Reactions 3, nr 1 (28.01.2022): 118–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/reactions3010009.

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Bio-oil, although rich in chemical species, is primarily used as fuel oil, due to its greater calorific power when compared to the biomass from which it is made. The incomplete understanding of how to explore its chemical potential as a source of value-added chemicals and, therefore, a supply of intermediary chemical species is due to the diverse composition of bio-oil. Being biomass-based, making it subject to composition changes, bio-oil is obtained via different processes, the two most common being fast pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction. Different methods result in different bio-oil compositions even from the same original biomass. Understanding which biomass source and process results in a particular chemical makeup is of interest to those concerned with the refinement or direct application in chemical reactions of bio-oil. This paper presents a summary of published bio-oil production methods, origin biomass, and the resulting composition.

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Sari, Yessie W., Utami Syafitri, Johan P. M. Sanders i Marieke E. Bruins. "How biomass composition determines protein extractability". Industrial Crops and Products 70 (sierpień 2015): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.03.020.

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Vollenweider, Richard A. "Elemental and biochemical composition of plankton biomass; some comments and explorations". Archiv für Hydrobiologie 105, nr 1 (23.03.1989): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/105/1989/11.

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Parmar, Kavita. "Biomass- An Overview on Composition Characteristics and Properties". IRA-International Journal of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2455-4499) 7, nr 1 (10.05.2017): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jas.v7.n1.p4.

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A general overview has been proposed for biomass composition, characteristics and property. Biomass is the combination of all organic materials that simplify referring to amount of animal and plant. Biomass materials are diverse, ranging from wood, bark, straw and other agricultural residues, grasses and off-spec grains. Despite of diversity the composition of most biomass materials is relatively uniform, when moisture has been excluded. Biomass burning emission is an important part of carbon and nitrogen cycle. The pollutants released by biomass burning varies depends upon the constituents of nitrogen sulphur and carbon. In this paper basic knowledge of biomass and comparative data regarding composition and characterization has been studied.

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Riyanto, Hendi, Toto Hardianto, Willy Adriansyah i Gavriel Y. Jeffry. "Studi Termodinamika Pembakaran Kombinasi Batu Bara dan Biomassa Limbah". JMPM (Jurnal Material dan Proses Manufaktur) 5, nr 2 (17.03.2022): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/jmpm.v5i2.13903.

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Pembakaran bersama batubara dan biomassa di pembangkit listrik tenaga batubara yang ada sedang dipertimbangkan sebagai alternatif yang layak untuk transisi pemanfaatan energi yang tidak terbarukan ke terbarukan. Dalam hal ini, berbagai penelitian telah dilakukan dalam dua puluh tahun terakhir, yang sebagian besar kesimpulan umum adalah bahwa efisiensi boiler menurun sehubungan dengan peningkatan persentase biomassa dalam co-firing, namun studi tambahan dianggap diperlukan, terutama untuk limbah biomassa yang melimpah di Indonesia. Biomassa limbah yang akan digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS), sekam padi, dan wood pellet yang dihasilkan dari serbuk gergaji. Karakteristik termodinamika pembakaran co-firing yang akan digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah air-to-fuel ratio (AFR), emisi CO2 pembakaran, dan temperatur nyala adiabatik. Sebuah open source Cool Prop formulasi sifat termodinamika diimplementasikan untuk mengevaluasi sifat termodinamika bahan yang sesuai yang terlibat dalam penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa AFR menurun dengan bertambahnya komposisi biomassa dalam bahan bakar, dimana laju perubahan masing-masing AFR per persen biomassa adalah -0,018, -0,0406, dan -0,026 untuk campuran batubara-TKKS, batubara-sekam padi, dan batubara-kayu. Adapun karakteristik AFR, emisi karbon dioksida menurun dengan meningkatnya persen massa biomassa dalam komposisi bahan bakar. Laju perubahan CO2 sehubungan dengan persen biomassa dalam komposisi bahan bakar adalah masing-masing -6.3x10-3, -1.12x10-2, dan -6.48x10-3 untuk campuran batubara-TKKS, batubara-sekam padi, dan batubara-kayu. Suhu nyala adiabatik juga menurun sehubungan dengan peningkatan persentase massa biomassa dalam komposisi bahan bakar. Laju perubahan suhu nyala adiabatik dalam K/%biomassa berturut-turut adalah -13,93, -10,70, dan -12,81 untuk campuran TKKS batubara, sekam padi, dan kayu batubara.Co-firing of coal and biomass in an existing coal fired power plant is being considered as a viable alternative to transition from non-renewable-to-renewable energy utilization. In this regard, various researches have been conducted in the last twenty years, in most of which the general conclusion is that the boiler efficiency decreases with respect to increasing biomass percentage in co-firing, nonetheless, additional study is deemed to be required, especially for waste biomass which are abundantly available in Indonesia. The waste biomass to be employed in this study are palm empty fruit bunch (EFB), rice husk, and wood pellet produced from sawdust. Co-firing combustion thermodynamic characteristics which are to be deployed in this study are air-to-fuel ratio (AFR), combustion CO2 emission, and adiabatic flame temperature. An open source CoolProp of thermodynamics properties formulations were implemented in order to evaluate thermodynamic properties of corresponding materials involved in this study. The results of the study show that AFR decreases with increasing biomass composition in the fuel, where the AFR rate of change per percent of biomassa are -0.018, -0.0406, and -0.026 for blend of coal-EFB, coal-rice husk, and coal-wood, respectively. As to the AFR characteristic, the emission of carbon dioxide is decreasing with increasing percent mass of biomass in the fuel composition. The CO2 rate of change with respect to percent biomass in fuel composition are -6.3x10-3, -1.12x10-2, and -6.48x10-3 for the blend of coal-EFB, coal-rice husk, and coal-wood, respectively. The adiabatic flame temperature is also decreasing with respect to increasing biomass mass percentage in fuel composition. The adiabatic flame temperature rate of change in K/%biomass are -13.93, -10.70, and -12.81 for the blend of coal-EFB, coal-rice husk, and coal-wood, respectively.

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Zinicovscaia, Inga, Liliana Cepoi, Ludmila Rudi, Tatiana Chiriac, Nikita Yushin i Dmitrii Grozdov. "Arthrospira platensis as Bioremediator of Rhenium Mono- and Polymetallic Synthetic Effluents". Microorganisms 10, nr 11 (26.10.2022): 2109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10112109.

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Rhenium is a scarce and highly important metal for industry and technology. In the present study, the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) was used to remove rhenium and related elements (Mo and Cu) from mono- and polymetallic synthetic effluents. Metal ions in different concentrations were added to the culture medium on the first, third, and fifth days of biomass growth, and their uptake by the biomass was traced using ICP-AES technique. The accumulation of rhenium in the biomass was dependent on the chemical composition of the effluents, and the highest uptake of 161 mg/kg was achieved in the Re-Cu system. The presence of rhenium, copper, and molybdenum affected the productivity of Spirulina biomass and its biochemical composition (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, phycobiliproteins, the content of chlorophyll α and β-carotene). With the growth of biomass in the presence of rhenium or rhenium and molybdenum, a pronounced increase in productivity and protein content was observed. The presence of copper in systems has a negative effect on biomass productivity and biochemical composition. Arthrospira platensis may be of interest as a bioremediator of rhenium-containing effluents of various chemical compositions.

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Stolcvová, J., i A. Honěk. "Early weed succession on an abandoned field: vegetation composition and production of biomass". Plant Protection Science 35, No. 2 (1.01.1999): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/9679-pps.

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We investigated the early stage (second to fourth year) of weed succession on an experimental fallow field in central Bohemia (western Czech Republic). The experimental ground was ploughed in the autumn, harrowed and rolled in the spring, and divided into 5 x 5 m plots. In the control the weed stands were left intact, the other variants were mowed with or without cultivation of the superficial soil layer in June and July. The position of the plots and the treatments were the same each year. The production of aboveground biomass and proportion of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous annuals and perennials in different years (1993 to 1995) were recorded. The production of biomass (the aboveground crop of weeds in September) was highest in the controls with no treatment. In mowed or cultivated plots the total biomass production (the sum of biomass at the time of the treatment plus biomass re-grown after the treatment) was greater when the treatment was made in July than in June. In the second year of succession, the biomass of annuals was greater than that of perennials. From the third year on, perennial dicotyledonous species became the dominant weed community, in controls as well as on mowed or superficially cultivated plots. The rate of increase of the proportion of dicotyledonous perennial weeds was greatest in mowed plus superficially cultivated plots, intermediate in the controls, and lowest in plots where the weeds were only mowed.

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Xu, Yun, i Wolfgang Schrader. "Studying the Complexity of Biomass Derived Biofuels". Energies 14, nr 8 (7.04.2021): 2032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082032.

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Biofuel produced from biomass pyrolysis is a good example of a highly complex mixture. Detailed understanding of its composition is a prerequisite for optimizing transformation processes and further upgrading conditions. The major challenge in understanding the composition of biofuel derived from biomass is the wide range of compounds with high diversity in polarity and abundance that can be present. In this work, a comprehensive analysis using mass spectrometry is reported. Different operation conditions are studied by utilizing multiple ionization methods (positive mode atmospheric pressure photo ionization (APPI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) and negative mode ESI) and applying different resolving power set-ups (120 k, 240 k, 480 k and 960 k) and scan techniques (full scan and spectral stitching method) to study the complexity of a pyrolysis biofuel. Using a mass resolution of 960 k and the spectral stitching scan technique gives a total of 21,703 assigned compositions for one ionization technique alone. The number of total compositions is significantly expanded by the combination of different ionization methods.

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Haryanti, N. H., Suryajaya, H. Wardhana, S. Husain, R. Noor, Y. Anggraini, N. Sofi i D. Aprilia. "Briquettes from Biomass Waste". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2104, nr 1 (1.11.2021): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2104/1/012003.

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Abstract This research made three kinds of briquettes from various biomass waste, including alaban wood charcoal and rubber seed shells mixed with coal bottom ash and coal fly ash. The purpose of the study was to obtain the characteristics and quality of briquette combustion. Making briquettes is by drying, grinding, and sifting raw materials then mixed with adhesive, printing and drying. Briquettes were made with variations in composition and pressure and the particle size of the material passing through the 50 and 250 mesh sieves. Briquettes produced from alaban wood charcoal and coal bottom ash, or fly ash, obtained more bottom ash or fly ash composition characteristics. The moisture content and calorific value would be lower while the ash content was higher. While the initial ignition time, the combustion duration is getting longer, but the burning rate would decrease. Briquettes made from rubber seed shells and coal bottom ash obtained variations in composition and pressure that affect the characteristics and quality of combustion. The higher the rubber seed shell composition and pressure, the lower the water and ash content, but the calorific value increased.

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Müller, Stefan, Diana Széliová i Jürgen Zanghellini. "Elementary vectors and autocatalytic sets for resource allocation in next-generation models of cellular growth". PLOS Computational Biology 18, nr 2 (1.02.2022): e1009843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009843.

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Traditional (genome-scale) metabolic models of cellular growth involve an approximate biomass “reaction”, which specifies biomass composition in terms of precursor metabolites (such as amino acids and nucleotides). On the one hand, biomass composition is often not known exactly and may vary drastically between conditions and strains. On the other hand, the predictions of computational models crucially depend on biomass. Also elementary flux modes (EFMs), which generate the flux cone, depend on the biomass reaction. To better understand cellular phenotypes across growth conditions, we introduce and analyze new classes of elementary vectors for comprehensive (next-generation) metabolic models, involving explicit synthesis reactions for all macromolecules. Elementary growth modes (EGMs) are given by stoichiometry and generate the growth cone. Unlike EFMs, they are not support-minimal, in general, but cannot be decomposed “without cancellations”. In models with additional (capacity) constraints, elementary growth vectors (EGVs) generate a growth polyhedron and depend also on growth rate. However, EGMs/EGVs do not depend on the biomass composition. In fact, they cover all possible biomass compositions and can be seen as unbiased versions of elementary flux modes/vectors (EFMs/EFVs) used in traditional models. To relate the new concepts to other branches of theory, we consider autocatalytic sets of reactions. Further, we illustrate our results in a small model of a self-fabricating cell, involving glucose and ammonium uptake, amino acid and lipid synthesis, and the expression of all enzymes and the ribosome itself. In particular, we study the variation of biomass composition as a function of growth rate. In agreement with experimental data, low nitrogen uptake correlates with high carbon (lipid) storage.

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Máliš, František, Bohdan Konôpka, Vladimír Šebeň, Jozef Pajtík i Katarína Merganičová. "Short-Term Dynamics of Vegetation Diversity and Aboveground Biomass of Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. Forests after Heavy Windstorm Disturbance". Forests 12, nr 1 (17.01.2021): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12010097.

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Although forest disturbances have become more frequent and severe due to ongoing climate change, our understanding of post-disturbance development of vegetation and tree–herb layer interactions remains limited. An extreme windstorm, which occurred on 19 November 2004, destroyed Picea abies (L.) H. Karst dominated forests in the High Tatra Mts. Here, we studied short-term changes in diversity, species composition, and aboveground biomass of trees and herb layer vegetation, including mutual relationships that elucidate tree–herb interactions during post-disturbance succession. Assessment of species composition and tree biomass measurements were performed at 50 sample plots (4 × 4 m) along two transects 12, 14, and 16 years after the forest destruction. Heights and stem base diameters of about 730 trees were measured and subsequently used for the calculation of aboveground tree biomass using species-specific allometric relationships. Aboveground biomass of herb layer was quantified at 300 subplots (20 × 20 cm) by destructive sampling. Species richness and spatial vegetation heterogeneity did not significantly change, and species composition exhibited small changes in accordance with expected successional trajectories. While aboveground tree biomass increased by about 190%, biomass of annual herb shoots decreased by about 68% and biomass of perennial herb shoots was stable during the studied period. The contribution of trees to total aboveground biomass increased from 83% to 97%. After 16 years of forest stands recovery, tree biomass represented approximately 13% of forest biomass before the disturbance. Herb layer biomass, particularly the biomass of annual herb shoots, was more closely related to tree cover than to tree biomass and its decline could be assigned to gradual tree growth. Our study provides clear evidence that short-term successional processes in post-disturbance vegetation are much better detectable by biomass than by diversity or compositional measures and emphasized the importance of light conditions in tree–herb competitive interactions.

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Olatunji, Obafemi O., Paul A. Adedeji, Nkosinathi Madushele, Stephen Akinlabi i Anthony A. DiCarlo. "Modelling Biomass Elemental Composition: a Neurofuzzy Approach". Procedia Computer Science 200 (2022): 1736–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2022.01.374.

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Manu-Tawiah, W., i A. M. Martin. "Chemical composition of Pleurotus ostreatus mycelial biomass". Food Microbiology 4, nr 4 (wrzesień 1987): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0740-0020(87)80004-7.

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Dhugga, Kanwarpal S. "Maize Biomass Yield and Composition for Biofuels". Crop Science 47, nr 6 (listopad 2007): 2211–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2007.05.0299.

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Vassilev, Stanislav V., David Baxter, Lars K. Andersen i Christina G. Vassileva. "ChemInform Abstract: The Chemical Composition of Biomass". ChemInform 42, nr 21 (28.04.2011): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201121277.

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Bergeron, Jean-Marie, i Louise Jodoin. "Plant Composition in Relation to Vole Damage in Coniferous Plantations". Forestry Chronicle 65, nr 3 (1.06.1989): 206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc65206-3.

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We analysed the plant composition of several coniferous plantations of Eastern Townships of Quebec to examine the relationships between biomass patterns and levels of damage made by meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) to young trees. The biomass of the most abundant grass species was compared in severely damaged, lightly damaged and undamaged plantations. Damage indices per plantation were standardized using the composite Mizushima (1976) index. Total biomass did not differ between the three categories of plantations analysed. However, heavily damaged plantations contained significantly more biomass of Virginia strawberry (Fragaria virginiana) and less of couch-grass (Agropyron repens). Debarking damage by voles was not concentrated on specific coniferous species but occurred rather in meadows where Fragaria was relatively more abundant. To reduce tree loss due to vole debarking, we recommend an initial survey of the biomass be made at future planting sites and seedlings be planted in meadows with low biomass. Sites with low biomass of Fragaria and high biomass of Agropyron would probably be the best ones. Key words: Plantations, conifers, damage, debarking, voles, biomass, Microtus pennsylvanicus, Fragaria virginiana, Agropyron repens, Quebec.

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Barmina, I., A. Lickrastina, M. Zake, A. Arshanitsa, V. Solodovnik i G. Telysheva. "Experimental Study of Thermal Decomposition and Combustion of Lignocellulosic Biomass Pellets / GRANULĒTAS LIGNOCELULOZES BIOMASAS TERMISKĀS SADALĪŠANĀS UN DEGŠANAS PROCESU EKSPERIMENTĀLIE PĒTĪJUMI". Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 50, nr 3 (1.06.2013): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2013-0018.

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The study is aimed at cleaner and more efficient heat energy production through investigation and analysis of the thermal decomposition of lignocellulosic biomass pellets with different elemental composition, the heating values and contents of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin. The estimation is provided for the influence of biomass composition on the combustion characteristics for softwood, wheat straw and wheat straw lignin pellets. The kinetics of thermal decomposition was studied experimentally, using a pilot device for two-stage processes of thermochemical conversion including gasification and combustion of biomass pellets under varying conditions. The experimental study includes time-dependent measurements of the biomass pellet weight loss during gasification and the correlating variations of the flame temperature, heat production rates, combustion efficiency and composition of the products at different stages of thermochemical conversion. Estimation is also given for the influence of the biomass composition on the combustion characteristics and heat energy production.

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Origenes, M. G., i R. L. Lapitan. "Carbon stock assessment through above-ground biomass of trees at different forest composition in Mt. Malindawag, Lubilan, Naawan, Misamis Oriental, Philippines". International Journal of Forestry, Ecology and Environment 11, nr 01 (15.01.2021): 100–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.18801/ijfee.030121.11.

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It is documented that the amounts of carbon stored and its level of degradation in different forests compositions and different types of forest is mostly unknown, Philippines is no exemption as little was done in some places of this country. This study was conducted to assess carbon stock through above ground biomass of trees at different forest composition in Mt. Malindawag. There were three (3) 20m x 20m sample plots (quadrats) (400m2 equivalent to 0.04 ha) established as replicate plots provided with 50m intervals. Forest composition such as the Agroforestry area, mixed forest area and the Plantation forest were assessed in terms of the number of individuals, number of species, diameter, and height to calculate the biomass, tree biomass density as well as the carbon stock. Based on the results of the study conducted in different forest compositions of Mt. Malindawag, plantation forest has the highest carbon stocking rate. However, these results were not significantly different from the other forest composition. This was associated with a higher accumulated diameter, which resulted in higher biomass and eventually carbon stock. Species found in this forest composition are productive and have lesser number of individuals; therefore, there is lesser competition for resources such as light. Such a mechanism might contribute to the higher biomass and carbon stock. However, the result may not be right to other areas due to uncontrollable factors, anthropogenic and environmental factors. Hence, it is recommended to have further studies on areas where trees have similar age, species diversity index as well as stand development and site productivity for a more accurate and quantifiable carbon stock.

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Jahn, Andreas, i Per Halkjær Nielsen. "Cell biomass and exopolymer composition in sewer biofilms". Water Science and Technology 37, nr 1 (1.01.1998): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0006.

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During wastewater transportation in sewers conversion of organic matter into biomass takes place in bulk water and in bacterial biofilms. The biomass amount, the composition and the properties influences wastewater composition and the subsequent fate in the wastewater treatment plant. Because the biomass consists of both cell biomass and extracellular polymers having different properties, the biomass composition in biofilms from three different gravity sewers is reported here. Cell biomass was only a minor fraction of the organic matter in the biofilms and 70-98% of total organic carbon was found to be extracellular. The macromolecular composition of the biofilm was determined and the major part was protein. Also in the extracellular fraction protein was the largest fraction. Moreover, humic substances, polysaccharide, uronic acids and DNA could be extracted from all biofilm samples into an extracellular fraction. Between 30 and 40% of the COD from the total biofilm sample were not analysed by the methods used. Some variation in the content and composition of extracellular material was found among the different sewer lines. The results demonstrate that biofilm material from sewer lines entering a wastewater treatment plant mainly consists of heterogeneous extracellular organic material with protein as the dominating fraction.

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Martinelli, Tommaso. "Plant morphology, vegetative biomass composition and energy content of three different Silybum marianum accessions". Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus 19, nr 6 (31.12.2020): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2020.6.6.

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Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (milk thistle) is plant species that has been utilized principally for medicinal purposes for more than 2000 years. Recently it was proposed for biomass production in marginal environments, but vegetative biomass compositional analyses had not been available so far. The study of plant morphology and biomass composition was conducted on three different S. marianum accessions grown under open field conditions. The results indicate that plant morphological traits show major differences between accessions: this suggests that the available natural variability can be further utilized in order to develop improved S. marianum cultivars. Biomass compositional analysis shows that extractives, ash, lignin and cellulose content are comparable to other herbaceous bioenergy crops and that these traits display only limited variability in the studied accessions. Hemicellulose fraction is composed only by xylans and its content appears averagely lower in comparison to other herbaceous biomasses. Interestingly, in S. marianum biomass total nitrogen content is lower if compared to other herbaceous species. The possible involvement of this specific biomass trait in S. marianum nitrogen utilization efficiency has to be further investigated.

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Garbuzneak, A., M. Birsa, S. Burtseva, N. Chiselita i O. Chiselita. "Changes in Lipid Composition of Streptomyces massasporeus CNMN-AC-06 Biomass after Long-Term Storage". Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal 82, nr 5 (17.10.2020): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/microbiolj82.05.041.

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Aim. The aim of the research was to determine changes in content and composition of Streptomyces massasporeus CNMN-Ac-06 strain biomass lipid complex during cultivation in various nutrient media after long-term storage. Methods. To obtain the inoculum, S. massasporeus CNMN-Ac-06 strain was cultivated in Dulaney medium. For biomass accumulation, inoculum was cultivated in M-I, SP-I and SP-III. The amount of biomass was determined on the 5th day of culture growth. Intracellular lipids were extracted from streptomycete biomass by Folch method modified in our laboratory. The qualitative and quantitative characteristic of lipid complex composition was determined by thin-layer chromatography. 10% solution of phosphomolybdic acid in ethanol was used as developer. The quantity of individual lipid fractions was determined by densitometry. Results. The studied strain was cultivated in three nutrient liquid media. Cultivation of the strain in M-I medium increases the biomass yield up to 11.53 g/l. In case of SP-III, on the contrary, at the beginning of research, the biomass yield was higher than after storage. The best result of the synthesis of total lipids was noted after SP-I medium use. Analysis of the quantity of main lipid fractions in the biomass showed that the maximum percentage of phospholipids was 12.15% after cultivation in SP-I medium. The amount of sterols in biomass was: in M-I medium – 8.96%, in SP-I medium – 12.15% and in SP-III medium – 14.17%. The smallest amount of mono- and diglycerides in the total lipids of the biomass of this strain was observed after cultivation in SP-III medium, sterol esters in SP-I medium, and waxes in M-I medium. The studies shown that the highest amount of biomass of the strain S. massasporeus CNMN-Ac-06 was noted after cultivation in nutrient medium M-I (11.53 g/l), and the maximum percentage of total lipids after cultivation in medium SP-I (15.85%). Conclusions. The experiments shown that in order to increase the biomass of S. massasporeus CNMN-Ac-06 strain, it is the best to cultivate this microorganism in complex SP-I medium. But, a significant amount of such physiologically important lipid fractions like phospholipids was obtained in SP-I medium and sterols in SP-I and SP-III media.

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Mahaseth, Vinod Kumar. "Biomass composition of phytoplanktons in Mahakali River, Nepal". Our Nature 14, nr 1 (23.01.2017): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v14i1.16450.

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Phytoplankton biomass composition of Mahakali River has been studied. Samples were collected twice a month at an interval of 15 days for two years from September, 2003 to August, 2005. It was observed that the average annual biomass of phytoplankton community was 10.494 mg/m3 during the first year and 8.057 mg/m3 in the second year of the study. The peak of biomass was obtained in the month of May (15.276mg/m3) and March (11.183mg/m3) during the first and second year, respectively. The lowest values of biomass were recorded in the month of September (0.989mg/m3) and August (0.842mg/m3) during the respective years. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

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Demirbaş, Ayhan. "Biomass Co-Firing for Coal-Fired Boilers". Energy Exploration & Exploitation 21, nr 3 (czerwiec 2003): 269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/014459803769520070.

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In this study ground biomass and pulverized coal were used for co-firing test. The tests of co-firing of coal and biomass were carried out in a bench-scale bubbling fluidized bed combustor. Biomass is an attractive and sustainable renewable fuel to supplement coal combustion in utility boilers. Coal co-firing was successful with up to a 20% biomass mix boilers. Coal and biomass fuels are quite different in composition. Ash composition for the biomass is fundamentally different from ash composition for the coal. Chlorine in the biomass may affect operation by corrosion. Ash deposits reduce heat transfer and may also result in severe corrosion at high temperatures. Biomass and coal blend combustion is a promising combustion technology; however, significant development work is required before large-scale implementation can be realized. Issues related to successful implementation of coal biomass blend combustion are identified. Co-firing of coal and biomass is an effective method of control NOx. Formation of NOx decreases with the increase of biomass fraction.

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Umrisu, Maria Lurumutin, Redi K. Pingak i Albert Zicko Johannes. "PENGARUH KOMPOSISI SEKAM PADI TERHADAP PARAMETER FISIS BRIKET TEMPURUNG KELAPA". Jurnal Fisika : Fisika Sains dan Aplikasinya 3, nr 1 (16.12.2018): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35508/fisa.v3i1.592.

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ABSTRAK Briket bioarang merupakan salah satu bahan bakar yang berasal dari biomassa. Biomassa yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah tempurung kelapa dan sekam padi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi komposisi sekam padi dan variasi perekat terhadap parameter fisis briket tempurung kelapa. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan nilai densitas, nilai kadar air, nilai porositas dan nilai kadar abu, secara berturut-turut berkisar antara (0.69 - 1.12 ), (3,33% - 7,57%.), (16,66% - 31,88%.), (38,46% - 66,66%.). Analisis menunjukkan bahwa secara umum, komposisi sekam padi berbanding terbalik dengan nilai densitas, nilai kadar air dan nilai kadar abu briket dan berbanding lurus dengan nilai porositas briket. Berdasarkan nilai densitas, nilai kadar air, dan nilai kadar abu briket, dapat disimpulkan bahwa dalam penelitian ini briket dengan komposisi 40% tempurung kelapa dan 60% sekam padi memiliki kualitas yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan komposisi lainnya. Kata Kunci : Briket, Tempurung kelapa, Sekam padi, Densitas, Kadar air, Porositas dan Kadar abu. ABSTRACT Bio-briquette is one of the fuels that comes from biomass. The biomass used in this research is coconut shell and rice husk. The aims of this research are to know the influence of variation of rice husk composition and thickness variation on physical parameters of shell briquettes. The results of this study indicate that the density, moisture value, porosity and ash values, respectively ranged between (0.69 - 1.12 ), (3,33% - 7,57%.), (16,66% - 31,88%.), (38,46% - 66,66%.). The analysis showed that in general, the composittion of rice husk is inversely proportional to density, moisture value and briquette ash value, otherwise the composition of rice husk is directly proportional briquette porosity value. Based on density value, mositure value and ash value it can be concluded that in this research the quality of briquettes with composition 40% coconut shell and 60% rice husk is better than the other compositions. Keywords: Briquette, Coconut shell, Rice husk, Density, Water content, Porosity and Ash content.

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Kucharska, Karolina, Edyta Słupek, Hubert Cieśliński i Marian Kamiński. "Advantageous conditions of saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass for biofuels generation via fermentation processes". Chemical Papers 74, nr 4 (21.10.2019): 1199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11696-019-00960-1.

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Abstract Processing of lignocellulosic biomass includes four major unit operations: pre-treatment, hydrolysis, fermentation and product purification prior to biofuel generation via anaerobic digestion. The microorganisms involved in the fermentation metabolize only simple molecules, i.e., monosugars which can be obtained by carrying out the degradation of complex polymers, the main component of lignocellulosic biomass. The object of this paper was to evaluate the saccharification conditions and identify the process parameters that should be applied to improve the saccharification efficiency of lignocellulosic biomass, defined as the simple sugars concentration, which was considered as a crucial parameter for hydrogen generation via dark fermentation. Drawing global conclusions about the occurring changes in the biomass requires learning about the nature of the biomass structure and composition at different stages of the process. Therefore, techniques for analysis, as FTIR, HPLC and SEM were applied. The experiment was planned employing Box–Behnken design. The advantageous operating conditions and the composition of saccharification enzymatic cocktail were identified and their values occurred similar in the applied border conditions for all tested biomass types. Analysis of the intermediate solid and liquid streams generated during the pre-treatment procedure revealed several structural and compositional changes in the biomass.

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Rizkiana, Meisa Legi, Saepulloh Saepulloh, Prima Besty Asthary i Rahmaniar Mulyani. "Pengaruh Komposisi Air Limbah Industri Kertas sebagai Media Pertumbuhan dan Fotoperiode Terhadap Kultur Spirulina platensis". JURNAL SELULOSA 9, nr 01 (30.06.2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.25269/jsel.v9i01.268.

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Industri kertas menghasilkan air limbah dari kegiatan produksi dan proses flue gas desulphurization (air limbah wet scrubber). Senyawa nutrisi (senyawa karbon, nitrogen, dan fosfat) yang masih terdapat dalam air limbah terolah dan air limbah wet scrubber belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal dan berpotensi sebagai media pertumbuhan Spirulina platensis. Penelitian dengan variasi komposisi air limbah dan fotoperiode (24 jam terang dan 12 jam terang/12 jam gelap) telah dilakukan dalam skala laboratorium selama 9 hari. Pengukuran pH media, pertumbuhan S. platensis (konsentrasi biomassa, laju pertumbuhan spesifik, dan waktu penggandaan), dan kandungan fikosianin dilakukan setiap hari untuk melihat pengaruh komposisi media dan perlakuan fotoperiode terhadap pertumbuhan S. platensis. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa S. platensis dapat tumbuh dengan baik pada semua komposisi air limbah terolah dan air limbah wet scrubber yang diujicobakan. Konsentrasi biomassa tertinggi sebesar 831 mg/L dan laju pertumbuhan spesifik tertinggi sebesar 0,52 hari-1 dengan waktu penggandaan 0,4 hari diperoleh dari perlakuan fotoperiode 24 jam terang. Komposisi air limbah terolah dan air limbah wet scrubber tidak memberikan pengaruh yang nyata terhadap konsentrasi biomassa, tetapi perbedaan fotoperiode sangat berpengaruh terhadap konsentrasi biomassa sehingga dalam aplikasi skala lapangan perlu mempertimbangkan sistem pencahayaan untuk pertumbuhan S. platensis yang optimal.Kata kunci: Spirulina platensis, media pertumbuhan, fotoperiode, air limbah terolah, air limbah wet scrubberThe Effect of Composition of Paper Industry Wastewater as A Growth Medium and Photoperiod on The Culture of Spirulina platensisAbstractThe paper industry produces wastewater from its production activities and the flue gas desulphurization process (wet scrubber wastewater). Nutritional compounds (carbon, nitrogen and phosphate compounds) which are still in treated wastewater and wet scrubber wastewater have not been utilized optimally and have potential as growth media of Spirulina platensis. Research on wastewater compositions and photoperiod variations (24 hours light and 12 hours light/12 hours dark) was carried out on a laboratory scale for 9 days. Measurements of medium pH, growth of S. platensis (biomass concentration, specific growth rate, and doubling time), and phycocyanin content were carried out every day to study the effect of wastewater composition and photoperiod treatment on the growth of S. platensis. The results showed that S. platensis can grow well on all compositions of treated wastewater and wet scrubber wastewater. The highest biomass concentration of 831 mg/L and the highest specific growth rate of 0.52 days-1 with a doubling time of 0,4 days is obtained from 24-hour light photoperiod treatment. The composition of treated wastewater and wet scrubber wastewater has no significant effect on the biomass concentration but the photoperiod differences greatly influence the biomass concentration so that in the field scale application it is necessary to consider the lighting system for optimal S. platensis growth. Keywords: Spirulina platensis, growth medium, photoperiod, treated wastewater, wet scrubber wastewater

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Hariana, Hariana, Hanafi Prida Putra, Musthofa Lutfi i Adi Prismantoko. "Utilization of agricultural waste biomass for co-firing fuel for coal-fired power plant with consideration of the potential of slagging, fouling, and abrasion in pulverized coal (PC) boilers". Advances in Food Science, Sustainable Agriculture and Agroindustrial Engineering 5, nr 1 (31.07.2022): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.afssaae.2022.005.01.8.

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The world is moving towards clean energy, especially since the Paris Agreement in 2016. Indonesia is no exception, which must reach 23% of its total energy mix usage from renewable energy sources by 2025, as stated in President Regulation No. 22/2017. Biomass as a renewable energy source can be used as a co-firing fuel for power plants based on its calorific value. This study discusses some of the most important characteristics needed in co-firing fuels, including slagging, fouling, and abrasion, using palm empty fruit bunch (EFB), rice husk (RH), and EFB-RH blended with the composition of 5%, 15%, 25%, and 35% on low-rank coal (LRC) and bituminous coal (BTC). The results showed that the addition of biomass on BTC has no significant effect on the slagging and fouling potential. Conversely, the addition of biomass to LRC significantly reduced the potential of slagging and fouling with the composition of up to 35% biomass which has EFB up to 20%. For blends with 75% of LRC and 25% of biomass blends, only biomass blends with 100% RH can be considered from the aspect of slagging and fouling risk. From potential abrasion characteristics, the addition of biomass on two types of coals did not show any problem for all compositions studied.

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Arnoult, Stéphanie, Annabelle Obeuf, Linda Béthencourt, Marie-Chantal Mansard i Maryse Brancourt-Hulmel. "Miscanthus clones for cellulosic bioethanol production: Relationships between biomass production, biomass production components, and biomass chemical composition". Industrial Crops and Products 63 (styczeń 2015): 316–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.10.011.

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Štolcová, J. "Secondary succession on an early abandoned field: vegetation composition and production of biomass". Plant Protection Science 38, No. 4 (6.02.2012): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4871-pps.

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During 1996–2000 the secondary succession on a field left fallow was investigated. The experimental area was divided into a ploughed and an unploughed part. Both parts were divided into 5 × 5 m plots that were either left intact (control), mowed in June or July, or superficially cultivated in June. The position of the plots was identical each year. In successive years total dry matter production decreased in all experimental plots; in unploughed plots more than in ploughed ones. The spread of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. was increased by ploughing and superficial cultivation. Ploughing stimulated the spread of perennial dicotyledonous plants more than mowing in June and July. Superficial cultivation increased the spread of perennial dicotyledonous plants in the first years. Later on the proportion of perennial dicotyledonous plants decreased and after 5 years the plots were dominated by Anisantha sterilis (L.) Nevski. The incidence of Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. was highest in the 5th year on unploughed control plots. The spread of perennial monocotyledonous plants was lowest in ploughed and superficially cultivated plots.

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Yoshitake, Shinpei, i Takayuki Nakatsubo. "Changes in soil microbial biomass and community composition along vegetation zonation in a coastal sand dune". Soil Research 46, nr 4 (2008): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr07104.

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We used phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis to examine the relation of microbial biomass and community composition to vegetation zonation on a coastal sand dune. Soil samples were collected along 3 line transects established from the shoreline to the inland bush. Total PLFA content and PLFA composition of soils were used as indices of total microbial biomass and community composition, respectively. The microbial biomass was much higher in the inland Vitex rotundifolia zone than in the seaside plots. The microbial community composition also differed among the vegetation zones, with a higher contribution of fungal biomarkers in the inland plots. The microbial biomass increased significantly with increasing soil organic matter (SOM) content, but was not correlated with soil salinity. These results suggest that microbial biomass in the coastal sand dune was controlled primarily by the accumulation of SOM. The microbial community composition also changed with SOM content in the seaside plots, but SOM had little effect in the inland plots. These results suggest that the factors limiting the microbial community composition differed with location on the dune.

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Thanatawee, Phattharanid, Wanwisa Rukthong, Sasithorn Sunphorka, Pornpote Piumsomboon i Benjapon Chalermsinsuwan. "Effect of Biomass Compositions on Combustion Kinetic Parameters using Response Surface Methodology". International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 14, nr 1 (1.02.2016): 517–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2015-0082.

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AbstractThe aim of this research is to find the correlation between chemical compositions of biomass, including cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin, and kinetic rates of biomass combustion. The combustion behavior of biomass constituent was studied by thermogravimetric analyzer. The correlations were generated by means of using Response Surface Methodology based on Simplex-Lattice experimental design. The results obtained from statistical analysis can be used to generate mathematical models and also contour plots which exhibited the relationship between biomass composition and its combustion kinetic. From the observation, the models and contour plots indicated the complexity of combustion mechanism. The correlations proposed by this research were expected to be potentially used to predict combustion behavior in case of real biomass.

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Rezania, Shahabaldin, Hossein Alizadeh, Jinwoo Cho, Negisa Darajeh, Junboum Park, Beshare Hashemi, Mohd Fadhil Md Din i in. "Changes in composition and structure of water hyacinth based on various pretreatment methods". BioResources 14, nr 3 (12.06.2019): 6088–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.3.6088-6099.

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The deconstruction of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin has varying effects on lignocellulosic biomass. To understand and evaluate these effects it is important to conduct compositional and structural analyses. In this study, the effect of different pretreatments on the composition and structure of water hyacinth (WH) was investigated. The pretreatment methods investigated were acid, alkali, ionic liquid (IL), and microwave-alkali. The structural analysis was completed before and after the pretreatment using scanning electron microscopy. In addition, the biomass recovery rate was measured to evaluate the composition of the WH biomass. Based on the results, all pretreatment methods effectively disrupted the crystalline structure and enhanced the digestibility of the WH through increasing the cellulose and hemicellulose content and reducing the lignin content. The acid pretreatment resulted in high cellulose digestibility while the microwave-alkali pretreatment destroyed only the lignin structure of the WH. The alkali and IL pretreatments increased the cellulose and hemicellulose content of the WH. The highest recovery rate was obtained via IL pretreatment. The acid, microwave-alkali, and alkali pretreatments had the second, third, and fourth highest recovery rates, respectively. This study showed that the biomass recovery rate, compositional makeup, and structural analysis are important to use WH for bioenergy production.

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Sun, D. S., K. Wesche, D. D. Chen, S. H. Zhang, G. L. Wu, G. Z. Du i N. B. Comerford. "Grazing depresses soil carbon storage through changing plant biomass and composition in a Tibetan alpine meadow". Plant, Soil and Environment 57, No. 6 (8.06.2011): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7/2011-pse.

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Grazing-induced variations in vegetation may either accelerate or reduce soil carbon storage through changes in litter quantity and quality. Here, a three-year field study (2005–2007) was conducted in Tibetan alpine meadow to address the responses of surface soil (0–15 cm) organic carbon (SOC) storage in the plant growing season (from May to September) to varying grazing intensity (represented by the residual aboveground biomass, with G0, G1, G2, and G3 standing for 100%, 66%, 55%, and 30% biomass residual, respectively), and to explore whether grazing-induced vegetation changes depress or facilitate SOC storage. Our results showed that: (i) Higher grazing intensity resulted in lower biomass of grasses and sedges, lower root biomass, and in a change in plant community composition from palatable grasses and sedges to less palatable forbs. (ii) Increased grazing reduced the SOC content and storage with only G3 showing an SOC loss during the plant growing season. (iii) Soil organic carbon storage exhibited a highly positive correlation with the residual aboveground biomass and root biomass. Our results imply that a grazing-induced reduction in plant biomass productivity and changes in species composition would depress soil carbon storage, and that an increase in grazing pressure can lead to a gradual change of alpine meadow soils from being 'carbon sinks' to become 'carbon sources'.

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Lalonde, Sophie, i John A. Downing. "Phytofaun of Eleven Macrophyte Beds of Differing Trophic Status, Depth, and Composition". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49, nr 5 (1.05.1992): 992–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f92-111.

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Macrophyte beds in 11 lakes of differing trophic conditions were sampled intensively to examine the influence of macrophyte abundance and composition, epiphyton biomass, phytoplankton concentration, and water depth on the abundance of phytophilous invertebrates. Numerical abundance and biomass of phytofaunal taxa were only weakly correlated. Phytofauna biomass ranged from 17 to 270 mg dry mass∙g macrophyte dry mass−1(1–29 g dry mass∙m−2) among the macrophyte beds. Multiple regression analysis showed that total phytofaunal biomass was positively correlated with the biomass of the three primary producers in the littoral zone: macrophytes, epiphyton, and phytoplankton. Phytofauna biomasses in deeper macrophyte beds or near the water surface were lower than those found in shallower water or near the sediment surface. Correlations of phytofauna biomass with macrophytes, epiphyton, and depth varied somewhat among phytofaunal taxa. The phytofauna biomass was often dominated by chironomid larvae, but gastropods, water mites, and oligochaetes were also important components of the phytofauna biomass. Small crustaceans such as cladocerans and copepods frequently were numerically dominant but usually composed only a small fraction of the biomass. Preference of various invertebrate taxonomic groups for particular species of aquatic macrophyte was slight.

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Irei, Satoshi. "Isotopic Characterization of Gaseous Mercury and Particulate Water-Soluble Organic Carbon Emitted from Open Grass Field Burning in Aso, Japan". Applied Sciences 12, nr 1 (23.12.2021): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12010109.

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Biomass burning is one of the major emitters of airborne particulate matter (PM) and gaseous mercury. In order to apply the isotopic fingerprinting method to process identification and source apportionment studies, isotopic characterizations of targeted substances at emission are indispensable. Here, we report the stable isotopic composition of total gaseous mercury (TGM) and the stable and radiocarbon isotopic composition of low-volatile water-soluble nitrogen (LV-WSN) and organic carbon (LV-WSOC) in PM emitted from open grass field burning in the Aso region of Japan. The measurement results showed that TGM concentrations in the air increased during the open field burning events, indicating the presence of TGM emissions. The results of LV-WSN analysis showed very low concentrations; therefore, the stable nitrogen isotope ratios could not be measured. The stable mercury isotope ratios exhibited lighter composition than those observed during non-biomass-burning days. The analysis of LV-WSOC revealed heavy stable carbon isotope ratios (average ± SD, −18 ± 2‰), suggesting a substantial contribution from C4 plant carbon. The 14C analysis showed that more than 98% of the LV-WSOC was modern carbon, indicating the contribution of plant carbon to PM emitted from biomass burning. The findings here provide reference isotope compositions of TGM and particulate LV-WSOC from biomass burning in this region.

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Ardila-Barragán, Marco Antonio, Carlos Francisco Valdés-Rentería, Brennan Pecha, Alfonso López-Díaz, Eduardo Gil-Lancheros, Marley Cecilia Vanegas-Chamorro, Jesús Emilio Camporredondo-Saucedo i Luis Fernando Lozano-Gómez. "Gasification of coal, Chenopodium Album biomass, and co-gasification of a coal-biomass mixture by thermogravimetric-gas analysis". Revista Facultad de Ingeniería 28, nr 53 (2.10.2019): 53–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.19053/01211129.v28.n53.2019.10147.

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Gasification studies were performed on sub-bituminous coal of the province Centro in Boyacá state of Colombia, vegetable biomass Chenopodium album (cenizo) and co-gasification of coal-biomass mixtures agglomerated with paraffin in a thermogravimetric analyzer. Biomass synergistically promoted thermochemical transformation of the coal was observed. Experimental results were compared to equilibrium composition simulations. Ash fusibility tests of the coal-biomass mixture were carried out, which allowed to clarify its behavior, such as dry or fluid ash according to own chemical composition, during the gasification process. The experimental tests allowed determining the differences in thermal decomposition, between coal, cenizo and coal-biomass blend, which are attributable to the physicochemical properties of each one solid fuel. During the tests, gas chromatography analyses were performed to establish the compositions of the syngas. The syngas obtained from biomass had the highest concentration of CO and the lowest H2; the coal and the coal-biomass mixture were slightly minor respectively. Concentrations of CH4, CO2 and C2H4 were similar between coal and biomass. This result is consistent with the higher calorific value of the coal syngas. The production of syngas from the coal-biomass mixture had the lowest contents of H2 and CO due to synergistic phenomena that occur with the fuel mixture. The co-gasification of the mixture gave the highest syngas production, carbon conversion, and thermal efficiency. These results indicate the viability of co-gasification of coal-Chenopodium album agglomerated mixtures. In gasification of non-agglomerated mixtures of coal-cenizo, the biomass can be burned directly without producing syngas.

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Dymala, Timo, Shen Wang, Kolja Jarolin, Tao Song, Laihong Shen, Maksym Dosta i Stefan Heinrich. "MP-PIC Simulation of Biomass Steam Gasification Using Ilmenite as an Oxygen Carrier". Atmosphere 13, nr 7 (22.06.2022): 1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13071009.

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Biomass chemical looping gasification (BCLG) is a complex process for the conversion of biomass using an oxygen carrier, which is influenced by various operating parameters. For a better understanding of this process, biomass steam gasification using ilmenite as an oxygen carrier is numerically investigated in this work using the multiphase particle-in-cell (MP-PIC) method, which is a modified Euler–Lagrange approach. As a first step, a reduced reaction network for biomass gasification is investigated in a spouted bed. As a second step, the reaction network is coupled with oxygen carrier kinetics of ilmenite for the simulation of BCLG in a lab-scale fluidized bed. For both steps, the influence of the main operating parameters, such as reactor temperature, steam-to-biomass ratio, and oxidation degree of the oxygen carrier, are investigated and compared with experimental data from the literature. In general, the simulations show satisfying results and the predicted syngas compositions with varied operating parameters are in good agreement with the experimental data. Furthermore, the main trends for the syngas composition are predicted correctly and the oxidation degree of the oxygen carrier has a significant influence on the resulting syngas composition confirming the experimental results.

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Cox, Jerry R. "Lehmann Lovegrass Live Component Biomass and Chemical Composition". Journal of Range Management 45, nr 6 (listopad 1992): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4002564.

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García-Vargas, Minerva C., María del Mar Contreras, Irene Gómez-Cruz, Juan Miguel Romero-García i Eulogio Castro. "Avocado-Derived Biomass: Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Potential". Proceedings 70, nr 1 (10.11.2020): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods_2020-07750.

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Avocado has become fashionable due to its great organoleptic and nutritional properties. It is consumed as a fresh product and it is also processed to obtain salad oil and guacamole. In all cases, the only usable portion is the pulp. Therefore, to be a more sustainable and profitable agribusiness, it is important to recognize which compounds from the peel and the stone waste can be converted into valuable bio-products. Therefore, their chemical composition was determined according to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, the total phenolic content by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the antioxidant properties by the FRAP and TEAC assays. The main components of the peel and stone were acid-insoluble lignin (35.0% and 15.3%, respectively), polymeric sugars (23.6% and 43.9%, respectively), and the aqueous extractives (15.5% and 16.9%, respectively). Both biomasses contain lipids and protein, but a minor proportion (<6%). The valorization of lignin and sugars is of interest given the high content; stones are a rich source of glucose (93.2% of the polymeric fraction), which could be used to obtain biofuels or derivatives of interest. The extractive fraction of the peel contained the highest number of phenolic compounds (4.7 g/100 g biomass), mainly concentrated in the aqueous fraction (i.e., 87%) compared to the ethanol one, which was subsequently extracted. It correlated with major antioxidant activity and, therefore, the peel can be applied to obtain antioxidants and water can be used as an environmentally friendly extraction solvent.

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Johnson, Jane M. F., Nancy W. Barbour i Sharon Lachnicht Weyers. "Chemical Composition of Crop Biomass Impacts Its Decomposition". Soil Science Society of America Journal 71, nr 1 (styczeń 2007): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2005.0419.

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Beck, Ashley, Kristopher Hunt i Ross Carlson. "Measuring Cellular Biomass Composition for Computational Biology Applications". Processes 6, nr 5 (24.04.2018): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr6050038.

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Thy, Peter, Chaowei Yu, Bryan M. Jenkins i Charles E. Lesher. "Inorganic Composition and Environmental Impact of Biomass Feedstock". Energy & Fuels 27, nr 7 (5.07.2013): 3969–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef400660u.

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Long, Christopher P., i Maciek R. Antoniewicz. "Quantifying Biomass Composition by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry". Analytical Chemistry 86, nr 19 (22.09.2014): 9423–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac502734e.

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Trotman, A. A., A. M. Almazan, A. D. Alexander, P. A. Loretan, X. Zhou i J. Y. Lu. "Biological degradation and composition of inedible sweetpotato biomass". Advances in Space Research 18, nr 1-2 (styczeń 1996): 267–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(95)00816-w.

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Vassilev, Stanislav V., David Baxter, Lars K. Andersen i Christina G. Vassileva. "An overview of the chemical composition of biomass". Fuel 89, nr 5 (maj 2010): 913–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2009.10.022.

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Jones, J. C. "The composition of syngas from coal-biomass gasification". Fuel 89, nr 12 (grudzień 2010): 4059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.04.036.

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HANEGRAAF, P. P. F., i E. B. MULLER. "The Dynamics of the Macromolecular Composition of Biomass". Journal of Theoretical Biology 212, nr 2 (wrzesień 2001): 237–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jtbi.2001.2369.

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