Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Complex Transformer”

Frequency response analysis (FRA) is a frequency-domain method which is used to detect mechanical faults in transformers. The frequency response of a transformer is determined by its geometry and material properties, and it can be considered as the transformer’s fingerprint. If there are any mechanical changes in the transformer, for example if the windings are moved or distorted, its fingerprint will also be changed so, theoretically, mechanical changes in the transformer can be detected with FRA. A problem with FRA is the fact that there is no general agreement about how to interpret the measurement results for detection of winding damages. For instance, the interpretation of measurement results has still not been standardized.The overall goal of this thesis is to try to enhance the understanding of the information contained in FRA measurements. This has been done in two ways: (1) by examining the FRA method for (much) higher frequencies than what is usual, and (2) by developing a new method in which FRA is combined with the ideas of Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR). As tools for carrying out the above mentioned steps, models for the magnetic core and the winding have been developed and verified by comparison to measurements.The usual upper frequency limit for FRA is around 2 MHz, which in this thesis has been extended by an order of magnitude in order to detect and interpret new phenomena that emerge at high frequencies and to investigate the potential of this high-frequency region for detection of winding deteriorations.Further, in the above-mentioned new method developed in this thesis, FRA and TDR are combined as a step towards an easier and more intuitive detection and localization of faults in transformer windings, where frequency response measurements are visualized in the time domain in order to facilitate their interpretation.<br>QC 20111122

У зв'язку зі зростанням технологічного прогресу, розумні системи все частіше використовуються в різних сферах людської діяльності. Розумні системи дозволяють технікам, адміністраторам і менеджерам контролювати і продуктивність і роботу пристроїв з безпечної відстані. Сфера енергетики не є винятком. Розподільчі мережі компанії повинні управляти розподільною мережею, яка є однією з найважливіших частин електромережі [1]. В даний час для загального розвитку промисловості країни необхідні трансформації в енергетичному секторі. Завдання цифровізації енергетики було поставлено на найвищому рівні[2]. Традиційно пропускна здатність мережі визначається на основі пікового використання. Таке використання може відображати споживання енергії лише протягом декількох годин на рік; Наприклад, пізно вночі посеред зими. Дорогих мережевих посилень в майбутньому можна уникнути, якщо ці піки енергоспоживання можуть бути компенсовані. Це починає відбуватися в міру того, як структура виробництва енергії змінюється і стає все більш залежною від поновлюваних джерел енергії, а не від традиційних електростанцій. Крім того, домогосподарства мають потенціал стати автономними, збільшуючи доступність внутрішнього зберігання та виробництва енергії [3]. Розумні лічильники повідомлять енергопостачальну організацію про збої передачі електроенергії, що допоможе поліпшити обслуговування клієнтів. Замість того, щоб чекати, поки перший споживач повідомить про це, мережеві організації зможуть реагувати, як тільки буде отримано перше попередження про відмову розумного лічильника. Розумні лічильники також повідомлять суб'єктів ринку електроенергії, якщо якість електропостачання, наприклад, рівень напруги, виходить за межі заданих рівнів. Це допоможе енергосистемам краще зрозуміти якість їх поставок і усунути недоліки [4].<br>У кваліфікаційній роботі магістра здійснено розробку технічних заходів щодо оптимізації системи електропостачання мережі трансформаторної підстанції 110/10 кВ. Встановлено, що необхідно забезпечити мережу ПС 110/10 кВ засобами дистанційного моніторингу параметрів на усіх рівнях. Отримані дані для місць розташування засобів контролю. Визначені чинники, що впливають на зниження ефективності процесу передачі електроенергії електричною мережею. Проведено дослідження моніторингу параметрів трансформатора засобами установки вимірювальних комплексів як з боку високої напруги так і з боку низької напруги. За виміряними даними побудований графік втрат в трансформаторі. Розроблені алгоритми на основі даних моніторингу і їх застосування на практиці для підвищення ефективності передачі електроенергії мережею.<br>In qualifying work of master's degree development of technical measures is carried out it is Set in relation to optimization of the system of power supply of network of transformer substation of 110/10 кВ., that it is necessary to provide a network by 110/10 кВ facilities of RMON of parameters on all levels. The locations of controls given for places are got. Certain factors that influence on the decline of efficiency of process of transmission of electric power an electric network. Research of monitoring of parameters of transformer is conducted by facilities of setting of measuring complexes as from the side of high tension so from the side of low tension. From measured data the built chart of losses is in a transformer. Worked out algorithms on the basis of data of monitoring and their application in practice for the increase of efficiency of transmission of electric power by a network.<br>ЗМІСТ ВСТУП 6 1 АНАЛІТИЧНИЙ РОЗДІЛ 9 1.1 Аналіз високовольтної мережі підстанції 110/10 кВ 9 1.2 Аналіз мережі середньої напруги ПС 110/10 кВ 12 1.3 Аналіз мережі низької напруги ПС 110/10 кВ 16 1.4 Висновки до розділу 1 17 2 РОЗРАХУНКОВО-ДОСЛІДНИЦЬКИЙ РОЗДІЛ 18 2.1 Існуючі методи контролю параметрів мережі 18 2.2 Критичний аналіз існуючих методів контролю параметрів мережі 21 2.3 Контроль втрат в мережі 110/10/0,4 кВ 24 2.4 Контроль величини втрат в трансформаторі і лінії 36 2.5 Висновки до розділу 2 39 3 ПРОЕКТНО-КОНСТРУКТОРСЬКИЙ РОЗДІЛ 40 3.1 Застосування розрахунку втрат по методу оперативних даних 40 3.2 Компенсація реактивної потужності 43 3.3 Інтелектуальна система АЧР 46 3.4 Використання моніторингу при технологічному приєднанні 48 3.5 Алгоритм визначення нетехнічних втрат 51 3.6 Нерівномірне навантаження в мережах 220-380 В 60 3.7 Контроль показників якості електроенергії 60 3.8 Контроль температури приладів обліку 61 3.9 Висновки до розділу 3 62 5 4 ОХОРОНА ПРАЦІ ТА БЕЗПЕКА В НАДЗВИЧАЙНИХ СИТУАЦІЯХ 63 4.1 Безпека праці електромонтера по обслуговуванню трансформаторних підстанцій і розподільних пунктів 63 4.2 Принципи і заходи підвищення стійкості функціонування об'єктів економіки 67 ЗАГАЛЬНІ ВИСНОВКИ 70 ПЕРЕЛІК ПОСИЛАНЬ 72

The estimation of optical flow has become a vital research field in image sequence analysis especially in past two decades, which found applications in many fields such as stereo optics, video compression, robotics and computer vision. In this thesis, the complex wavelet based algorithm for the estimation of optical flow developed by Magarey and Kingsbury is implemented and investigated. The algorithm is based on a complex version of the discrete wavelet transform (CDWT), which analyzes an image through blocks of filtering with a set of Gabor-like kernels with different scales and orientations. The output is a hierarchy of scaled and subsampled orientation-tuned subimages. The motion estimation algorithm is based on the relationship between translations in image domain and phase shifts in CDWT domain, which is satisfied by the shiftability and interpolability property of CDWT. Optical flow is estimated by using this relationship at each scale, in a coarse-to-fine (hierarchical) manner, where information from finer scales is used to refine the estimates from coarser scales. The performance of the motion estimation algorithm is investigated with various image sequences as input and the effects of the options in the algorithm like curvature-correction, interpolation kernel between levels and some parameter values like confidence threshold iv maximum number of CDWT levels and minimum finest level of detail are also experimented and discussed. The test results show that the method is superior to other well-known algorithms in estimation accuracy, especially under high illuminance variations and additive noise.

In this work, a new method is proposed that can be used for area tracking. This method is based on the Complex Discrete Wavelet Transform (CDWT) developed by Magarey and Kingsbury. The CDWT has its advantages over the traditional Discrete Wavelet Transform such as approximate shift invariance, improved directional selectivity, and robustness to noise and illumination changes. The proposed method is a generalization of the CDWT based motion estimation method developed by Magarey and Kingsbury. The Complex Wavelet Tracker extends the original method to estimate the true motion of regions according to a parametric motion model. In this way, rotation, scaling, and shear type of motions can be handled in addition to pure translation. Simulations have been performed on the proposed method including both quantitative and qualitative tests. Quantitative tests are performed on synthetically created test sequences and results have been compared to true data. The performance is compared with intensity-based methods. Qualitative tests are performed on real sequences and evaluations are presented empirically. The results are compared with intensity-based methods. It is observed that the proposed method is very accurate in handling affine deformations for long term sequences and is robust to different target signatures and illumination changes. The accuracy of the proposed method is compatible with intensity-based methods. In addition to this, it can handle a wider range of cases and is robust to illuminaton changes compared to intensity-based methods. The method can be implemented in real-time and could be a powerful replacement of current area trackers.

O complexo Drosophila buzzatii (grupo repleta) compreende 13 espécies, divididas em três clusters, de acordo com o bandeamento observado nos cromossomos politênicos: cluster D. stalkeri, incluindo D. richardsoni e D. stalkeri, restrito às ilhas do Caribe e Flórida; cluster D. martensis, incluindo D. martensis, D. uniseta, D. venezolana e D. starmeri, encontrado em áreas desérticas da Colômbia e Venezuela; e cluster D. buzzatii, incluindo D. buzzatii, D. koepferae, D. antonietae, D. serido, D. gouveai, D. borborema e D. seriema, habitando regiões sazonalmente secas ao longo da diagonal de vegetação aberta da América do Sul. O presente estudo teve como objetivo inferir as relações filogenéticas entre as espécies do complexo D. buzzatii, dando ênfase ao cluster D. buzzatii, por meio de análises multilocus de genes mitocondriais (COI e COII) e nucleares (EF-1F1, transformer e period). Nas hipóteses filogenéticas estabelecidas, as espécies do complexo D. buzzatii constituíram um grupo monofilético, composto por dois subgrupos monofiléticos, os clusters D. martensis e D. buzzatii, e um parafilético, o cluster D. stalkeri. As relações de parentesco entre as espécies do cluster D. buzzatii foram estabelecidas. Drosophila buzzatii ocupou a posição mais basal dentro do cluster D. buzzatii, estando proximamente relacionada à espécie D. koepferae. Drosophila antonietae ocupou uma posição intermediária em relação às espécies D. koepferae e D. serido, que representa o táxon irmão do ramo formado por D. gouveai, D. borborema e D. seriema, com D. gouveai ocupando uma posição mais basal em relação às espécies irmãs D. borborema e D. seriema. Foi detectada seleção purificadora como a principal força dirigindo a evolução dos genes nucleares transformer e period, para as espécies do complexo D. buzzatii. O gene mitocondrial COI, por sua vez, foi utilizado para estimar os tempos de divergência para as espécies do cluster D. buzzatii, revelando que o processo de diversificação do grupo iniciou-se no período Plioceno, provavelmente em decorrência de eventos de vicariância associados à elevação dos Andes, sendo também influenciado pelo avanço e retração da vegetação xerófita, nas flutuações climáticas do Pleistoceno.<br>Drosophila buzzatii complex (repleta group) consists of 13 species, divided into three clusters according to the banding seen in polytene chromosomes: D. stalkeri cluster, including D. richardsoni and D. stalkeri, restricted to the Caribbean Islands and Florida; D. martensis cluster, including D. martensis, D. uniseta, D. venezuelana and D. starmeri, found in desert areas of Colombia and Venezuela, and D. buzzatii cluster, including D. buzzatii, D. koepferae, D. antonietae, D.gouveai, D. borborema and D. seriema, that inhabit seasonally dry regions along the open vegetation diagonal in South America. This study aimed to infer the phylogenetic relationships among the D. buzzatii species complex, emphasizing the D. buzzatii cluster, by multilocus analysis of mitochondrial (COI and COII) and nuclear (EF-1F1, transformer and period) genes. In established phylogenetic hypotheises, the species of the D. buzzatii complex formed a monophyletic group, composed of two monophyletic subgroups, the D. martensis and D. buzzatii clusters, and a paraphyletic one, the D. stalkeri cluster. The relationships among the D. buzzatii species cluster were established. Drosophila buzzatii occupied the most basal position within the D. buzzatii cluster and is closely related to D. koepferae. D. antonietae occupied an intermediate position in relation to the D. koepferae and D. serido species. D. serido represents the sister taxon of the branch formed by the D. gouveai, D. borborema and D. seriema species, with D. gouveai occupying a basal position in relation to the sister species D. borborema and D. seriema. It was detected that purifying selection is the main force driving the evolution of transformer and period nuclear genes for the species of the D. buzzatii complex. The divergence time of the D. buzzatii species cluster was estimated by the COI gene analysis, revealing that the process of diversification of the group began in the Pliocene period, probably due to vicariant events associated with the uplift phase of the Andes, and it was also influenced by the advance and retraction of xerophytic vegetation in Pleistocene climatic fluctuations.

Magnetizing harmonics in power systems have received limited attention. The general belief is that they do not reach harmful levels in interconnected networks. Moreover the modelling of non-linearities is not a straightforward procedure and so there has been little motivation to develop appropriate methodologies that allow a thorough investigation to take place. In this thesis the problem of magnetizing harmonics in power systems is investigated. The results obtained show that, contrary to expectations, magnetizing currents can give rise to a considerable harmonic distortion in the voltage wave form of power networks operating under loaded conditions. The method adopted in this research linearizes each magnetic non-linearity around a base operating point. The linearization exercise takes place in the complex-conjugate harmonic space and the individual linearized equations may be interpreted as harmonic Norton equivalents. These equations combine easily with each other and with the transfer admittances representing the linear part of the network. The overall process of linearization may be seen as a linearization of the entire network and can also be interpreted as a multi-nodal, polyphase harmonic Norton equivalent. This problem is non-linear and the harmonic solution is reached by an iterative process. A re-linearization of the network takes place at each iterative step and so the solution is found through a Newton-type procedure. Several iterative strategies are tested, including unified and sequential solutions with either single or multi-evaluated Jacobians. A hitherto neglected problem which also receives attention is the harmonic modelling of non-homogenous transmission lines. A novel approach to the modelling of the frequency dependent part of the transmission line is also presented. The equations proposed are shown to be the fastest to date and yet maintain a high degree of accuracy.

Les fonctions polyanalytiques entières généralisent les fonctions entières dans la mesure où elles sont les solutions sur le plan complexe \mathbb{C} de l'équation de Cauchy-Riemann à l'ordre n, de la forme { partial} nf / \partial \overline{z} n = 0. Un espace de Fock polyanalytique F2 {\alpha,n} est, par analogie avec le cas classique, le sous-espace fermé de l'espace de Hilbert L^2 (\mathbb{C},d\mu \alpha), où \mu \alpha est une mesure de probabilité gaussienne sur \mathbb{C} de paramètre alpha&gt;0, formé des fonctions polyanalytiques entières d'ordre n. L'objet de cette thèses est l'étude d'éléments classiques de la théorie des opérateurs tels que la transformée de Berezin et les opérateurs de Toeplitz dans le cadre particulier des espaces de Fock polyanalytiques. Dans ce manuscrit, il est montré en particulier que les points fixes de la transformée de Berezin qui appartiennent aux espaces de Lebesgue sont les fonctions nulles ou éventuellement constantes. Concernant les opérateurs de Toeplitz, le problème de Sarason est étudié. Etant donné une fonction f, l'opérateur de Toeplitz de symbole f est formellement défini par T {alpha,n} f(h)=P {alpha,n}(f h), où P {alpha,n} est la projection orthogonale de L^2(\mathbb{C},d\mu {alpha}) sur F^2 {alpha,n}. Le problème de Sarason consiste à donner une condition nécessaire et suffisante sur f et g pour que le produit d'opérateurs de symboles f et bar g soit continu<br>Entire polyanalytic functions generalize entire functions in that they are solutions of "Cauchy-Riemann equations of order n, of the form {\partial}^n f / \partial \overline{z}^n = 0, over the whole complex plane \mathbb{C}. Polyanalytic Fock space F^2_{\alpha,n} is, by analogy with the classical case, the closed subspace of the Hilbert space L^2(\mathbb{C},d\mu_\alpha), where \mu_\alpha is a Gaussian probability measure over \mathbb{C} with weight \alpha&gt;0, of polyentire functions of order n. The aim of this PhD thesis is the study of classical objects of operator theory such that the Berezin transform and Toeplitz operators in the particular case of polyanalytic Fock spaces. In this written, it is shown among other results, that the L^p fixed points of the Berezin transform are constant functions. Concerning Toeplitz operators, the Sarason problem is studied. Given a function f, the Toeplitz operator with symbol f is formally defined by T^n_f(h)=P_{F^2_n}(f h), where P_{F^2_n} is the orthogonal projection from L^2(\mathbb{C},d\mu) on to F^2_n. The so-called Sarason's problem consists in finding necessary and sufficient conditions on the symbols f and g for the Toeplitz product with symbols f and \bar g to be bounded in the Fock space