Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Complementarity Framework

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Complementarity Framework”

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Data publikacji: 6 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Complementarity Framework"

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Cuffaro, Michael. "The Kantian framework of complementarity". Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 41, nr 4 (listopad 2010): 309–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsb.2010.04.003.

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Grygar, Filip. "Bohr’s Complementarity Framework in Biosemiotics". Biosemiotics 10, nr 1 (28.12.2016): 33–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12304-016-9281-4.

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Lipovšek, Frančiška. "Why English Exhibits Determiner-Possessor Complementarity and Slovene Doesn’t". ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries 1, nr 1-2 (31.12.2004): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/elope.1.1-2.15-22.

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The aim of the paper is to provide an explanation for the following difference between English and Slovene: whereas in English a definite determiner and a possessor are in complementary distribution, in Slovene the two categories are perfectly compatible. Arguing that the traditional approach to determiner-possessor complementarity is inadequate, the paper proposes an explanation that has been developed within the framework of generative grammar: languages exhibiting determiner-possessor complementarity are characterized by the presence of the [∼def] feature on the functional head Pos. The generative approach also shows that (with the definite article and a demonstrative occupying different structural positions) determiner-possessor complementarity is in fact twofold, comprising (i) articlepossessor complementarity and (ii) demonstrative-possessor complementarity.
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Ferris, Michael C., Alexander Meeraus i Thomas F. Rutherford. "Computing Wardropian equilibria in a complementarity framework". Optimization Methods and Software 10, nr 5 (styczeń 1999): 669–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10556789908805733.

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Shanbhag, Uday V., Gerd Infanger i Peter W. Glynn. "A Complementarity Framework for Forward Contracting Under Uncertainty". Operations Research 59, nr 4 (sierpień 2011): 810–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/opre.1110.0947.

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Cameron, Lynne. "Confrontation or complementarity?" Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics 5 (29.11.2007): 107–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/arcl.5.06cam.

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Theoretical and methodological challenges presented by studying metaphor in its discourse environment are addressed. Complex dynamic systems theory provides a theoretical ‘discourse dynamics’ framework for describing metaphor in face-to-face conversation, and more generally, as a phenomenon that is at once linguistic, cognitive, affective and socio-cultural. Empirical data from post-conflict reconciliation conversations illustrate the procedures of metaphor-led discourse analysis, using metaphor to investigate patterns of talking and thinking. Identification of linguistic metaphors is followed by the extraction of patterns of metaphor use, which include metaphor clusters and ‘systematic metaphors’. Connections are made between metaphor in on-line talk, patterns of metaphor use in discourse events and metaphor in socio-cultural life. The final section of this article discusses whether the differences found between metaphor as hypothesised in conceptual metaphor theory and metaphor in real-world discourse reflect an essential incompatibility or can be used more positively in developing cognitive approaches to metaphor.
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Wang, Xuefeng, Rongrong Li, Yuqin Liu i Ming Lei. "A Morphology-Driven Method for Measuring Technology Complementarity: Empirical Study Involving Alzheimer's Disease". Journal of Data and Information Science 7, nr 3 (1.08.2022): 20–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jdis-2022-0017.

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Abstract Purpose Measuring the exact technology complementarity between different institutions is necessary to obtain complementary technology resources for R&D cooperation. Design/methodology/approach This study constructs a morphology-driven method for measuring technology complementarity, taking medical field as an example. First, we calculate semantic similarities between subjects (S and S) and action-objects (AO and AO) based on the Metathesaurus, forming clusters of S and AO based on a semantic similarity matrix. Second, we identify key technology issues and methods based on clusters of S and AO. Third, a technology morphology matrix of several dimensions is constructed using morphology analysis, and the matrix is filled with subjects -action-objects (SAO) structures according to corresponding key technology issues and methods for different institutions. Finally, the technology morphology matrix is used to measure the technology complementarity between different institutions based on SAO. Findings The improved technology complementarity method based on SAO is more of a supplementary and refined framework for the traditional IPC method. Research limitations In future studies we will reprocess and identify the SAO structures which were not in the technology morphology matrix, and find other methods to characterize key technical issues and methods. Furthermore, we will add the comparison between proposed method and traditional and mostly used complementarity measurement method based on industry chain and industry code. Practical implications This study takes medical field as an example. The morphology-driven method for measuring technology complementarity can be migrated and applied for any given field. Originality/value From the perspective of complementary technology resources, this study develops and tests a more accurate morphology-driven method for technology complementarity measurement.
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Folse, Henry, i Abner Shimony. "The Philosophy of Niels Bohr: The Framework of Complementarity". Physics Today 38, nr 10 (październik 1985): 108–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2814739.

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Kan, Ziyun, Fei Li, Haijun Peng, Biaosong Chen i XueGuan Song. "Sliding cable modeling: A nonlinear complementarity function based framework". Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 146 (styczeń 2021): 107021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2020.107021.

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Kojima, Masakazu, Nimrod Megiddo i Shinji Mizuno. "A General Framework of Continuation Methods for Complementarity Problems". Mathematics of Operations Research 18, nr 4 (listopad 1993): 945–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/moor.18.4.945.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Complementarity Framework"

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Schmidt, Martin [Verfasser]. "A generic interior-point framework for nonsmooth and complementarity constrained nonlinear optimization / Martin Schmidt". Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover (TIB), 2013. http://d-nb.info/1032791799/34.

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Bicaba, Zorobabel Tamoué. "Design and effects of financial reforms : the role complementarity, learning, and policymarkers’ beliefs". Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010010.

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Cette thèse se focalise sur quatre aspects de la dynamique des réformes financières, qu'elle catégorise en deux parties. La première partie analyse d'une part, l'effet de la cohérence financière sur l'afflux de capitaux étrangers et d'autre part, la relation entre le sentier de croissance et la trajectoire de réformes financières adoptée par les pays. La seconde partie utilise un cadre coût-bénéfice pour évaluer si le comportement des décideurs politiques en matière de réformes est inspirée de la dynamique d'une frontière spécifique de libéralisation; elle analyse aussi dans quelle mesure les phénomènes d'apprentissage ainsi que l'évolution des croyances des décideurs politiques à propos de l'effet de la libéralisation après l'effondrement du système de Bretton Woods contribuent à l'explication de la dynamique des réformes financières dans les pays. Le premier chapitre évalue l'analyse de la complémentarité des réformes financières sur l'afflux de capitaux étrangers. Dans ce chapitre, nous analysons la relation entre la cohérence du système de réformes financières et l'afflux de capitaux étrangers (investissements directs étrangers et investissements portefeuille). Nos résultats suggèrent que la manière dont les réformes financières ont été mises en oeuvre affecte significativement les afflux de capitaux étrangers. Le chapitre 2 de cette thèse analyse comment le sentier ou la trajectoire complète de réformes financières poursuivies par les pays pourrait influencer leur sentier de croissance. Il est basé sur l'idée pertinente de séquençage des réformes avancé par Dewatripont et Roland (1994). Le troisième chapitre de cette partie examine si les pays apprennent à partir d'une norme spécifique de la libéralisation financière et évalue comment le gain de croissance de la libéralisation est affectée dans ce contexte. Les principaux résultats sont que lorsque les pays atteignent la frontière (mondiale ou régionale) de libéralisation, ils obtiennent de meilleurs résultats en terme de croissance du PIB ainsi que la stabilité financière. Le quatrième chapitre explore comment la dynamique des politiques à l'égard des marchés financiers est expliquée par l'apprentissage et par l'évolution des croyances des décideurs à propos des effets de la libéralisation du compte de capital. Nous trouvons que les croyances des décideurs quant aux effets sur la croissance des politiques à l'égard des marchés financiers ont évolué de façon non linéaire
This thesis focuses on four aspects of financial reforms dynamics which could be categorized into two parts. The first part analyzes the effect of the coherence of financial reforms of international capital inflows and the relation between the path of economic growth and the trajectory of financial reforms followed by countries. The second part uses a cost-benefit framework to analyze whether countries learn from a normative financial liberalization frontier; and shows how learning and the evolution of beliefs have contributed to explained financial markets'policy choices after the collapse of Bretton Woods' system. The first chapter evaluates how financial reforms' complementarity affects international capital inflows. The empirical results suggest that the manner in which financial reforms are implemented matters. Particularly, complementarity increases FDI inflows by 0.10 %. The second chapter analyzes how the full trajectory or sequence of financial reforms followed by countries affects their growth path. It is based on a very relevant argument for sequencing reforms puts--forward by Dewatripont and Roland (1994). We find that the trajectory of financial reforms followed by countries affects the level of GDP per capita growth. The third chapter of this part investigates whether countries learn from a specific norm. The main results are that when countries reach the time specific world (or regional) frontier of liberalization, they perform better in terms of GDP per capita growth as well as financial stability •of financial liberalization and evaluates how the growth payoff of liberalization is affected. The fourth chapter explores how the dynamics of policies towards capital (financial) markets are explained by learning and by the evolution of policymakers beliefs about the effects of capital control or capital account liberalization strategies. We find that policymakers' beliefs about the growth effects of policies towards financial markets evolve non-linearly and that radical changes policymakers' beliefs about the superiority of capital account liberalization policies take time
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Scott, Gavin. "Complementary Companion Behavior in Video Games". DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2017. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1744.

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Companion characters in are present in many video games across genres, serving the role of the player's partner. Their goal is to support the player's strategy and to immerse the player by providing a believable companion. These companions often only perform rigidly scripted actions and fail to adapt to an individual player's play-style, detracting from their usefulness. Behavior like this can also become frustrating to the player if the companions become more of a hindrance than they are a benefit. Other work, including this project's precursor, focused on building companions that mimic the player. These strategies customize the companion's actions to each player, but are limited. In the same context, an ideal companion would help further the player's strategy by finding complementary actions rather than blind emulation. We propose a game-development framework that adds complementary (rather than mimicking) companions to a video game. For the purposes of this framework a "complementary" action is defined as any that furthers the player's strategy both in the immediate future as well as in the long-term. This is determined through a combination of both player-action and game-state prediction processes, while allowing the companion to experiment with actions the player hasn't tried. We used a new method to determine the location of companion actions based on a dynamic set of regions customized to the individual player. A user study of game-development students showed promising results, with a seventeen out of twenty-five participants reacting positively to the companion behavior, and nineteen saying that they would consider using the framework in future games.
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Kim, Homin. "Estimating Evapotranspiration Using the Complementary Relationship and the Budyko Framework". DigitalCommons@USU, 2017. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6792.

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Land surface actual evapotranspiration (ET) is an important process in terrestrial water balance and reliable estimates of ET are necessary to improve water resources management. In this regard, there is a growing body of literature that recognizes the importance of an accurate ET model. Among them, the complementary relationship between ET and potential ET (ETP) has been the subject of many studies because it uses only meteorological data as inputs. However, there is an increasing concern that some complementary relationship models perform poorly under dry conditions. To overcome this limitation, this dissertation was designed to extend the latest complementary relationship model, Modified GG, using both meteorological data and vegetation information, NDVI, which is readily available from remote sensing data. The proposed model, Adjusted GG-NDVI, was validated by comparing to other ET models and measured ET data. With Adjusted GG-NDVI, this dissertation addressed the applicability of using ET as a proxy for drought monitoring. As a result, the drought patterns from the proposed drought index, EWDI, were consistent with commonly used USDM in the United States. More importantly, this study described drought conditions by comprehensively considering both precipitation and vegetation conditions. Taken together, these findings have significant implications for the understanding of how ET can assist in water resources management.
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Storck, Johann. "Management of Intellectual Property in China A Framework for Complementary Protection Methods /". St. Gallen, 2006. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/01654573002/$FILE/01654573002.pdf.

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Cheong, Kah Wai. "Pharmacy Staff Perceptions on Complementary Framework and Advanced Scope for Hospital Pharmacy Support Staff". Thesis, Griffith University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/402726.

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Pharmacy assistants and technicians, as pharmacy support staff, play an important role in hospital pharmacy departments by alleviating pharmacists’ time to concentrate on more clinically oriented tasks. Whilst organisations such as the Society of Hospital Pharmacists Australia (SHPA) have recognised the need to further integrate pharmacy assistants and technicians into more advanced roles, such as medication reconciliation, there is currently limited research on the availability of training and consistency in service delivery provided by these support staff in Australian hospital settings. As a result, hospitals/organisations around the country have implemented individualised in-house training suited to their respective needs and environment. In order for pharmacy support staff to be equipped to perform advanced roles, training frameworks and support from pharmacists are required. The aim of this study was to explore and compare the perceptions of roles and available training frameworks that support career advancement for pharmacy support staff, amongst pharmacists and support staff, in the hospital sector. A literature review was completed to inform international comparisons of roles, training frameworks and benefits of support staff advancement within the pharmacy profession. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with personnel from both private and public hospitals to explore key issues identified in the literature. A total of 25 participants consisting of ten pharmacists and 15 pharmacy support staff were recruited from a private (n=13) and a public (n=12) hospital in South East Queensland. Interviews were conducted either face-to-face or via telephone between October 2017 to August 2018 across both sites, with a mean duration of 39.85 minutes (range: of 20.08 to 60.04 minutes). All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and quality checked by a second researcher prior to data analysis using the qualitative software NVivo® 11. The general inductive approach was used for thematic data analysis, which allowed for the emergence of new themes and sub-themes within the research topic. Findings from this research confirmed that the core duties of pharmacy support staff were dispensing and inventory management in both hospital settings, with greater clinical task involvement sought by participants. Tasks such as assisting with medication history taking, collating pathological results, research involvement, and discharge facilitation were considered as technical tasks within a clinical setting. Most participants supported the career advancement of pharmacy support staff irrespective of their own professional role, and believed that with appropriate training, this could include technical tasks in a clinical setting and administrative roles currently performed by pharmacists. Professional autonomy, time, and monetary incentives were commonly reported by participants as motivators, with lack of organisational support and course availability reported as common barriers for pharmacy support staff career progression. With some participants having international knowledge and experiences, emerging themes such as pharmacy technician registration and the need for governing bodies such as universities and registration boards were also expressed. Other emerging themes included the perception of hierarchy from inside and outside of the pharmacy profession by selected participants. This study also identified inconsistencies in the application of role titles used across both sites with pharmacy assistant and pharmacy technician used interchangeably, and differences in role expectations. For example, tasks such as supply of inpatient medication performed across both hospital environments had diverse processes with different levels of pharmacist involvement. As a result, this study highlighted the need for greater consistency in the definition and application of pharmacy support staff titles and roles. Additionally, participants revealed the need for governing bodies to streamline roles and training frameworks similar to the accreditation and registration processes seen internationally, as means of ensuring and maintaining the quality of service provided to stakeholders. This exploratory study provides valuable insight into the thoughts and motivation of pharmacy support staff and pharmacists that can inform the evolution of support staff career pathways. By documenting the accounts and views of pharmacists and pharmacy support staff in two different hospital environments, this study has added to existing research by being one of the first studies to obtain insight into the lived experience of pharmacy staff within the Australian hospital environment. This study has also identified potential areas for further research in the field of pharmacy support staff education and professional practice.
Thesis (Masters)
Master of Medical Research (MMedRes)
School of Medical Science
Griffith Health
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Santos, Martha Raquel Pereira. "Bacterial community as a complementary tool to the water directive framework in ecological quality assessment of Caima river". Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/21461.

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Mestrado em Microbiologia
Freshwater ecosystems have been suffering severe degradation and loss of biodiversity, caused by human disturbances such as agriculture, industry, mining, urban development and climate changes. Therefore, the European Union reached an agreement and implemented the Water Framework Directive (WFD), with the main goal of reach a good ecological status in all water bodies. However, WFD is very complex, methodologies are time-consuming and costly. Thus, the main objective of this study is to develop a rapid and cost-effective approach, by studying the bacterial community composition by flow cytometry, as a complementary methodology to WFD. To achieve this, we study 3 sampling sites at Caima River along the seasons (winter, spring and summer), with different levels of environmental impacts (Nascente- river source- with little impact, Bustelo- downstream WWTP and Palhal- exposed to mine drainage), applying first the WFD criteria and then multivariate analysis for macroinvertebrate, periphyton and bacteria communities. Physico-chemical, metals and bacteria samples were collected from the water column and sediment river bottom, showing that in all the parameters (with some exceptions) and metals the concentrations were higher in sediments. Results showed that not always the macroinvertebrate and periphyton communities were sensitive to an increased nutrient input, resulting in an ecological status higher than expected. On the other hand, community structure analysis for macroinvertebrates and periphyton was very discriminatory, associating high levels of nutrients and metals with more tolerant organisms in impacted sites, and sensitive organisms with high levels of dissolved oxygen corresponding to pristine environments. Bacteria community analysis revealed a clear separation of LNA and HNA bacteria in sediment according to the different environmental stress, being possible to dissociate the majority of the impacted sites from the clean sites, being HNA a good indicator of contamination. These results revealed that bacteria community in sediments has more reliable data about the impacts that a freshwater ecosystem can suffer. The discriminating power of bacteria community analyzed by FCM provided good responses, although, further investigations are needed to confirm the feasibility of this new method, as a complementary tool in the water quality assessment.
Os sistemas aquáticos de água doce têm vindo a sofrer uma severa degradação e perda de biodiversidade, derivado de atividades humanas como a agricultura, indústria, atividades mineiras desenvolvimento urbano e alterações climáticas. Assim, a União Europeia implementou a Diretiva Quadro da Água (DQA), com o principal objetivo de atingir o bom estado ecológico em todas as massas de água. No entanto, a DQA revelou ser bastante complexa, com metodologias muito morosas e dispendiosas. Com este estudo, pretende-se desenvolver uma metodologia rápida e económica, estudando a composição da comunidade bacteriana por citometria de fluxo, como ferramenta complementar à DQA. Para a concretização deste trabalho, foram estudados 3 locais do rio Caima com diferentes tipos de impactos: a nascente – local de referência; Bustelo - a jusante de uma estação de tratamento de águas residuais e o Palhal - com escorrências provenientes de uma mina desativada, no inverno, primavera e verão aplicando a metodologia estabelecidas pela DQA usando os macroinvertebrados e perifiton como comunidades biológicas estudadas. Adicionalmente foi aplicada a análise multivariada aos dados recolhidos por citometria de fluxo à comunidade de bactérias da coluna de água e dos elutriados dos sedimentos e aos resultados das comunidades de macroinvertebrados e perifiton obtidos da DQA. No geral, os parâmetros físico-químicos, e as quantificações de metais mostraram valores mais elevados nos elutriados dos sedimentos do rio, do que na coluna de água mostrando a importância da análise desta matriz que não está contemplada na DQA. Resultados sensu DQA mostraram que nem sempre as comunidades de macroinvertebrados e perifiton foram concordantes na resposta aos diferentes tipos de impactos e que a qualidade ecológica dos locais avaliados foi melhor do que era expectável. Por outro lado, a análise multivariada das comunidades de macroinvertebrados e perifiton foi bastante discriminatória, associando elevados níveis de nutrientes e metais com organismos mais tolerantes, que se encontram em locais mais impactados, e organismos sensíveis com altos níveis de oxigénio dissolvido em locais mais pristinos. A análise da comunidade bacteriana revelou uma distinta separação entre bactérias LNA e HNA nos sedimentos, de acordo com os diferentes stresses ambientais, sendo HNA, nos sedimentos, um ótimo indicador de contaminação. Estes resultados revelam que a comunidade bacteriana oferece uma boa resolução de locais contaminados usando a citometria de fluxo como metodologia rápida de avaliação complementar à avaliação do estado ecológico sensu DQA sendo, no entanto, necessárias mais estudos aplicados a outras tipologias de rios e outros tipos de impactos para confirmar a validade desta nova metodologia.
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Burkhard, Remo Burkhard Remo Aslak. "Knowledge visualization : the use of complementary visual representations for the transfer of knowledge : a model, a framework, and four new approaches /". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=15918.

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Wu, Liuliu. "Similarity of Climate Control on Base Flow and Perennial Stream Density in the Budyko Framework". Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5727.

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Streams are classified into perennial, intermittent, and ephemeral streams based on flow durations. Perennial stream is the basic network, while intermittent or ephemeral stream is the expanded network. Connection between perennial stream and base flow at the mean annual scale exists since one of the hydrologic functions of perennial stream is to deliver runoff even in low flow seasons. The partitioning of precipitation into runoff and evaporation at the mean annual scale, on the first order, is captured by the ratio of potential evaporation to precipitation (Ep/P called climate aridity index) based on the Budyko hypothesis. The primary focus of this thesis is the relationship between base flow and perennial stream density (Dp) in the Budyko framework. In this thesis, perennial stream density is quantified from the high resolution National Hydrography Dataset for 185 watersheds; the climate control (represented by the climate aridity index) on perennial stream density and on base flow is quantified; and the correlation between base flow and perennial stream density is analyzed. Perennial stream density declines monotonically with the climate aridity index, and an inversely proportional function is proposed to model the relationship between Dp and Ep/P. This monotonic trend of perennial stream density reconciles with the Abrahams curve, and the perennial stream density is only a small portion of the total drainage density. The dependences of base flow ratio (Qb/P) and the normalized perennial stream density on the climate aridity index follow a similar complementary Budyko-type curve. The correlation coefficient between the ratio of base flow to precipitation and perennial stream density is found to be 0.74. The similarity between the base flow and perennial stream density reveals the co-evolution between water balance and perennial stream network.
M.S.
Masters
Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Civil Engineering; Water Resources Engineering
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"An empirical framework for testing theories about complementarity in orgaziational design". Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/2715.

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Susan Athey and Scott Stern.
Title from cover. "May, 1998."
Includes bibliographical references (p. 33-35).
Supported in part by the Sloan School of Management and a grant from the National Science Foundation. SBR-9631760
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Książki na temat "Complementarity Framework"

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The philosophy of Niels Bohr: The framework of complementarity. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1985.

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Athey, Susan. An empirical framework for testing theories about complementarity in organizational design. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1998.

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(Kenya), Independent Medico-Legal Unit, red. Proposed legislative framework for the prevention of torture in Kenya. Nairobi: Kenya Section, International Commission of Jurists and Independent Medico Legal Unit., 2011.

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Commission on California State Government Organization and Economy. Regulation of acupuncture: A complementary therapy framework. Sacramento, CA: Little Hoover Commission, 2004.

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Stone, Julie. An ethical framework for complementary and alternative therapists. London: Routledge, 2002.

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An ethical framework for complementary and alternative therapists. New York: Routledge, 2002.

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Junceda, Javier. Comentarios a la ley 1/2005, de 9 de marzo, de comercio de derechos de emisión de gases de efecto invernadero, y a la normativa complementaria de aplicación del Protocolo de Kioto. Cizur Menor (Navarra): Thomson Civitas, 2005.

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Burkhard, Remo. Knowledge visualization: The use of complementary visual representations for the transfer of knowledge : a model, a framework, and four new approaches. S.l: s.n., 2005.

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The Philosophy of Niels Bohr: The Framework of Complementarity (North-Holland Personal Library). North Holland, 1988.

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Olympia, Bekou. Part VI Impact, ‘Legacy’, and Lessons Learned, 48 The ICC and Capacity Building at the National Level. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198705161.003.0048.

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This Chapter examines the importance of capacity building in administering justice for core international crimes. It discusses both the ICC framework, including its limited resources, and the obstacles national jurisdictions need to overcome in order to meet the complementarity threshold in the ICC context. It further explores the notion of positive complementarity as the basis for capacity building, with a view to revisiting the position of national legal orders in the Rome Statute system of justice. It argues that national jurisdictions should not attempt to replicate ‘mini-ICCs’ on the ground, but create national justice institutions that serve the needs of the societies they represent, whilst complying with requisite international standards.
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Części książek na temat "Complementarity Framework"

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Boudjlida, Nacer, i Dong Cheng. "Complementarity in Competence Management: Framework and Implementation". W On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems: OTM 2010, 490–506. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16934-2_36.

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Folse, Henry J. "Bohr’s Framework of Complementarity and the Realism Debate". W Niels Bohr and Contemporary Philosophy, 119–39. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8106-6_6.

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Kafatos, Menas, i Robert Nadeau. "The Road Untraveled: Enlarging the New Logical Framework of Complementarity". W The Conscious Universe, 127–46. New York, NY: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-0360-2_8.

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Masukata, Shuichiro, Cristina Yumie Aoki Inoue i Nanahira de Rabelo e. Sant’Anna. "Global Environmental Governance and ODA from Japan to Brazil". W Brazil—Japan Cooperation: From Complementarity to Shared Value, 87–111. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4029-3_4.

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AbstractBoth Brazil and Japan have been active in global environmental governance, have signed important multilateral environmental agreements, and both have committed to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The two countries have been historical partners in development cooperation/assistance since 1959. Starting with a broad concept of development cooperation (assistance), this study aims at assessing the contributions and impacts of this specific type of cooperative relationship between the two countries. Using a global environmental governance analytical framework, the research assesses the Japanese official development assistance (ODA) and interrogates its contribution to and impacts on environmental protection and sustainable development in Brazil. Through literature review, document analysis, and interviews, we identify development cooperation programs and projects implemented in the period of 1981–2020 and present two cases, one in the Cerrado (PRODECER) and the other in the Amazon (SAF—Tomé-Açu), to analyze how global environmental commitments guide (or not) the provision of ODA. Such analysis is relevant to understanding global trends of environmental governance at the subnational and local levels. We argue that the environmental dimension has been incorporated into ODA projects, according to global commitments. However, more must be achieved to meet global environmental challenges.
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Koyasu, Akiko, i Danielly Ramos. "Japan’s Relationship with Portuguese-Speaking Africa: Considering the Future of Brazil–Japan Cooperation". W Brazil—Japan Cooperation: From Complementarity to Shared Value, 113–37. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4029-3_5.

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AbstractJapan and Brazil have built a partnership not only in bilateral and multilateral framework but also in triangular cooperation. In recent years, the term FOIP (Free and Open Indo–Pacific) has been used as the philosophy of Japanese diplomacy. FOIP vision means to achieve peace, stability and prosperity in Asia and African region. Brazil itself is not a direct region for FOIP. But considering the African region is included in FOIP, and for Brazil, Africa is a continent historically and strategically important, Japan’s diplomatic concept, FOIP is not irrelevant to Brazil. To think about the future of Japan–Brazil relations, it is necessary to consider Japan’s African diplomacy in the era of FOIP in order to compare it with Brazil’s African diplomacy. In this article we will especially focus on the Portuguese-speaking African countries. The structure of the article is as follows. First, regarding Japan’s diplomacy with Africa, the philosophy and achievements of TICAD (Tokyo International Conference on African Development) started under the initiative of Japanese government since 1993 will be explained. In considering the future cooperation between Japan and Brazil in Africa, it is also necessary to understand Brazil’s African diplomacy. To that ends, the second part of the article will be the Brazilian diplomatic relations with Africa from the postwar period to the present day. In contrast to the active relations with Africa during the Lula governments, some major setbacks can be seen in the current Bolsonaro administration’s diplomatic relations with Africa. After the characteristics of Japan and Brazil’s diplomacy with Africa have been clarified, in the third part of this article, we will inquire the possibility of further cooperation of Japan and Brazil while looking back on the history and achievements of triangular cooperation between Japan–Brazil, and African countries, especially Mozambique. And we will put some comments as a concluding remark.
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Bhattacharya, Debapriya, Victoria Gonsior i Hannes Öhler. "The Implementation of the SDGs: The Feasibility of Using the GPEDC Monitoring Framework". W The Palgrave Handbook of Development Cooperation for Achieving the 2030 Agenda, 309–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57938-8_14.

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AbstractAchieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development with its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) requires significant behavioural changes from a variety of actors, including actors in development cooperation. Within this context, this chapter discusses important political as well as technical factors that influence the contribution of the Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation (GPEDC) and its monitoring framework to the implementation of the SDGs. These are, among other things, the complementarity of the GPEDC monitoring framework to the SDGs; the limited enthusiasm of development partners from the Global South, in particular China and India; the limited attention paid to the platform in general and the monitoring framework in particular by member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); as well as the missing interpretative evaluations and follow-up processes in the aftermath of the respective monitoring rounds.
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Muchunku, Charles, i Georg Heinemann. "Identifying Effective Electrification Approaches and Combinations Thereof to Meet Universal Electricity Access Targets in Eastern Africa". W Energiepolitik und Klimaschutz. Energy Policy and Climate Protection, 177–232. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-38215-5_9.

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AbstractThe gains made in increasing electricity access between 2010 and 2018 indicate the benefit of a multi-pronged approach to electrification, which combines on-grid and off-grid electrification approaches and efforts from both public and private actors. The gains still fall short of the rate of increase needed to achieve universal access to electricity by 2030, indicating the need to increase the effectiveness of the multi-pronged approach. To do this the paper applies the triple embeddedness framework theory. Within the scope of Eastern Africa, we consider actors in the delivery of electricity access (irrespective of approach or whether public or private) as delivering similar goods and services, and conceptualize them as a collective entity i.e., firms in the electrification industry. The paper then analyses how these firms are shaped by the industry regime and influenced by the socio-political and economic environments, with a view to identifying where and how external pressure can be exerted to stimulate and facilitate the reorientation and recreation required to make progress towards universal electricity access. Through this exercise we demonstrate that the triple embeddedness framework provides a structured way of laying out the key aspects associated with electrification to create a picture that enables one to ‘see the forest for the trees’ and identify where and how to achieve more effective complementarity between on and off-grid approaches, and public and private firms.
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Karavdin, Andrew A. "Analysis of Mutual Agricultural Trade of the EAEU Countries on the Basis of the Trade Complementarity Index in a Framework of Integration and Globalization Processes". W Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 816–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69415-9_93.

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Stupak, Howard D. "Complementary Procedures to the Framework Strategy (The Canopy Layer)". W Rethinking Rhinoplasty and Facial Surgery, 183–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44674-1_8.

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Ghandeharizadeh, Shahram, Frank Sommers, Kuntal Joisher i Esam Alwagait. "A Document as a Web Service: Two Complementary Frameworks". W XML-Based Data Management and Multimedia Engineering — EDBT 2002 Workshops, 450–61. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-36128-6_27.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Complementarity Framework"

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Carrero, Niliana, Carles Batlle i Enric Fossas. "Modeling a Coupled-Inductor Boost Converter in the Complementarity Framework". W 2012 European Modelling Symposium (EMS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ems.2012.45.

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Tant, Jeroen, Johan Driesen i Wim Michiels. "Event-driven simulation of power electronics in the complementarity systems framework". W 2012 IEEE 13th Workshop on Control and Modeling for Power Electronics (COMPEL). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/compel.2012.6251773.

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Bhalerao, Kishor D., Kurt S. Anderson i Jeffery C. Trinkle. "A Recursive Hybrid Time-Stepping Scheme for Intermittent Contact in Multi-Rigid-Body Dynamics". W ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-86774.

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This paper describes a novel method for the modeling of intermittent contact in multi-rigid-body problems. We use a complementarity based time-stepping scheme in Featherstone’s Divide and Conquer framework to efficiently model the unilateral and bilateral constraints in the system. The time-stepping scheme relies on impulse-based equations and does not require explicit collision detection. A set of complementarity conditions is used to model the interpenetration constraint and a linearized friction cone is used to yield a linear complementarity problem. The Divide and Conquer framework ensures that the size of the resulting mixed linear complementarity problem is independent of the number of bilateral constraints in the system. This makes the proposed method especially efficient for systems where the number of bilateral constraints are much greater than the number of unilateral constraints. The method is demonstrated by applying it to a falling 3D double pendulum.
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Melanz, Daniel, Hammad Mazhar i Dan Negrut. "Using an Anti-Relaxation Step to Improve the Accuracy of the Frictional Contact Solution in a DVI Framework for Rigid Body Dynamics". W ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-59651.

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Systems composed of rigid bodies interacting through frictional contact are manifest in several science and engineering problems. The number of contacts can be small, such as in robotics and geared machinery, or large, such as in terrame-chanics applications, additive manufacturing, farming, food industry, and pharmaceutical industry. Currently, there are two popular approaches for handling the frictional contact problem in dynamic systems. The penalty method calculates the frictional contact force based on the kinematics of the interaction, some representative parameters, and an empirical force law. Alternatively, the complementarity method, based on a differential variational inequality (DVI), enforces non-penetration of rigid bodies via a complementarity condition. This contribution concentrates on the latter approach and investigates the impact of an anti-relaxation step that improves the accuracy of the frictional contact solution. We show that the proposed anti-relaxation step incurs a relatively modest cost to improve the quality of a numerical solution strategy which poses the calculation of the frictional contact forces as a cone-complementarity problem.
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Villa-Villasenor, Noe, Jesus Rico-Melgoza i Irwin Diaz-Diaz. "Modeling and Simulation of Electrical Machine Systems Through Bond Graphs and the Complementarity Framework". W 2018 21st International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/icems.2018.8549192.

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Negrut, Dan, Alessandro Tasora i Mihai Anitescu. "Large-Scale Parallel Multibody Dynamics With Frictional Contact on the GPU". W ASME 2008 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2008-2139.

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In the context of simulating the frictional contact dynamics of large systems of rigid bodies, this paper reviews a novel method for solving large cone complementarity problems by means of a fixed-point iteration algorithm. The method is an extension of the Gauss-Seidel and Gauss-Jacobi methods with overrelaxation for symmetric convex linear complementarity problems. Convergent under fairly standard assumptions, the method is implemented in a parallel framework by using a single instruction multiple data (SIMD) computation paradigm promoted by the Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) library for graphical processing unit (GPU) programming. The framework is anticipated to become a viable tool for investigating the dynamics of complex systems such as ground vehicles running on sand, powder composites, and granular material flow.
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Morfin-Magana, Rodrigo. "Real-Time Simulation of Model Predictive Control for Boost Converters in the Linear Complementarity Framework". W 2022 IEEE International Autumn Meeting on Power, Electronics and Computing (ROPEC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ropec55836.2022.10018572.

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Tasora, Alessandro, Dan Negrut i Mihai Anitescu. "A GPU-Based Implementation of a Cone Convex Complementarity Approach for Simulating Rigid Body Dynamics With Frictional Contact". W ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-66766.

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In the context of simulating the frictional contact dynamics of large systems of rigid bodies, this paper reviews a novel method for solving large cone complementarity problems by means of a fixed-point iteration algorithm. The method is an extension of the Gauss-Seidel and Gauss-Jacobi methods with over-relaxation for symmetric convex linear complementarity problems. Convergent under fairly standard assumptions, the method is implemented in a parallel framework by using a single instruction multiple data computation paradigm promoted by the Compute Unified Device Architecture library for graphical processing unit programming. The framework supports the analysis of problems with a large number of rigid bodies in contact. Simulation thus becomes a viable tool for investigating the dynamics of complex systems such as ground vehicles running on sand, powder composites, and granular material flow.
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Lu, Ying, Jedediyah Williams, Jeff Trinkle i Claude Lacoursière. "A Framework for Problem Standardization and Algorithm Comparison in Multibody System". W ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-35041.

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The underlying dynamic model of multibody systems takes the form of a differential Complementarity Problem (dCP), which is nonsmooth and thus challenging to integrate. The dCP is typically solved by discretizing it in time, thus converting the simulation problem into the problem of solving a sequence of complementarity problems (CPs). Because the CPs are difficult to solve, many modelling options that affect the dCPs and CPs have been tested, and some reformulation and relaxation options affecting the properties of the CPs and solvers have been studied in the hopes to find the “best” simulation method. One challenge within the existing literature is that there is no standard set of benchmark simulations. In this paper, we propose a framework of Benchmark Problems for Multibody Dynamics (BPMD) to support the fair testing of various simulation algorithms. We designed and constructed a BPMD database and collected an initial set of solution algorithms for testing. The data stored for each simulation problem is sufficient to construct the CPs corresponding to several different simulation design decisions. Once the CPs are constructed from the data, there are several solver options including the PATH solver, nonsmooth Newton methods, fixed-point iteration methods for nonlinear problems, and Lemke’s algorithm for linear problems. Additionally, a user-friendly interface is provided to add customized models and solvers. As an example benchmark comparison, we use data from physical planar grasping experiments. Using the input from a physical experiment to drive the simulation, uncertain model parameters such as friction coefficients are determined. This is repeated for different simulation methods and the parameter estimation error serves as a measure of the suitability of each method to predict the observed physical behavior.
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Lu, Shen, Nathan B. Schroeder i Harrison M. Kim. "Hybrid Power/Energy Generation System Design Through Multistage Design Optimization Problem With Complementarity Constraints". W ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-28362.

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The optimal design of hybrid power generation systems (HPGS) can significantly improve the economical and technical performance of power supply. However, the discrete-time simulation with logical disjunctions involved in HPGS design usually leads to a nonsmooth optimization model, to which well established techniques for smooth nonlinear optimization could not be directly applied. This paper proposes a multistage design optimization problem with complementarity constraints approach for HPGS design, which introduces a complementarity formulation of the nonsmooth logical disjunction, as well as a multistage decomposition framework, to ensure a fast local solution. A numerical study of a stand-alone hybrid photovoltaic (PV)/wind power generation system is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Complementarity Framework"

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Russo, David, Daniel M. Tartakovsky i Shlomo P. Neuman. Development of Predictive Tools for Contaminant Transport through Variably-Saturated Heterogeneous Composite Porous Formations. United States Department of Agriculture, grudzień 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7592658.bard.

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The vadose (unsaturated) zone forms a major hydrologic link between the ground surface and underlying aquifers. To understand properly its role in protecting groundwater from near surface sources of contamination, one must be able to analyze quantitatively water flow and contaminant transport in variably saturated subsurface environments that are highly heterogeneous, often consisting of multiple geologic units and/or high and/or low permeability inclusions. The specific objectives of this research were: (i) to develop efficient and accurate tools for probabilistic delineation of dominant geologic features comprising the vadose zone; (ii) to develop a complementary set of data analysis tools for discerning the fractal properties of hydraulic and transport parameters of highly heterogeneous vadose zone; (iii) to develop and test the associated computational methods for probabilistic analysis of flow and transport in highly heterogeneous subsurface environments; and (iv) to apply the computational framework to design an “optimal” observation network for monitoring and forecasting the fate and migration of contaminant plumes originating from agricultural activities. During the course of the project, we modified the third objective to include additional computational method, based on the notion that the heterogeneous formation can be considered as a mixture of populations of differing spatial structures. Regarding uncertainly analysis, going beyond approaches based on mean and variance of system states, we succeeded to develop probability density function (PDF) solutions enabling one to evaluate probabilities of rare events, required for probabilistic risk assessment. In addition, we developed reduced complexity models for the probabilistic forecasting of infiltration rates in heterogeneous soils during surface runoff and/or flooding events Regarding flow and transport in variably saturated, spatially heterogeneous formations associated with fine- and coarse-textured embedded soils (FTES- and CTES-formations, respectively).We succeeded to develop first-order and numerical frameworks for flow and transport in three-dimensional (3-D), variably saturated, bimodal, heterogeneous formations, with single and dual porosity, respectively. Regarding the sampling problem defined as, how many sampling points are needed, and where to locate them spatially in the horizontal x₂x₃ plane of the field. Based on our computational framework, we succeeded to develop and demonstrate a methdology that might improve considerably our ability to describe quntitaively the response of complicated 3-D flow systems. The results of the project are of theoretical and practical importance; they provided a rigorous framework to modeling water flow and solute transport in a realistic, highly heterogeneous, composite flow system with uncertain properties under-specified by data. Specifically, they: (i) enhanced fundamental understanding of the basic mechanisms of field-scale flow and transport in near-surface geological formations under realistic flow scenarios, (ii) provided a means to assess the ability of existing flow and transport models to handle realistic flow conditions, and (iii) provided a means to assess quantitatively the threats posed to groundwater by contamination from agricultural sources.
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Sharpe, D. R., G. Leduc, C. S. Smart i J. Shaw. Georgian Bay bedrock erosion: evidence for regional floods, Ontario. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331409.

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We provide an updated presentation of the spectacular erosion forms at French River Ontario (Kor et al. 1991) based on new methods of data collection and wider observations. This work includes ~ 10 more detailed study sites, documentation of the range of forms over a larger area, the use of extensive drone image capture and ground surveys, as well as a detailed inventory of forms. Key sites are illustrated using video images. The update extends the conclusions of the Kor paper regarding the significance and scale of subglacial meltwater erosion with some novel findings. We document the importance of plucking (including hydraulic plucking) and, the control of structure on s-forms, which were not highlighted in the Kor study. Apparent cavitation erosion forms are prominent across the study area and provide support for inferred high-velocity meltwater flow. A growing interpretative framework includes discussion of evidence to test a theorized hydraulic sequence of sheet-channel-distributed flow, followed by re-grounding of glacial ice as meltwater flow waned. This hydraulic sequence may also be complementary to observations in thick sediment terrain down flow.
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Nestleroth, Bruce, i Michael Rosenfeld. PR-218-173859-R01 ILI Crack Reliability Performance Evaluation and Integrity Management. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), grudzień 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011543.

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This work compiled and statistically analyzed results from two types of ultrasonic in-line inspection (ILI) tools designed to detect axial cracks. Phase 1 of NDE-4E provided a robust series of statistical results related to liquid coupled ultrasonic crack detect (UTCD) ILI performance. In a follow-on project, additional data collection in Phase 2 provided a similar overview of electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) tool performance. This complementary work communicates how the tech-nical results from NDE-4E Phases 1 and 2 can be used by pipeline operators as part of an opera-tor's robust integrity management program for cracks. This report demonstrates approaches to integrate the technical results from NDE-4E into integrity management frameworks to enhance the technology transfer of the results of several years of industry data collection. It also com-municates how these technical results can be used by PRCI member companies to improve program effectiveness, efficiency, and compliance with regulations and recommended practices.
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Sembler, Jose Ignacio, Ernesto Cuestas, Roni Szwedzki, Sumiko Andrade Sakaguchi, Damian Galinsky, Fernando Barbosa, Diego Del Pilar i in. Corporate Evaluation: Evaluation of IDB Invest. Inter-American Development Bank, lipiec 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005014.

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At the 2015 annual meeting in Busan, the Boards of Governors of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and the Inter-American Investment Corporation (IIC) decided to consolidate the IDB Group's private-sector operations into the IIC. This process of consolidation and capitalization, known as the private sector merge-out, took effect on 1 January 2016. The Busan Resolution set forth a “Renewed Vision” for promoting development in the region through the private sector. This Renewed Vision provides a long-term framework (2016-2025) for IDB Invest and focuses on the objectives of: (i) strengthening effectiveness and additionality; (ii) maximizing synergies between the public and private sectors; and (iii) maximizing the efficient use of resources and ensuring long-term financial sustainability. This evaluation seeks to independently assess and report on the effectiveness of the implementation to date of the Renewed Vision, aimed at promoting development in the region through the private sector. Specifically, the general question that the evaluation aims to answer is the following: To what extent is IDB Invest on its way to achieving the end objectives set out in the Renewed Vision? To that end, the Office of Evaluation and Oversight (OVE) used a combination of complementary methods, including a review of strategic and corporate documents, financial and portfolio analyses, interviews and surveys, and documentary analyses of a sample of operations. This evaluation covers the 2016-2021 period and uses as reference the findings in OVE's 2017 midterm review of implementation of the merge-out to further analyze areas that had not yet matured at that time. The evaluation was also guided by a reference framework that linked the objectives of the Renewed Vision to the main activities and initiatives undertaken thus far to help achieve those objectives.
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Hwa, Yue-Yi. Opportunities for Changing Teacher Norms Vary by Underlying Factors in Teachers’ Selves, Situations, Standards, and Society. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), marzec 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2023/130.

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What do the factors underlying teacher norms imply about opportunities for changing those norms that hinder children’s learning? I address this question by analysing the transcripts of interviews that I conducted with 14 pairs of interlocutors from various contexts (with a focus on the Global South), each of whom had complementary expertise related to teacher norms. Based on this analysis, I develop a conceptual framework for mapping the factors that sustain teacher norms across four domains of teachers’ experiences: selves (“what I value”), situations (“what can be done”), standards (“what those in charge expect”), and society (broader influences). Different configurations of underlying factors across these domains can lead to different types of norms: coherent norms, compromise norms, and contestation norms. Each of these types represents a different way in which teachers might respond to a top-down standard. I illustrate these between-type differences by discussing examples from the interviews of teaching narrowly to certain standards and of being absent from the classroom during scheduled lessons. Each type of norms offers distinct opportunities for change by influencing aspects of teachers’ selves, situations, and standards in particular ways. Additionally, one broader opportunity for change is reshaping societal narratives about education and the teaching profession.
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Ukiwe i McDonnell. L52362 Assessing the Performance of Above Ground Coating Evaluation Surveys. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), listopad 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010686.

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The primary application area for above ground coating evaluation (AGCES) methods is for unpiggable pipelines. For several reasons, however, AGCES methods are not necessarily limited along these narrow lines. For instance, most ILI tools are incapable of identifying external corrosion (which resulted from coating damage overtime) until the wall loss damage has reached the measurable detection threshold of the ILI tool. Thus, even for piggable pipelines, AGCES methods still come in handy for pipeline integrity. In fact, the most proactive approach for pipeline corrosion integrity management for the future will include complementary surveys, such as ECDA and ICDA, all super-imposed and integrated on a common GIS framework for comparative and comprehensive data analysis. Within the pipeline industry there exist divergent views about the AGCES methods, their principles of operation, and limitations. An important defining point about AGCES methods is simple this: they are indirect inspection methods for identifying and classifying external coating damage; they are not - and should not be - tied to the functionalities of any specific proprietary tools or hardware manufactures. The second statement requires further qualification. Confusion is often created among users of AGCES methods when the names of certain coating survey tool are interchanged with the specific survey methods in question. For instance, company A manufactures a device C for detecting coating anomalies. The tendency within the industry is to call the coating survey method such names as "C Survey" or "C Coating Survey". The problem created in this instance is to limit AGCES methods to what device C can capture; the quality of the data become handicapped by that of device C. Industry standards have been created to avoid the fore-going pitfalls. Hence, rather than limit survey methods to the specifications of a given proprietary tool, attempts should be made to manufacture and design tools to meet industry standards. The result will be uniformity of methodology, the only distinctions being speed of data acquisition, methods of data analysis, and possibly, other subtle differences in technological advancements. Included in this distinction is the use of analog versus digital data acquisition methods. Of course, all that has been described so far assumes that the industry standards referenced captures all the details of an effective coating evaluation survey method, including known and even perceived limitations.
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The Competitive Advantage of Nations: A Successful Experience, Realigning the Strategy to Transform the Economic and Social Development of the Basque Country. Universidad de Deusto, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/xiqr3861.

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Why do the new economy and welfare societies recommend a new station on the long journey towards competitiveness initiated within the framework of “The Competitive Advantage of Nations”, published as long as 25 years ago? A little more than twenty-five years ago, the Basque Country decided to equip itself with its own development strategy, undertaking to meet the challenge of designing its own future. The Basque Country aspired to give itself the maximum degree of self-government as a nation without a State, following its release from a long dictatorship which had plunged it into autarchy and isolation from the Western democracies around it, limiting its ability and responsibility to shape its own destiny and to offer its Society the highest standards of welfare, facing one of the greatest economic, political and social crises of its history and suffering from the ravages of terrorism within an economy castigated by soaring unemployment above 25%, a drop in its GDP, the fall, like dominoes, of its key industrial sectors, locked into the monoculture of the steel and metal working industry, outside the Europe which was being constructed by the then Economic Community of the Six, marginalized as a peripheral area from the future axis and development of the so-called “blue banana” of the London-Milan backbone and with an incipient and inexperienced administration, full of youth and enthusiasm, and a business world undergoing conversion, learning to live with a trade union phenomenon that the former dictatorship had bypassed. Faced with this complex and exciting challenge, those of us who had the privilege of addressing the aforementioned proposal, interpreting (by means of our analyses, as well as the wish to make our desires and dreams come true) the main keys to explain the state of the world economy, the main trends of change and their foreseeable impact on the Basque economy (“What the world economy taught us”), began the task of defining what we call “A strategy for the modernization and internationalization of our economy and our Country” trying to give some meaning to the role expected of the new players (States, city-regions, provinces, etc.), a role in which our small Country, with features of a City-Region, a sub-national entity, an invertebrate area on the two sides of the Pyrenees, could assume the figure of co-protagonist and provide society with a prosperous future. We also needed the framework and tools desirable for tackling the success strategy. We identified the gap between the needs that would be generated by the new paradigms and the tools offered by the existing political-economic framework (contents, skills, potential developments), accompanied by our own Country-strategy, with special emphasis on the initiatives, factors and critical vectors our society would demand and its aspirations for well-being and development. Within this context, the Basque Government approached Michael E. Porter, his ideas and concepts of the moment, and we began a collaborative process (which lasts until this day), constructing much more than our “Competitive Advantage of the Basque Country” in a thrilling and unfinished “Journey towards Competitiveness and Prosperity”. The Basque Country enjoys the privilege of having been the first nation to apply, in a strategic and comprehensive manner, the concepts which, a few years later, came to light in the prestigious publication we celebrate today, titled “The Competitive Advantage of Nations”, which has inspired the design of numerous policies and strategies throughout the world, which has brought about a proliferation of followers, which has trained instructors and which has generated a large number of new researchers and academics, new policy makers, new instruments for competitiveness and extraordinary levels of prosperity throughout the world. Since then, we have shared our own particular project which, alive and changing, responds to the new economic and social challenges and conflicts by constructing and applying a Country strategy with distinctive achievements and results beyond our economic environment. It lies within the conceptual framework inspired by the complementary tripod of Michael E. Porter's conceptual movement in his Competitive Advantage (Competitiveness, Shared Value Initiative and Social Progress) and our contributions learned from day to day in keeping with our vocation, identity, will and commitment. It is a never-ending process based on a model and a way of understanding the former pledge to give ourselves a single strategy designed by and for people.
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