Rozprawy doktorskie: „Comparison measures”

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Jivsäter, Andreas, i Marcus Martinsson. "A comparison of management performance measures". Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-21644.

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Salim, Naomie. "Analysis and comparison of molecular similarity measures". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274970.

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Mezo, Peter Geza. "A Comparison of Four Measures of Self-Control Skills". Thesis, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/7083.

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Bletzinger, Kara. "A Comparison of Two Measures of Oral Reading Fluency". TopSCHOLAR®, 2006. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/441.

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Reading fluency is an important part of the process of learning to read. It is commonly assessed by the use of Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM) techniques; however, a new assessment method emerged in the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement- Third Edition (WJ-III). Only one previous study had examined the validity of the Reading Fluency test from the WJ-III by comparing it to established CBM measures of reading fluency for a sample of third-grade students. The resulting correlation between the two measures supported the validity of the WJIII Reading Fluency test, but it was unclear as to the two tests' relationship across grade levels. To address this question, the current study examined the relationship between the Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills test of Oral Reading Fluency (DORF) a standardized CBM-type measure, and the WJ-III Reading Fluency test with students from grades one, three, and five. Results supported the use of the WJ-III Reading Fluency test as a valid measure of reading fluency across grade levels.

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Wilde, Laura E. "A comparison of seven automated measures of syntactic complexity /". Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2009. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2942.pdf.

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Wilde, Laura Elizabeth. "A Comparison of Seven Automated Measures of Syntactic Complexity". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2009. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1722.

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This study compared seven syntactic measures which can be automatically generated by the Computerized Profiling (CP) software: Mean Length of Utterance in morphemes or words (MLUm or MLUw), Mean Syntactic Length (MSL), the Index of Productive Syntax (IPSyn), the Picture Elicited Scoring Procedure (PESP) for the Language Analysis Remediation and Screening Profile (LARSP), the Syntactic Complexity Score (MSC) scoring of LARSP, and Developmental Sentence Scoring (DSS). Language samples came from 192 children, 106 typically developing children, ages 5;6 to 11;2 and 86 children with language impairment, ages 5;6 to 11;1. Patterns of correlation were consistent for children with or without language impairment. All measures were computed with CP software, and all coding decisions that were made by the software were accepted. The three measures of length (MLUm, MLUw, and MSL) were highly intercorrelated. MSC correlated with the measures of length and with DSS. DSS correlated with the length measures, though not as highly as MSC. DSS also correlated with IPSyn. IPSyn correlated moderately with PESP, correlated less with MSC, and correlated the least with the measures of length. PESP correlated moderately with each measure. PESP, DSS, and IPSyn correlated more highly for the children with language impairment. These measures correlated highly sometimes and sometimes they did not correlate much. This suggests that they are measuring different aspects of syntactic ability.

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Kowalchuk, Rhonda K. D. "Repeated measures multiple comparison procedures with a mixed model analysis". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ51642.pdf.

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Fisher, Michael John. "A comparison of two depression measures for people with schizophrenia". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ64951.pdf.

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Rousseau, Glenna S. Vernon Laura. "A comparison of personal attribute and scenario based shame measures". Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2005%20Fall/Thesis/ROUSSEAU_GLENNA_56.pdf.

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Lee, Daryl Hsu Ann. "Toward large-graph comparison measures to understand Internet topology dynamics". Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/37658.

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
By measuring network changes, we can get a better understanding of a network. Extending this to the Internet, we are able to understand the constantly occuring changes on an international scale. In this research, we propose a measure that conveys the relative magnitude of the change between two networks (i.e., Internet topology). The measure is normalised and intuitively gives an indication of whether the change is small or large. We start off by applying this measure to standard common graphs, as well as random graphs. These graphs were first simulated and the measurements taken; results were then proved theoretically. These corresponded to the simulation results, thus demonstrating correctness. For case studies, we compared actual implemented networks with that which is inferred by probes. This comparison was done to study how accurate the probes were in discovering actual network topology. Finally, we conducted real-world experiments by applying the measurements to certain segments of the Internet. We observed that the measurements indeed do pick up events which significantly influenced structural changes to the Internet.

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Merrill, Trish. "A Comparison of Curriculum Based Measures of Oral Reading Fluency". Thesis, University of Southern Maine, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10838430.

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Curriculum Based Measurements (CBM) are a widely-used tool for Response to Intervention (RTI) progress monitoring. In addition, they can be used in the determination of learning disabilities and special education qualification. The most widely used type of CBM is a measure of oral reading fluency (ORF). This type involves having a student read out loud for 1 minute while the examiner records any errors. Also known as reading curriculum-based measures (RCBM), various published forms of RCBM have been documented to be reliable and valid measures of all aspects of reading skills. Nonetheless, not all RCBM forms are the same, and the differences in features across published versions could affect student scores. This study examined the textual composition of three different published versions of RCBM probes to determine passage similarity and difficulty. The study also examined the consistency in student reading levels across the RCBM passage sets. A total of 202 students completed three passages from each of the selected probe sets for a total of nine passages each. Results indicated that all RCBM passages were correlated with each other and with a statewide assessment of reading. Mixed results were obtained when analyzing correlations between RCBM and a computer administered universal screening measure in reading. Significant differences were found in the overall number of words read correctly, dependent on the passage set. Significant differences were also noted in the number of students identified as at-risk of reading difficulties or in need of reading intervention based on each of the RCBM passage sets as compared to other standardized tests of reading. Regarding the textual composition of the three versions, passage sets appeared similar when similar length passages were compared, however, descriptive statistics suggested that passage level difficulty may vary depending on the passage within the set.

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Zhang, Chi. "A Comparison among Three Bridge Performance Measures for Allocating Funds". The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1525735529560811.

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Borgstrom, Jinna Simone, i Jinna Simone Borgstrom. "Contralateral Stimulus Comparison of the Acoustic Reflex via Reflectance Measures". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624314.

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The acoustic reflex (AR) occurs as the result of a contraction of the stapedius muscle in response to the presentation of a loud sound. When the stapedius muscle contracts, the ossicular chain and the tympanic membrane are stiffened. Generally, increased stiffness of the middle ear system causes low frequency sounds to be more readily reflected off the tympanic membrane, while high frequency sounds are more easily admitted into the middle ear. Wideband power reflectance (WPR) measures energy across a broad frequency range (200-6000Hz) as it is reflected off of the tympanic membrane. Use of WPR allows for measurement of stiffness effects across frequencies, in comparison to conventional immittance instruments, which measure admittance changes at a single probe tone frequency (226Hz). The purpose of this study was to identify whether reflectance measures could be used to differentiate reflectance patterns resulting from activation of the acoustic reflex as a function of contralateral stimulus type (broadband noise, 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000Hz). This study hypothesized that innervation distribution patterns of the basilar membrane would result in the AR producing different stiffness changes based on contralateral stimulus type. This study additionally demonstrates the potential of WPR to enhance understanding of the AR effects on the auditory system.

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Hetherington-Rauth, Megan, Jennifer W. Bea, Vinson R. Lee, Robert M. Blew, Janet Funk, Timothy G. Lohman i Scott B. Going. "Comparison of direct measures of adiposity with indirect measures for assessing cardiometabolic risk factors in preadolescent girls". BIOMED CENTRAL LTD, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623119.

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Background: Childhood overweight and obesity remains high, contributing to cardiometabolic risk factors at younger ages. It is unclear which measures of adiposity serve as the best proxies for identifying children at metabolic risk. This study assessed whether DXA-derived direct measures of adiposity are more strongly related to cardiometabolic risk factors in children than indirect measures. Methods: Anthropometric and DXA measures of adiposity and a comprehensive assessment of cardiometabolic risk factors were obtained in 288, 9-12 year old girls, most being of Hispanic ethnicity. Multiple regression models for each metabolic parameter were run against each adiposity measure while controlling for maturation and ethnicity. In addition, regression models including both indirect and direct measures were developed to assess whether using direct measures of adiposity could provide a better prediction of the cardiometabolic risk factors beyond that of using indirect measures alone. Results: Measures of adiposity were significantly correlated with cardiometabolic risk factors (p < 0.05) except fasting glucose. After adjusting for maturation and ethnicity, indirect measures of adiposity accounted for 29-34% in HOMA-IR, 10-13% in TG, 14-17% in HDL-C, and 5-8% in LDL-C while direct measures accounted for 29-34% in HOMA-IR, 10-12% in TG, 13-16% in HDL-C, and 5-6% in LDL-C. The addition of direct measures of adiposity to indirect measures added significantly to the variance explained for HOMA-IR (p = 0.04). Conclusion: Anthropometric measures may perform as well as the more precise direct DXA-derived measures of adiposity for assessing most CVD risk factors in preadolescent girls. The use of DXA-derived adiposity measures together with indirect measures may be advantageous for predicting insulin resistance risk.

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Gaines, Rodney P. "Comparison of Anthropometric Measures of Competitive Bodybuilders to Judges' Scores and a Comparison of Judges' Scores". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29253.

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This research compared physical characteristics of bodybuilders to judges' rankings, and compared the judges' rankings across three levels of judges: Elite, Trained, and Untrained. Twenty-nine male and nine female bodybuilding athletes consented to anthropometric and circumference measurements. The independent variables in this study were bodyfat, fat-free weight, and proportionality of muscle. Three groups of judges ranked male and female athletes in the Open, Novice, Collegiate, and Masters divisions. The measurements of proportionality of muscle, bodyfat, girths, and fat-free weight were analyzed using simple and multiple regression. The judges' rankings in each class were compared using reliability coefficients, correlation, repeated measures analysis of variance, and the generalized theory for inter-rater reliability. There were significant correlations between the Elite judges' rankings and bodyfat in the Men's Open lightweight class. The Trained and Elite judges' rankings were significantly correlated with bodyfat in the Women's Novice class. Fat-free weight was significantly correlated with the Untrained and Elite judges' rankings in the Women's Novice division. Proportionality of muscle was significantly correlated with the Elite and Trained judges' rankings in the Men's Open lightweight class. Elite and Trained judges' rankings were significantly correlated with bodyfat and proportionality of muscle. All three groups of judges' were significantly correlated with the Overall rankings. The Trained judges' rankings were more correlated and more reliable with the Elite judges. The inter-rater reliability scores were higher for the Elite and Trained judges than for the Untrained judges. When fat-free weight was substituted for body weight in the calculation of proportionality of muscle, prediction of ranking was enhanced. The education session led to a significant disparity in judges' rankings between Trained and Untrained judges. Bodyfat appears to be a better selection variable when comparing physical measurements to judges' rankings in women. Proportionality of muscle is a better selection variable in predicting judges' rankings in men. Prediction models developed from this investigation need further testing.
Ph. D.

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Gaines, Rodney Perry. "Comparison of Anthropometric Measures of Competitive Bodybuilders to Judges' Scores and a Comparison of Judges' Scores". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29253.

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This research compared physical characteristics of bodybuilders to judges' rankings, and compared the judges' rankings across three levels of judges: Elite, Trained, and Untrained. Twenty-nine male and nine female bodybuilding athletes consented to anthropometric and circumference measurements. The independent variables in this study were bodyfat, fat-free weight, and proportionality of muscle. Three groups of judges ranked male and female athletes in the Open, Novice, Collegiate, and Masters divisions. The measurements of proportionality of muscle, bodyfat, girths, and fat-free weight were analyzed using simple and multiple regression. The judges' rankings in each class were compared using reliability coefficients, correlation, repeated measures analysis of variance, and the generalized theory for inter-rater reliability. There were significant correlations between the Elite judges' rankings and bodyfat in the Men's Open lightweight class. The Trained and Elite judges' rankings were significantly correlated with bodyfat in the Women's Novice class. Fat-free weight was significantly correlated with the Untrained and Elite judges' rankings in the Women's Novice division. Proportionality of muscle was significantly correlated with the Elite and Trained judges' rankings in the Men's Open lightweight class. Elite and Trained judges' rankings were significantly correlated with bodyfat and proportionality of muscle. All three groups of judges' were significantly correlated with the Overall rankings. The Trained judges' rankings were more correlated and more reliable with the Elite judges. The inter-rater reliability scores were higher for the Elite and Trained judges than for the Untrained judges. When fat-free weight was substituted for body weight in the calculation of proportionality of muscle, prediction of ranking was enhanced. The education session led to a significant disparity in judges' rankings between Trained and Untrained judges. Bodyfat appears to be a better selection variable when comparing physical measurements to judges' rankings in women. Proportionality of muscle is a better selection variable in predicting judges' rankings in men. Prediction models developed from this investigation need further testing.
Ph. D.

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17

Linde, Adam. "Emission reduction in waste incineration : A comparison of three applicable measures". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Byggteknik och byggd miljö, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-431492.

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Utilization of waste as fuel for heat and power production is commonplace in Sweden, and the fossil emissions from the incineration of waste is primarily derived from the share of plastics in the fuel. Reducing the share of fossil material in the fuel should therefore lead to diminished local emissions. Alternatively, district heating with waste incineration have potential for implementation of CCS technology, that have the possibility to create negative emissions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential of emission reduction and cost efficiency for three different measures that can be applied for waste incineration: sorting of waste, requirement specification and implementation of CCS technology. This was made with the case of Stockholm Exergi, a district heating actor in the Stockholm region with a desire to achieve emission reduction sufficient to offset additional emissions from a new waste incineration facility in development. The measures were compared by constructing distinct scenarios where the emissions and costs of the scenarios could be found in comparison to a reference case where no measures had been applied. For this, modelling of the properties of the waste streams used as fuel was necessary. The results showed that the capacity for sorting is not sufficient to achieve the desired levels of emission reduction on its own, while it is a cost-efficient measure. Requirement specification together with sorting can reduce the emissions to desired levels, but the required reduction of plastics in the fuel is significant. The additional quantities of waste required to produce energy at the same level as before limiting the shares of plastic results in an income from gate fees that mitigate the potential decrease in value of the gate fees brought on by requirement specification. Implementation of CCS technology would create significant negative emissions and yield overall net negative emissions for the studied facilities, but the cost of the technology would create a dependency of external incentives to keep it profitable.

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Parker, Scott Thomas. "Marital Satisfaction and Religiosity: A Comparison of Two Measures of Religiosity". Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2009. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/32736.

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Counseling Psychology
Ph.D.
The current study compared two measures of religiosity and compared the relationship between religiosity and marital satisfaction. Religiosity was measured using two methods: monthly church attendance and The Shepherd Scale (Bassett et al., 1981). Participants consisted of at 158 married individuals selected from four Christian churches in Burlington County, New Jersey. Results confirm that a relationship exists between Christian religious beliefs and marital satisfaction: a person who has strong, conservative Christian beliefs also has high marital satisfaction. Results also show a correlation between a single-item subjective measure of marital satisfaction and the Marital Satisfaction Inventory-Revised Edition (Snyder, 1997). Beliefs and practices of the Christian faith did not better predict marital satisfaction than attendance at religious functions. Religious beliefs, religious behaviors, or number of times at church each month did not predict marital satisfaction when the Marital Satisfaction Inventory-Revised Edition (Snyder, 1997) was used to assess marital satisfaction but religious behavior predicted marital satisfaction when a single-item, subjective measure of marital satisfaction was used instead. A final finding revealed that personal prayer and time spent in joint prayer are able to predict marital satisfaction regardless of the method used to assess marital satisfaction.
Temple University--Theses

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19

Greene, Catherine Ann. "Comparison of learning disability subtypes on independent and concurrent measures of metamemory". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0014/NQ52423.pdf.

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Briggs, Janet E. "A comparison of anagrams and word fragments as "implicit" measures of retention /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1991. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARPS/09arpsb854.pdf.

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Neethling, Willem Francois. "Comparison of methods to calculate measures of inequality based on interval data". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97780.

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Thesis (MComm)—Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In recent decades, economists and sociologists have taken an increasing interest in the study of income attainment and income inequality. Many of these studies have used census data, but social surveys have also increasingly been utilised as sources for these analyses. In these surveys, respondents’ incomes are most often not measured in true amounts, but in categories of which the last category is open-ended. The reason is that income is seen as sensitive data and/or is sometimes difficult to reveal. Continuous data divided into categories is often more difficult to work with than ungrouped data. In this study, we compare different methods to convert grouped data to data where each observation has a specific value or point. For some methods, all the observations in an interval receive the same value; an example is the midpoint method, where all the observations in an interval are assigned the midpoint. Other methods include random methods, where each observation receives a random point between the lower and upper bound of the interval. For some methods, random and non-random, a distribution is fitted to the data and a value is calculated according to the distribution. The non-random methods that we use are the midpoint-, Pareto means- and lognormal means methods; the random methods are the random midpoint-, random Pareto- and random lognormal methods. Since our focus falls on income data, which usually follows a heavy-tailed distribution, we use the Pareto and lognormal distributions in our methods. The above-mentioned methods are applied to simulated and real datasets. The raw values of these datasets are known, and are categorised into intervals. These methods are then applied to the interval data to reconvert the interval data to point data. To test the effectiveness of these methods, we calculate some measures of inequality. The measures considered are the Gini coefficient, quintile share ratio (QSR), the Theil measure and the Atkinson measure. The estimated measures of inequality, calculated from each dataset obtained through these methods, are then compared to the true measures of inequality.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Oor die afgelope dekades het ekonome en sosioloë ŉ toenemende belangstelling getoon in studies aangaande inkomsteverkryging en inkomste-ongelykheid. Baie van die studies maak gebruik van sensus data, maar die gebruik van sosiale opnames as bronne vir die ontledings het ook merkbaar toegeneem. In die opnames word die inkomste van ŉ persoon meestal in kategorieë aangedui waar die laaste interval oop is, in plaas van numeriese waardes. Die rede vir die kategorieë is dat inkomste data as sensitief beskou word en soms is dit ook moeilik om aan te dui. Kontinue data wat in kategorieë opgedeel is, is meeste van die tyd moeiliker om mee te werk as ongegroepeerde data. In dié studie word verskeie metodes vergelyk om gegroepeerde data om te skakel na data waar elke waarneming ŉ numeriese waarde het. Vir van die metodes word dieselfde waarde aan al die waarnemings in ŉ interval gegee, byvoorbeeld die ‘midpoint’ metode waar elke waarde die middelpunt van die interval verkry. Ander metodes is ewekansige metodes waar elke waarneming ŉ ewekansige waarde kry tussen die onder- en bogrens van die interval. Vir sommige van die metodes, ewekansig en nie-ewekansig, word ŉ verdeling oor die data gepas en ŉ waarde bereken volgens die verdeling. Die nie-ewekansige metodes wat gebruik word, is die ‘midpoint’, ‘Pareto means’ en ‘Lognormal means’ en die ewekansige metodes is die ‘random midpoint’, ‘random Pareto’ en ‘random lognormal’. Ons fokus is op inkomste data, wat gewoonlik ŉ swaar stertverdeling volg, en om hierdie rede maak ons gebruik van die Pareto en lognormaal verdelings in ons metodes. Al die metodes word toegepas op gesimuleerde en werklike datastelle. Die rou waardes van die datastelle is bekend en word in intervalle gekategoriseer. Die metodes word dan op die interval data toegepas om dit terug te skakel na data waar elke waarneming ŉ numeriese waardes het. Om die doeltreffendheid van die metodes te toets word ŉ paar maatstawwe van ongelykheid bereken. Die maatstawwe sluit in die Gini koeffisiënt, ‘quintile share ratio’ (QSR), die Theil en Atkinson maatstawwe. Die beraamde maatstawwe van ongelykheid, wat bereken is vanaf die datastelle verkry deur die metodes, word dan vergelyk met die ware maatstawwe van ongelykheid.

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García-González, Ignacio. "Comparison Of Different Distance Measures For Cluster Analysis Of Tree-Ring Series". Tree-Ring Society, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622565.

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Sixty individual ring-width series of oak (Quercus robur L.) from six sites in the northwestern Iberian Peninsula, ranging from 50 to 120 years, were grouped using hierarchical cluster analysis with different types of distance measures. Euclidean distances as well as other linkage distances based on statistics used to crossdate tree-ring series (Gleichläufigkeit and coefficient of correlation with its corresponding t-value) were compared. In addition, a new distance measure based on a corrected inversion of the Student’s t is proposed in the present paper, which takes into consideration the number of years used for series comparison. The Euclidean distances, commonly used in ecological analyses, inefficiently identified homogeneous units of trees based on their ring-width patterns. Among crossdating statistics, the correlation coefficient was more effective than Gleichläufigkeit, but the most satisfactory results were obtained when 1/t was used as distance measure. Finally, these methods of cluster analysis have been implemented into a computer program for future use of the dendrochronological community.

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Arney, Fiona Marie. "A comparison of direct observation and self- report measures of parenting behaviour". Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/37713.

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The importance of parenting behaviour as a risk factor for the development and persistence of externalising behaviour problems, and as a focus for early interventions, has led to a desire for the accurate measurement of parenting attitudes and practices. Several methods of measuring parenting behaviour have been employed in theoretical research and program evaluation, including self-report and observational measures. Both of these methods have advantages and limitations, but a systematic comparison of self-reports and observations of parenting behaviour has not been conducted. This study compared self- reports and observations of parental responsiveness and control in a sample of 68 parents of preschool children in metropolitan Adelaide, South Australia. Videotaped observations of parents interacting with their children in four set tasks (free play, drawing, pack-up and no distraction) were interval-sampled using behavioural items that paralleled self- report items on the Parenting Scale and the Child-Rearing Practices Questionnaire. In addition, parents completed questionnaires about their child's behaviour and temperament, and factors associated with parenting behaviour including parental psychopathology, social support, marital adjustment, disagreements about child-rearing and demographic characteristics. Reports of children's behaviour at preschool were also obtained from teachers. When the correlations between corresponding behaviour domains on the self-report and observational measures were compared, the only significant correlation was for parental warmth. Observations of parental control practices (such as permissiveness, inconsistency and overreactivity) were not significantly associated with self-reports of these behaviours. The observational system used in this study yielded observations of permissive and inconsistent parenting that had good validity and reliability, whereas self-reports of harsh and overreactive parenting practices were more validly and reliably assessed using self-report methods. Self-reports and observations of responsive parenting practices demonstrated results that are more equivocal. Possible explanations for these results and the implications for the use of self-report and observational measures in parenting research are discussed.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Department of Psychiatry, 2005.

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Carlota, Rita. "Why using individualized outcome measures in mental health? A thematic comparison of patient-generated items in PQ with CORE-OM and PHQ-9". Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/18331.

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This study aims to investigate the utility of PQ (Personal Questionnaire) as an individualized measure. PQ is a tool built by the patient, with the purpose of measuring the patient’s changes during the process of therapy. We intend to explore the ability of this tool to add information concerning the patient’s problems when compared to standartized instruments. From a sample of 105 patients, gathered from a clinical population and from a population of drug abuse, 563 items were collected; these were categorized into 65 sub-themes and classified according to their quality. "Addiction" was the most indicated sub-theme by the sample, mentioned in 46 items (17.8%). About 38% of the items were not covered by the CORE-OM and about 71% were not covered by the PHQ-9. A large part of the sample (69%) showed at least a sub-theme not covered by the CORE-OM and practically the whole sample (97%) mentioned at least a sub-theme not represented by PHQ-9; Porquê usar medidas de resultado individualizadas em saúde mental? Uma comparação temática de itens gerados pelo paciente no PQ com o CORE-OM e o PHQ-9 Resumo: Este estudo pretende investigar a utilidade do PQ (Personal Questionnaire) como medida individualizada. O PQ é um instrumento construido pelo paciente, com a finalidade de medir mudanças do paciente durante o processo de terapia. Pretendemos explorar a capacidade deste instrumento em adicionar informação sobre os problemas dos pacientes quando comparado a instrumentos standartizados. De uma amostra de 105 pacientes, provenientes de uma de população clínica e de uma populaçao de abuso de drogas, recolheram-se 563 itens; estes foram categorizados em 65 subtemas e classificados segundo a sua qualidade. O subtema mais indicado pela amostra foi “Dependência”, mencionado em 46 itens (8.17%). Cerca de 38% dos itens não foram cobertos pelo CORE-OM e cerca de 71% não foram cobertos pelo PHQ-9. Grande parte da amostra (69%) indicou pelo menos um subtema não coberto pelo CORE-OM e praticamente toda a amostra (97%) mencionou pelo menos um subtema não representado pelo PHQ-9.

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Dukart, Carla J. "A Comparison of Speech Intelligibility Measures between Unsophisticated Listener Judgements and Orthographic Transcription". PDXScholar, 1996. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5257.

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Intelligible speech is a primary component for successful communication. However, the speech of children with disordered phonologies is often unintelligible. Therefore, when assessing the speech intelligibility of children in order to determine whether they qualify for intervention services, speech-language pathologists need reliable evaluation tools. The focus of this investigation was the measurement of speech intelligibility. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between two methods for measuring speech intelligibility. The first, identification method, involves the listener transcribing a speech sample from which the percentage of words understood is calculated. The second, scaling procedure, involves the listener estimating the percentage of words understood from a continuous speech sample. The secondary purpose of this study was to examine the accuracy of the scaling method as measured by ear estimation compared to the identification method as measured through orthographic transcription for each of three groups of children with: (a) the most intelligibility, (b) average intelligibility, and ( c) least intelligibility. Four unsophisticated listeners rated the speech intelligibility of 48 speakers aged 4:0 to 5:6 who comprised three groups with varying levels of phonological proficiency. The listeners who were unfamiliar with the speakers, but familiar with the topic, rated the children's continuous speech samples using ear estimation. The data collected were then compared with intelligibility ratings as measured in a previous study (Gordon-Brannan, 1994) via orthographic transcription. The two methods of measuring speech intelligibility examined in this study were found to be positively correlated (r = .86). However, the t-test analysis revealed significant differences between the two measures for the most and least intelligible groups, indicating discrepancies between the two methods when measuring the speech intelligibility of some children. Additional statistical analysis revealed poor intrajudge reliability which should be considered when interpreting the results presented. It does appear, however, that when measuring speech intelligibility, using ear estimation, is reflective of the orthographic transcription measure, although the actual estimated percentages of intelligibility appear to differ from the percentages derived from orthographic transcription.

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Schulz, David S. "A comparison of alternative measures of the qualified military available and interested recruit market". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1993. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA267435.

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Karahan, Saltuk Bugra. "Comparison of performance measures in the virtual environment and real world land navigation tasks". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2000. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA384693.

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Thesis (M.S. in Modeling, Virtual Environments and Simulation (MOVES))--Naval Postgraduate School, Sept. 2000.
"September 2000." Thesis advisor(s): Darken, Rudolph P.; Peterson, Barry. Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-92). Also available online.

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Ojurongbe, Taiwo Adetola [Verfasser]. "Comparison of different proximity measures and classification methods for binary data / Taiwo Adetola Ojurongbe". Gießen : Universitätsbibliothek, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1063954606/34.

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Grahek, Myranda Marshall Linda L. "Personality and rater leniency comparison of broad and narrow measures of conscientiousness and agreeableness /". [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2007. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-3668.

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30

Chuck, Shuk-fan Vicky, i 卓淑芬. "A comparison of financial performance measures between Cathay Pacific Airways Ltd and Singapore Airlines". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31267099.

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Stipancic, Kaila L. "Comparison of intelligibility measures for adults with Parkinson's disease, Multiple Sclerosis and healthy controls". Thesis, State University of New York at Buffalo, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1594783.

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Purpose: The current study sought to investigate the relationship between two metrics of sentence intelligibility in adults with Parkinson’s Disease (PD), Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and healthy controls. An objective measure of intelligibility, orthographic transcription, and a subjective measure of intelligibility, Visual Analog Scaling (VAS), were the two metrics of intelligibility examined. Areas of interest included 1) comparisons of the pattern of intelligibility change in transcription and VAS, 2) strength of the relationship between these two types of intelligibility measures, and 3) differences in intralistener and interlistener reliability between the two metrics.

Methods: 78 speakers and the speech samples reported in Tjaden, Sussman, and Wilding (2014) and Kuo, Tjaden, and Sussman (2014) were used in the current study. The pool of 78 speakers consisted of 32 healthy control speakers, 16 speakers with PD, and 30 speakers with MS. Speakers read Harvard Psychoacoustic Sentences in habitual, clear, fast, loud, and slow conditions. In Tjaden et al. (2014) and Kuo et al. (2014), 50 naive listeners used a VAS on a computer to estimate how much of the speaker’s message was understood (e.g., from ‘didn’t understand anything’ to ‘understand everything’). In the current study, 50 naive listeners heard the same stimuli, but were instructed to type exactly what they heard. Responses were scored to obtain a percentage of key words transcribed correctly for each stimulus. Results from the current study were compared to results from the VAS task studies (Tjaden et al., 2014; Kuo et al., 2014) using descriptive statistics (e.g., mean, standard deviation, etc.), parametric statistics (e.g., multivariate linear model fit to the data in this repeated measured design), correlation analyses (e.g., between the two metrics), and metrics of reliability.

Results and Discussion: Results revealed that the pattern of transcription intelligibility scores was very similar to scaled intelligibility derived from VAS. However, transcription scores were higher in magnitude than the VAS scores. In addition, correlation analyses showed the two intelligibility measures were highly correlated. Last, both interlistener and intralistener reliability were marginally higher for the VAS reported in Tjaden et al. (2014) and Kuo et al. (2014) than for the transcription data in the current study. These results suggest that a less time-consuming task, such as the VAS task, may be a viable substitute for a more time-consuming transcription task when documenting intelligibility in a clinical population to obtain an overall metric of severity for tracking disease progression and/or treatment progress.

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Schottenstein, Karen Mabo. "A comparison of developmentalyy delayed preschoolers on selected measures of activity and observed behaviors /". The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487686243820245.

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Grahek, Myranda. "Personality and Rater Leniency: Comparison of Broad and Narrow Measures of Conscientiousness and Agreeableness". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3668/.

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Performance appraisal ratings provide the basis for numerous employment decisions, including retention, promotion, and salary increases. Thus, understanding the factors affecting the accuracy of these ratings is important to organizations and employees. Leniency, one rater error, is a tendency to assign higher ratings in appraisal than is warranted by actual performance. The proposed study examined how personality factors Agreeableness and Conscientiousness relate to rater leniency. The ability of narrower facets of personality to account for more variance in rater leniency than will the broad factors was also examined. The study used undergraduates' (n = 226) evaluations of instructor performance to test the study's hypotheses. In addition to personality variables, students' social desirability tendency and attitudes toward instructor were predicted to be related to rater leniency. Partial support for the study's hypotheses were found. The Agreeableness factor and three of the corresponding facets (Trust, Altruism and Tender-Mindedness) were positively related to rater leniency as predicted. The hypotheses that the Conscientiousness factor and three of the corresponding facets (Order, Dutifulness, and Deliberation) would be negatively related to rater leniency were not supported. In the current sample the single narrow facet Altruism accounted for more variance in rater leniency than the broad Agreeableness factor. While social desirability did not account for a significant amount of variance in rater leniency, attitude toward instructor was found to have a significant positive relationship accounting for the largest amount of variance in rater leniency.

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34

Musser, Joy D. "A Comparison of rating scales and measures used in the diagnosis of extraesophageal reflux". Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2009. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1235593478.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Cincinnati, 2009.
Advisors: Lisa Kelchner PhD (Committee Co-Chair), Jean Neils-Strunjas PhD (Committee Co-Chair), Marshall Montrose PhD (Committee Member). Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed April 28, 2009). Keywords: Extraesophageal reflux; pH probe monitoring; Reflux Area Index; Reflux Symptom Index; Reflux Finding Score. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

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35

Shields, Judith. "A comparison of the NWEA measures of academic progress and the Missouri Assessment Program". Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5589.

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Thesis (Ed. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on June 16, 2009) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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36

Schäfer, Martina, Sabine Hielscher, Willi Haas, Daniel Hausknost, Michaela Leitner, Iris Kunze i Sylvia Mandl. "Facilitating Low-Carbon Living? A Comparison of Intervention Measures in Different Community-Based Initiatives". MDPI AG, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10041047.

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The challenge of facilitating a shift towards sustainable housing, food and mobility has been taken up by diverse community-based initiatives ranging from "top-down" approaches in low-carbon municipalities to "bottom-up" approaches in intentional communities. This paper compares intervention measures in four case study areas belonging to these two types, focusing on their potential of re-configuring daily housing, food, and mobility practices. Taking up critics on dominant intervention framings of diffusing low-carbon technical innovations and changing individual behavior, we draw on social practice theory for the empirical analysis of four case studies. Framing interventions in relation to re-configuring daily practices, the paper reveals differences and weaknesses of current low-carbon measures of community-based initiatives in Germany and Austria. Low-carbon municipalities mainly focus on introducing technologies and offering additional infrastructure and information to promote low-carbon practices. They avoid interfering into residents¿ daily lives and do not restrict carbon-intensive practices. In contrast, intentional communities base their interventions on the collective creation of shared visions, decisions, and rules and thus provide social and material structures, which foster everyday low-carbon practices and discourage carbon-intensive ones. The paper discusses the relevance of organizational and governance structures for implementing different types of low-carbon measures and points to opportunities for broadening current policy strategies.

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Reese, Emyrei. "Comparison of Agricultural Area Source Ammonia Gas Concentration and Flux Measurements". DigitalCommons@USU, 2010. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/543.

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This study was conducted in order to compare and evaluate a variety of ammonia (NH3) measurement techniques for determination of ambient gas phase concentration and evaluation of system fluxes. This was accomplished by measuring NH3 emitted from area sources within two dairies, one located in south-central Idaho and another in central California. The measurement techniques utilized included: an array of passive diffusion samplers, a single annular denuder system, a single or paired Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(s) (FTIR), a paired (upwind and downwind) set of differential optical absorption spectrometers (DOAS), and a portable wind tunnel in conjunction with a chemiluminescence monitor. The concentrations measured were manipulated by methods of inverse modeling using the ISCST3, AERMOD, and WindTrax models to yield estimated emission rates for individual sources, as well as an overall dairy emission rate. Furthermore, a comparison of the different techniques took place, and it was concluded that in the context of measuring agricultural area sources, the spectroscopy techniques, FTIR and DOAS, were likely the most desirable systems. This conclusion was based on the systems' ability to yield high precision, path integrated concentration measurements that do not require actual collection of sample. However, as long as a proper deployment scheme is utilized, the passive diffusion samplers also offered a viable option, especially when funding is limited.

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Sweeny, Matt Brilla Lorraine R. "Comparison of linear and daily undulating periodization in resistance training using simple measures of overreaching /". Online version, 2010. http://content.wwu.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/theses&CISOPTR=356&CISOBOX=1&REC=13.

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Cavallini, James J. "A comparison of performance measures following two different loading parameters in the back squat exercise". Virtual Press, 2005. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1315181.

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The purpose of this study was to assess athletic performance measures following two different loading conditions in the back squat exercise. Fourteen NCAA Division I tennis players were randomly assigned to either a low-resistance (50-60% of 1 repetition maximum [1RM]) training group or a high-resistance (65-90% 1RM) training group. The eight weeks of training consisted of 3 training sessions per week using a complete strength training program designed for sport performance enhancement. Performance in the 1RM back squat, 10 yard sprint and a countermovement vertical jump (CMJ) was assessed. There were no significant pretest to posttest differences in improving lower-body power production as measured by the 1 RM back squat, 10yd sprint and countermovement vertical jump in either group. The results of this study indicate that low-resistance, high-velocity training and high-resistance, low-velocity training is equally effective for improving lower-body power production.
School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science

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40

Renfrow, Stephanie Lei. "Trail Making Test Quotient (Trails B/ Trails A): A comparison with measures of executive functioning". NSUWorks, 2010. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/cps_stuetd/60.

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This study examined the utility of the Trail Making Test Quotient (Trails B/ Trails A) in assessing executive functioning relative to that of common tests of executive function such as the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Category Test, and the Stroop Test. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationship of the Trail Making Test Quotient (Trails B/ Trails A) with other common tests of executive functioning (i.e., Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Stroop, Category Test) to determine whether these tests are measuring similar domains of functioning or whether Trail Making Test Quotient (Trails B/ Trails A) offers a more pure measure of executive functioning over and beyond that of Trail Making Test B alone or the difference score, Trail Making Test (Trails B- Trails A). A series of partial correlations were conducted involving the Trail Making Test scores (Quotient, Difference, and B [Raw]), and the scores of the executive functioning measures (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Category Test, and Stroop), controlling for age, education, and gender. Trails Quotient, Trails B Raw, and Trails Difference were found to significantly negatively correlate with WCST Total # of Categories. Only Trails B Raw and Trails Difference were found to significantly positively correlate with WCST Perseverative Responses and Category Error. None of the Trail Making Test measures used in this study were found to significantly correlate Stroop Interference. Correlation coefficients were compared to determine the strength of Trails Quotient's relationship with the aforementioned executive functioning measures relative to that of Trails Difference and Trails B Raw. Contrary to the hypotheses of the current study, the Trails Quotient demonstrated a significantly weaker correlation with WCST Total # of Categories, WCST Perseverative Responses, and Category Error than that of Trails Difference and Trails B Raw. Additionally, there were no significant differences in the correlation coefficients of Trails Quotient, Trails Difference, and Trails B Raw with Stroop Interference. However, upon further investigation using exploratory factor analyses, it was discovered that Trails Quotient may have represented a particular component of executive functioning more so than the Trails Difference and Trails B Raw. The results suggest that Trails Quotient offers a unique estimate of executive skill specific to cognitive organization, whereas Trails B Raw and Trails Difference represent multiple executive domains including regulatory and organizational abilities. Clinical practice will benefit from the current study's findings in that assessment of complex executive functioning will be more precise. Future research is needed to determine the utility of the Trails Quotient in identifying specific types and locations of brain injury. Assessment of specific impaired frontal skills common to degenerative dementias and traumatic brain injury may be possible with the use of Trails Quotient contingent upon further research. Future research into the domains of executive functioning and the Trail Making Test should focus on specific skills within regulatory and organizational components, and the development of normative data for Trails Quotient.

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41

Heckman, Stuart J. "A Comparison of Two Savings Measures: An Application of Institutional Theory Among Low-Income Households". The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1343753078.

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Simmons, Mark R. "Comparison of Weight Loss Outcome Measures in Adolescent Bariatric Surgery Patients using Growth Curve Modeling". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1447689830.

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Yamashita, Darryl Tadao. "Using multiple imputation in Dunnett's multiple comparison procedure for the one-way repeated measures model /". The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487847309051249.

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Hill, Evan M. "A Comparison of Behavioral and Auditory Brainstem Response Measures of Conductive Hearing Loss in Humans". Connect to full text in OhioLINK ETD Center, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=toledo1255724183.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Toledo, 2009.
Typescript. "Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for The Master of Arts in Psychology." "A thesis entitled"--at head of title. Bibliography: leaves 28-30.

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45

Atkinson, Michael Henry. "Comparison of volunteer and referred children on individual measures of assessment: A Native American sample". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186932.

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The WISC-III, Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT) and Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-Revised (CELF-R) were administered to groups of volunteer and referred Native American students who attended the Page Unified School District. The volunteer sample was randomly selected from all Native Americans attending first grade. The referred group included students ranging in age from six to eleven years who had previously been identified for a speech/language and/or comprehensive evaluation. The purpose of the study was to determine if the development of local norms was necessary to accurately identify students who may be eligible for special education services. A comparison of the groups' score means and standard deviations for each of the tests is provided. In addition, correlations between the measures provide tentative evidence of how intelligence, achievement, and language skill correspond to one another for a discrete sample of Native Americans. The results substantiated research with other Native American groups with regard to the Wechsler intelligence scales. Both groups obtained Verbal IQ scores significantly below the normative mean. The Performance IQ scores earned by the volunteer subjects were slightly higher and their Full Scale IQ scores were just below the normative average. In contrast, the referred group obtained Performance IQ scores below and Full Scale IQ scores significantly below the normative mean. On the WIAT, the volunteer group obtained scores comparable to the normative group, whereas, the referred group indicated significant areas of need in math and reading. Both groups obtained scores significantly below the mean on the CELF-R. The volunteer group's scores on the CELF-R indicated better receptive as compared to expressive language skills but the referred group's scores were depressed on both areas. These findings suggested that the volunteer sample's score profile reflected the normal developmental trend for language acquisition more closely than the score profile of the referred group.

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46

Davila, Edward Moises. "A comparison of bilaterally wrist-worn accelerometers on measures of free-living physical activity in adolescents". Thesis, Montana State University, 2011. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2011/davila/DavilaE0511.pdf.

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With the advancement of technology, the use of accelerometry-based wrist-worn activity monitors (AM) to measure free-living physical activity (PA) has become extremely popular. Whereas the influence of contralateral wrist AM placement has been evaluated in adults, no research has investigated the influence of wrist-worn AM location (dominant [D] versus non-dominant [ND] or left [LW] versus right [RW]) on measurements of free-living PA in adolescents. Purpose: The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the influence of wrist-worn AM wear location (D versus ND and LW versus RW) and AM processing algorithm (single (1R) versus double (2R) regression) on measures of free-living PA in adolescents 12-17 years of age. Methods: Eight boys (Mean±SD: 14.3±1.9 yrs, 53.9±13.6 kg, 160.5±14.5 cm, 20.6±2.3 body mass index [BMI]) and 12 girls (13.9±1.6 yrs, 56.1±9.9 kg, 160.3±7.4 cm, 21.4±2.6 BMI) participated in the study. Each subject wore two AMs for 7 consecutive days (24 hr/day), with one AM attached to the dorsal side of each wrist using locking plastic wrist bands. Subjects were instructed to engage in their usual daily activities. After downloading the raw AM data to a computer, previously validated algorithms (1R and 2R) were used to transform and summarize the data into counts (counts/day), activity energy expenditure (AEE; kcals/day), and duration of time (T; minutes/day) for 1, 5, and 10 minute bout durations within light (L) and moderate-to-vigorous (MV) intensity categories for AMs (D, ND and for LW, RW). Dependent variables (CNT, AEE, T) were compared using two-factor multivariate repeated measures ANOVA (alpha=0.05) for data processed by both algorithms separately. Scheffe's post-hoc analyses (alpha=0.01) were performed for all pairwise comparisons when indicated by the ANOVA. Results: No significant differences existed between mean values for dependent variables for any bout duration within L or MVPA intensity between monitors (D versus ND or between LW versus RW) or processing algorithm. Conclusion: These data indicate that wrist-worn AM location has no significant influence on PA outcome variables in adolescent under free-living conditions. Researchers can now allow participants the freedom to choose which wrist they would prefer the monitor be placed when being assessed.

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Grady, Eric S. "Delay discounting in adolescent substance abuse and juvenile delinquency a comparison of measures of impulsive behavior /". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2008. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5733.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2008.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 101 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 45-53).

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Hopp, Grace Annette. "A comparison of performance on measures of executive function and metacognition in normal aging and Parkinson's disease". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ37344.pdf.

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Bashon, Yasmina Massoud. "Contributions to fuzzy object comparison and applications : similarity measures for fuzzy and heterogeneous data and their applications". Thesis, University of Bradford, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6305.

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This thesis makes an original contribution to knowledge in the fi eld of data objects' comparison where the objects are described by attributes of fuzzy or heterogeneous (numeric and symbolic) data types. Many real world database systems and applications require information management components that provide support for managing such imperfect and heterogeneous data objects. For example, with new online information made available from various sources, in semi-structured, structured or unstructured representations, new information usage and search algorithms must consider where such data collections may contain objects/records with di fferent types of data: fuzzy, numerical and categorical for the same attributes. New approaches of similarity have been presented in this research to support such data comparison. A generalisation of both geometric and set theoretical similarity models has enabled propose new similarity measures presented in this thesis, to handle the vagueness (fuzzy data type) within data objects. A framework of new and unif ied similarity measures for comparing heterogeneous objects described by numerical, categorical and fuzzy attributes has also been introduced. Examples are used to illustrate, compare and discuss the applications and e fficiency of the proposed approaches to heterogeneous data comparison.

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Hill, Evan Matthew. "A Comparison of Behavioral and Auditory Brainstem Response Measures of Hearing in the Laboratory Rat (Rattus norvegicus)". University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1320960141.

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