Artykuły w czasopismach: „Compact Muon Solenoid Detector”

1

Mirabito, Laurent. "The Compact Muon Solenoid detector". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 623, nr 1 (listopad 2010): 345–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2010.02.243.

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Colaleo, A., F. Loddo, M. Maggi, A. Ranieri, M. Abbrescia, R. Guida, G. Iaselli i in. "The compact muon solenoid RPC barrel detector". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 602, nr 3 (maj 2009): 674–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2008.12.234.

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Abbas, M., M. Abbrescia, H. Abdalla, A. Abdelalim, S. AbuZeid, A. Agapitos, A. Ahmad i in. "Performance of a triple-GEM demonstrator in pp collisions at the CMS detector". Journal of Instrumentation 16, nr 11 (1.11.2021): P11014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/11/p11014.

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Abstract After the Phase-2 high-luminosity upgrade to the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the collision rate and therefore the background rate will significantly increase, particularly in the high η region. To improve both the tracking and triggering of muons, the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Collaboration plans to install triple-layer Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detectors in the CMS muon endcaps. Demonstrator GEM detectors were installed in CMS during 2017 to gain operational experience and perform a preliminary investigation of detector performance. We present the results of triple-GEM detector performance studies performed in situ during normal CMS and LHC operations in 2018. The distribution of cluster size and the efficiency to reconstruct high pT muons in proton-proton collisions are presented as well as the measurement of the environmental background rate to produce hits in the GEM detector.

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Bunin, P. D. "Upgrade of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Detector". Physics of Particles and Nuclei 54, nr 3 (czerwiec 2023): 493–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063779623030085.

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Rhee, J. T., i M. Jamil. "Resistive-plate-chamber background particles simulation studies for the endcap region of a compact muon solenoid/large hadron collider using the geometry and tracking code". Canadian Journal of Physics 83, nr 8 (1.08.2005): 855–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p05-037.

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We present a method to simulate the double-gap resistive plate chambers (RPC) background particles for the endcap region of a compact muon solenoid/large hadron collider using the geometry and tracking (GEANT) code. We demonstrate that the resistive plate chamber can be described using a realistic Monte Carlo simulation based on the GEANT code and analyzed with physics analysis work station (PAW) interfaces. Sensitivity calculations were performed for γ, e, e+, and such particles in the range 0.1100 MeV for their respective spectra. To evaluate the response of the detector in the large hadron collider (LHC) background environment, the γ, e, and e+ energy spectra expected in the compact muon solenoid (CMS) muon endcap region were taken into account whereas the RPC sensitivity was evaluated as a function of the detector size.PACS Nos.: 7.77.Ka, 7.85.Fv

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6

Romaniuk, Ryszard S. "Compact Muon Solenoid Decade Perspective and Local Implications". International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications 60, nr 1 (1.03.2014): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eletel-2014-0010.

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Abstract The Compact Muon Solenoid CMS is one of the major detectors of the LHC Large Hadron Collider accelerator. The second, a competitive brother, is Atlas. The accelerator complex in CERN was shut down for two years, after two years of exploitation, and will resume its work in 2015. During this break, called long shutdown LS1 a number of complex components, including electronics and photonics, will be intensely refurbished. Not only the LHC itself but also the booster components and detectors. In particular, the beam luminosity will be doubled, as well as the colliding beam energy. This means tenfold increase in the integrated luminosity over a year to 250fb−1/y. Discovery potential will be increased. This potential will be used for subsequent two years, with essentially no breaks, till the LS2 in 2017. The paper presents an introduction to the research area of the LHC and chosen aspects of the CMS detector modernization. The Warsaw CMS Group is involved in CMS construction, commissioning, maintenance and refurbishment, in particular for algorithms and hardware of the muon trigger. The Group consists of members form the following local research institutions, academic and governmental: IFD-UW, NCBJ-´Swierk and ISEWEiTI- PW.

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Bauer, G., B. Beccati, U. Behrens, K. Biery, O. Bouffet, J. Branson, S. Bukowiec i in. "The LHC Compact Muon Solenoid experiment Detector Control System". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 331, nr 2 (23.12.2011): 022009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/331/2/022009.

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Beni, Noemi. "Experiences with the Muon Alignment Systems of the Compact Muon Solenoid Detector". Physics Procedia 37 (2012): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2012.02.352.

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Das, Souvik. "Status and performance of the Compact Muon Solenoid pixel detector". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 623, nr 1 (listopad 2010): 147–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2010.02.177.

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Butalla, S. D., i M. Hohlmann. "Electronics integration for the GE2/1 and ME0 GEM detector systems for the CMS phase-2 muon system upgrade". Journal of Instrumentation 17, nr 05 (1.05.2022): C05002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/05/c05002.

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Abstract The Large Hadron Collider is currently undergoing its High Luminosity upgrade, which is set to increase the instantaneous luminosity by about a factor of five. Consequently, the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment is upgrading its muon spectrometer to cope with the increased muon flux in the forward region. The GE2/1 triple-gas electron multiplier detector, which has recently entered the mass production phase, and the ME0 triple-GEM detector system, which is in the late prototyping phase, are undergoing electronics integration. These proceedings briefly discuss the frontend electronics for the GE2/1 and ME0 detector systems, the electronics integration testing process, and the future plans for the frontend electronics of these two detector systems by the CMS GEM collaboration.

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Mallios, S., P. Dauncey, A. David i P. Vichoudis. "Firmware architecture of the back end DAQ system for the CMS high granularity endcap calorimeter detector". Journal of Instrumentation 17, nr 04 (1.04.2022): C04007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/04/c04007.

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Abstract During the High-Luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider, the endcap calorimeter detectors of the compact muon solenoid experiment will be replaced by the high-granularity calorimeter. For reading out the new calorimeter, field programmable gate array firmware was developed targeting the off-detector hardware. The firmware is responsible not only for the readout of the detector but also for its slow control and timing. To facilitate system maintenance, the firmware is optimized to handle all the different front-end electronics configurations and data rates using a single — highly configurable — design. This manuscript presents the firmware architecture and the implementation.

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Samalan, A. "Improved Resistive Plate Chambers for the upgrade of the CMS muon detector". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2374, nr 1 (1.11.2022): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2374/1/012006.

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Several upgrades of the Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) system of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment are currently being implemented to ensure a highly performing muon system during the upcoming High Luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider which will have an increased integrated luminosity of 3000 fb−1. The expected experimental conditions in that period present a challenge for the entire CMS detection system. To extend the RPC coverage, an improved version of the already existing RPCs will be installed in the forward region of the 3rd and 4th endcap disks. The current overall status of this CMS RPC upgrade project is presented.

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Klyukhin, Vyacheslav. "Design and Description of the CMS Magnetic System Model". Symmetry 13, nr 6 (10.06.2021): 1052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13061052.

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This review describes the composition of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector and the methodology for modelling the heterogeneous CMS magnetic system, starting with the formulation of the magnetostatics problem for modelling the magnetic flux of the CMS superconducting solenoid enclosed in a steel flux-return yoke. The review includes a section on the magnetization curves of various types of steel used in the CMS magnet yoke. The evolution of the magnetic system model over 20 years is presented in the discussion section and is well illustrated by the CMS model layouts and the magnetic flux distribution.

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Bouhali, O., V. Bhatnagar, A. Castaneda, S. S. Chauhan, T. Kamon, Y. Kang, S. Kumar i A. K. Virdi. "Radiation background estimation for the GE11 Triple-GEM detectors in the CMS endcap". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2374, nr 1 (1.11.2022): 012161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2374/1/012161.

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The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) is a general-purpose particle detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) designed to study a wide range of particles produced in high energy collisions. The interaction of the beams with the pipe, shielding and detector supporting materials can produce neutrons, photons, electrons and positrons, forming a common background radiation field for CMS detector. A Monte-Carlo simulation is used to predict the background rate for a newly installed detector. In the forward region, the upgrade includes Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detectors called GE1/1. In this study, an estimate of the GE1/1 detector response to the background radiation is presented. The flux of background radiation is predicted using the FLUKA framework and the response of the detector is predicted using the GEANT4 framework. A comparison with actual GEM slice data is used as validation.

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Ressegotti, Martina. "Overview of the CMS Detector Performance at LHC Run 2". Universe 5, nr 1 (9.01.2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe5010018.

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The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector is one of the two multipurpose experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). It has successfully collected data during Run 1 (2010–2013) and achieved important physics results, like the discovery of the Higgs boson announced in 2012. Willing to unravel further open questions not yet explained by the standard model, intense activities have been performed to further improve the detector and the trigger before the LHC restart in 2016 (Run 2), in parallel with the upgrade of the LHC. The achieved global performance of the CMS experiment and of several subdetectors will be presented.

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Dobre, Ciprian. "Simulation analysis of data processing activities in Compact Muon Solenoid physics". SIMULATION 88, nr 12 (28.08.2012): 1438–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037549712455849.

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The scale, complexity and worldwide geographical spread of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) computing and data analysis problems are unprecedented in scientific research. The complexity of processing and accessing this data is increased substantially by the size and global span of the major experiments, combined with the limited wide-area network bandwidth available. This paper discusses the latest generation of the MONARC (MOdels of Networked Analysis at Regional Centers) simulation framework, as a design and modeling tool for large-scale distributed systems applied to high-energy physics experiments. We present a simulation study designed to evaluate the capabilities of the current real-world distributed infrastructures deployed to support existing LHC physics analysis processes and the means by which the experiments band together to meet the technical challenges posed by the storage, access and computing requirements of LHC data analysis. The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment, in particular, uses a general-purpose detector to investigate a wide range of physics. We present a simulation study designed to evaluate the capability of its underlying distributed processing infrastructure to support the physics analysis processes. The results, made possible by the MONARC model, demonstrate that the LHC infrastructures are well suited to support the data processes envisioned by the CMS computing model.

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LEONIDOPOULOS, CHRISTOS. "FIRST RESULTS FROM THE 2010 pp RUN AND PERFORMANCE OF THE CMS EXPERIMENT". Modern Physics Letters A 26, nr 15 (20.05.2011): 1059–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732311035961.

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In 2010, the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at LHC recorded over 45 pb-1 of pp collision data at [Formula: see text]. The large collected datasets are of very high quality and have been used to commission and calibrate the CMS detector, with the achieved performance close to the TDR specifications. CMS has re-established all the major Standard Model processes in the 2010 Run and is entering new territory in searches for New Physics, with sensitivity already exceeding that at LEP and TeVatron.

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Vuosalo, Carl, Sunanda Banerjee, Markus Frank, Vladimir Ivanchenko, Sergio Lo Meo, Ianna Osborne i Andres Vargas Hernandez. "CMS Experience with Adoption of the Community supported DD4hep Toolkit". EPJ Web of Conferences 245 (2020): 02032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202024502032.

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DD4hep is an open-source software toolkit that provides comprehensive and complete generic detector descriptions for high energy physics (HEP) detectors. The Compact Muon Solenoid collaboration (CMS) has recently evaluated and adopted DD4hep to replace its custom detector description software. CMS has demanding software requirements as a very large, longrunning experiment that must support legacy geometries and study many possible upgraded detector designs of a constantly evolving detector that will be taking data for many years to come. CMS has chosen DD4hep since it is a high-quality, community-supported solution that will benefit from continuing modernization and maintenance. This presentation will discuss the issues of DD4hep adoption, the advantages and disadvantages of the various design choices, performance results, and the integration of the plugin systems from CMS and Gaudi, another open-source software framework. Recommendations about DD4hep based upon the CMS use cases will also be presented.

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Dordevic, Milos. "The CMS Particle Flow Algorithm". EPJ Web of Conferences 191 (2018): 02016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201819102016.

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The event reconstruction at the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is predominantly based on the Particle Flow algorithm. This algorithm for a global event description uses the information from all subdetector systems, unlike the previous, traditional approaches that were focused on the localized information in each subdetector. These traditional methods use the raw information (tracks, hits), while the Particle Flow algorithm completely reconstructs the event by identifying and reconstructing the comprehensive list of final-state particles (photons, electrons, muons, charged and neutral hadrons), resulting in superior reconstruction of jets, missing transverse energy, tau leptons, electrons and muons. This approach also allows for efficient identification and mitigation of the pileup effect. The concept and performance of the Particle Flow algorithm, together with the prospects for its development in the context of the upgraded CMS detector, are presented in this overview.

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DASKALAKIS, GEORGIOS. "CMS ECAL PERFORMANCE - TESTBEAM RESULTS". International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, nr 16 (30.06.2005): 3823–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05027722.

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The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment is a general-purpose detector designed to explore the physics of proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 14 TeV over the full range of luminosities expected at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL) will play an essential role in the study of the electroweak symmetry breaking, particularly through the exploration of the Higgs boson sector. To evaluate its characteristics, an ECAL prototype was placed in an electron testbeam at CERN. Highlights of results obtained during the test beam campaign are presented.

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Lokhtin, Igor, i the CMS Collaboration. "Jet Physics in Heavy Ion Collisions with Compact Muon Solenoid detector at the LHC". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 50 (1.11.2006): 385–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/50/1/053.

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Di Calafiori, Diogo, Günther Dissertori, Raul Jimenez Estupiñàn, Werner Lustermann i Serguei Zelepoukine. "Status report on the architecture and future upgrades of the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter Control And Safety Systems". EPJ Web of Conferences 214 (2019): 01029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921401029.

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The Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL) is one of the particle detectors of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). For more than ten years, the CMS ECAL Detector Control System (DCS) and the CMS ECAL Safety Systems (ESS) have supported the experiment operation, contributing to its high availability and safety. The evolution of both systems to fulfil new requirements and constraints, in addition to optimizations towards improving usage and processes automation, led to several changes to their original design. This paper presents the current software/hardware architecture of both CMS ECAL control and safety systems and reviews the major changes applied to both systems during the past years. Furthermore, in view of the CMS Phase-II upgrade of this sub-detector, the corresponding plans for the control and safety systems are also discussed.

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Amapane, Nicola, i Vyacheslav Klyukhin. "Development of the CMS Magnetic Field Map". Symmetry 15, nr 5 (6.05.2023): 1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym15051030.

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This article focuses on pioneering work on the performance of the three-dimensional (3D) magnetic field map in the entire volume of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. In the CMS heterogeneous magnetic system, the magnetic flux is created by a superconducting solenoid coil enclosed in a steel flux-return yoke. To describe the CMS magnetic flux distribution, a system of the primitive 3D volumes containing the values of the magnetic flux density measured inside the superconducting coil inner volume and modelled outside the coil across a special mesh of reference nodes was developed. This system, called the CMS magnetic field map, follows the geometric features of the yoke and allows the interpolation of the magnetic flux density between the nodes to obtain the magnetic field values at any spatial point inside a cylinder of 18 m in diameter and 48 m in length, where all the CMS sub-detectors are located. The geometry of the volumes is described inside one 30° azimuthal sector of the CMS magnet. To obtain the values of the magnetic flux density components across the entire azimuth angle of the CMS detector, rotational symmetry is applied.

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Zaburda, George, Antti Onnela, Kamil Cichy, Jerome Daguin i Alexander J. G. Lunt. "Mechanical and Microstructural Characterisation of Cooling Pipes for the Compact Muon Solenoid Experiment at CERN". Materials 14, nr 12 (9.06.2021): 3190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14123190.

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The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) is a particle physics experiment situated on the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, Switzerland. The CMS upgrade (planned for 2025) involves installing a new advanced sensor system within the CMS tracker, the centre of the detector closest to the particle collisions. The increased heat load associated with these sensors has required the design of an enhanced cooling system that exploits the latent heat of 40 bar CO2. In order to minimise interaction with the incident radiation and improve the detector performance, the cooling pipes within this system need to be thin-walled (~100 μm) and strong enough to withstand these pressures. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the microstructure and mechanical properties of thin-walled cooling pipes currently in use in existing detectors to assess their potential for the tracker upgrade. In total, 22 different pipes were examined, which were composed of CuNi, SS316L, and Ti and were coated with Ni, Cu, and Au. The samples were characterised using computer tomography for 3D structural assessment, focused ion beam ring-core milling for microscale residual stress analysis, optical profilometry for surface roughness, optical microscopy for grain size analysis, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy for elemental analysis. Overall, this examination demonstrated that the Ni- and Cu-coated SS316L tubing was optimal due to a combination of low residual stress (20 MPa axial and 5 MPa hoop absolute), low coating roughness (0.4 μm Ra), minimal elemental diffusion, and a small void fraction (1.4%). This result offers a crucial starting point for the ongoing thin-walled pipe selection, development, and pipe-joining research required for the CMS tracker upgrade, as well as the widespread use of CO2 cooling systems in general.

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Carlson, Joseph. "Electronics for the far-forward CMS muon detector upgrade, ME0". Journal of Instrumentation 18, nr 02 (1.02.2023): C02037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/02/c02037.

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Abstract With the High Luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) we expect increased instantaneous luminosities up to 7.5 × 1034 cm−2 s−1, or five times more than the original values. In order to maintain performance of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment under these conditions, ME0 is one of three new muon sub-detectors being added, along with GE1/1 and GE2/1, which use the triple Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) technology. ME0 is designed to cover the forward region of 2.0 < |η| < 2.8, thus improving muon reconstruction at high background rates by supplementing other overlapping muon subsystems up to |η| = 2.4, while also extending the acceptance for the first time to |η| = 2.8. The readout electronics for ME0 must be designed to accommodate high data rates and be sufficiently radiation hard to operate close to the beamline. The Optohybrid (OH) board for ME0, which reads out data from the front-end VFAT3b ASICs, has therefore been designed to operate without an FPGA (unlike GE1/1 and GE2/1) to ensure radiation hardness. The ME0 OH uses the radiation-hard CERN-designed lpGBT ASIC and VTRx+ optical transceiver module for high bandwidth optical links up to 10.24 Gb/s. The backend system is based on the ATCA standard. The design and development status of the readout electronics for ME0 is presented, along with recent results from integration tests performed using the first prototypes.

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Gadek, T., G. Dissertori, U. Grossner, K. Stachon i W. Lustermann. "DC-DC converters for the CMS MTD BTL and ECAL for HL-LHC". Journal of Instrumentation 18, nr 02 (1.02.2023): C02038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/02/c02038.

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Abstract The Minimum Ionizing Particle Timing Detector (MTD) will be introduced in the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment to measure the production time of Minimum Ionizing Particles (MIPs). Power Conversion Cards (PCCs) regulates and supplies low voltage to front end electronics of the MTD barrel, the Barrel Timing Layer (BTL). The PCCs host three radiation and magnetic field tolerant DC-DC converters. The physical height of the PCC is limited to 7 mm, having necessitated development of custom inductors and shields. Additionally, the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter will be upgraded. On-detector Low Voltage Regulator (LVR) cards host four DC-DC converters and one linear regulator. In these proceedings we will present both cards’ designs evolution, stack-up and layout optimization, noise filtering choices and a performance evaluation.

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BHATTACHARYA, SATYAKI. "Higgs Search with the Compact Muon Solenoid(CMS) detector at the Large Hadron Collider(LHC)". International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, nr 15 (20.06.2005): 3400–3402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05026649.

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The Large Hadron Collider(LHC) is a proton proton collider being built at CERN, Geneva which will collide two 7 TeV proton beams giving a center of mass energy of 14 TeV. The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) is a multi-purpose detector at the LHC which is designed to discover the Higgs boson over the mass range of 90 to 1000 GeV. Since LEP searches have put a 95% C.L. lower bound on (standard model) Higgs mass of 114.4 GeV and theory excludes mass above about 1 TeV, CMS should discover the Higgs if it exists. In this paper, we will review CMS's Higgs-discovery potential both in the Standard Model and the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model for Higgs bosons produced in gluon-gluon fusion and in vector boson fusion mechanisms. Particular emphasis will be placed on discovery in the early years of running with luminosity of about 2 × 1033cm-2/s.

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Landsberg, Greg. "Searches for extra spatial dimensions with the CMS detector at the LHC". Modern Physics Letters A 30, nr 15 (7.05.2015): 1540017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732315400179.

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The success of the first three years of operations of the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at center-of-mass energies of 7 TeV and 8 TeV radically changed the landscape of searches for new physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM) and our very way of thinking about its possible origin and its hiding place. Among the paradigms of new physics that have been probed quite extensively at the LHC, are various models that predict the existence of extra spatial dimensions. In this review, the current status of searches for extra dimensions with the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector is presented, along with prospects for future searches at the full energy of the LHC, expected to be reached in the next few years.

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Zabi, Alexandre. "System Design and Prototyping for the CMS Level-1 Trigger at the High-Luminosity LHC". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2374, nr 1 (1.11.2022): 012090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2374/1/012090.

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For the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider era, the trigger and data acquisition system of the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment will be entirely replaced. Novel design choices have been explored, including ATCA prototyping platforms with SoC controllers and newly available interconnect technologies with serial optical links with data rates up to 28 Gb/s. Trigger data analysis will be performed through sophisticated algorithms, including widespread use of Machine Learning, in large FPGAs, such as the Xilinx Ultrascale family. The system will process over 60 Tb/s of detector data with an event rate of 750 kHz. The system design and prototyping are described and examples of trigger algorithms reviewed.

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Razieli, Zvie, Roger Rusack i James Kakalios. "Composite Nanocrystalline/Amorphous Thin Films for Particle Detector Applications". MRS Proceedings 1770 (2015): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.829.

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ABSTRACTThin films of amorphous silicon with nanocrystalline silicon inclusions are fabricated using a dual plasma PECVD co-deposition system. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction confirmed the crystallinity of the embedded nanocrystals as well as their diameter, which is varied from 4.3 nm to 17.5 nm. The dark conductivity of the films is highly dependent on the crystal fraction, with a maximum room temperature conductivity found for a crystal concentration of 5.5%, well below the percolation threshold. Proton irradiation at energies of 217 MeV with a total fluence of 5 x1012 protons/cm2 caused no significant radiation damage. The enhancement of the conductivity, along with the absence of radiation damage suggests this material may be a candidate for use in the next generation of particle detectors in the Compact Muon Solenoid in the Large Hadron Collider at CERN.

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Kim, Jiwoong, Chang-Seong Moon, Hokyeong Nam, Junghwan Goh, Dongsung Bae, Changhyun Yoo, Sungwon Kim i in. "Multi-Jet Event classification with Convolutional neural network at Large Scale". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2438, nr 1 (1.02.2023): 012103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2438/1/012103.

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Abstract We present an application of Scalable Deep Learning to analyze simulation data of the LHC proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV. We built a Deep Learning model based on the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) which utilizes detector responses as two-dimensional images reflecting the geometry of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector. The model discriminates signal events of the R-parity violating Supersymmetry (RPV SUSY) from the background events with multiple jets due to the inelastic QCD scattering (QCD multi-jets). With the CNN model, we obtained x1.85 efficiency and x1.2 expected significance with respect to the traditional cut-based method. We demonstrated the scalability of the model at a Large Scale with the High-Performance Computing (HPC) resources at the Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI) up to 1024 nodes.

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32

Sorrentino, Giulia. "Simulation and Software Integration of the CMS MIP Timing Detector for High-Luminosity LHC". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2438, nr 1 (1.02.2023): 012123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2438/1/012123.

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Abstract The Compact Muon Solenoid detector at the Large Hadron Collider is undertaking an upgrade program in order to face the harsh conditions foreseen by the High-Luminosity era. This program comprises the installation of a new timing detector whose aim is to measure the time of MIPs, the minimum ionizing particles, with a resolution of around 30-40 ps. The time information provided by this new MIP Timing Detector will improve the rejection of spurious tracks and vertices, will enable particle identification based on the time of flight, and will bring unique physics opportunities for interesting signatures such as those including long-lived particles. All these capabilities require a full software infrastructure to simulate the timing detector and its digitization process, for locally reconstructing the time information associated with tracks, propagating it to the beam line, and contributing to the vertex building. In this paper, the main characteristics of this infrastructure and its integration into the offline software chain are discussed.

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33

Petrushanko, S. V. "Heavy-Ion Physics with the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)". Physics of Atomic Nuclei 84, nr 1 (styczeń 2021): 34–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063778821010154.

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Ball, A., A. Bell, A. Butler, P. Butler, R. Hall-Wilton, J. Hegeman, S. Lansley i in. "Design, implementation and first measurements with the Medipix2-MXR detector at the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment". Journal of Instrumentation 6, nr 08 (12.08.2011): P08005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/6/08/p08005.

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Jiménez Estupiñán, R., P. Adzic, E. Auffray, D. Bailleux, D. Di Calafiori, G. Dissertori, L. Djambazov i in. "The upgrade and re-validation of the Compact Muon Solenoid Electromagnetic Calorimeter Control and Safety Systems during the Second Long Shutdown of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN". EPJ Web of Conferences 245 (2020): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202024501009.

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The Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL) is one of the subdetectors of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS), a general-purpose particle detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The CMS ECAL Detector Control System (DCS) and the CMS ECAL Safety System (ESS) have supported the detector operations and ensured the detector’s integrity since the CMS commissioning phase, more than 10 years ago. Over this long period, several changes to both systems were necessary to correct issues, extend functionality and keep them in-line with current hardware technologies and the evolution of software platforms. Due to the constraints imposed on significant changes to a running system, major hardware and software upgrades were therefore deferred to the second LHC Long Shutdown (LS2). This paper presents the architectures of the CMS ECAL control and safety systems, discusses the ongoing and planned upgrades, details implementation processes and validation methods and highlights the expectations for the post-LS2 systems.

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36

Marrazzo, Vincenzo Romano, Francesco Fienga, Dario Laezza, Michele Riccio, Andrea Irace, Salvatore Buontempo i Giovanni Breglio. "Innovative safety monitoring system based on fiber optic sensors technology compatible with 4-20mA standard". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2374, nr 1 (1.11.2022): 012082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2374/1/012082.

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In this contribution an innovative, full analog, fiber optic sensors (FOS) interrogator is designed which, being fully compatible with the 4-20 mA standard of the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), enable the integration of the FOS technology in safety framework, such as the Detector Safety System (DSS) of the LHC Experiments. It is composed by a full analog electrical circuitry, capable to directly transduce the signal coming from the arrayed waveguide grating (AWG), into a monotonic electrical current in the range of 4-20mA. In a first experimental analysis, a temperature of 50°C was detected, exhibiting an output trend which can be fitted with a 3rd order polynomial equation over the whole range. Furthermore, in a reduced range of 20°C, the trend behaves linearly. The proposed system has the potential to be fully integrated in the DSS of the LHC experiments. Indeed, a validation on field is foreseen in the framework of the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment DSS.

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37

Fox, Patrick J., Sergo Jindariani i Vladimir Shiltsev. "DIMUS: super-compact Dimuonium Spectroscopy collider at Fermilab". Journal of Instrumentation 18, nr 08 (1.08.2023): T08007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/08/t08007.

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Abstract While dimuonium (μ + μ -) — the “smallest QED atom” — has not yet been observed, it is of utmost fundamental interest. By virtue of the larger mass, dimuonium has greater sensitivity to beyond the standard model (BSM) effects than its cousins positronium or muonium, both discovered long ago, while not suffering from large QCD uncertainties. Dimuonium atoms can be created in e + e - collisions with large longitudinal momentum, allowing them to decay a small distance away from the beam crossing point and avoid prompt backgrounds. We envision a unique cost-effective and fast-timeline opportunity for copious production of (μ + μ -) atoms at the production threshold via a modest modification of existing Fermilab Accelerator Science and Technology (FAST) facility to arrange collisions of 408 MeV electrons and positrons at a 75° angle. This compact 23 m circumference collider (DIMUS) will allow for precision tests of QED and open the door for searches for new physics coupled to the muon. The FAST facility is perfectly suited for DIMUS as there are existing SRF accelerators and infrastructure, capable of producing high energy, high current electron and positron beams, sufficient for O(1032)cm2 s-1 luminosity and ∼0.5 million dimuons per year. The expansion will require installation of a second SRF cryomodule, positron production and accumulation system, fast injection/extraction kickers and two small circumference intersecting rings. An approximately meter-sized detector with several layers of modern pixelated silicon detector and crystal-based electromagnetic calorimeters will ensure observation of the decays of dimuonium to electron-positron pairs in presence of the Bhabba scattering background. An expansion of the system to include solenoidal magnet outside of the calorimeter system, a layer of steel shielding behind the magnet, and a set of dedicated muon detectors would extend the physics program of DIMUS to include precision studies of rare processes with muons, pions, and η mesons produced in e + e - collisions.

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38

Samalan, A., M. Tytgat, G. A. Alves, F. Marujo, F. Torres Da Silva De Araujo, E. M. Da Costa, D. De Jesus Damiao i in. "Upgrade of the CMS resistive plate chambers for the high luminosity LHC". Journal of Instrumentation 17, nr 01 (1.01.2022): C01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/01/c01011.

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Abstract During the upcoming High Luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), the integrated luminosity of the accelerator will increase to 3000 fb−1. The expected experimental conditions in that period in terms of background rates, event pileup, and the probable aging of the current detectors present a challenge for all the existing experiments at the LHC, including the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment. To ensure a highly performing muon system for this period, several upgrades of the Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) system of the CMS are currently being implemented. These include the replacement of the readout system for the present system, and the installation of two new RPC stations with improved chamber and front-end electronics designs. The current overall status of this CMS RPC upgrade project is presented.

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39

Górniak, Patrycja, Andrzej Sobczyk i Janusz Pobędza. "Safety of CMS Experiment Systems Operation – Integration of a New CO2 Fire Extinguishing Weighing System to the CMS Safety Panel". System Safety: Human - Technical Facility - Environment 1, nr 1 (1.03.2019): 490–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/czoto-2019-0063.

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AbstractThe subject of the article is the integration of a new CO2 fire extinguishing weighing system to the panel displaying the status of Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector safety systems (CMS Safety Panel) at CERN. The CO2 fire extinguishing system is responsible for protection of unique control devices, so safety of its operation and the weighing system was designed to monitor the state of it and make it reliable. CMS Safety Panel displays status of safety systems used in CMS Experiment and it is based on JCOP Framework that guarantee compatibility of all the projects. The integration of the new CO2 fire extinguishing system to the CMS Safety Panel requires that the system meets the assumptions that other projects fulfil and allows for clear monitoring of its situation along with the rest of the security systems.

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40

Cavallari, Francesca, i Chiara Rovelli. "Calibration and Performance of the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter in LHC Run2". EPJ Web of Conferences 245 (2020): 02027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202024502027.

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Many physics analyses using the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector at the LHC require accurate, high resolution electron and photon energy measurements. Excellent energy resolution is crucial for studies of Higgs boson decays with electromagnetic particles in the final state, as well as searches for very high mass resonances decaying to energetic photons or electrons. The CMS electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) is a fundamental instrument for these analyses and its energy resolution is crucial for the Higgs boson mass measurement. Recently the energy response of the calorimeter has been precisely calibrated exploiting the full Run2 data, aiming at a legacy reprocessing of the data. A dedicated calibration of each detector channel has been performed with physics events exploiting electrons from W and Z boson decays, photons from π0 and η decays, and from the azimuthally symmetric energy distribution of minimum bias events. This talk presents the calibration strategies that have been implemented and the excellent performance achieved by the CMS ECAL with the ultimate calibration of Run2 data, in terms of energy scale stability and energy resolution.

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41

Klyukhin, Vyacheslav, Austin Ball, Felix Bergsma, Henk Boterenbrood, Benoit Curé, Domenico Dattola, Andrea Gaddi i in. "The CMS Magnetic Field Measuring and Monitoring Systems". Symmetry 14, nr 1 (15.01.2022): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14010169.

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This review article describes the performance of the magnetic field measuring and monitoring systems for the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector. To cross-check the magnetic flux distribution obtained with the CMS magnet model, four systems for measuring the magnetic flux density in the detector volume were used. The magnetic induction inside the 6 m diameter superconducting solenoid was measured and is currently monitored by four nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probes installed using special tubes at a radius of 2.9148 m outside the barrel hadron calorimeter at ±0.006 m from the coil median XY-plane. Two more NRM probes were installed at the faces of the tracking system at Z-coordinates of −2.835 and +2.831 m and a radius of 0.651 m from the solenoid axis. The field inside the superconducting solenoid was precisely measured in 2006 in a cylindrical volume of 3.448 m in diameter and 7 m in length using ten three-dimensional (3D) B-sensors based on the Hall effect (Hall probes). These B-sensors were installed on each of the two propeller arms of an automated field-mapping machine. In addition to these measurement systems, a system for monitoring the magnetic field during the CMS detector operation has been developed. Inside the solenoid in the horizontal plane, four 3D B-sensors were installed at the faces of the tracking detector at distances X = ±0.959 m and Z-coordinates of −2.899 and +2.895 m. Twelve 3D B-sensors were installed on the surfaces of the flux-return yoke nose disks. Seventy 3D B-sensors were installed in the air gaps of the CMS magnet yoke in 11 XY-planes of the azimuthal sector at 270°. A specially developed flux loop technique was used for the most complex measurements of the magnetic flux density inside the steel blocks of the CMS magnet yoke. The flux loops are installed in 22 sections of the flux-return yoke blocks in grooves of 30 mm wide and 12–13 mm deep and consist of 7–10 turns of 45 wire flat ribbon cable. The areas enclosed by these coils varied from 0.3 to 1.59 m2 in the blocks of the barrel wheels and from 0.5 to 1.12 m2 in the blocks of the yoke endcap disks. The development of these systems and the results of the magnetic flux density measurements across the CMS magnet are presented and discussed in this review article.

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42

Reis, Thomas. "CMS ECAL upgrade for precision timing and energy measurements at the High Luminosity LHC". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2374, nr 1 (1.11.2022): 012072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2374/1/012072.

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The unprecedented instantaneous luminosity provided by the High Luminosity upgrade of the LHC (HL-LHC) at CERN requires an upgrade of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL). The barrel region of the CMS ECAL will be preserved but will be operated at a lower temperature and with a completely new readout and trigger electronics. A dual gain trans-impedance amplifier and an integrated circuit providing two 160 MHz analog to digital converter channels, gain selection, and data compression will be used in the new readout electronics. The trigger decision will be moved off-detector and performed by powerful and flexible field programmable gate array processors, allowing for sophisticated trigger algorithms to be applied. The upgraded ECAL will be capable of high-precision energy measurements throughout HL-LHC data taking and will greatly improve the time resolution for photons and electrons above 10 GeV.

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43

Patyal, S., N. Saini, B. Kaur, P. Chatterjee i A. K. Srivastava. "Investigation of mixed irradiation effects in p-MCz thin silicon microstrip detector for the HL-LHC experiments". Journal of Instrumentation 17, nr 09 (1.09.2022): C09023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/09/c09023.

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Abstract A lot of R&D work is carried out in the CERN RD 50 collaboration to find out the best material for the Si detectors that can be used in the harsh radiation environment of HL-LHC, n and p-MCz Si was identified as one of the prime candidates as a material for strip detector that can be chosen for the phase 2 upgrade plan of the new Compact Muon Solenoid Tracker detector in 2026. In this work, four level deep-trap mixed irradiation model for p-MCz Si is proposed by the comparison of experimental data on the full depletion voltage and leakage current to the Shockley Read Hall recombination statistics results on the mixed irradiated p-MCz Si PAD detector. The effective introduction rate (η eff) of shallower donor deep trap E30K is extracted using SRH theory calculations for experimental N eff and that can show the behavior of space charges and electric field distribution in the p-MCz Si strip detector and compared its value with the η eff of shallower donor deep trap E30K in the nMCz Si microstrip detector. Prediction uncertainty in the p-MCz Si radiation damage mixed irradiation model is considered in the full depletion voltage and leakage current. A very good agreement is observed in the experimental and SRH results. This radiation damage model is also used to extrapolate the value of the full depletion voltage at different mixed (proton + neutron) higher irradiation fluences for the thin p-MCz Si microstrip detector.

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44

Wachirapusitan, Vichayanun. "Machine Learning applications for Data Quality Monitoring and Data Certification within CMS". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2438, nr 1 (1.02.2023): 012098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2438/1/012098.

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Abstract The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector is getting ready for datataking in 2022, after a long shutdown period. LHC Run-3 is expected to deliver an ever-increasing amount of data. To ensure that the recorded data has the best quality possible, the CMS Collaboration has dedicated Data Quality Monitoring (DQM) and Data Certification (DC) working groups. These working groups are made of human shifters and experts who carefully watch and investigate histograms generated from different parts of the detector. However, the current workflow is not granular enough and prone to human errors. On the other hand, several techniques in Machine Learning (ML) can be designed to learn from large collections of data and make predictions for the data quality at an unprecedented speed and granularity. Hence, the data certification process can be considered as a perfect problem for ML techniques to tackle. With the help of ML, we can increase the granularity and speed of the DQM workflow and assist the human shifters and experts in detecting anomalies during data-taking. In this presentation, we present preliminary results from incorporating ML to highly granular DQM information for data certification.

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45

Estupiñán, R. Jiménez, L. Marchese, D. Di Calafiori, G. Dissertori, W. Lustermann, L. Djambazov, J. Fay i in. "Software migration of the CMS ECAL Detector Control System during the CERN Large Hadron Collider Long Shutdown II". EPJ Web of Conferences 251 (2021): 04007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125104007.

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During the second long shutdown (LS2) of the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the Detector Control System (DCS) of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL) is undergoing a large software upgrade at various levels. The ECAL DCS supervisory system has been reviewed and extended to migrate the underlying software toolkits and platform technologies to the latest versions. The resulting software will run on top of a new computing infrastructure, using the WinCC Open Architecture (OA) version 3.16 and newly developed communication drivers for some of the hardware. The ECAL DCS has been configured and managed from a different control version system and stored with more modern encoding and file formats. A new set of development guidelines has been prepared for this purpose, including conventions and recommendations from the CMS Central DCS and CERN Joint Controls Project (JCOP) framework groups. The large list of modifications also motivated the revision and reorganization of the software architecture, which is needed to resolve and satisfy additional software dependencies. Many modifications also aimed to improve the installation process, anticipating in some cases works for the next long shutdown upgrade.

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Koppenhöfer, R., T. Barvich, J. Braach, A. Dierlamm, U. Husemann, S. Maier, Th Müller i in. "Beam test results of silicon sensor module prototypes for the Phase-2 Upgrade of the CMS Outer Tracker". Journal of Instrumentation 16, nr 12 (1.12.2021): C12033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/12/c12033.

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Abstract The start of the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) in 2027 requires upgrades to the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment. In the scope of the upgrade program the complete silicon tracking detector will be replaced. The new CMS Tracker will be equipped with silicon pixel detectors in the inner layers closest to the interaction point and silicon strip detectors in the outer layers. The new CMS Outer Tracker will consist of two different kinds of detector modules called PS and 2S modules. Each module will be made of two parallel silicon sensors (a macro-pixel sensor and a strip sensor for the PS modules and two strip sensors for the 2S modules). Combining the hit information of both sensor layers, it is possible to estimate the transverse momentum of particles in the magnetic field of 3.8 T at the full bunch-crossing rate of 40 MHz directly on the module. This information will be used as an input for the first trigger stage of CMS. It is necessary to validate the Outer Tracker module functionality before installing the modules in the CMS experiment. Besides laboratory-based tests several 2S module prototypes have been studied at test beam facilities at CERN, DESY and FNAL. This article concentrates on the beam tests at DESY during which the functionality of the module concept was investigated using the full final readout chain for the first time. Additionally the performance of a 2S module assembled with irradiated sensors was studied. By choosing an irradiation fluence expected for 2S modules at the end of HL-LHC operation, it was possible to investigate the particle detection efficiency and study the trigger capabilities of the module at the beginning and end of the runtime of the CMS experiment.

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47

GANGULY, SANMAY, i MONORANJAN GUCHAIT. "JET CROSS-SECTION MEASUREMENTS IN CMS". International Journal of Modern Physics A 28, nr 20 (7.08.2013): 1330030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x13300305.

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The Large Hadron Collider experiment has successfully completed data taking at center-of-mass energy 7 TeV in 2011 and very recently for 8 TeV. Measurements of cross-sections predicted by the standard model were the main tasks in the beginning. The inclusive jet cross-section and dijet mass measurement are already done at 7 TeV energy by Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector with integrated luminosity 5 fb-1. In these measurement, one needs to understand and measure precisely the kinematic properties of jets which involve many theoretical and experimental issues. The goal of this paper is to discuss all these issues including jet measurements in CMS and subsequently review the inclusive jet cross-section and dijet mass measurement in CMS at 7 TeV with integrated luminosity 5 fb-1. The measurements, after unfolding the data, are also compared with the next-to-leading-order theory predictions, corrected for the nonperturbative effects, for five different sets of parton distribution functions. It is observed that the measurements, for both cases, agree with the theory prediction within ~8–10% depending on transverse momentum (pT) and dijet invariant mass (Mjj) of jets.

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48

Wightman, Andrew, Geoffrey Smith, Kelci Mohrman i Charles Mueller. "Trigger Rate Monitoring Tools at CMS". EPJ Web of Conferences 214 (2019): 01047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921401047.

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One of the major challenges for the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS)experiment, is the task of reducing event rate from roughly 40 MHz down to a more manageable 1 kHz while keeping as many interesting physics events as possible. This is accomplished through the use of a Level-1 (L1) hardware based trigger as well as a software based High-Level Trigger (HLT). Monitoring and understanding the output rates of the L1 and HLT triggers is of key importance for determining the overall performance of the trigger system and is intimately tied to what type of data is being recorded for physics analyses. We present here a collection of tools used by CMS to monitor the L1 and HLT trigger rates. One of these tools is a script (run in the CMS control room) that gives valuable real-time feedback of trigger rates to the shift crew. Another useful tool is a plotting library, that is used for observing how trigger rates vary over a range of beam and detector conditions, in particular how the rates of individual triggers scale with event pile-up.

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Simkina, Polina. "Machine Learning Techniques for Calorimetry". Instruments 6, nr 4 (21.09.2022): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments6040047.

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The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) is one of the general purpose detectors at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), where the products of proton–proton collisions at the center of mass energy up to 13.6 TeV are reconstructed. The electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) is one of the crucial components of the CMS since it reconstructs the energies and positions of electrons and photons. Even though several Machine Learning (ML) algorithms have been already used for calorimetry, with the constant advancement of the field, more and more sophisticated techniques have become available, which can be beneficial for object reconstruction with calorimeters. In this paper, we present two novel ML algorithms for object reconstruction with the ECAL that are based on graph neural networks (GNNs). The new approaches show significant improvements compared to the current algorithms used in CMS.

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Cucciati, Giacomo. "Cms Ecal Daq Monitoring System". EPJ Web of Conferences 214 (2019): 01045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921401045.

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The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland, has just completed the Run 2 era, colliding protons at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV at high instantaneous luminosity. The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) is a general-purpose particle detector experiment at the LHC. The CMS electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) has been designed to achieve excellent energy and position resolution for electrons and photons. A multi-machine distributed software configures the on-detector and off-detector electronic boards composing the ECAL data acquisition (DAQ) system and follows the life cycle of the acquisition process. Since the beginning of Run 2 in 2015, many improvements to the ECAL DAQ have been implemented to reduce and mitigate occasional errors in the front-end electronics and not only. Efforts at the software level have been made to introduce automatic recovery in case of errors. Automatic actions has made even more important the online monitoring of the DAQ boards status. For this purpose a new web application, EcalView, has been developed. It runs on a light Node.js JavaScript server framework. It is composed of several routines that cyclically collect the status of the electronics. It display the information when web requests are launched by client side graphical interfaces. For each board, detailed information can be loaded and presented in specific pages if requested by the expert. Server side routines store information regarding electronics errors in a SQLite database in order to perform offline analysis about the long term status of the boards.

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