Artykuły w czasopismach: „Communications 5G”

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Choi, Young B., i Matthew E. Bunn. "The Security Risks and Challenges of 5G Communications". International Journal of Cyber Research and Education 3, nr 2 (lipiec 2021): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcre.2021070104.

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With the introduction of the 5th generation of wireless systems and communications (5G) comes new risks and challenges. This paper explores the potential security challenges of 5G communication compared with legacy cellular networks and prior generations of communication standards. This paper defines what 5G is and how it affects our lives on a daily basis. It further discusses the new security features involving different technologies applied to 5G, such as heterogeneous networks, device-to-device communications, massive multiple-input multiple-output, software-defined networks, and the internet of things, including autonomous cars, healthcare, automated manufacturing, and more.

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Manale, Boughanja, i Tomader Mazri. "Security of communication 5G-V2X: A proposed approach based on securing 5G-V2X based on Blockchain". ITM Web of Conferences 43 (2022): 01025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20224301025.

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With the rapid evolution of wireless communication and autonomous vehicles, vehicle to Everything (V2X) communications provides driving safety, traffic efficiency, and real-time traffic information in-vehicle networks. V2X has evolved by integrating 5G cellular access technology and New Radio (NR) into V2X communications (i.e., 5G NR V2X). Since the security issue in 5G-V2X remains a crucial point, we conducted a literature review approach and identified the 5G-V2X communication levels in this paper. The main objective of this study was to develop an approach to secure 5G-V2X. The proposed methodology is based on Blockchain to ensure the 5G-V2X architecture levels.

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Shah, Syed Adeel Ali, Ejaz Ahmed, Muhammad Imran i Sherali Zeadally. "5G for Vehicular Communications". IEEE Communications Magazine 56, nr 1 (styczeń 2018): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2018.1700467.

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Demestichas, Konstantinos, Evgenia Adamopoulou i Michał Choraś. "5G Communications: Energy Efficiency". Mobile Information Systems 2017 (2017): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5121302.

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Bhardwaj, Anshu. "5G for Military Communications". Procedia Computer Science 171 (2020): 2665–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.04.289.

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Boeding, Matthew, Paul Scalise, Michael Hempel, Hamid Sharif i Juan Lopez. "Toward Wireless Smart Grid Communications: An Evaluation of Protocol Latencies in an Open-Source 5G Testbed". Energies 17, nr 2 (11.01.2024): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17020373.

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Fifth-generation networks promise wide availability of wireless communication with inherent security features. The 5G standards also outline access for different applications requiring low latency, machine-to-machine communication, or mobile broadband. These networks can be advantageous to numerous applications that require widespread and diverse communications. One such application is found in smart grids. Smart grid networks, and Operational Technology (OT) networks in general, utilize a variety of communication protocols for low-latency control, data monitoring, and reporting at every level. Transitioning these network communications from wired Wide Area Networks (WANs) to wireless communication through 5G can provide additional benefits to their security and network configurability. However, introducing these wireless capabilities may also result in a degradation of network latency. In this paper, we propose utilizing 5G for smart grid communications, and we evaluate the latency impacts of encapsulating GOOSE, Modbus, and DNP3 for transmission over a 5G network. The OpenAirInterface open-source library is utilized to deploy an in-lab 5G Core Network and gNB for testing with off-the-shelf User Equipment (UE). This creates an effective 5G test platform for experimenting with different OT protocols such as GOOSE. The results are validated by measuring two different Intelligent Electronic Devices’ contact closure times for each network configuration. These tests are also conducted for varying packet sizes in order to isolate different sources of network latency. Our study outlines the latency impact of communication over 5G for time-critical and non-critical applications regarding their transition toward private 5G-based OT network implementations. The conducted experiments illustrate that in the case of GOOSE packets, simple encapsulation may exceed the protocol’s time-critical nature, and, therefore, additional measures must be taken to ensure a viable transition of GOOSE to 5G services. However, non-critical applications are shown to be viable for migration to 5G.

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Hameed, Nazia, i Dr Vipin Gupta. "Future Antenna for 5G Mobile Communications". International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-6 (31.10.2018): 982–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd18820.

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Chih-Lin, I., Shuangfeng Han, Zhikun Xu, Qi Sun i Zhengang Pan. "5G: rethink mobile communications for 2020+". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374, nr 2062 (6.03.2016): 20140432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0432.

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The 5G network is anticipated to meet the challenging requirements of mobile traffic in the 2020s, which are characterized by super high data rate, low latency, high mobility, high energy efficiency and high traffic density. This paper provides an overview of China Mobile’s 5G vision and potential solutions. Three key characteristics of 5G are analysed, i.e. super fast, soft and green. The main 5G R&D themes are further elaborated, which include five fundamental rethinkings of the traditional design methodologies. The 5G network design considerations are also discussed, with cloud radio access network, ultra-dense network, software defined network and network function virtualization examined as key potential solutions towards a green and soft 5G network. The paradigm shift to user-centric network operation from the traditional cell-centric operation is also investigated, where the decoupled downlink and uplink, control and data, and adaptive multiple connections provide sufficient means to achieve a user-centric 5G network with ‘no more cells’. The software defined air interface is investigated under a uniform framework and can adaptively adapt the parameters to well satisfy various requirements in different 5G scenarios.

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Abdullayeva, A. S., A. K. Aitim i A. V. Tyan. "ПЕРЕХОД СЕТИ 4G НА 5G. ИННОВАЦИОННЫЙ ПОТЕНЦИАЛ ЭКОСИСТЕМЫ 5G". INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES 3, nr 2(10) (15.06.2022): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.54309/ijict.2022.10.2.005.

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This article is based on an analysis of the new generation of 5G network. The smooth transition from the fourth generation to the fifth and the need for a 5G network for connection and data transmission are considered. Also, the impact of the new generation network on the global economy. Transition problems and technical needs for network implementation are analyzed. Everyday products and communications, whether images, audio, or video, are increasingly dependent on high-speed, 24/7 Internet connections. To keep up with the ever-increasing demand, the 5th generation of wireless network technology was introduced; better known as 5G. Perseverance in technological innovation contributes to a timely economic recovery and will continue to promote prosperity in the post-pandemic era. 5G advances mobile communications from connecting people to people and people to information to a single communication network connecting everyone and everything. This paper examines the evolution and rise of wireless technologies of all generations, highlights the importance of revolutionary 5G networks, examines the main technologies that make it possible to apply them, explores their trends and challenges, explores their applications in various industrial sectors.

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Zu, Chenyu. "An investigation on fronthaul and millimeter wave technologies for 5G". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2132, nr 1 (1.12.2021): 012037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2132/1/012037.

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Abstract Abstract.The growing demand for communications and the emergence of new applications have put the capacity, transmission rate and latency of communications systems to a more severe test. In this context, 5G communication technology has emerged. 5G applications are divided into three typical application scenarios: eMBB, URLLC and mMTC. In order to support these applications, the key technologies of 5G need to be studied in depth. This paper firstly investigates the networking architecture of 5G bearer networks, and carries out a detailed analysis and comparison of 5G fronthaul technology, including the optical fibre direct connection solution, passive WDM solution, active WDM/OTN solution and WDM-PON solution. Secondly, this paper introduces 5G millimetre wave technology to achieve large capacity and high spectral efficiency transmission, including direct intensity modulation method, external modulation method, optical heterodyne method, optical injection locking method and optical phase-locked loop method. Finally, this paper provides an outlook on 5G fronthaul technology and millimetre wave technology.

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Biswas, Ritayan, i Jukka Lempiäinen. "Assessment of 5G as an ambient signal for outdoor backscattering communications". Wireless Networks 27, nr 6 (sierpień 2021): 4083–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11276-021-02731-x.

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AbstractThe aim of this article is to evaluate the applicability of 5G technology as a possible ambient signal for backscattering communications (AmBC). This evaluation considers both urban macro-cellular, small cell as well as rural highway environments. The simulations are performed in outdoor areas including analysis about 5G implementation strategies in different scenarios. Essential aspects of 5G radio network topology such as frequency domain (3.5 GHz and 26 GHz) and antenna locations (offering line-of-sight, LOS) are highlighted and turned to applicability scenarios with AmBC. The LOS scenarios are evaluated to determine the widest applicability area of 5G for AmBC. Typical AmBC applications are studied including collection of data from several sensors to receivers. Evaluation of the applicability of 5G was based on propagation related simulations and calculations utilising the ray tracing technique and the radar equation. The results demonstrate that 5G can be used as an ambient signal for backscattering communications for short ranges for typical sensor sizes. It is also observed that the range of communication is heavily dependent on the the size of the sensor.

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Silva, Mário Marques da, i João Guerreiro. "On the 5G and Beyond". Applied Sciences 10, nr 20 (12.10.2020): 7091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10207091.

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This article provides an overview of the fifth generation of cellular communications (5G) and beyond. It presents the transmission techniques of current 5G communications and those expected of future developments, namely a brief study of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) using the single carrier with frequency domain equalization (SC-FDE) block transmission technique, evidencing its added value in terms of spectral efficiency. An introduction to the sixth generation of cellular communications (6G) is also provided. The insertion of 5G and 6G within the Fourth Industrial Revolution framework (also known as Industry 4.0) is also dealt with. Consisting of a change in paradigm, when compared to previous generations, 5G supports a myriad of new services based on the Internet of things (IoT) and on vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications, supporting technologies such as autonomous driving, smart cities, and remote surgery. The new services provided by 5G are supported by new techniques, such as millimeter waves (mm-wave), in addition to traditional microwave communication, and by massive multiple-input multiple-output (m-MIMO) technology. These techniques were not employed in the fourth generation of cellular communications (4G). While 5G plays an important role in the initial implementation of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, 6G will address a number of new services such as virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), holographic services, the advanced Internet of things (IoT), AI-infused applications, wireless brain–computer interaction (BCI), and mobility at higher speeds. The current research on systems beyond 5G indicates that these applications shall be supported by new MIMO techniques and make use of terahertz (THz) bands.

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White, M. "Communications in Crisis [5G Drones]". Engineering & Technology 15, nr 9 (1.10.2020): 50–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et.2020.0907.

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Barreto, André Noll, Bruno Faria, Erika Almeida, Ignacio Rodriguez, Mads Lauridsen, Rafhael Amorim i Robson Vieira. "5G – Wireless Communications for 2020". Journal of Communication and Information Systems 31, nr 1 (2016): 146–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.14209/jcis.2016.14.

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Zvanovec, S., P. Chvojka, P. A. Haigh i Z. Ghassemlooy. "Visible Light Communications towards 5G". Radioengineering 24, nr 1 (15.04.2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.13164/re.2015.0001.

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Et. al., Rydhm Beri ,. "A Contemporary Study on Quantum-Computing Security Mechanisms in 5G Networks". Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, nr 2 (11.04.2021): 450–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i2.835.

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5G communication technology works with the integration of several technologies viz. Cloud Computing, network partitioning and software based networks. This integration allows the communication between thousands of device across the world which have enormous issues related to data protection, data authenticity, and data confidentiality. So, there is an immense need of secure protocols to face or resolve security related issues related to design and operation of 5G network. Moreover, some structured cryptography protocols required to develop and accomplish data security in 5G communication. The study focussing on the comprehensive consequences of quantum computing on security implementations of 5G mobile communications. The study discussing about the cryptographic algorithm used in 5G, and what are the various consequences of involvement of quantum computing.

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Onwuegbuzie, Innocent. "5G: Next Generation Mobile Wireless Technology for A Fast Pacing World". Journal for Pure and Applied Sciences (JPAS) 1, nr 1 (28.06.2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.56180/jpas.vol1.iss1.57.

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The quest for faster and seamless mobile communication services has given rise to the Fifth Generation (5G) mobile communication technology. 5G presents enormous opportunities for end-users, businesses, and the global economy at large. The major edge 5G has over its predecessor technologies; the 3rd and 4th Generation (3G and 4G), is ultra-low latency, which translates to ultra-fast data speed, which has the potential to peak to about 1Gbps at the frequency range of 6GHz to 100GHz. Its application of Multiple Input, Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna technology enables it to beam dedicated radio signals to 5G enabled User Equipment (UEs) using the advanced beam steering algorithm. This results in maximum data throughput with ultra-high bandwidth transmission to end-user applications resulting in new and never-seen-before business opportunities across different industries, investments, and business services. By expanding the scope of wireless technologies and making devices more autonomous, 5G has the potential to reduce carbon emission footprint and encourage greener communities. The application of 5G cuts across all spheres of our lives; industry, transportation, education, communications, health, and businesses. 5G is more inclusive, progressive, proven, and powerful than any of its predecessor generations of communications technology. With more power and improved efficiency, 5G is on its way to creating a truly connected world.

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Dymkova, Svetlana. "APPLICABILITY OF 5G SUBSCRIBER EQUIPMENT AND GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS". SYNCHROINFO JOURNAL 7, nr 5 (2021): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.36724/2664-066x-2021-7-5-36-48.

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5G is the latest generation of mobile cellular technology, which is designed to significantly increase Internet speed, coverage and reduce the data packet transfer time in wireless networks. 5G brings together all latest and most advanced developments of mankind in terms of communications and IT. This is the limit of existing technologies of microelectronics and data radio transmission. The new generation of 5G mobile communication has a number of fundamental advantages compared to 4G: higher data transfer rate; low signal delay; the ability to connect more devices; high energy efficiency; multiply increased throughput; high user mobility. Another important difference of 5G deserves attention – large-scale virtualization. The new technology goes beyond just hardware solutions. Many functions in it are implemented not at the level of physical infrastructure, but in a software way. This article covers the topic of applicability of GNSS and 5G mobile communications. The material of article will tell you why GNSS and 5G are interesting and how User Equipment developers can start shaping the 5G device market today.

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Ponomarev, Oleg, Alexander Moiseichenkov, Alexander Bakhtin, Elena Omelyanchuk, Anastasia Semenova i Victor Mikhailov. "5G base station prototyping: implementation possibilities in Russia". ITM Web of Conferences 30 (2019): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20193003001.

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A brief overview of the development of 5G mobile communications in the world and in Russia is presented. 5G pilot projects in Russia are considered. The basic requirements for 5G networks, the tasks facing developers, examples of hardware and brief technical specifications of hardware produced in Russia that can be used to create base station equipment for 5G networks are given. The work of MIET on the development of software and algorithmic support for 5G transceiver equipment is described. An estimation is given concerning the feasibility of implementing 5G generation mobile communication base stations in Russia, including on the basis of hardware from Russian manufacturers.

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P. Pattunnarajam, Janani G, A. Vijayaraj i Sathiya Priya S. "Enhanced routing strategy of wireless sensor network based on fifth generation communication technology". Scientific Temper 14, nr 04 (31.12.2023): 1283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.58414/scientifictemper.2023.14.4.33.

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5G, or Fifth Generation Innovation refers to the most recent version of handheld devices communication in the field of wireless communication. Assessments pertaining to the subject of wireless communication are provided in this particular piece of writing. At each stage of progress, a variety of obstacles had to be overcome, but with the assistance of contemporary wireless networks, those obstacles were conquered. When compared to all of the other wireless networks that have come before it, 5G is the only one that offers a capability for high-speed internet access anytime, wherever, and to anybody. 5G is a little bit different owing to the fact that it has certain innovative functions, such as managing gadgets, materials and processes as well as networking individuals. The 5G wireless network will deliver varying degrees of performance and capabilities, which will result in new user experiences and the connection of new businesses. Compliantly providing service-customized communications to a broad range of services via interconnected internet reserves and aerial/wired networking assets, which may be offered by different infrastructure suppliers and/or operators, will be one of the primary goals for subsequent 5G wireless networks. This will be accomplished as one of the basic goals of prospective 5G wireless networks. Recent years have seen the launch of a number of research works and initiatives aimed at laying the groundwork for the technological foundation of 5G mobile communications. These endeavors involve major mobile infrastructure manufacturers, academic institutions, and international mobile network operators. However, the 5G mobile services that will be made accessible for usage, as well as their design and performance, have not been explicated in a clear and concise manner. In this article, we offer a comprehensive review of 5G, the wireless communication system that will replace 4G in the near future.

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Gao, Zihang. "Research on 5G Network Slicing Strategy for Urban Complex Environment". Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2023 (30.06.2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/2820966.

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Focusing on the layout of the 5G mobile communication base station in the city center, we design a 5G city network slicing strategy for the three typical application scenarios with enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultrareliable low-latency communications (URLLC), and massive machine type communications (mMTC). The strategy considers multiple important network performance indicators, including user guaranteed bandwidth, maximum bandwidth limit, QoS (quality of service), link delay tolerance, and slicing throughput. The slicing strategy can greatly increase the connections of base station clients and the utilization of network resources, and effectively reduce block radio and handover radio. The simulation experiments adopt the 5G base station dataset of a coastal city layout in Zhejiang province. Our tests show that the 5G network slicing strategy has certain advantages in network transmission performance in urban complex environment. The research can provide an effective reference for 5G infrastructure construction in other cities.

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Leyva-Mayorga, Israel, Beatriz Soret, Maik Roper, Dirk Wubben, Bho Matthiesen, Armin Dekorsy i Petar Popovski. "LEO Small-Satellite Constellations for 5G and Beyond-5G Communications". IEEE Access 8 (2020): 184955–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3029620.

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Bordel Sánchez, Borja, Ramón Alcarria, Tomás Robles i Antonio Jara. "Protecting Physical Communications in 5G C-RAN Architectures through Resonant Mechanisms in Optical Media". Sensors 20, nr 15 (23.07.2020): 4104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20154104.

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Future 5G networks are characterized by three basic ideas: enhanced mobile broadband communications, massive machine-type communications, and ultra-low-latency communications. Any of these requirements needs, to be fulfilled, the implementation of high-efficiency technologies at all levels. This includes some of the costliest mechanisms in terms of computational time and bitrate: information protection solutions. Typical techniques in this area employ complex algorithms and large protocol headers, which strongly reduces the effective baud rate and latency of future 5G networks and communications. This is especially relevant in the access network, which in 5G networks will follow a cloud-based architecture, where thousands of different devices must communicate, before aggregating all those streams to be sent to the backbone. Then, new and more efficient mechanisms are needed in the cloud radio access networks (C-RAN) for future 5G systems. Therefore, in this paper it is proposed a novel information protection scheme for C-RAN architectures based on resonant phenomena in optical fibers communicating the fronthaul and backhaul in 5G networks. Resonant structures and physical nonlinearities generate a chaotic signal which may encrypt and hide at physical level every communication stream in a very efficient manner. To evaluate the proposed mechanism, an experimental validation based on simulation techniques is also described and results discussed.

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Sharma, Dr Subhash Kumar, Dr Shailendra Kumar Srivastava i Satyam Srivastava. "An approach to Wireless Network: 6G Technology". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, nr 4 (30.04.2022): 2819–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41698.

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Abstract: Wireless communications is the transferring of information between two or more points which are not physically connected. Wireless mobile communication is being used from many years, but day by day Need of facilities on mobile is increasing, so time to time next integrated Versions of network is introduced. Distances can be short, which is used for television remote control and even far distance which is used for deep-space radio communications. Latest version is 5G, but only some countries are using 5G wireless network. 5G network is strong and very fast wireless communication network, it is and it will fulfill most of the requirement of users. But it is not end of the desires, the paper deals with the evolutions of technologies and its advantages and meet desires of user next generation of mobile network also introduced 6G. This paper is about introduction and advancement of 6G & 7G for future. Keywords: 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G, 6G, Handover, TDMA, CDMA, GSM, smart antenna.

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Yahiya, Tara I. "Towards Society Revolution". UKH Journal of Science and Engineering 2, nr 2 (26.12.2018): 37–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.25079/ukhjse.v2n2y2018.pp37-38.

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It is expected that the 5G will change the landscape of the communication paradigm as it will offer huge number of device connections, high data rate, evolutionary channel modulation, etc. The 5G predicts to have billions of devices connected through its new scenarios involving Internet of Things (IoT), Machine Type Communications (MTC), Machine- to- Machine Communications (M2M) via the use of different types of devices including but not restricted to smartphones based IP packet.

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Kim, Jun Suk, Jae Sheung Shin, Sung-Min Oh, Ae-Soon Park i Min Young Chung. "System Coverage and Capacity Analysis on Millimeter-Wave Band for 5G Mobile Communication Systems with Massive Antenna Structure". International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/139063.

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The use of a millimeter-wave band defined as a 30–300 GHz range is significant element for improving performance of 5th generation (5G) mobile communication systems. However, since the millimeter-wave signal has peculiar propagation characteristics especially toward non-line-of-sight regions, the system architecture and antenna structure for 5G mobile communications should be designed to overcome these propagation limitations. For realization of the 5G mobile communications, electronics and telecommunications research institute (ETRI) is developing central network applying various massive antenna structures with beamforming. In this paper, we have introduced the central network and evaluated the system coverage and capacity through C++ language-based simulations with real geospatial information.

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Rogozhnikov, Evgeniy V., Edgar M. Dmitriev, Danila A. Kondrashov, Yakov V. Kryukov, Artem V. Konovalchikov i Semyon M. Mukhamadiev. "Application of the 5G NR Physical Layer in Space Communications, Performance Evaluation." Radioelectronics. Nanosystems. Information Technologies. 16, nr 1 (14.03.2024): 143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17725/j.rensit.2023.16.143.

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The propagation channel is significantly modified in the case of 5th Generation New Radio radio access technology (5G NR) in space communication systems. In particular, large delays occur with respect to the terrestrial propagation channel, and signal attenuation increases, resulting in a lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The Doppler shift of the carrier frequency is also significantly increased due to the high velocity of the spacecraft (SC) relative to the user equipment (UE). The aim of the work is to investigate the decoding capability of the physical channels and signals of the 5G NR system in case of its application in satellite communication systems (SCS), as well as to calculate the performance of such a system to assess the applicability of 5G NR in SCS. The ability to correctly decode signals and channels depending on SNR is evaluated using mathematical modelling of 5G NR signal and channel shaping in conjunction with the Quasi Deterministic Radio Channel Generator (QuaDRiGa) model. The research within the paper draws conclusions on the applicability of 5G NR radio access technology in a space communications environment.

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Bojkovic, Zoran, Dragorad Milovanovic, Tulsi Pawan Fowdur i Mussawir Ahmad Hosany. "What 5G has been and what should 5G+ be?" Athens Journal of Τechnology & Engineering 8, nr 1 (20.01.2021): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajte.8-1-2.

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In this work we aim to provide a comprehensive summary of the most inspiring aspects of 5G mobile networks. In addition, we present the latest findings on the promising 6G technology towards a world of fully digital connectivity. The key determinants are extreme system performance and combinations of requirements for new use cases. We study new performance targets beyond 5G in two stages: 5G+ evolution and new 6G step. Relevant technologies considered too immature for 5G or outside the defined scope are outlined. To justify our vision of future mobile networks, we point out the need for closer collaborations of academia, standardizing bodies, industrial organizations and governments. The contribution strategy is gradual evolution and performance enhancement of mobile communications. Finally, we identify challenges and directions on network technology roadmap toward 6G. Keywords: wireless communication, mobile broadband, low-latency communi-cation, 5G network, 3GPP, 6G vision

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Nagma Parveen, Khaizuran Abdullah, Khairayu Badron, Farah Diyana Abdul Rahman i Malik Arman Bin Morshidi. "Generation and Analysis of 5G Downlink Signal". Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology 26, nr 1 (25.01.2022): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/araset.26.1.2330.

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The evolution of wireless communication technology has provided a viable important concept for the next-generation wireless mechanism. The Technology may provide a variety of services for different terminals, such as voice and multimedia data services through a mobile phone, as well as improved packet delivery across cellular networks. Fifth Generation (5G) New Radio (NR) is the most recent radio air interface designed for next-generation wireless communication networks to fulfill the increasing needs of connected devices. It is built to enable a variety of situations, including increased large machine-to-machine communications, mobile broadband, and ultra-reliable low-latency communications. The 5G NR signal is generated and analyzed using the various parameters in the waveform generator app in MATLAB. The downlink scenario is considered. The modulation used here for the generation of 5G signal is 16 QAM and 64 QAM modulation technique.

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Omar, Saleh, i Belgacem Chibani. "Radio Mobile Communications Systems Antenna’ Analysis and Design". International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing 12, nr 10 (30.10.2023): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.47760/ijcsmc.2023.v12i10.002.

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In this paper, a 4G and 5G microstrip patch antenna (MSPA) design and performance analysis for fifth-generation communication systems is presented. The antenna is designed using FR-4 substrate material with thickness of 1.1 mm, and dielectric constant (εr) of 4.3.This antenna is previewed to operate at 4.2 GHz for 4G and this will also be used with 28 GHz for 5G. Analysis was conducted using CST (Computer Simulation Technology) simulator. The simulation results are shown for these frequencies. This is explained including their respective bandwidths, HPBWs and gains. Tested antenna shows a good gain of 4.38dBi at 4G frequency of 5GHz and an excellent gain of 7.85dBi for 5G frequency at 27GHz. Results are enabling this antenna for 4G and 5G network mobile application.

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31

Li, Guyue, Chen Sun, Junqing Zhang, Eduard Jorswieck, Bin Xiao i Aiqun Hu. "Physical Layer Key Generation in 5G and Beyond Wireless Communications: Challenges and Opportunities". Entropy 21, nr 5 (15.05.2019): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21050497.

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The fifth generation (5G) and beyond wireless communications will transform many exciting applications and trigger massive data connections with private, confidential, and sensitive information. The security of wireless communications is conventionally established by cryptographic schemes and protocols in which the secret key distribution is one of the essential primitives. However, traditional cryptography-based key distribution protocols might be challenged in the 5G and beyond communications because of special features such as device-to-device and heterogeneous communications, and ultra-low latency requirements. Channel reciprocity-based key generation (CRKG) is an emerging physical layer-based technique to establish secret keys between devices. This article reviews CRKG when the 5G and beyond networks employ three candidate technologies: duplex modes, massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and mmWave communications. We identify the opportunities and challenges for CRKG and provide corresponding solutions. To further demonstrate the feasibility of CRKG in practical communication systems, we overview existing prototypes with different IoT protocols and examine their performance in real-world environments. This article shows the feasibility and promising performances of CRKG with the potential to be commercialized.

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32

Saida, Angotu, R. K. Yadav i V. K. Sharma. "Analysis of LTE based an Antenna Design for 5G Communications". International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 11, nr 6 (8.08.2023): 471–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i6.7785.

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As the world progresses towards the next generation of communications networks, new technological solutions, architectures and standards are urgently required. This evolution of communications networks will facilitate numerous convincing business and consumer applications and speed up large investments in network infrastructure, appliances and devices. Wireless technologies of the last generation, 5G networks, promise an era of all-round, secure and powerful radio network. The use of 5G technology extends beyond traditional telecoms, and includes extremely low latencies, high energy efficiency or comprehensive Gbps. This paper also accurately includes 5G requirements and antenna categorization accompanied by a comparative study of various antenna designs. The various researchers have previously suggested several 5G antenna designs, but an exhaustive examination using their performance improvement system of the various types of 5G antenna has not yet been completed. We thus tried to examine the various types of 5G antenna design, their mechanisms for improving performance, comparisons and possible worldwide breakthroughs.

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Hao, Huali, David Hui i Denvid Lau. "Material advancement in technological development for the 5G wireless communications". Nanotechnology Reviews 9, nr 1 (21.08.2020): 683–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2020-0054.

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AbstractThe rapidly increasing number of mobile devices, voluminous data, and higher data rate is pushing the development of the fifth-generation (5G) wireless communications. The 5G networks are broadly characterized by three unique features: ubiquitous connectivity, extremely low latency, and very high-speed data transfer via adoption of new technology to equip future millimeter band wireless communication systems at nanoscale and massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) with extreme base station and device densities, as well as unprecedented numbers of nanoantennas. In this article, these new technologies of 5G are presented so as to figure out the advanced requirements proposed for the nanomaterials applied to antennas in particular. Because of massive MIMO and ultra-densification technology, conventional antennas are unable to serve the new frequency for smaller sizes, and the nanoantennas are used in 5G. The nanomaterials for nanoantennas applied in wideband millimeter waves are introduced. Four types of nanomaterials including graphene, carbon nanotubes, metallic nanomaterials, and metamaterials are illustrated with a focus on their morphology and electromagnetic properties. The challenges for the commercialization of 5G and nanomaterials are also discussed. An atomistic modeling approach is proposed for the development of novel nanomaterials applied in 5G and beyond.

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Shrestha, Rakesh, Seung Yeob Nam, Rojeena Bajracharya i Shiho Kim. "Evolution of V2X Communication and Integration of Blockchain for Security Enhancements". Electronics 9, nr 9 (19.08.2020): 1338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9091338.

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With the rapid evolution in wireless communications and autonomous vehicles, intelligent and autonomous vehicles will be launched soon. Vehicle to Everything (V2X) communications provides driving safety, traffic efficiency, and road information in real-time in vehicular networks. V2X has evolved by integrating cellular 5G and New Radio (NR) access technology in V2X communications (i.e., 5G NR V2X); it can fulfill the ever-evolving vehicular application, communication, and service demands of connected vehicles, such as ultra-low latency, ultra-high bandwidth, ultra-high reliability, and security. However, with the increasing number of intelligent and autonomous vehicles and their safety requirements, there is a backlash in deployment and management because of scalability, poor security and less flexibility. Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) plays a significant role in bringing cloud services closer to vehicular nodes, which reduces the scalability and flexibility issues. In addition, blockchain has evolved as an effective technology enabler to solve several security, privacy, and networking issues faced by the current 5G-based MEC systems in vehicular networks. Blockchain can be integrated as a strong security mechanism for securing and managing 5G V2X along with MEC. In this survey, we discuss, in detail, state-of-the-art V2X, its evolution based on cellular 5G technology and non-cellular 802.11bd. We investigate the integration of blockchain in 5G-based MEC vehicular networks for security, privacy protection, and content caching. We present the issues and challenges in existing edge computing and 5G V2X and, then, we shed some light on future research directions in these integrated and emerging technologies.

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Kaushik, Himanshu. "Shifting Towards 6G from 5G Wireless Networks – Advancements, Opportunities and Challenges". Journal of Electronics,Computer Networking and Applied Mathematics, nr 26 (25.11.2022): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jecnam.26.20.29.

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Radio waves are used in wireless communication to transmit information from one location to another. Beginning in the twenty-first century, the advancement of electronic chips, antenna, and microcontrollers caused radio wave communication to proceed more quickly, which led to the widespread use of wireless voice communication. While 6G communications gained a lot of attention from the business and academic worlds, 5G communications are still being universally adopted. Compared through 5G, 6G will have a wider frequency band, greater transmission speed, spectrum efficiency, higher connection ability, lesser delay, broader exposure, and more strong anti-interference capacity to gratify a range of network necessities. This survey presents an perceptive understanding of 6G wireless communications via introducing necessities, features, serious technologies, challenges, opportunities and applications. 6G is estimated to do better than existing wireless communication systems concerning the transmission speed, latency, global coverage etc. Even though the 5G standard have obtained various advancements, there are still a few limits within it. 6G along will provide the necessities of a entirely related planet and offers ubiquitous wireless connectivity designed for everyone. The analysis of the existing condition of wireless communication in various states, together with the projection of future research potential, are both included in this study.

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Abraham, Jacob, Kannadhasan Suriyan, Beulah Jackson, Mahendran Natarajan i Thanga Mariappan Lakshmanaperumal. "Performance analysis of smart optimization antenna for wireless networks". International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 13, nr 5 (1.10.2023): 5222. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i5.pp5222-5231.

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<p>Antenna design has significantly advanced as a result of the widespread need for wireless communications and data substitution through wireless devices. The research article's goal is to provide a conceptual framework, difficulties, and opportunities for a source as well as a general overview of the antenna used in wireless communications applications. In this proposed research, we will go over a variety of topics related to mobile communication and fifth generation (5G) technologies, including its pros and benefits. A thorough comparison between the expected properties of the antennas and each generation, from 1<sup>st</sup> generation (1G) to 5G, is also included. This article also provides an overview of the investigated 5G technologies and various antenna designs.</p>

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Hashima, Sherief, Basem M. ElHalawany, Kohei Hatano, Kaishun Wu i Ehab Mahmoud Mohamed. "Leveraging Machine-Learning for D2D Communications in 5G/Beyond 5G Networks". Electronics 10, nr 2 (14.01.2021): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10020169.

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Device-to-device (D2D) communication is a promising paradigm for the fifth generation (5G) and beyond 5G (B5G) networks. Although D2D communication provides several benefits, including limited interference, energy efficiency, reduced delay, and network overhead, it faces a lot of technical challenges such as network architecture, and neighbor discovery, etc. The complexity of configuring D2D links and managing their interference, especially when using millimeter-wave (mmWave), inspire researchers to leverage different machine-learning (ML) techniques to address these problems towards boosting the performance of D2D networks. In this paper, a comprehensive survey about recent research activities on D2D networks will be explored with putting more emphasis on utilizing mmWave and ML methods. After exploring existing D2D research directions accompanied with their existing conventional solutions, we will show how different ML techniques can be applied to enhance the D2D networks performance over using conventional ways. Then, still open research directions in ML applications on D2D networks will be investigated including their essential needs. A case study of applying multi-armed bandit (MAB) as an efficient online ML tool to enhance the performance of neighbor discovery and selection (NDS) in mmWave D2D networks will be presented. This case study will put emphasis on the high potency of using ML solutions over using the conventional non-ML based methods for highly improving the average throughput performance of mmWave NDS.

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Khwandah, Sinan A., John P. Cosmas, Pavlos I. Lazaridis, Zaharias D. Zaharis i Ioannis P. Chochliouros. "Massive MIMO Systems for 5G Communications". Wireless Personal Communications 120, nr 3 (8.05.2021): 2101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-021-08550-9.

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AbstractMassive MIMO will improve the performance of future 5G systems in terms of data rate and spectral efficiency, while accommodating a large number of users. Furthermore, it allows for 3D beamforming in order to provide more degrees of freedom and increase the number of high-throughput users. Massive MIMO is expected to provide more advantages compared to other solutions in terms of energy and spectral efficiency. This will be achieved by focusing the radiation towards the direction of the intended users, thus implementing simultaneous transmission to many users while keeping interference low. It can boost the capacity compared to a conventional antenna solution, resulting in a spectral efficiency up to 50 times greater than that provided by actual 4G technology. However, to take full advantage of this technology and to overcome the challenges of implementation in a real environment, a complicated radio system is required. The purpose of this work is to present the MIMO technology evolution and challenges in a simple introductory way and investigate potential system enhancements.

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LEE, Jae-Yeong, i Wonbin HONG. "RF Device Technologies for 5G Communications". Physics and High Technology 29, nr 3 (31.03.2020): 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3938/phit.29.006.

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Santa, Jose, Konstantinos V. Katsaros, Luis Bernal-Escobedo, Sadeq Zougari, Marta Miranda, Oscar Castañeda, Benoit Dalet i Angelos Amditis. "Evaluation platform for 5G vehicular communications". Vehicular Communications 38 (grudzień 2022): 100537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vehcom.2022.100537.

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Cheng, Xiang, Rongqing Zhang, Shanzhi Chen, Jia Li, Liuqing Yang i Hongwei Zhang. "5G enabled vehicular communications and networking". China Communications 15, nr 7 (lipiec 2018): iii—vi. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cc.2018.8424577.

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Quevedo-Teruel, Oscar, Mahsa Ebrahimpouri i Fatemeh Ghasemifard. "Lens Antennas for 5G Communications Systems". IEEE Communications Magazine 56, nr 7 (lipiec 2018): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2018.1700977.

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Sahin, Taylan, Markus Klugel, Chan Zhou i Wolfgang Kellerer. "Virtual Cells for 5G V2X Communications". IEEE Communications Standards Magazine 2, nr 1 (marzec 2018): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcomstd.2018.1700060.

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Husain, Syed S., Andreas Kunz, Athul Prasad, Emmanouil Pateromichelakis i Konstantinos Samdanis. "Ultra-High Reliable 5G V2X Communications". IEEE Communications Standards Magazine 3, nr 2 (czerwiec 2019): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcomstd.2019.1900008.

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Agiwal, M., M. K. Maheshwari, N. Saxena i A. Roy. "Directional‐DRX for 5G wireless communications". Electronics Letters 52, nr 21 (październik 2016): 1816–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2016.2850.

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Serafino, Giovanni, Claudio Porzi, Fabio Falconi, Sergio Pinna, Marzio Puleri, Antonio D'Errico, Antonella Bogoni i Paolo Ghelfi. "Photonics-Assisted Beamforming for 5G Communications". IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 30, nr 21 (1.11.2018): 1826–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2018.2874468.

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Kar, Udit Narayana, i Debarshi Kumar Sanyal. "A Sneak Peek into 5G Communications". Resonance 23, nr 5 (maj 2018): 555–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12045-018-0649-4.

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Chávez-Santiago, Raúl, Michał Szydełko, Adrian Kliks, Fotis Foukalas, Yoram Haddad, Keith E. Nolan, Mark Y. Kelly, Moshe T. Masonta i Ilangko Balasingham. "5G: The Convergence of Wireless Communications". Wireless Personal Communications 83, nr 3 (13.03.2015): 1617–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-015-2467-2.

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Ge, Xiaohu, Haichao Wang, Ran Zi, Qiang Li i Qiang Ni. "5G multimedia massive MIMO communications systems". Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 16, nr 11 (29.06.2016): 1377–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcm.2704.

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Ambareen, Javeria, M. Prabhakar i Tabassum Ara. "LEES: a Hybrid Lightweight Elliptic ElGamal-Schnorr-Based Cryptography for Secure D2D Communications". Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology 2 (30.03.2021): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2021.146020.

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Device-to-device (D2D) communications in 5G networks will provide greater coverage, as devices will be acting as users or relays without any intermediate nodes. However, this arrangement poses specific security issues, such as rogue relays, and is susceptible to various types of attacks (impersonation, eavesdropping, denial-of-service), due to the fact that communication occurs directly. It is also recommended to send fewer control messages, due to authenticity- and secrecy related prevailing requirements in such scenarios. Issues related to IoT applications need to be taken into consideration as well, as IoT networks are inherently resource-constrained and susceptible to various attacks. Therefore, novel signcryption algorithms which combine encryption with digital signatures are required to provide secure 5G IoT D2D communication scenarios in order to protect user information and their data against attacks, without simultaneously increasing communication costs. In this paper, we propose LEES, a secure authentication scheme using public key encryption for secure D2D communications in 5G IoT networks. This lightweight solution is a hybrid of elliptic curve ElGamal-Schnorr algorithms. The proposed scheme is characterized by low requirements concerning computation cost, storage and network bandwidth, and is immune to security threats, thus meeting confidentiality, authenticity, integrity and non-repudiation-related criteria that are so critical for digital signature schemes. It may be used in any 5G IoT architectures requiring enhanced D2D security and performance

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