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Delmont, Tom. "Description des communautés microbiennes du sol par une approche métagénomique". Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ECDL0048/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaMicrobial ecology is beginning to interact with metagenomics and many microbiologists are attracted to metagenomics in the hope of discovering novel relationships between microorganisms and/or confirming that work done on isolates applies to the remaining uncultured members of the different ecosystems. With a growing number of available metagenomic datasets, metagenomes can be intensively mined by microbial ecologists in search of previously undetected correlations (both structural and functional). Here, we provide a preliminary exploration of 77 publically available metagenomes corresponding to DNA samples extracted from oceans, atoll corals, deep oceans, Antarctic aquatic environments, Arctic snows, terrestrial environments (sediments, soils, sludges, microbial fuel cell anode biofilms, acid mine drainage biofilms), polluted air, and animal and human microbiomes (human feces, mouse and chicken cecum, and cow rumen). Results show well-defined environmental specificities that emphasize microbial adaptation and evolution capabilities. Unexpected observations were also made for several ecosystems, thus providing new hypotheses about the life style of their microbial communities. Available metagenomes are a gold mine of underexploited information that could be used to explore specific microbial structural and functional relationships. The statistical analysis provided here depends in part on replicates from the different ecosystems. With the continued emphasis on metagenomic sequencing, future analyses should support rigorous statistical treatment. This preliminary metagenomic decryption could represent a pilot-scale test for a future Earth microbiome global comparison
Tardy, Vincent. "Lien entre la diversité microbienne, la stabilité des communautés microbiennes et le turnover des matières organiques du sol". Thesis, Dijon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DIJOS081/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaSoil microbial communities act as important agents of the biological soil functioning, particularly through their involvements in the transformations of biogeochemical cycles (C, N, P…). In agro-ecosystems, the diversity of these communities is affected by perturbations associated to agricultural practices, and the significance of these modifications in terms of preservation of biological functioning and sustainability of agricultural systems has emerged as a central issue in the environmental sciences. Whereas the role of biodiversity has been well studied for macroorganisms, in particular for plants; the biodiversity/activity relationship is still largely unknown for soil microorganisms. However, in the current agro-ecological movement, this knowledge is needed to define new agricultural practices including a best management of microbial diversity for the sustainable use of agro-ecosystems. In this context, the objective of this Phd was to test the significance of microbial diversity for the stability (resistance/resilience) and the activity of microbial community (bacteria and fungi) involved in the turnover of soil organic matter, a major function for soil fertility, environment quality and global changes. From an experimental point of view, these issues were addressed by coupling laboratory with field experiments. In a first work, by manipulating microbial diversity in laboratory condition, we have shown that the stability of both microbial genetic structure and activity in response to different perturbations is positively linked to microbial diversity (i.e. number of species). This link was then validated by a sampling based on a field experiment that allowed us to demonstrate that (i) the soil microbial diversity can be modulated (increased or decreased) depending the intensity of land use management, and (ii) the mineralization of organic matter is more intense in the soil with the highest level of diversity. Finally, thanks to an experiment carried out in the field (SOERE-ACBB, Lusignan), we showed that the response of bacterial and fungal communities to wheat residues supply in terms of successions of microbial populations and activities of organic matter mineralization depends on the soil management history. These works provide new insights into the significance of microbial diversity (richness, composition) for the stability and the activity of communities involved in the soil organic matter turnover. They also suggest that the modulation of the diversity of soil microbial communities by agricultural practices, past or present, can significantly affect the turnover of soil organic matter
Alahmad, Abdelrahman. "La métagénomique, un outil pertinent pour évaluer l'impact de différentes pratiques agricoles sur les communautés microbiennes du sol". Thesis, Amiens, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AMIE0038.
Pełny tekst źródłaAccording to demographic projections, world population will reach 9 billion people by 2050. This increase will be associated with higher demand of agricultural products and an increase in wastes production. Therefore, alternative approaches in agricultural practices; such as permanent plant cover usage and/or sewage sludge application, are envisaged to meet global demands and preserve the environment. These new practices could therefore influence the properties of the soil and its functioning. Therefore moving from intensive to ecologically intensive agriculture could lead to modifications in soil biodiversity. Using different experimental systems allowing comparison between different agricultural practices, studies of the taxonomic and functional soil microbial diversity (bacteria and fungi) had been undertaken. This was achieved by next generation high-throughput sequencing of the hypervariable regions of the genes encoding RNA16S and ITS1. Sequencing was performed using an Illumina platform and the sequences obtained were analyzed using various bioinformatic tools. We inferred the ecological roles of soil micro-organisms by using taxonomic identifications, moving on to the examination of their physiology and functions in comparison with different soil physiochemical properties. We found that nitrogen fertilization negatively impacted the soil microbial diversity and altered their functionality. These negative effects have been modulated by the PPC usage or SS application. Proving that conventional agricultural practices effects the soil biodiversity and can be replaced by ecofriendly farming applications in order to preserve the ecosystem and its services
Schimann, Heidy Maria. "Impacts de perturbations liées à l'orpaillage sur l'évolution des communautés et fonctionnalités microbiennes d'un sol". Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001435.
Pełny tekst źródłaBourceret, Amélia. "Variabilité spatio-temporelle des HAP et des communautés microbiennes dans la rhizosphère d’un sol historiquement contaminé". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0009/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) are persistent organic pollutants in soil, whose degradation in aged-contaminated soil is limited by their low bioavailability. The ability of plants to promote pollutant dissipation through the action of rhizosphere microorganisms has been shown (rhizodegradation). However contrasted results were obtained suggesting spatio-temporal variability of processes. Different experiments, with different time and space scales, using microcosm and field trials were achieved to precise phenomena. Study of spatial variability of PAH and bacterial diversity were done in two-contrasted rhizospheres (ryegrass and alfalfa) at centimeter scale after 37 days of plant growth, on a wasteland aged contaminated soil Results showed spatial structuration of sugar content, pH, bacterial diversity and microbial density, depending on plant species, but no vertical gradient was observed for PAH concentration. Study of temporal variability of processes showed dissipation of bioavailable fraction of pollutant in just 6 days and in comparison with bare soil, a positive impact of plant was shown on PAH dissipation and on expression of PAH dioxygenase genes. A long-term study (over 6 years) in a field trial revealed that plant cover slowed down PAH dissipation and impacted bacterial and fungal diversity as edaphic parameters. All these results underlined the importance of PAH bioavailability for the dissipation process and of spatio-temporal dynamic of microbial community, in the rhizosphere
Kaisermann, Aurore. "Effets du changement du régime hydrique sur l'activité et la diversité des communautés microbiennes du sol". Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066100.
Pełny tekst źródłaZappelini, Cyril. "Étude des communautés microbiennes rhizosphériques de ligneux indigènes de sols anthropogéniques, issus d’effluents industriels". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCD057/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaAbstractMy thesis subject includes one of the global projects of the UMR UFC/CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement entitled "phytoremediation strategies based on the use of trees and associated microorganisms", which is based, among other things, on 2 research projects:• the PROLIPHYT project (Eco-Industry programme, 2013-2018, ADEME) entitled "Production of woody phytoremediants",• the PHYTOCHEM project (ANR CD2i, 2013-2018) entitled "Development of eco-innovative chemical processes to exploit biomasses from phytotechnologies".The general objectives are to improve the phytoremediation potential of a panel of woody species and to develop the microbial potential for assisted phytoremediation on contaminated soil. In addition to limiting the impact of pollutants, this strategy aims to promote the production of biomass on land abandoned and not exploitable by agriculture, while ensuring the biodiversity needed to restore an anthropogenic ecosystem.My thesis work is financed through a ministerial doctoral contract for disability (dyslexia). It is based on the rehabilitation of two industrial sediment storage areas, used until the 2000s. These two experimental sites (INOVYN site of Saint-Symphorien-sur-Saône in Côte-d'Or, CRISTAL site of Ochsenfeld in Alsace) present very particular physico-chemical characteristics which make them privileged places of study. The first is a former settling lagoon whose sediments enriched in Hg, Ba and As come from the treatment of wastewater from SOLVAY's Hg electrolysis process. The second is a lagoon consisting of a backfill in which the titanium dioxide extraction residues from the CRISTAL Thann Plant have been stored since the 1930s. In contrast to the first experimental site, there is a low abundance of flora which results in heterogeneous development of a main woody species, the birch.The natural and spontaneous recolonisation of plants, more particularly woody species on both sites, is undoubtedly the result of close collaboration with telluric microorganisms located near their root systems. We have thus chosen to work on 3 pioneer species that have naturally relocated to the two study sites: willow and poplar for the industrial wasteland of Tavaux and birch for the effluent treatment unit at the Ochsenfeld site
Giacomazzi, Sophie. "Mise au point et validation des techniques d'évaluation des communautés microbiennes dans les milieux complexes de type sol". Compiègne, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002COMP1418.
Pełny tekst źródłaPascault, Noémie. "Réponse des communautés microbiennes du sol à l'apport de résidus de culture : influence des pratiques agricoles et lien avec le fonctionnement biologique du sol". Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00582567.
Pełny tekst źródłaMrad, Fida. "Décomposition de résidus de culture et de matériaux biosourcés : impact sur les communautés microbiennes des sols agricoles et les fonctions associées". Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR109/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaWaste management is a major problem worldwide. In agriculture, the return of crop residues to the soil is a common practice and represents an interesting opportunity to maintain soil fertility and / or to store carbon. The decomposition of plant materials in soils is influenced by several factors (such as microbial composition, plant material’s nature and quality), and soil microorganisms are its main actors. Moreover, other ways of valorization of non-harvested plant materials are possible, such as their transformation for non-food applications. In the building industry, the interest in using biobased materials (for thermal insulation) is growing and encouraged by the public authorities in construction or renovation projects. However, to our knowledge, the issue of management of these materials end-of-life is not yet addressed, after deconstructing the buildings. In order to better understand different crop residues (wheat straw, rapeseed straw and sunflower stems) decomposition in agricultural soils, we have combined different biochemical / physicochemical characterizations such as biochemical fractionation, thermogravimetric analysis and infrared spectroscopy, with microbial dynamics monitoring (abundance, diversity, function), supplemented by carbon and nitrogen mineralization measures during 3 months incubation in microcosms. Crop residues mineralization is mainly governed by initially different microbiodiversities (derived from permanent grassland or conventional cropping system), and to a lesser extent by their biochemical quality. However, microbial dynamics are influenced by both, types of soils and nature of inputs. As for the sunflower stem coproducts (pith and bark), C mineralization is mainly dictated by their initial quality. Concerning the manufacturing process of a sunflower pith biobased material, it seems to favor its mineralization in soil. The return of this type of material to soil could thus constitute an interesting means of managing its end-of-life
Legrand, Fabienne. "Gestion des communautés microbiennes telluriques pour réduire l'incidence des Fusarium toxinogènes sur céréales à pailles et développer une stratégie de lutte biologique". Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0080.
Pełny tekst źródłaFusarium Head Blight (FHB) is a devastating disease for cereals, and for wheat in particular, threatening both crop yields and quality, given the ability of Fusarium spp. to produce mycotoxins. Among the Fusarium species complex, Fusarium graminearum is the most common causal agent of the disease. The incidence of FHB in Brittany (France) can be particularly high. Indeed, the agronomic practices include cereal rotations with frequent wheat and maize crops which increase the risk of FHB. Moreover, the climate favors the pathogen development.Currently, appropriate management of the residues, on which F. graminearum grows saprophytically, and the use of fungicide treatments at flowering constitute the two main ways to manage FHB. However, these strategies do not always guaranty an appropriate crop protection. The low and variable efficacy of these methods, combined to the socio-economic pressures, urge to find effective and sustainable alternatives. In this context, the first objective of this work was to develop, evaluate and optimize a biocontrol strategy aiming to reduce F. graminearum primary inoculum in soils, and thus reduce FHB risk for the crops, using both laboratory and field experiments. Although the biocontrol product was able to limit the pathogen growth in autcolaved soils, its efficacy was reduced when taking the interactions with the soil microbiota into account. The diversity and the structure of soil microbial communities were then studied for 31 agricultural fields using a metabarcoding approach in order to highlight the influence of climatic conditions, agronomic practices and soil physicochemical factors. Metabarcoding analysis revealed the importance of diversity and abundance of the soil microbial communities to reduce F. graminearum primary inoculum. This microbiota was also found to be influenced by agronomic practices and physico-chemical factors. Finally, the abundance of specific bacterial genera was related to the reduction of F. graminearum primary inoculum. Outcomes of this work highlight the importance of the soil biological activity and suggest that a manipulation of the soil microbial communities might lead to a better FHB management
Fall, Saliou. "Réponse des communautés microbiennes d'un sol sahélien à la modification de ses habitats : cas de l'activité de construction d'un termite humivore Cubitermes niokoloensis". Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10101.
Pełny tekst źródłaClivot, Hugues. "Acidification et restauration d'écosystèmes forestiers : effets sur les communautés microbiennes et sur des processus fonctionnels associés". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0285/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaMany terrestrial and freshwater forested ecosystems are affected by anthropogenic acidification, which can led to deleterious effects on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. To counteract acidification, liming can be used to improve soil and water physicochemical characteristics in order to restore tree health and headwater stream functioning. In particular, liming has been shown to enhance leaf litter breakdown, which is a key ecosystem process in headwater streams. In this context, the aims of this study were, first to investigate if liming, through its effects on soil chemical characteristics, could induce changes on soil microbial communities, and second to identify what factors could be responsible, at the microbial level, of reduced leaf litter breakdown in acidified headwater streams. Results showed that moderate large-scale liming can induce sustainable changes in soil bacterial communities. Major taxonomic changes revealed notably that the ratio between Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria was higher in limed soils compared to their control counterparts, confirming that this ratio could be a microbial indicator of soil quality improvement. Results obtained in the second part of this work showed that sporulating aquatic hyphomycete diversity on leaves was strongly impaired in acidified streams, whereas fungal diversity investigated by molecular analyses was not depressed. The latter showed a lower proportion of aquatic hyphomycetes and a higher proportion of terrestrial fungi on leaves when exposed in an acidified stream compared to a circumneutral one. Microbial activity analyses bring out that Al may be an important factor that could reduce microbial leaf litter processing, this metal inducing notably a P limitation for microbial decomposers. These effects may in turn have repercussions on higher trophic levels and whole ecosystem functioning
Bougon, Nolwenn. "L'influence des circulations hydrologiques sur la structure des communautés bactériennes à l’interface sol-nappe". Rennes 1, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00342702.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe relationships between water-fluxes and ecosystem functioning were addressed by three axes: (1) influence of horizontal fluxes on the structure of nitrates’ reducers community (narG gene); (2) influence of vertical fluxes on the structure of taxonomic (16S rRNA gene) microbial community and nitrates’ reducers (narG gene) more specifically; and (3) influence of the modifications of ‘forcing’ parameters on proteins expressions. Diversity analyses were performed by a T-RFLP approach, and completed by phylogeny on the 16S rRNA gene. The importance of hydrological fluxes on microbial communities was confirmed by acting directly on the community structure or indirectly by resource distribution. The proteome of exposed bacterial cells to two carbons sources were shown as significantly different, suggesting a differential response face to the nature of pollution. Moreover, the carbon nature is a fundamental parameter to an efficiency nitrate removal
Aschi, Amira. "Effets des pratiques innovantes sur les communautés microbiennes des sols agricoles et les fonctions associées : cas particuliers de l'introduction de légumineuses et du travail du sol". Rouen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ROUES023.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe intensification of agriculture, which began in the mid 20th century, led to negative impacts on soil physical, chemical and biological characteristics causing a strong decline in their biodiversity. To address these threats, new agricultural practices have emerged to preserve the physical and biological integrity of the soils. These practices, namely innovative practices, include reduced tillage, crop residues management, permanent cover crop or the introduction of legumes in rotations. Considering the changes in agricultural practices, the aim of this thesis was to understand the combined effects of reduced tillage and the introduction of faba bean in crop rotations on the structure of soil microbial communities and soil functions these communities support. The central hypothesis was that the combination of reduced tillage and the introduction of the legume in the rotation improved the structure of microbial communities, enzyme activities and soil nitrogen dynamics. Two approaches were used to evaluate the effect of these innovative practices on the soil microbial communities and the resulting functions. The first approach was a single-factor / single-site approach designed to assess the individual effect of reduced tillage on one hand, and the introduction of the legume on the other hand both under controlled field conditions. The second approach was a multi-factorial approach / multisite approach aiming at investigating the combined effects of these two innovative practices taking into account various farmers’ practices related to the implementation of these innovative practices in farm conditions. The individual effect of the introduction of legume induced modification in the structure of soil microbial communities and the increase of enzyme activities. Moreover, the response of enzyme activities to soil tillage conversion showed significant enhancement by the reduced tillage / no tillage. The multi-factorial / multi-site approach showed that the combinations of these innovative practices are suitable to the soil microbial communities: (i) the presence of the legume as previous crop combined to conventional tillage modified the structure of microbial communities or (ii) the effect of the presence of legume three years before wheat persists under reduced tillage. However, microbial functions and nitrogen dynamics were not affected. Moreover, multi-factorial approach showed that the benefits of these innovative practices cannot be established without considering the whole variability brought by farmers’ practices around the implementation of these two innovative practices. Finally, the observations made with the two approaches suggest a crucial role of microbial communities and their activities on the carbon and nitrogen cycles. These findings have a special resonance in the context of agriculture on-going transformations and the suggestion of new practices that could change the soil biological functioning
Riah-Anglet, Wassila. "De la structure des communautés microbiennes, à l'expression des activités enzymatiques dans des sols soumis à différentes contraintes agronomiques". Rouen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ROUES058.
Pełny tekst źródłaMulti-criteria assessment of agricultural systems involves acquiring knowledge about the soil biological component, especially about the microbial compartment. The soil microorganisms are essential in biogeochemical cycles and are mainly involved in the transformation of organic matter through their enzymatic activities. Many studies emphasize the possibility to describe the structure and the functions of soil microbial communities. However, little information is available to help the understanding of the structural and functional relationships. Indeed, the factors that influence the structure of microbial communities associated with factors regulating the expression of enzymatic activities make it difficult to apprehend the mechanisms governing these relationships. The objective of this study was to describe the relationships between structure and functions of soil microbial communities. This issue is at the interface between fundamental and applied research. The knowledge of these relationships will improve the understanding of the role of microbial communities in the resistance, resilience and the sustainability of soil. This work was carried out on an agricultural experimental site (Yvetot, Haute Normandie). This site allows the assessment of the effect of the introduction of grasslands in crop rotations. The research strategies developed in this study were based on experiments carried out under natural conditions (in situ) and laboratory soil microcosms (controlled conditions). The selected structural and functional descriptive variables of microbial communities demonstrates, the lively interest of combining qualitative and quantitative approaches based on complementary methods (chemical, biochemical and molecular methods) to restrain the biases of each method and reinforce interpretations. In situ experiments are based on two comparative studies, the first one concerned all plots of the experimental site; these plots had different management practices. The second one consisted of the specific analysis of the two most contrasting agricultural systems: the permanent grassland and conventional cropping. These experiments highlighted that the land use at the time of sampling appears to be the major determinant of the structure of soil microbial communities and their potential enzymatic activities. The change in enzymatic activities weighted by the microbial biomass carbon appears to be determined by the cropping history of the plots. The results also show resilience in functional profile resulting from the evolution of the microbial community structure under the introduction of grasslands in crop rotations. Moreover, the specific analysis of the heterotrophic cultivable bacteria isolated from Biolog Ecoplates substrates of the two most contrasting agricultural soils, highlighted the dominance of Bacteroidetes and γ-Proteobacteria and seems to reflect the initial bacterial diversity of the two soils. In parallel with the previous multifactorial approach under natural conditions, soil microcosm experiments were carried out to investigate the response of microbial communities to drastic stress. The duration and severity of the applied stress aimed to modify the structure of soil microbial communities. These stresses have consisted in applying either a heat shock or a fungicide at 1000 times the recommended dose in the permanent grassland and the conventional crop soils. The results of soil microcosm experiments confirm that the drastic stress changes microbial community structure and enzymatic functions in soils. These results emphasize also that the stress response is dependent on the initial microbial community structure and the type of the applied stress. These results confirm the difficulty to assign a specific enzymatic activity to a specific microbial group due to functional redundancy of soil microbial communities. It also raises the importance of experimental conditions and data statistical analysis in the establishment of these relationships. This study showed the importance of biodiversity in particular its role in ecosystem resilience and also underlined the difficulties describing the microbial communities and their functions in soils under different agronomic constraints. The understanding of these relationships is particularly important as the application of this knowledge in agronomy is required
Pailler, Alexia. "Les relations sol/plantes en forêts méditerranéennes : approche bioclimatique des déterminants de la structuration fonctionnelle des communautés microbiennes des sols et de leurs réponses à un double stress hydrique et thermique en région provençale calcaire". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4344/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn Mediterranean forest ecosystems in the limestome-based Provence area (south of France), soil-microbial community functional catabolic structure-vegetation relationships were assessed based on different bioclimatic scales, across a latitudinal gradient, an elevation gradient, and at a restricted ecosystemic scale focusing on Pubescent oak forest stands. The respective parts (and their interactions) of the vegetation composition and structure and the abiotic variables in their functional profiles were investigated. Furthermore, in the context of climate change, this same strategy was used to investigate the effects of an ex situ water and thermic stress, mimetic to a heatwave event on microbial community catabolic potentials and functional profiles. For all the considered scales, our results highlighted the major part of the interactions between vegetation and abiotic aboveground-belowground variables in the determination of soil microbial community functional structure. Drought induced a decrease in their potential catabolic activities. Nevertheless, our results revealed a varying robustness of the interactions between vegetation and soil microbial functional structure based on the dynamic step of the evolution of the forest stands and on the type of their constitutive species. This may mitigate or exacerbate climate change effects on Mediterranean forest ecosystems
Vian, Jean-François. "Comparaison de différentes techniques de travail du sol en agriculture biologique : effet de la structure et de la localisation des résidus sur les microorganismes du sol et leurs activités de minéralisation du carbone et de l'azote". Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005158.
Pełny tekst źródłaMora, Salguero Daniela. "Impact des digestats de méthanisation sur la qualité microbiologique des sols agricoles". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UBFCK070.
Pełny tekst źródłaAnaerobic digestates are currently seen as a promising tool for agroecological transition due to their potential to reduce the reliance on synthetic fertilizers. However, their impact on soil microbial quality remains poorly documented, making it challenging to determine whether this practice supports the preservation of soil microbial functions. This thesis addresses this gap by evaluating the effects of anaerobic digestates on the microbial quality of agricultural soils. The research is organized around two main objectives: (i) to assess the long-term effects of repeated digestate applications on soil microbial communities in field conditions, and (ii) to evaluate the impact of agronomic practices related to digestate application on these same communities. The abundance and diversity of soil microbial communities were analyzed using environmental metagenomic tools based on the extraction and characterization of soil DNA. The results indicate that, as with other organic residual products (ORPs), at least five years of application history is required to observe lasting changes in soil microbial communities. Moreover, the combination of digestates with organic amendments having a high C/N ratio (>12) appears to be one of the most beneficial strategies for improving soil microbial quality. Finally, the impact of digestates can only be fully understood when considering the associated agricultural practices
Maurice, Kenji. "Structuration des communautés et des réseaux microbiens des sols et des plantes dans un écosystème aride". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Montpellier (2022-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UMONG006.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe diversity, composition and assemblages of the soil and plant microbiome are partly determined by the environment and biotic interactions. The AlUla oasis, located in the Saudi Arabian desert, is characterized by strong abiotic constraints, linked to a hyper-alkaline pH and low availability of water and nutrients. The activity and growth of organisms is therefore subject to this punctual and spatially heterogeneous availability of resources. This leads to a spatially discontinuous distribution of plants, known as islands of fertility, which influence soil composition and microbial communities. Plants also form symbiotic relationships with microorganisms, which influence their health, resistance to drought and the acquisition of mineral and water resources, and are particularly critical in this ecosystem. Finally, these ecosystems, already weakened by climate change, are also subject to significant agricultural pressures, leading to soil degradation and associated biodiversity loss. Little is known at present about the biodiversity of hot, arid ecosystems, particularly in Saudi Arabia, a country whose borders have long remained closed.The goal of this thesis is to characterize the bacterial and fungal microbiome of soil and plants in relation to its environment, and its response to different land uses through amplicon sequencing. In order to extend the analytical framework of the study of community diversity and composition, I have sought to use co-occurrence network metrics and explore new methodologies for their study. In a first chapter, the mutual influence of plants, soil and microorganisms in a micro-environment, the fertility islands, is characterized. Then, a field sampling campaign over two seasons enabled me to carry out an extensive analysis of the plant microbiome using the co-occurrence network approach. Focusing on the intra- and inter-kingdom relationships of symbiotic taxa, this work demonstrated the redundant assortativity of mycorrhizal fungi, and the integration of nitrogen-fixing bacteria into the extended plant microbiome. The microbiome's response to a simulated precipitation event in the field was also used to characterize the microbiome's taxonomic response to water availability in the soil. In the third chapter, the microbiome's response to historical contingencies of an anthropogenic or natural nature, describes how cycles of desiccation and flooding affect contemporary microbial communities. By studying the stability of their interactions, it shows how past agricultural activities has had a lasting impact on the structure of the microbiome. Finally, the quantification of community assembly processes has made it possible to determine the effect of past disturbances on bacterial and fungal selection processes.Collectively, the results of this thesis improve our understanding of the assembly and structure of soil and plant microbiota in a little-known desert ecosystem. In addition, co-occurrence analyses have proven to be a valuable tool in the formulation of new fundamental hypotheses on the founding role of symbioses, and the response of the microbiota to disturbance. Continued study of the complex structure of networks, complemented by the exploration of microbial functions and reductionist approaches to be able to couple covariance relationships to ecological processes, promises major advances in microbial ecology in the future
Boukhdoud, Nathalie. "Réponses des communautés microbiennes associées à l'olivier à des pratiques agricoles conventionnelles et de conservation : influence des variantes climatiques de la France et du Liban et selon la distance à la mer". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4316.
Pełny tekst źródłaOlive grove soils are subjected to harsh environmental pressures such as Mediterranean constraints and intensive agriculture practices. They require a great attention in the context of climate change. In coastal areas, osmotic and thermal stresses are intensified. Under these conditions of intensified pressure, significant changes in soil quality may occur and these changes can be mitigated by ‘sustainable’ farming practices. Thus, this thesis project aimed at evaluating, under coastal constraints, the impact of conventional and conservation practices on microbial activities involved in C and N cycles, and soil chemical characteristics. Depending on the distance from the sea, we evaluated i) functions of microbial communities of olive rhizosphere and phyllosphere, ii) the effect of tillage, Fabaceae co-culture, natural grass, OMW in Lebanon and France, iii) microbial responses to water stress under different practices. This work focused on microbial activities involved in the transformation of organic matter, whose quality was studied by solid state NMR 13C. Therefore, this work reported a ‘coastal print’ on microbial functioning and a likely reduction of CO2 emissions through the application of conservation practices. Therefore, it is necessary to develop, under olive tree culture intensification, practices ensuring stability of ecological functions supported by soils / microorganisms / plants relationships
Durand, Alexis. "Diversité et caractérisation fonctionnelle des communautés microbiennes inféodées au peuplier et issues d'une friche industrielle enrichie en mercure". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCD037/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaSoil has a natural capital that gives it the capacity to produce ecosystem services, cultural as well as regulation or supply, it is essential to the Life as we know it and the development of human activities. However, anthropogenic activities and pollution, in particular by trace elements (ETs) such as mercury (Hg), disrupt the soil and modify in depth the organization of ecosystems. Facing these challenges, remediation and management projects for polluted sites and soils have emerged during the last decades with a view to future re-exploitation of these soils. This thesis is part of the ANR-BIOFILTREE and EC2CO FREIDI-Hg projects managed by the Chrono-Environnement laboratory. My Ph-D work explored the diversity of microorganism communities associated with a poplar plantation at a Hg-contaminated site managed by phytomanagement, combining approaches such as very high-throughput sequencing and conventional culture-based techniques. These combined methods revealed i) the diversity of the bacterial and fungal communities of the poplar plantation; ii) the groups of microorganisms particularly resistant to Hg (Trichoderma and Pseudomonas); and iii) plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB). In addition, understanding the cellular mechanisms related to the accumulation of Hg by microorganisms was one of my objectives carried out in collaboration with the LIEC (University of Lorraine). The eukaryotic models Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Podospora anserina were used to test the potential role of some ion transporters in the entry of Hg into fungal cells. The results showed that the magnesium transporter Alr1 located on the plasma membrane could participate in the transport of Hg. In addition, a transcriptomic approach in Saccharomyces cerevisiae after a short exposure to Hg of mutant and wild strains has been implemented. To conclude, this work aims to be a reference work for future phytomanagement projects in Hg-contaminated environments, which highlights micro-organism communities and their fundamental roles
Joly, Pierre. "Etude des effets de mélanges d'herbicides employés sur le maïs, sur les communautés microbiennes édaphiques : approche en microcosmes". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01020037.
Pełny tekst źródłaMaillard, Francois. "Rôle des communautés microbiennes dans la dégradation de la matière organique en forêt dans un contexte d'exportation intense de biomasse". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0190.
Pełny tekst źródłaOne of the main usages of wood in Europe is renewable energy supply that implies intensification of forest management to respond to this increasing demand. However, the impact of intense forestry practices on soil microbial communities remains poorly investigated. In the frame of my PhD thesis, I evaluated effects of artificial organic matter removal on functional and taxonomical diversity of soil bacterial and fungal communities in temperate forest, using six experimental sites across France (INRA MOS experimental network). In parallel, I also characterised impact of intensified forest management practices on functional microbial communities in tropical plantation of Eucalyptus trees. This work permitted to identify several sensitive functional indicators of organic matter degradation. Notably, the degradation of chitin – a nitrogen polymer main component of arthropods and fungal cell walls – was revealed to be particularly sensitive to organic matter removal. Genomics and enzymatic approaches were then used to estimate chitinolytic potentials of the different genera of soil fungi. In controlled conditions, we were able to quantify ectomycorrhizal fungus carbon and nitrogen mobilisation and transfer capacities from chitin enriched organic matter to its host during symbiotic interaction. Finally, we evaluated chitinolytic functions of ectomycorrhizal fungi at large scale by combining enzymatic and isotopic approaches. Taken together, the results acquired in the frame of my PhD thesis, illustrate the significant role of ectomycorrhizal fungi in carbon and nitrogen mobilisation from organic matter. We particularly highlight that microbial compartment in soil must be considered in studies of forest management practices
Lemmel, Florian. "Diversités taxonomique et fonctionnelle des communautés microbiennes en lien avec le cycle du carbone dans un gradient de sols multi-contaminés". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0004.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe iron and steel activities of the last century have left behind multi-contaminated brownfields. This multi-pollution must have led to an adaptation of microbial communities, potentially impacting their diversities and ultimately the soil functioning. In this context, the objectives of my PhD thesis were: i) to study the taxonomic diversity of microbial communities, but also their functional diversity in relation to the carbon cycle, ii) to identify the possible relationships between these two diversities and (iii) to understand the impact of soil characteristics and pollution on communities. In this way, a collection of ten multi-contaminated soils, with both polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and metallic trace elements (MTE) gradients, was studied. The bacterial and fungal taxonomic diversities were obtained using Illumina MiSeq sequencing and the metabolic functional diversity was estimated through Biolog® and MicroResp™ assays. The degradation of two model carbon substrates, namely 13C-labeled phenanthrene (PHE) and 13C-labeled cellulose (CEL), was also analyzed using Stable Isotope Probing technique, which, by identifying the microorganisms involved in the substrate degradation, allows to link function with taxonomic diversity. Overall, by selecting microorganisms, the contamination level positively and negatively modulated the relative abundance of different bacterial and fungal taxa. Unlike PAH, MTE induced a decrease of metabolic functional diversity, but also a greater zinc tolerance. The functional potential of PAH degradation was positively correlated with the PAH concentration in soils, while the PHE and CEL degradation functions were present in all soils, irrespective of their contamination level. Degradation rates of these compounds were positively correlated with microbial abundance and richness, but not linked to soil pollution. In addition, the PHE degradation rate was explained by the relative abundances of the Massilia and Mycobacterium genera, identified among the active PHE-degrading bacteria. In conclusion, we observed a decrease in the degradation intensity of several carbon compounds, or even the total disappearance of various functions, suggesting a potential dysfunction of carbon cycle in some of the most polluted soils
Maillard, Francois. "Rôle des communautés microbiennes dans la dégradation de la matière organique en forêt dans un contexte d'exportation intense de biomasse". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0190/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaOne of the main usages of wood in Europe is renewable energy supply that implies intensification of forest management to respond to this increasing demand. However, the impact of intense forestry practices on soil microbial communities remains poorly investigated. In the frame of my PhD thesis, I evaluated effects of artificial organic matter removal on functional and taxonomical diversity of soil bacterial and fungal communities in temperate forest, using six experimental sites across France (INRA MOS experimental network). In parallel, I also characterised impact of intensified forest management practices on functional microbial communities in tropical plantation of Eucalyptus trees. This work permitted to identify several sensitive functional indicators of organic matter degradation. Notably, the degradation of chitin – a nitrogen polymer main component of arthropods and fungal cell walls – was revealed to be particularly sensitive to organic matter removal. Genomics and enzymatic approaches were then used to estimate chitinolytic potentials of the different genera of soil fungi. In controlled conditions, we were able to quantify ectomycorrhizal fungus carbon and nitrogen mobilisation and transfer capacities from chitin enriched organic matter to its host during symbiotic interaction. Finally, we evaluated chitinolytic functions of ectomycorrhizal fungi at large scale by combining enzymatic and isotopic approaches. Taken together, the results acquired in the frame of my PhD thesis, illustrate the significant role of ectomycorrhizal fungi in carbon and nitrogen mobilisation from organic matter. We particularly highlight that microbial compartment in soil must be considered in studies of forest management practices
Lemmel, Florian. "Diversités taxonomique et fonctionnelle des communautés microbiennes en lien avec le cycle du carbone dans un gradient de sols multi-contaminés". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0004.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe iron and steel activities of the last century have left behind multi-contaminated brownfields. This multi-pollution must have led to an adaptation of microbial communities, potentially impacting their diversities and ultimately the soil functioning. In this context, the objectives of my PhD thesis were: i) to study the taxonomic diversity of microbial communities, but also their functional diversity in relation to the carbon cycle, ii) to identify the possible relationships between these two diversities and (iii) to understand the impact of soil characteristics and pollution on communities. In this way, a collection of ten multi-contaminated soils, with both polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and metallic trace elements (MTE) gradients, was studied. The bacterial and fungal taxonomic diversities were obtained using Illumina MiSeq sequencing and the metabolic functional diversity was estimated through Biolog® and MicroResp™ assays. The degradation of two model carbon substrates, namely 13C-labeled phenanthrene (PHE) and 13C-labeled cellulose (CEL), was also analyzed using Stable Isotope Probing technique, which, by identifying the microorganisms involved in the substrate degradation, allows to link function with taxonomic diversity. Overall, by selecting microorganisms, the contamination level positively and negatively modulated the relative abundance of different bacterial and fungal taxa. Unlike PAH, MTE induced a decrease of metabolic functional diversity, but also a greater zinc tolerance. The functional potential of PAH degradation was positively correlated with the PAH concentration in soils, while the PHE and CEL degradation functions were present in all soils, irrespective of their contamination level. Degradation rates of these compounds were positively correlated with microbial abundance and richness, but not linked to soil pollution. In addition, the PHE degradation rate was explained by the relative abundances of the Massilia and Mycobacterium genera, identified among the active PHE-degrading bacteria. In conclusion, we observed a decrease in the degradation intensity of several carbon compounds, or even the total disappearance of various functions, suggesting a potential dysfunction of carbon cycle in some of the most polluted soils
Wertz, Sophie. "Impact d'une érosion de la diversité microbienne du sol sur le fonctionnement et la stabilité des communautés hétérotrophes, dénitrifiantes et nitrifiantes". Lyon 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LYO10092.
Pełny tekst źródłaHellequin, Eve. "Effets des biostimulants sur le fonctionnement biologique de sols d’agrosystèmes : réponses des communautés microbiennes et dynamique de minéralisation du carbone organique". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1B029.
Pełny tekst źródłaModern agriculture is undergoing important changes toward agroecological practices that rely on biodiversity and ecological processes. In agrosystems, the organic matter is the key of the soil fertility and an important reserve of carbon. Organic fertilization by crop residues is therefore an agricultural practice that improve the organic matter content in soil. Soil microorganisms have an important role in the organic carbon (orgC) dynamic because they are key players of its mineralization and are involved in the nutrients recycling. Thus, the use of agricultural biostimulant (BS) intended to enhance this microbial function is proposed as an alternative solution to improve indirectly plant growth while reducing chemical inputs. This thesis aimed to i) identify the effect of soil biostimulant on heterotrophic microbial communities, the orgC mineralization and the nutrient releases, ii) evaluate its genericity by testing different experimental conditions and iii) identify the environmental filters that control both the microbial communities and the mineralization function. We showed that the orgC dynamic was different according to contrasted physico-chemical and biological characteristics of different soils. We showed that plants can also influence the orgC dynamic by returning litter to the soil and through its root effect on the bacterial and fungal communities. Unlike plants, the amount of orgC provided by the two tested BS was negligible. However, we evaluated the effect of one BS as at least similar or even higher than those of plant on active bacterial and fungal abundances, richness and diversity. Among the two BS tested we showed that one enhanced the orgC mineralization by recruiting indigenous soil bacterial and fungal decomposers and that the other did not affect the orgC mineralization but activated indigenous soil plant-growth-promoting bacteria as well as soil bacterial and fungal decomposers. Furthermore, our study call for new normative methodological and systemic approach by monitoring simultaneously several descriptors for advancing our knowledge on BS action on microbial soil functioning
Sellami, Fatima. "Fonctionnement biologique du sol sableux sous plantations d’eucalyptus d’âges différents. Effets du reboisement sur les communautés de la macrofaune et des microorganismes du sol en milieu tropical (Congo) et méditerranéen (Maroc)". Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST0066.
Pełny tekst źródłaEucalyptus plantations in Congo (Pointe-Noire region) and in Morocco (Mamora forest) raised certain controversies regarding their effects on the sandy poor soils. In such anthropogenic ecosystems, researches on the subject have multiplied in order to ensure their sustainable management. However, knowledge on the biological functioning of soils in these plantations still needs to be explored. Main actors of this biological functioning are soil organisms and their activities which have been described very little, and need to be more studied. Our thesis encompasses this problematic. Therefore, we evaluated the impact of reforestation on the communities of macrofauna and microorganisms of soil, and the activity of different key enzymes, as well, related to main biogeochemical cycles (C, N and P). This research presents, particularly, a simultaneous consideration of two factors rarely mentioned before: the "age of the plantations" and "soil depth". We addressed these issues by a multi-scale study. We studied macroinvertebrates by their taxonomic diversity and vertically composition by a combined approach (TSPF + English square). Subsequently, the characterization of structure and diversity of microbial communities was done by density measurements, morphotype-specific (in-vitro culture) and the genetic determinations (DGGE) and by measuring the metabolic potential in terms of functional communities (Biolog plates). Finally, soil biological activity was evaluated by determining the activity of eight different enzymes and the total microbial activity (FDA hydrolysis).Therefore, as compared to the adjacent natural forest soils, this study allowed us to demonstrate that the introduction of eucalyptus plantations, in savanna (Congo) or in degraded cork oak ecosystem (Morocco), alters the structure and diversity of macrofauna communities, soil microorganisms and the enzymatic activity profiles. Consequently, the biological functioning of the soils is impacted both in terms of the age of plantations and soil depth. However, the proportions and the consequences of this impact were very specific in each case, with the exception of enzymatic activities related to the nitrogen cycle, which influenced comparatively in both studies. These activities decreased significantly along with the stand age of eucalyptus plantations, confirming the deficient status of nitrogen in such plantations
Chaignaud, Pauline. "Le rôle des bactéries dans le filtrage du chlorométhane un gaz destructeur de la couche d'ozone : des souches modèles aux communautés microbiennes de sols forestiers". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ027.
Pełny tekst źródłaChloromethane (CH3Cl) is a volatile organic compound responsible for over 15% of stratospheric ozone degradation due to chlorinated compounds. It is mainly produced by living and decaying plants. Bacteria utilizing CH3Cl as sole carbon and energy source for growth were shown to be involved in the filtering of CH3Cl emissions to the atmosphere. This biological process remains to be quantified in the environment, especially for forest soil, a major CH3Cl sink. The cmuA gene is used as a biomarker of bacterial CH3Cl degradation in environmental studies. It encodes a CH3Cl methyltransferase essential for bacterial growth by the cmu (chloromethane utilization) pathway for growth with CH3Cl and the only one characterized so far. My thesis project had a double aim: i) In depth studies of CH3Cl adaptation of a model methylotrophic bacterium, Methylobacterium extorquens strain CM4; ii) Exploration of bacterial CH3Cl-utilizers in forest. An RNAseq study of strain CM4 has shown that growth with CH3Cl leads to a difference of transcription of 137 genes in its 6.2 Mb genome compared to growth with methanol (CH3OH). Among those, genes of the cmu pathway and other genes involved in the metabolism of essential cofactors for CH3Cl utilization by this pathway, are all plasmid pCMU01-encoded. Paralogous genes located on the chromosome were not differentially expressed. On the other hand, other chromosomal genes potentially involved in extruding protons generated during CH3Cl deshalogenation (hppA), NADP+ regeneration (pnt), or in the cofactor tetrahydrofolate metabolism (gcvPHT) were differentially expressed. The diversity of CH3Cl-degrading bacteria in forest soil of the German natural park of Steigerwald was studied in microcosms using stable isotope probing. Microorganisms able to assimilate labeled [13C]- CH3Cl incorporate this heavy carbon isotope in their DNA. Sequence analysis of the PCR-amplified 16S RNA encoding gene from [13C]-DNA fractions uncovered phylotypes of the genus Methylovirgula and of the order of the Actinomycetales, which were not associated with bacterial CH3Cl degradation so far. In contrast, PCR-amplified sequences of cmuA and other genes of methylotrophic metabolism were closely related to known CH3Cl-degrading isolates. These results suggest that bacteria containing genes of the cmu pathway acquired by horizontal gene transfer as well as bacteria lacking the cmu pathway contribute to biological filtering of CH3Cl in forest soil. Future experiments coupling molecular and culture methods will aim to discover new CH3Cl-degrading pathways and to characterize the abundance and diversity of CH3Cl-degradation metabolism in soil and other environmental compartments
Qasemian, Leila. "Caractérisation du potentiel de dégradation de matières organiques naturelle (litière) et anthropique (HAP) par les communautés microbiennes issue du milieu littoral méditerranéen". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4794/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaMediterranean coastal ecosystems are subjected to various natural and anthropogenic environmental pressures which are supposed to be enhanced because of climatic changes. Little is known about microbial community functioning in such ecosystems. Our site of study is located in the Calanques of Marseille, a hot spot of biodiversity. The effect of salinity (via sea spray exposure) on microbial communities and their ability to transform organic matter in an Aleppo pine litter have been studied as well as the potential of autochthonous microorganisms to transform anthracene used as a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon model. To do so, different approaches (in situ, ex situ and in vitro experimental design) were used and we combined various methods such as enzyme activities (laccase, cellulase, phosphatase, lipase), CLPP (Biolog ECO and FF plates), respirometry (basal and induced) and litter chemical characterization (solid-state 13C NMR). Laccases were induced by anthracene in mesocosms and oxidized this compound (with anthraquinone as an intermediate). These enzymes were sequenced by LC/MS/MS to determine the fungal strains responsible for their production. We also found that enzyme activities were not strongly influenced by salinity or anthracene inputs. On the other hand, functional diversity was structured at a small-spatial scale. Moreover, functional responses of microbial communities from inland areas strongly differ from those of coastal areas regarding anthracene inputs since no laccase induction was observed in inland litter
Puissant, Jérémy. "Effets des changements climatiques sur la dynamique de décomposition microbienne du carbone organique du sol en prairie subalpine calcaire". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAS008/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaMountain soils stocks huge quantities of carbon as soil organic matter (SOM) which may be highly vulnerable to climate change and thus alter the atmospheric greenhouse gases concentration at a decadal timescale. To understand the effect of climate conditions on the dynamics of mountain soil organic carbon (SOC), a climate change experiment was set up in October 2009 in Swiss Jura subalpine grassland soils. The climate change experiment (soil transplantation) simulated two realistic climate change scenarios, with increased air temperatures ranging between 2 °C and 4 °C and decreased precipitation ranging between 20% and 40%. These changes reflect current predictions of climate change for the 21th century in temperate mountain regions.We studied the effect of climate conditions (climate manipulation and seasonal changes) after four years of climate experiment on (i) the dynamic of microbial decomposition, microbial abundance and community structure, (ii) the dynamic soil organic matter pools with contrasted turnover rate and representing the energetic resource of microbial communities, (iii) the interactions between microbial communities and soil organic matter pools and (iv) the soil organic carbon stocks.This work shows a strong seasonal dynamics of microbial decomposition with higher enzymatic activities, higher microbial abundance and shift of microbial community structure in winter than in summer. These results were linked to the seasonal organic matter labile pools dynamics. Moreover structural equation modeling shows that climate manipulation differently influences the drivers of SOC enzymatic decomposition in summer and winter.Finally, this work shows a strong decrease of soil organic carbon concentration under the climate change manipulation which cannot be explained by an increase of microbial activities. In contrast, our results suggest that the observed climate-induced decrease in bulk soil organic C content was due a SOC decrease in the most biogeochemically stable SOM fraction associated with a decrease in clay content and a decrease of soil calcareous concentration. Thus, our results hint more so towards an effect of SOM leaching (Gavazov, 2013) to explain the climate effect on SOC content than an effect of microbial and/or plant activities
Giroux, Chantal. "Évaluation de la végétalisation et des communautés microbiennes d’un système agroforestier quatre ans après l’implantation sur les rejets miniers aurifères en région nordique canadienne". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69496.
Pełny tekst źródła$8373052\u$aMining in Canada is of undeniable economic and social importance. The mining industry produces tailings thatmay contaminate the soil and water ecosystems, causing long-term land degradation. This study focuses on the ecological restoration of gold mining wastes in the Canadian north, specifically in northern Quebec. The objective of this master thesis is to assess the potential of different implantation systems for the revegetation of a mine degraded land by assessing the survival of plants, the physicochemical parameters, and the microbial communities of the soil after four years. The field trials were established on gold post-mining sites on fine tailings, using a mixture of tree and herbaceous species, the amendment of symbiotic microorganisms, and biochar. This study has provided insight into the complexity of soil-plant-microorganism relationships. The results showed apositive effect of inoculation on the tree survival rate, especially for Alnus viridis ssp. Crispa and Picea glauca and their survival rate of over 90%. Moreover, the characterization of fungi and bacteria in the soil withthe Illumina Miseq technology made it possible to assess the diversity of microorganisms and their interactionin the environment. Also, the presence of bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas and ectomycorrhizal fungi of the genera Amphinema and Cadophora suggest that these beneficial soil microorganisms are well adapted to thisenvironment and can be used as inoculum. Biochar affects soil chemical parameters, especially pH, total carbon,and total nitrogen. These parameters ultimately affected the soil microbial communities. Thus, our results suggest that revegetation of degraded mine sites is possible with a combination of plants, amendments of biochar and, microsymbionts, adapted to edapho-climatic conditions.
Sall, Saïdou Nourou. "Importance des relations "Résidus végétaux-Communautés microbienne" sur les processus de décomposition dans un sol ferrugineux tropical (Sénégal) : effet de la disponibilité de l'azote". Paris 12, 2004. https://athena.u-pec.fr/primo-explore/search?query=any,exact,990002156110204611&vid=upec.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe relationship between organic residues and the microbial communities in a tropical sandy soil and its effects on CO2 and mineral N respiration were studied, taking into account the effect of the composition of the residues as well as the genetic and catabolic diversity of the microbial communities involved in this process. The experiments were carried out in controlled laboratory conditions and showed that the biochemical composition of the residues determined the activity (C and N respiration, enzyme activities) and the microbial biomass. However, the formation of complexes between the nitrogen released during decomposition and other components of the organic residues (phenols) slowed the process. The fungal community was the most sensitive to the addition of litter at the same time as mineral nitrogen. The addition of litter stimulated the decomposition of the organic matter in the soil (priming effect) to a degree that varied depending on the composition of the residues. The effect of the catabolic diversity of the microbial community was particularly evident during the initial hours of decomposition
Coucheney, Elsa. "Effets combinés de facteurs climatiques et de la diversité sur le fonctionnement de communautés bactériennes : respiration et métabolomique". Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066032.
Pełny tekst źródłaMiliton, Cécile. "Caractérisation des communautés procaryotiques impliquées dans la bioremédiation d'un sol pollué par des hydrocarbures et développement d'outils d'analyse à haut débit". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00718551.
Pełny tekst źródłaCoulibaly, Sekou Fanta Mady. "Effets des changements de pratiques agronomiques sur la diversité des vers de terre et collemboles- conséquences sur leurs fonctions associées". Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR005/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaSoil is one of the essential components supporting the functioning of the ecosystem. It is the support of primary production; an habitat for biodiversity, and it fulfills many ecological processes. Human activities, including intensive agricultural practices, have led to impaired the soil causing a sharp decline in their biodiversity. In response to these effects, new agricultural practices have been developed to preserve the soils and the ecosystem services they provide. These so-called innovative practices rely mainly on the reduction of tillage, integrated management of crop residues, the installation of permanent plant cover or the introduction of legumes into crop rotations. It is in this context of changes in agricultural practices that this thesis topic lays. This thesis aims to better understand the effects of the adoption of these innovative management practices on (i) the diversity of the macro and mesofauna communities soil and (ii) soil functioning in terms of organic carbon storage (basic food source), soil structure and pore size distribution (living environment). During the different chapters of this work, we highlighted three actions related to innovative agricultural practices combining in situ and ex situ experimental approaches. The aim of the first action was to study the combined effect of the introduction of legume (faba bean) and the reduction of tillage on the endogenous compartment. To answer this question, we developed an empirical experimental design made with the combination of situations encountered on farms. Our results showed that theinteraction between the two innovative practices did not result in a significant increase in the diversity of soil fauna. Microbial functions and the dynamics of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) also do not seem to be affected by these practices. It turns out that the beneficial effects of these innovative practices cannot be considered without taking into account how they are implemented at the scale of crop rotations and technical itineraries. This allowed us to promote a second action whose objective was to follow, under the same pedoclimatic conditions and the same technical itineraries, the long-term effect (four years) of five different management regimes on the communities of soil fauna. Treatments included combinations of different crops, different rates of nitrogen fertilization, incorporation or removal of crop residues and different plowing intensities. The results showed that the reduction of tillage intensity favored the diversity of Collembola and its functional groups by improving habitatconditions through the increase of microbial carbon biomass (trophic source). In addition, the other components of management, namely the "reduction of nitrogen inputs" and the "restitution / export of crop residues", had no effect on springtails (abundance and wealth), in particular on those living in the soil, whether hemi or euedaphic. However, this study demonstrates that the dissimilarity in the composition of Collembola assemblages increases with the temporal differentiation of agricultural practices, and tillage was the main factor responsible for this trajectory
Renault, David. "Caractérisation des écosystèmes microbiens colonisant les biofiltres, les solutions nutritives et les racines de Lycopersicon esculentum en culture hors-sol". Brest, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BRES2032.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis work was carried out to investigate the consequences of bacterial inoculation of biofilters in tomato soilless culture. The study carries on microbial populations colonizing i) biofilters, ii) nutrient solutions before and after filtration and iii) rhizosphere of plants. Several strains of Pseudomonas and Bacillus, selected in vitro for several suppressive activities, were inoculated into biofilters (P- and B-filters). Their microbial ecosystems were compared with those of a control filter (C-filter). Each filter has a functional (BiologGN2) and a structural (SSCP-PCR) specific profile. The C-filter contained 70% of Proteobacteria whereas P- and B-filters were significantly colonized by Firmicutes. The metabolism of nutrient-solutions was progressively shifted towards degradation of specific amino acids and carboxylic acids. P- and B- filters change more the molecular structure of nutrient solutions than C-filter and they reduce their phylotypic diversity. When solutions were filtered on C-fllter, the proportion of Proteobacteria increased whereas the uncultured candidate phyla rose in P- and B-filters. The rhizosphere microflora of tomato plants was relatively stable (qPCR) during the whole cultural season. Roots colonizing-bacterial communities had relatively few phyla in common for te 2 cultural conditions (bacteria-amended filter and control filter); mots were mainly colonized by Actinobacteria et Bacteroidetes. The involvement of a suppressive microflora in this process is suggested
Mangeot-Peter, Lauralie. "Étude des facteurs biotiques et abiotiques influant sur la structuration et la composition du microbiote racinaire du Peuplier". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0018.
Pełny tekst źródłaMicroorganisms play an essential role in the functioning of forest ecosystems. The pool of the root- associated microorganisms is called “root microbiome” and is known to promote tree growth, improve tree resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and participate in nutrient cycling. Studying the factors that structure and regulate the root microbiome is essential to better understand the mechanisms involved in tree-microorganism interactions and the role of the tree root microbiome in response to current and future environmental constraints. During my thesis, I studied the colonization dynamic of grey poplar roots by bacterial and fungal communities in the soil by combining metagenomic and microscopic approaches. In parallel, a mesocosm study was carried out to determine the impact of the host genotype and environmental factors such as climate and soil type on the root microbiome of black poplar, a species that colonizes riparian ecosystems and is particularly affected by climate change. Finally, through metagenomic and metabolomic approaches, I studied, on the one hand, the impact of soil microbiome variations and, on the other hand, the signalling pathway of jasmonic acid, a phytohormone involved in defence, on the metabolome and communities of the root microbiome of grey poplar. The results of my thesis highlight the significant impact of the tree and environmental factors on the composition and taxonomic and functional structure of the root microbiome as well as the need to consider the tree and its microbiota as a "meta-organism" in its own right
Meilhac, Julien. "Impact de la diversité génétique des communautés prairiales sur la production et la biodiversité du sol : Implications pour l'amélioration des plantes". Thesis, Poitiers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018POIT2302/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaMany studies highlight a positive effect of species diversity on plant community productivity and associated biodiversity. But genetic diversity effect on species community is still poorly studied despite the rare studies showing a positive effect with prospects for application in the field of plant breeding. It is in this context that this thesis examines the genetic diversity effect on grassland communities and associated soil biodiversity. This thesis is based on a real situation via an evaluation design of grassland mixtures installed by and in a plants breeding company. The major results of this thesis are a positive effect of the species genetic diversity on mixture biomass production, especially during drought episodes, and on species abundance equilibrium. These positive effects seem to be the result of a niche differentiation of species which is at the basis of species complementarity in ecology. Temporal complementarity of species has been demonstrated by asynchronous growth dynamics, but also by a complementarity for light acquisition via selection and plasticity mechanisms. Finally, genetic diversity effects have been observed on microbial diversity with plants feedbacks. In view of these results, it appears that genetic diversity occupies a central role in the assembly and structure of plant and microbial communities, leading us to consider how it could be integrated into plant breeding program
Guénon, René. "Vulnérabilité des sols méditerranéens aux incendies récurrents et restauration de leurs qualités chimiques et microbiologiques par des apports de composts". Phd thesis, Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00555463.
Pełny tekst źródłaFoulon, Julie. "Impact du phytomanagement de sites pollués par les éléments traces métalliques sur les micro-organismes du sol". Thesis, Besançon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BESA2090.
Pełny tekst źródłaAnthropogenic activities can cause dramatic changes in ecosystem structures and their ecological services. Phytomanagement based on the use of woody species can contribute to soil and microbial diversity restoration, while allowing the production of biomass of interest. As part of PROLIPHYT (2013-2018, ADEME), BIOFILTREE (2010-2014, ANR) and PHYTOPOP (2007-2011, ANR) projects, managed by the Chrono-environment laboratory, phytomanagement plots were installed on trace elements (TE) polluted sites to determine the growth potential of woody species and the recovery methods of biomass produced. In my PhD project, different approaches have been implemented to identify and characterize microorganisms subservient to implanted woody plants, with the aim of producing microbial resources to improve the recovery and growth of trees on polluted soil. The first approach was to study microbial communities in association with woody species by innovative high throughput sequencing approach associated with the physical and chemical analysis of soils. This method was developed and tested on three experimental sites contaminated by TE. It revealed changes in the structure and composition of microbial communities due to the nature of the vegetation cover and the soil characteristics (Zappelini et al., 2015; Foulon et al., 2016a; b). The second approach was to isolate and characterize mycorrhizal fungi and endophytes associated with poplars (Berthelot et al., 2016; Lacercat-Didier et al., 2016). These fungi are known to promote the growth of the plants they colonize but also to increase their TE tolerance. Several sampling campaigns of roots and sporocarps on different polluted sites have allowed the isolation of fungal strains tolerant to TE (like Serendipita vermifera) and enhancing growth (Phialophora sp. and Leptodontidium sp.). In a third approach, the mechanisms involved in TE resistance were studied i) in Paxillus involutus for Hg (Foulon et al. In prep) ii) by functional metatranscriptomics for Zn and Cd (Lehembre et al., 2013). In conclusion, this work allowed to i) improve our understanding of the impact of a woody cover on the structure and composition of microbial communities, and on the understanding of the physiological mechanisms involved ii) to constitute a collection of fungal strains that will be of great interest for future phytomanagement projects
Delcourt, Ninon. "Modélisation des signatures chimiques des sols en fonction de l'historique de leurs usages : la mémoire du sol au service de l'écologie actuelle". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AIXM0164.
Pełny tekst źródłaLand use is known to be one of the major factors driving soil microbial and physico-chemical properties. Understanding its long-term effect remains a major challenge in assessing current soil functioning and vulnerability to global changes. In the Mediterranean region, abandonment of terrace agriculture since 1860 induced the coexistence of forests with different ages. The aim of this thesis is to determine whether, in the case of forest soils, past land use (i) leads to a specific chemical signature and (ii) to different physico-chemical and biological properties affecting its current functioning. To do this, the analytical potential of FTIR spectroscopy allowed to create a referential model of soil chemical signatures of soils according to their current land use (forest vs agrosystem), depending on associated practices and climate. Then, this technique was tested to discriminate soils with different historical land uses (ancient, recent and very recent forests in the Parc Naturel Régional du Luberon) according to different soil depths and climatic conditions. Finally, the influence of past land use on current soil functioning was studied by means of microbial and mesofauna analyses as well as through complementary physico-chemical analyses. This study therefore confirms that land use legacy must be considered when assessing soil vulnerability in a context of climate change
Lee, Sungeun. "Virus-host interactions across a soil pH gradient at the community and individual scale". Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEC020.
Pełny tekst źródłaSoil viruses have potential to influence microbial community structure and subsequent ecosystem functioning by directly affecting the abundance of host cells by lysis and through their ability to transfer genes between hosts. Although our understanding of soil viral diversity and functioning has increased, the role of viruses and their interactions with prokaryotes in soil is limited. To gain a better understanding of virus-host interactions in soil, a long-term pH-manipulated soil gradient, which microbial community structure changes across, was investigated. The main objectives of this thesis were to 1) determine the influence of microbial community structure and soil pH on viruses using metagenomics and viromics (Chapter II), 2) determine the infectivity of soil viral populations from co-localized and foreign pH soil niches using a plaque assay approach combined with hybrid metagenomics sequencing (Chapter III) and 3) identify virus populations infecting specific soil microbial functional groups, specifically methanotrophs (Chapter IV) and nitrifiers (Chapter V), using DNA stable isotope probing combined with metagenomic deep sequencing. Viral community structure was found to change with soil pH, demonstrating that viral communities are tightly linked to host populations, but also may have narrow host ranges. Analysis of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) arrays revealed dynamic virus-host interactions, with the number and size of CRISPR arrays distinct across contrasting pH soil. Profiling of the host-virus linkages between soil pH, suggests that viruses play a critical role in shaping the composition and function of the soil prokaryotic community. Surprisingly, greater infectivity of a host bacterium by virus populations was found when viruses and host bacterium were not co-localized in the same pH soil. Coevolutionary processes between the host and virus populations, such as restriction modification/virus-encoded methyltransferase and CRISPR-Cas system/spacer mutation, provide evidence for local adaptation, and that virus-bacterial host interactions play an integral part in the susceptibility of a host to infection and consequently in the regulation of soil bacterial populations. Targeting specific microbial functional groups via stable isotope probing allowed analysis of individual host-virus populations. Tracking carbon flow through prokaryotic and viral populations revealed active interactions between viruses and methanotroph and nitrifier hosts, and soil pH niche preferences. Evidence of horizontal gene transfer and virus-encoded auxiliary metabolic genes, such as glycoside hydrolase families, peptidases, particulate methane monooxygenase subunit C (pmoC), nitrogenase (nifH) and cytochrome cd1-nitrite reductase, supports that viruses are significant contributors to host functioning and carbon and nitrogen cycling in soil. Overall, this work demonstrated that soil viruses are important regulators of microbial communities through specific host lysis and dynamic virus-host interactions
Fanin, Nicolas. "Limitations nutritives des microorganismes décomposeurs du sol et de la litière en forêt tropicale de Guyane française". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20129/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaTree species-rich tropical rainforests are characterized by a high variability in quality and stoichiometry of leaf litter input to the soil. Microbial heterotrophs in the decomposer food web depend primarily on these organic resources that can vary dramatically in quantity, quality and relative contribution in key elements such as carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P). I evaluated during this thesis how differences in leaf litter resource quality and C:N:P stoichiometry influence the activity, biomass, stoichiometry and community structure of microbial decomposers. I did this work in the Amazonian rainforest of French Guiana, where the soils are highly nutrient-impoverished and microbial heterotrophs are assumed to be particularly dependent on litter-derived nutrients. I first showed that leaf litter C quality and P content explained more than 50% of the observed variability of the microbial respiration process in the underlying soil. Using a fertilization experiment with C (as cellulose), N (as urea), and P (as phosphate) in the field, I further showed that microbial respiration process in the litter layer was co-limited by N and P, while that in the soil was co-limited by C and P. Additionally, distinct nutritional limitations in litter and underlying soil were related to shifts in the microbial community structure, especially regarding the fungi:bacteria ratio and the proportion of copiotrophic versus oligotrophic bacteria. Finally, during a laboratory incubation experiment, I showed that litter microbial biomass, stoichiometry and community structure differed strongly among leaf litter from six different tree species varying in C:N:P stoichiometry. The variations in microbial parameters among substrate litters, however, were not related to bulk leaf litter quality, but rather driven by the stoichiometry of the soluble fraction, with larger microbial C:nutrients ratios and a shift towards fungal dominance with increasing litter leachate C:N:P stoichiometry. Collectively, these results showed that the distinct leaf litter quality produced by a diverse tree canopy controls the structure, stoichiometry, abundance and activity of microbial communities in the studied Amazonian rainforest at small spatial scales. Moreover, the decomposing leaf litter stimulates microbial communities in the underlying soil that appear to be under the combined control of energy (C) and P availability. The strong stoichiometric constraint on microbial heterotrophs in the decomposer food web suggests far-ranging consequences on ecosystem C and nutrient cycling with ongoing alteration of nutrient deposition and tree species diversity in tropical rainforests
Norini, Marie-Paule. "Ecodynamique des Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques (HAP) et des communautés microbiennes dans des sols à pollution mixte (HAP, métaux) avant et après traitement par biopile et par désorption thermique : influence de la rhizosphère et de la mycorhization". Thesis, Nancy 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NAN10121/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaFormer industrial multicontaminated soils (PAH, MTE) pose problems for their treatment because remediation techniques (e.g. biopile, thermal desorption) do not eliminate completely pollutants and because its could be affected physicochemical and biological soil properties. Phytoremediation technologies could be a strategy for polluted soils restoration. The aims of this study were (i) to characterize the biological properties of contaminated soils before and after remediation treatments (biopile and thermal desorption), (ii) to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal fungi and nutrients on the growth of alfalfa on contaminated soils before and after remediation treatments, (iii) to study the dynamics of the pollutants in mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plant rhizosphere and to characterize the microbial communities. We used industrial soils contaminated with PAH and to a lesser extent with MTE. .In pot experiments, the soils were inoculated or not with AM fungi and fertilised or not. These experiments showed that the survival and the growth of the plant on the contaminated and treated soils were dependent on the mycorhization. The PAH contents and availability in the rhizosphere decreased in these experiments though the AM fungi had no effect on the PAH contents. Various techniques (enumeration, PCR-TTGE, real-time PCR) showed the impact of the remediation treatments on the bacterial and the fungal population in soils. These results highlight the necessity to know the physico-chemical and the biological characteristics of the contaminated soils and the treated soils. The plant-MA fungi association are decisive for the remediation and the restoration of the soils properties
Trap, Jean. "Relations morphologie-cycle de l'azote au sein de l'épisolum humifère en futaie régulière pure de hêtre". Phd thesis, Rouen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ROUES035.
Pełny tekst źródłaTrap, Jean. "Relations morphologie-cycle de l'azote au sein de l'épisolum humifère en futaie régulière pure de hêtre". Phd thesis, Université de Rouen, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00594180.
Pełny tekst źródłaThion, Cécile. "Influence des Interactions bactéries-champignons sur la dissipation des HAP dans la rhizosphère". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0023/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe dissipation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), very common and persistant pollutants in soils from industrial wastelands, involve the action of bacterial and fungal microorganisms. However their respective contribution, and the influence of the microbial and plant-microbe interactions on in situ PAH dissipation, are poorly known and fungal communities were scarcely studied in such environments. This work aimed to study the fate of PAHs in rhizosphere under the influence of microorganisms and their interactions and to estimate the fungal diversity in contaminated soils. The dynamic of fungal communities was monitored in situ for 5 years, by real-time PCR and Temporal Temperature Gradient Electrophoresis (TTGE) in an aged PAH-polluted soil and in the same soil treated by thermal desorption. The results showed that plants had a positive effect on fungal abundance and diversity and were the main driver of fungal community structure, dominated by Ascomycetes. Besides, bacterial and fungal strains were isolated from this soil and screened for their ability to dissipate PAHs in vitro. Among them, the bacteria Arthrobacter oxydans Pyr2MsHM11 and the fungus Fusarium solani MM1 were chosen as model strains to study their individual and simultaneous effect on PAH dissipation in different experimental conditions, from liquid cultures to planted soil microcosms with a complex microflora. It was found that interactions between microorganisms, notably competition, had a crucial influence on their growth and on the expression of their PAH dissipation potential