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1
Hotz, Mary Elizabeth. "DOWN AMONG THE DEAD: EDWIN CHADWICK’S BURIAL REFORM DISCOURSE IN MID-NINETEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND". Victorian Literature and Culture 29, nr 1 (marzec 2001): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150301291025.
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IN 1839, G. A. WALKER, a London surgeon, published Gatherings from Graveyards, Particularly Those in London. Three years later Parliament appointed a House of Commons select committee to investigate “the evils arising from the interment of bodies” in large towns and to consider legislation to resolve the problem.1 Walker’s study opens with a comprehensive history of the modes of interment among all nations, showing the wisdom of ancient practices that removed the dead from the confines of the living. The second portion of the book describes the pathological state of forty-three metropolitan graveyards in an effort to convince the public of the need for legislative interference by the government to prohibit burials in the vicinity of the living.2 Walker’s important work attracted the attention of Parliament and social reformers because of his comprehensive representation of the problem of graveyards, especially among the poor districts of London; his rudimentary statistics that, in effect, isolated them from the rest of the society; and his unbending insistence that national legislators solve the problem. These three impulses influenced the way Edwin Chadwick, secretary to the New Poor Law Commission from 1834 to 1842 and commissioner for the Board of Health from 1848 to 1852, identified and represented the problem of corpses and graveyards in his A Supplementary Report on the Results of a Special Inquiry into the Practice of Interment in Towns (1843).
2
LAHAV, AVITAL. "QUANTITATIVE REASONING AND COMMERCIAL LOGIC IN REBUILDING PLANS AFTER THE GREAT FIRE OF LONDON, 1666". Historical Journal 63, nr 5 (20.05.2020): 1107–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x20000059.
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ABSTRACTRebuilding plans submitted after the Great Fire of London in 1666 have been widely treated by historians of the Great Fire and in wide-scope histories of London and modern city planning. However, few attempts have been made to assign an overarching logic to all of them, while paying attention to their texts as well as to their maps. The following article highlights certain common features in these abortive efforts to plan London, assigns a common logic to all of them, and traces the origins of this logic. Such an analysis illuminates the economic principles in plans that are usually examined for their architectural features, and places them in a different historical context. Rather than seeing them as manifestations of contemporary architectural trends, or as a continuation of ongoing attempts to regulate London's cityscape, the plans are presented here as a response to emerging ideas in mid-seventeenth-century England about the nature of value and the economic function of cities within the world of commerce. Such a view reveals the complex interplay between London's early modern growth and the emergence of new forms of knowledge in seventeenth-century England and reasserts the importance of these plans as forerunners of present-day city planning.
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Meen, Geoffrey, i Christian Nygaard. "Local Housing Supply and the Impact of History and Geography". Urban Studies 48, nr 14 (17.03.2011): 3107–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098010394689.
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This paper considers the impact of existing land use patterns on housing supply price elasticities in local areas of England, under existing planning policies. The paper demonstrates that, despite common national planning policies, local supply responses to market pressures vary considerably, because of differences in historical land uses. The study area covers the Thames Gateway and Thames Valley, which lie to the east and west of London respectively. However, whereas the latter is one of the wealthiest areas of England, the former includes some of the highest pockets of deprivation and was a government priority area for increasing housing supply. Due to differences in historical land use and geography, the price elasticity in the least constrained area is approximately six times higher than the most constrained.
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Dean, D. M. "Public or Private? London, Leather and Legislation in Elizabethan England". Historical Journal 31, nr 3 (wrzesień 1988): 525–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00023475.
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On the morning of Wednesday, 24 February 1585, a bill ‘for imploying of Landes and Tenementes given to the Maintenance of Highewayes, Bridges etc.’ was read in the house of common for the seond time and committed for consideration by several members that afternoon in the hall of the Middle Temple. The committee decided to introduce a completely new measure which was itself committed after the second reading on 9 March. At one point in these proceedings William Fleetwood, recorder of London, told the lower house that he had advised the bill's promoter to make it ‘a private bill but he would not and therfor he shall see what will come of it’. Undoubtedly irked at this refusal to accept his advice, Fleetwood may have felt some satisfaction when the bill was rejected on its third reading in the lower house. Nevertheless, the bill's promoter had good reason to introduce his measure as a public rather than as a private bill. Private bills were expensive. Fees were payable at every stage, for the reading, committing, engrossing and endorsing such bills, and then, if all went well, fees had to be paid if the promoter wanted the bill printed and thus made public. Besides the cost, private bills stood less chance of getting through both houses of parliament. Not only was there a great risk of one's measure getting swamped by the large number of private bills always introduced in the first few weeks of a session, but it was also frequently asserted that private bills should have low priority on the agenda of parliament.
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Boulton, Jeremy. "Residential mobility in seventeenth-century Southwark". Urban History 13 (maj 1986): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926800007963.
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It is nearly two decades since Tony Wrigley first discussed the possible effects that the experience of London life may have had on changing the society of seventeenth-century England. Despite some excellent work on certain aspects of London's social history, however, his qualification still stands: ‘too little is known of the sociological differences between life in London and life in provincial England to afford a clear perception of the impact of London's growth upon the country as a whole’. Among the obstacles to this latter goal are that metropolitan and provincial society are often seen as qualitatively different and, perhaps in consequence, comparisons between the two have not been seriously attempted. What is needed is a model which might serve to embrace the experiences of both urban and rural inhabitants within a common framework.
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Sutton, Anne F. "The Merchant Adventurers of England: their origins and the Mercers' Company of London". Historical Research 75, nr 187 (1.02.2002): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2281.00139.
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Abstract The history of the adventurers, or overseas merchants, trading to the Low Countries is taken back to their earliest privileges, those from Brabant 1296–1315, to the establishment of their fraternity of St. Thomas c.1300, and to their common origin with the staplers. This discounts the theories that they owed their beginnings to the Mercers’ Company of London. The rise of the London mercers to an increasingly dominant position among the Adventurers to the Low Countries is traced from c.1400, and their records, the frequently misleading acts of court, are re-examined. The theory that the Company of the Merchant Adventurers of England was created at the end of the fifteenth century is similarly discounted.
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Nikitin, Dmitry S. "To the History of the Formation of the Indian Parliamentary Committee in the British House of Commons". Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, nr 462 (2021): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/462/18.
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The aim of this article is to study the history of the formation of the Indian Parliamentary Committee (IPC) in the British House of Commons in 1893. To achieve this aim, the following objectives are envisaged: determination of reasons for establishing the IPC; analysis of the activities of the Indian National Congress and British liberals; analysis of the election campaign of Dadabhai Naoroji, which enabled him to get a seat in the House of Commons in 1892. The sources of the study are the pamphlets of the Indian National Congress members, which explain the need for Indian representatives to participate in the British Parliament; records of parliamentary hearings on the Indian issue; materials of the press describing the course of the election campaign of 1892 and the tasks of the Indian Committee in Parliament. In the course of the study, the author came to the following conclusions. The moderate branch in the Indian liberation movement considered the British Rule in India to be a progressive phenomenon in the Indian life. The defects of the British administration were due to the fact that the English people and Parliament did not understand the problems that the Indian population faced under the British Rule. The Parliamentary Committee dealing exclusively with the Indian issue could contribute to solving this problem. The main conductor of this idea in India was the National Congress, which, since its inception, began work on the formation of the IPC. In the late 1880s, an Indian political agency, which intensified attempts to organize an Indian committee in Parliament, was established in London. The interests of the Indians in the House of Commons at that time were defended by the Liberal MP Charles Bradlaugh. On the basis of the proposals of the National Congress, he prepared a bill on Indian councils, which came into force in 1892. Nevertheless, the creation of the Indian Parliamentary Committee became possible only in 1893, when Dadabhai Naoroji and William Wadderburn (founders of the British Committee of the Indian National Congress) were elected to the House of Commons as Liberal MPs. In general, the creation of the IPC was a progressive step in the development of the Indian liberation movement because the IPC gave the moderate nationalists and their British liberal supporters new tools of fighting for the rights of Indian subjects of the British Empire. The appearance of supporters of Indian reforms in Parliament was the evidence of the success of the IPC’s course of expanding political agitation in England, although it did not guarantee significant achievements in solving of the Indian question.
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Zahedieh, Nuala. "Making Mercantilism Work: London Merchants And Atlantic Trade in the Seventeenth Century". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 9 (grudzień 1999): 143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3679396.
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Authors of the surge of economic tracts and treatises published in late seventeenth-century England generally agreed that foreign trade underpinned the wealth, health, and strength of the nation. The merchant was herothe same to the body politick as the liver, veins and arteries are to the natural; for he both raises and distributes treasure the vital blood of the common weal. He is the steward of the kingdom's stock which by his good or ill-management does proportionably increase or languish. One of the most useful members in a state without whom it can never be opulent in peace nor consequently formidable in war.'
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Mandel, Sarah. "From London to Bombay: Judicial Comparisons between Parsis and Jews, 1702–1865*". English Historical Review 135, nr 572 (luty 2020): 63–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cez438.
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Abstract As England extended its authority over Bombay, Calcutta and other localities in early imperial India, law served as a medium of transfer between metropole and colony and English judges faced complex questions about the law’s relationship with its non-Christian subjects. While Hindus and Muslims were provided with authorised religious advisors at the English courts in India, Parsis remained officially excluded as a minority religious group. Judicial creativity, when faced with questions of Parsi marriage, divorce, child custody and conversion, was limited by judges’ ‘available conceptual resources’. Cases involving Jews in England from the eighteenth century proved to be uniquely relevant, as they rehearsed the fundamental challenges involved in the interaction of the Anglican establishment with non-Christian subjects. The common legal paradigm of Jews and Parsis was further manifested in the unconscious framing of outsiders in the courtroom using the metaphor of a ‘body of people’. This phrase, which appears only twenty times in the corpus of English Law Reports, reflects the physicalisation or personification of a society of individuals with a shared history, values, and political and legal framework. It expresses a judicial conception of them as distinct and unified, with the corollary negative associations of being threatening and potentially subversive. Despite their strong mercantile ties to the colonisers, Parsis thus served as the ‘Jews’ of India in the sense that they helped define and secure the majority by contradistinction, and their separateness was reinforced both explicitly and implicitly in legal encounters.
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Tresise, G., i J. D. Radley. "Triassic footprints: the first English finds". Geological Curator 7, nr 4 (listopad 2000): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.55468/gc443.
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Fossil footprints were recognised in Scottish rocks over a decade before they were first discovered in England. Then, in 1838, footprints of the "hand animal" Chirotherium were found in the quarries at Storeton Hill in Cheshire. This discovery was reported, first to the British Association for the Advancement of Science, then to the Geological Society of London, by William Buckland. These Cheshire finds have been assumed to predate the discovery of Triassic footprints elsewhere in England. However, a footprintbearing slab figured by Murchison & Strickland (1840) had been presented to the Warwickshire Natural History & Archaeological Society (WNHAS) in 1837. These footprints, from Shrewley Common in Warwickshire, were thus the first to be recognised in England. Dr George Lloyd was Secretary of WNHAS and may have been unintentionally instrumental in helping to publicise the rival Cheshire discoveries. His scientific interests and the subsequent dispersal of his collections are outlined.
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Rowe, Christopher J. "The American Bar Association Looks to England, 1924 and 1957". American Journal of Legal History 61, nr 4 (1.12.2021): 385–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajlh/njab019.
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Abstract This article’s overarching claim is that the leading elites of the American Bar consciously defined the legal profession in terms of its relationship to English law and practice during the first half of the twentieth century, although the manner in which they did so evolved over time. The two annual American Bar Association meetings in London in 1924 and 1957, hitherto passed over in the historiography, provide the main evidentiary basis for this contention. In detailing the profession’s conscious, anglophilic self-identification, this article makes five historiographical contributions: first, it underscores a genuine concern among American legal elites regarding procedural inefficiencies at the turn of the twentieth century and qualifies historiographical assumptions that the Association was largely ineffective before 1929. Second, it draws attention to a further preoccupation of the Bar, apparent at both meetings, concerning the rise of the administrative state and builds upon recent work in this area. Third, it highlights a transition in American legal thought vis-à-vis its common law heritage in the decades between the two wars, moving from a Burkean nostalgia in 1924 to a narrower appeal to Magna Carta as the ultimate bulwark against communism three decades later. Fourth, it underscores the growing role of lawyers as international peacemakers and the entanglement of law and politics, especially by 1957. Drawing together all of the aforementioned conclusions, this article’s fifth contribution is to underscore the extent to which legal elites were preoccupied with their status. In holding up the American legal profession to the standards of the English profession, leading American jurists were seeking the equivalent prestige enjoyed by their English brethren. Undoubtedly, this process was symbiotic, with their hosts happy to serve as exemplars at a time when British supremacy, especially in the light of the Suez Crisis, was quickly waning.
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Steckley, George F. "Collisions, Prohibitions, and the Admiralty Court in Seventeenth-Century London". Law and History Review 21, nr 1 (2003): 41–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3595068.
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When Anthonis Van den Wyngaerde executed his sweeping panorama of London in 1543, he drew some two dozen ships in the Thames, but only four of them downstream from St. Katherine's Dock. A century later, however, Wenceslaus Hollar carefully represented well over a hundred seagoing vessels in a ribbon of masts winding down river as far as the eye could see. By the 1650s a mariner noted the difficulty of navigating the Thames at low tide, especially during “mackerel time,” and Admiralty Judges at Doctors' Commons near St. Paul's were hearing complaints that congestion in the river was endangering London's environment. Petitioners alleged in 1658 that Jenkin Ellis, a shoemaker and wharf owner, had so exploited his foothold of just ten yards along the north shore of the river, by selling permission to anchor ships eight-and ten-abreast, that the entire bank from St. Katherine's Stairs to the Dock was ruined. It had once been, said witnesses, a “fair sandy ground” where “people might pass on foot,” where watermen could “wax and tallow their boats.” But after Ellis had arrived in 1640, the bank slowly turned to “mud…ooze and dirt,” and “the current of the Thames near shore” where the ships lay was now so “hindered…that if not timely prevented,” the river would be “choked up.” Fires carelessly tended aboard the ships when they were grounded at low tide threatened houses in the entire precinct. When riding at anchor near the shoemaker's wharf, the vessels forced lightermen to row in midriver “against the strength and current of the tide.”The rising number of ships in English waterways had apparently reduced everyone's margin for error in the seventeenth century. For collisions in the Thames and elsewhere were providing the civil lawyers of London's Admiralty Court with a stream of cases. Ironically, this litigation, it is argued here, reveals both the resourcefulness of England's maritime judges and the major cause of a decline in their authority during the late Stuart decades.
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Eigen, Joel Peter. "Review Essay: Surgeons at the Bar: From the Crime Scene to the Courtroom". Law and History Review 39, nr 4 (listopad 2021): 867–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248021000614.
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How did English and Welsh medical practitioners enter the common-law courtroom as expert witnesses, and how can one assess their influence on crime-scene investigations and courtroom testimony? Witnesses offering specialist opinions were hardly novel in the eighteenth-century London courtroom, but their participation grew at such a pace that, by the early 1900s, they had become regular participants in police investigation and criminal trials. Even as their presence grew, their evolution was not a singular event: defense lawyers, judges, and juries were experiencing qualitative changes in their roles in the adjudication of crime just as prison surgeons, asylum superintendents, and hospital medical officers entered the witness box. It is the singular achievement of this important study that Katherine D. Watson has isolated critical moments in the growth of medicine's role while embedding the practitioners’ rise within the shifting dynamics of criminal prosecution in early modern England.
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Longfellow, David. "Napoleon as a General: Command from the Battlefield to Grand Strategy. By Jonathan Riley. (London, England: Continuum Books, 2007. Pp. 228. $29.95.)". Historian 71, nr 3 (1.09.2009): 662–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6563.2009.00246_60.x.
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WHITE, WILLIAM. "SIR JOHN ELIOT'S THE MONARCHIE OF MAN AND EARLY STUART POLITICAL THOUGHT". Historical Journal 62, nr 3 (9.10.2018): 639–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x18000353.
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AbstractThis article seeks to revise existing interpretations of the political writings composed by the early Stuart MP, Sir John Eliot (1592–1632), while imprisoned in the Tower of London between 1629 and 1632. In particular, it challenges the common understanding of Eliot as an absolutist writer. This characterization is shown to be based on a misreading of his principal treatise, The monarchie of man, and the problematic assumption that De jure – a translation he undertook of the continental absolutist, Arnisaeus – should be taken to epitomize Eliot's own views. The article also refutes the notion that The monarchie of man is an uncontroversial text that ignores contemporary political context. It is argued that the treatise can, in fact, only be read in relation to the constitutional crisis of the late 1620s: Eliot's work is presented as a subversive attack on Charles I's tyrannical pretensions, which supplies a remedy in the form of a Ciceronian insistence on active virtue. These findings in turn have implications for how we understand the political thought and culture of early Stuart England more generally.
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Dingle, Lesley. "Conversations with Sir John Hamilton Baker QC: Aspects of Resolving the Legal History of the Common Law". Legal Information Management 18, nr 1 (marzec 2018): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147266961800004x.
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AbstractProfessor Sir John Baker was born in Sheffield in April 1944 towards the end of the Second World War. His path into legal history was via the Edward VI Grammar School in Chelmsford, and University College London (UCL) in the early 1960s. It was his good fortune that lecturing arrangements still in place at UCL as a wartime legacy caused him to fall under the inspirational guidance of Professor Toby Milsom at LSE for his legal history tuition. By the time John Baker moved to Cambridge in 1971 he had been called to the Bar at the Inner Temple, and his interest in the development of the common law in the late mediaeval/early Tudor period was firmly grounded. The next forty years were spent at Cambridge, where he established an enviable reputation as an innovative and meticulous scholar, whose publications output has become legendary. He retired from the Downing Chair of the Laws of England in 2011, and was knighted for his services to legal history in 2003. This article by Lesley Dingle attempts to highlight some aspects of Professor Baker's illustrious career, and should be read in conjunction with his entry in the Cambridge Eminent Scholars Archive, both of which are based on interviews that she conducted with Sir John in the Law Faculty in February-March 2017.
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King, Peter. "Legal Change, Customary Right, and Social Conflict in Late Eighteenth-Century England: The Origins of the Great Gleaning Case of 1788". Law and History Review 10, nr 1 (1992): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/743812.
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In 1788 the Court of Common Pleas, after lengthy deliberations, came to a judgment in Steel v. Houghton et Uxor, concluding that “no person has, at common law, a right to glean in the harvest field.” Gleaning was of considerable importance to many laboring families in the eighteenth century; therefore, both the provincial and the London-based newspapers reported the 1788 judgment at length, as well as covering the 1786 case of Worlledge v. Manning on which it was partly based. The 1788 case not only stimulated a widespread public debate over the gleaners' rights, but also established an important legal precedent. From 1788 onward, every major legal handbook from Burn's New Law Dictionary of 1792 to the early twentieth-century editions of Wharton's Law Lexicon used it as the standard caselaw reference. It is quoted in a wide variety of law books written for farmers such as Williams's Farmers' Lawyer and Dixon's Law of the Farm, as well as inspiring long footnotes in the post-1788 editions of Blackstone's Commentaries. By 1904, it was being referred to in the law reports as “the great case of gleaning.”
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Dingle, Lesley. "Conversations with Emeritus Professor Stroud Francis Charles (Toby) Milsom: A Journey from Heretic to Giant in English Legal History". Legal Information Management 12, nr 4 (grudzień 2012): 305–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1472669612000679.
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AbstractLesley Dingle, founder of the Eminent Scholars Archive at Cambridge, gives a further contribution in this occasional series concerning the lives of notable legal academics. On this occasion, the focus of her attention is Stroud Francis Charles (Toby) Milsom QC BA who retired from his chair of Professor of Law at the University of Cambridge in 2000 after a distinguished career as a legal historian at the universities of Oxford, London School of Economics and St John's College Cambridge. His academic life and contentious theories on the development of the Common Law at the end of the feudal system in England were discussed in a series of interviews at his home in 2009. At the core are aspects of his criticism of the conclusions of the nineteenth century historian Frederick William Maitland, upon which the teaching of the early legal history of England was largely based during much of the 20th century. Also included are insights into his research methods in deciphering the parchment Plea Rolls in the Public Records Office, and anecdotes relating to his tenure as Dean at New College Oxford (1956–64) as well as associations with the Selden Society: he was its Literary Director, and later President during its centenary in 1987. Professor Milsom also briefly talked of his memories of childhood during WWII and his inspirational studies as a student at the University of Pennsylvania (1947–48).
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Chamberland, Celeste. "From Apprentice to Master: Social Disciplining and Surgical Education in Early Modern London, 1570–1640". History of Education Quarterly 53, nr 1 (luty 2013): 21–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hoeq.12001.
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Due to its ascendancy as the administrative and commercial center of early modern England, London experienced sustained growth in the latter half of the sixteenth century, as waves of rural immigrants sought to enhance their material conditions by tapping into the city's bustling occupational and civic networks. The resultant crowded urban landscape fostered mounting demand for medical services, since injuries and ailments, ranging from consumption to contusions, proliferated within the city's teeming streets and markets. Due to consistently strong patient demand and the conventions of English common law, which stipulated that legal authorization to practice medicine was solely contingent upon patient consent, peddling medical services to the city's ill and infirm became an increasingly appealing—and potentially lucrative—venture. Consequently, London's largely unregulated medical marketplace—characterized by competition for patients, the mounting influence of print culture, and the emergence of small commercial networks—attracted a diverse array of practitioners, including university-educated physicians, who focused on treating ailments of the inner body by prognosticating and prescribing medicine; guild-licensed surgeons, who treated ailments ranging from broken bones to venereal disease through direct manual manipulation of the body; and a medley of specialist and itinerant practitioners, who were neither licensed by city authorities noraffiliated with established livery companies.
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Lalchhandama, Kholhring. "A history of coronaviruses". WikiJournal of Medicine 9, nr 1 (2022): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.15347/wjm/2022.005.
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The history of coronaviruses is an account of the discovery of coronaviruses and the diseases they cause. It starts with a report of a new type of upper-respiratory tract disease among chickens in North Dakota, US, in 1931. The causative agent was identified as a virus in 1933. By 1936, the disease and the virus were recognised as unique from other viral diseases. The virus became known as infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), but later officially renamed as Avian coronavirus. A new brain disease of mice (murine encephalomyelitis) was discovered in 1947 at Harvard Medical School in Boston. The virus was called JHM (after Harvard pathologist John Howard Mueller). Three years later a new mouse hepatitis was reported from the National Institute for Medical Research in London. The causative virus was identified as mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), later renamed Murine coronavirus. In 1961, a virus was obtained from a school boy in Epsom, England, who was suffering from common cold. The sample, designated B814, was confirmed as novel virus in 1965. New common cold viruses (assigned 229E) collected from medical students at the University of Chicago were also reported in 1966. Structural analyses of IBV, MHV, B18 and 229E using transmission electron microscopy revealed that they all belong to the same group of viruses. Making a crucial comparison in 1967, June Almeida and David Tyrrell invented the collective name coronavirus, as all those viruses were characterised by solar corona-like projections (called spikes) on their surfaces. Other coronaviruses have been discovered from pigs, dogs, cats, rodents, cows, horses, camels, Beluga whales, birds and bats. As of 2022, 52 species are described. Bats are found to be the richest source of different species of coronaviruses. All coronaviruses originated from a common ancestor about 293 million years ago. Zoonotic species such as Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a variant of SARS-CoV, emerged during the past two decades and caused the first pandemics of the 21st century.
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Jarvis, Charles E. "‘The most common grass, rush, moss, fern, thistles, thorns or vilest weeds you can find’: James Petiver's plants". Notes and Records: the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science 74, nr 2 (27.11.2019): 303–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2019.0012.
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The dried plant specimens painstakingly acquired by the London apothecary James Petiver ( ca 1663–1718) from around the world constitute a substantial, but underappreciated, component of the vast herbarium of Sir Hans Sloane, now housed at London's Natural History Museum. Petiver was an observant field biologist whose own collecting was focused in south-east England. However, he also obtained specimens from an astoundingly wide geographical area via numerous collectors, more than 160 of whose names are known. While many were wild-collected, gardens in Great Britain and abroad also played a role in facilitating the study of the many new and strange exotics that were arriving in Europe. A new estimate of the number of specimens present in Petiver's herbarium suggests a figure of ca 21 000 gatherings. In this article, the appearance of the bound volumes, and the arrangement of the specimens within them, is assessed and contrasted with those volumes assembled by Leonard Plukenet and Hans Sloane. Petiver's published species descriptions and illustrations are shown to be frequently associated with extant specimens, letters and other manuscripts, making the whole a rich archive for the study of early modern collecting of natural curiosities at a time of increasing ‘scientific’ purpose.
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Hayes, Peta Angela, i Margaret Elizabeth Collinson. "The Flora of the Insect Limestone (latest Eocene) from the Isle of Wight, southern England". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 104, nr 3-4 (wrzesień 2013): 245–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691014000061.
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ABSTRACTLatest Eocene fossil plant remains occur in concentrations within blue-grey micrite known as Insect Limestone near the base of the Bembridge Marls Member (Bouldnor Formation, Solent Group), Isle of Wight, southern England. Some of the previously reported taxa (collections in the Natural History Museum, London) are not preserved within the Insect Limestone. These (e.g., all Arecaceae (palms)) are excluded from the floral list. New non-destructive techniques have yielded additional taxonomic information. Leaves previously assigned to Ficus and Fagus are now incertae sedis. Wetland elements are abundant, particularly Typha, but also Acrostichum, Azolla, Potamogeton, Sparganium and others. Non-wetland elements are rare. Trees and shrubs included representatives of Betulaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Juglandaceae, Lauraceae, Rhamnaceae (the sclerophyllous Zizyphus), other flowering plants and several genera of conifers. There are rare specimens of possible herbaceous plants and propagules with plumes or awns, the latter possibly an early fossil record of Clematis. The common plant remains were probably derived from vegetation near a freshwater body, sometimes with slight brackish influence, whilst rarer elements were probably blown in from a greater distance. There is little evidence of plant–insect interaction; one leaf with small galls, a stem containing an insect larva and a possible association between stratiomyid flies and Typha.
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Dickens, A. G. "The Battle of Finsbury Field and Its Wider Context". Studies in Church History. Subsidia 8 (1991): 271–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143045900001691.
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On 4 March 1554 some hundreds of London schoolboys fought a mock battle on Finsbury Field outside the northern wall of the city. Boys have always gratified their innate romanticism by playing at war, yet this incident, organized between several schools, was overtly political and implicitly religious in character. It almost resulted in tragedy, and, though scarcely noticed by historians, it does not fail to throw Ught upon London society and opinion during a major crisis of Tudor history. The present essay aims to discuss the factual evidence and its sources; thereafter to clarify the broader context and significance of the affair by briefer reference to a few comparable events which marked the Reformation struggle elsewhere. The London battle relates closely to two events in the reign of Mary Tudor: her marriage with Philip of Spain and the dangerous Kentish rebellion led by the younger Sir Thomas Wyatt. The latter’s objectives were to seize the government, prevent the marriage, and, in all probability, to place the Princess Elizabeth on the throne as the figurehead of a Protestant regime in Church and State. While Wyatt himself showed few signs of evangelical piety, the notion of a merely political revolt can no longer be maintained. Professor Malcolm R. Thorp has recendy examined in detail the lives of all the numerous known leaders, and has proved that in almost every case they display clear records of Protestant conviction. It is, moreover, common knowledge that Kent, with its exceptionally large Protestant population, provided at this moment the best possible recruiting-area in England for an attack upon the Catholic government. Though the London militia treasonably went over to Wyatt, the magnates with their retinues and associates rallied around the legal sovereign. Denied boats and bridges near the capital, Wyatt finally crossed the Thames at Kingston, but then failed to enter London from the west. By 8 February 1554 his movement had collapsed, though his execution did not occur until 11 April.
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FOYSTER, ELIZABETH. "L. Gowing, Common bodies: women, touch and power in seventeenth-century England. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2003.) Pages ix+260. £25.00." Continuity and Change 19, nr 2 (sierpień 2004): 328–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416004305175.
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Jarvis, Charles E., i Philip H. Oswald. "The collecting activities of James Cuninghame FRS on the voyage of Tuscan to China (Amoy) between 1697 and 1699". Notes and Records: the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science 69, nr 2 (24.12.2014): 135–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2014.0043.
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James Cuninghame's visit to China (1697–99) yielded a great deal of valuable information on both natural and artificial objects as well as items of contemporaneous trade interest (for example china clay and a scarlet dye). However, the circumstances surrounding the voyage have long been unclear. Although it has previously been assumed that Cuninghame must have travelled on an East India Company vessel, it now seems that he was aboard Tuscan , one of two private trading ships (interlopers) bound for Amoy under the command of Henry Gough. After an incident in La Palma (Canary Islands), only Tuscan proceeded to China after her release by the Spanish authorities. Study of surviving correspondence between Cuninghame and a Canarian cleric, Juan Bautista Poggio, has contributed to a better understanding of the events in the early part of the voyage. Cuninghame made extensive natural history collections during the six months that Tuscan remained in Amoy, before returning to England in 1699, where his specimens delighted his London supporters, James Petiver and Hans Sloane.
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Worden, Blair. "The Commonwealth Kidney of Algernon Sidney". Journal of British Studies 24, nr 1 (styczeń 1985): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/385823.
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Centenary commemorations can have their ironies. If we look from 1783 to 1883 to 1983, we see a rise in the status of centenaries, and a decline in the status of Algernon Sidney. This is, I think, the first time that a centenary of the Whig martyrdoms has been publicly observed. But it is not the first time one has been noticed. Soon after the first centenary, a play in London by the Irish clergyman Thomas Stratford about Sidney's fellow martyr Lord Russell, apparently a theatrical disaster of some magnitude, remarked on the passage of “one hundred years since godlike Russell bled” and portrayed Sidney as “Brutus of England,” whose “pulse beats with rapture at the sound of freedom.” Eleven years later, in the north German town of Kiel, the eighteen-year-old Barthold Georg Niebuhr—who was to exert so strong an influence on Ranke—celebrated as a “consecrated day” the “anniversary of Algernon Sidney's death.” (He got the day wrong, but that was an error common enough during the process of sanctification that raised Sidney's virtues above the chronological detail in which they had found reflection.) Niebuhr noted gloomily that, although Sidney's name and his “brilliant talents” were widely known, “perhaps there are not fifty persons in all Germany who have taken the pains to inform themselves accurately about his life and fortunes.” I doubt if there are fifty today.
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Hill, Lamar M. "Michael A.R. Graves. The Tudor Parliaments: Crown, Lords and Commons, 1485–1603. (Studies in Modern History.) London and New York: Longman, Inc.1985. Pp. vii, 173. $11.95. - J.P. Sommerville. Politics and Ideology in England, 1603–1640. London and New York: Longman Inc.1986. Pp. x, 254. $12.95 paper." Albion 19, nr 2 (1987): 234–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4050407.
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ROSE, EDWARD P. F. "LAWRENCE RICKARD WAGER (1904–1965): A DISTINGUISHED GEOLOGIST WHO HELPED TO PIONEER AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION FOR ALLIED FORCES IN WORLD WAR II". Earth Sciences History 38, nr 1 (1.04.2019): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6178-38.1.59.
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ABSTRACT ‘Bill’ Wager, after undergraduate and postgraduate studies at the University of Cambridge, became a lecturer at the University of Reading in southern England in 1929. He was granted leave in the 1930s to participate in lengthy expeditions that explored the geology of Greenland, an island largely within the Arctic Circle. With friends made on those expeditions, he became in June 1940 an early recruit to the Photographic Development Unit of the Royal Air Force that pioneered the development of aerial photographic interpretation for British armed forces. He was quickly appointed to lead a ‘shift’ of interpreters. The unit moved in 1941 from Wembley in London to Danesfield House in Buckinghamshire, known as Royal Air Force Medmenham, to become the Central Interpretation Unit for Allied forces—a ‘secret’ military intelligence unit that contributed significantly to Allied victory in World War II. There Wager led one of three ‘shifts’ that carried out the ‘Second Phase’ studies in a three-phase programme of interpretation that became a standard operating procedure. Promoted in 1941 to the rank of squadron leader in the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve, he was given command of all ‘Second Phase’ work. Sent with a detachment of photographic interpreters to the Soviet Union in 1942, he was officially ‘mentioned in a Despatch’ on return to England. By the end of 1943 the Central Interpretation Unit had developed into a large organization with an experienced staff, so Wager was allowed to leave Medmenham in order to become Professor of Geology in the University of Durham. He resigned his commission in July 1944. Appointed Professor of Geology in the University of Oxford in 1950, he died prematurely from a heart attack in 1965, best remembered for his work on the igneous rocks of the Skaergaard intrusion in Greenland and an attempt to climb Mount Everest in 1933.
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Burt, Richard. "Social Housing Provision in Rural Areas: Lessons learned from a Historic Analysis of Council House Building in a Small Town in Rural England". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1101, nr 5 (1.11.2022): 052022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1101/5/052022.
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Abstract History shows that one successful method of addressing poverty and inequality is by providing social housing. In England during its post war peak, local authorities, such as borough, urban and rural district councils, built thousands of “council” houses. The common perception of the “council” estate is of huge developments such as in Beacontree built by the London County Council, but construction took place on a smaller scale in rural districts and much can be learned from studying how social housing was provided in these areas. Princes Risborough in Buckinghamshire is an excellent example of council housing provision before and after WW2. Archival data was used to analyze and evaluate the council house-building program from 1919 to 1953. Beginning in 1919 with 10 workers cottages built under the powers of the Housing and Town Planning Act 1919 and ending in 1953 with the erection of 164 “Wimpey” no-fines concrete houses, the Wycombe Rural District Council built 790 dwellings. By the time of the 1961 Census after the WRDC postwar building program effectively ended in 1953 council houses accoutned for about 40% of the homes in the town and the population doubled since 1921. Records show construction of the dwellings helped develop a thriving local construction economy fueled by procurement with local builders, constructing as few as two units. Only toward the end of the building period were contracts let in large quantities when non-traditional construction methods were adopted.
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Lewer, Dan, Robert W. Aldridge, Dee Menezes, Clare Sawyer, Paola Zaninotto, Martin Dedicoat, Imtiaz Ahmed, Serena Luchenski, Andrew Hayward i Alistair Story. "Health-related quality of life and prevalence of six chronic diseases in homeless and housed people: a cross-sectional study in London and Birmingham, England". BMJ Open 9, nr 4 (kwiecień 2019): e025192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025192.
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ObjectivesTo compare health-related quality of life and prevalence of chronic diseases in housed and homeless populations.DesignCross-sectional survey with an age-matched and sex-matched housed comparison group.SettingHostels, day centres and soup runs in London and Birmingham, England.ParticipantsHomeless participants were either sleeping rough or living in hostels and had a history of sleeping rough. The comparison group was drawn from the Health Survey for England. The study included 1336 homeless and 13 360 housed participants.Outcome measuresChronic diseases were self-reported asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), epilepsy, heart problems, stroke and diabetes. Health-related quality of life was measured using EQ-5D-3L.ResultsHoused participants in more deprived neighbourhoods were more likely to report disease. Homeless participants were substantially more likely than housed participants in the most deprived quintile to report all diseases except diabetes (which had similar prevalence in homeless participants and the most deprived housed group). For example, the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was 1.1% (95% CI 0.7% to 1.6%) in the least deprived housed quintile; 2.0% (95% CI 1.5% to 2.6%) in the most deprived housed quintile; and 14.0% (95% CI 12.2% to 16.0%) in the homeless group. Social gradients were also seen for problems in each EQ-5D-3L domain in the housed population, but homeless participants had similar likelihood of reporting problems as the most deprived housed group. The exception was problems related to anxiety, which were substantially more common in homeless people than any of the housed groups.ConclusionsWhile differences in health between housed socioeconomic groups can be described as a ‘slope’, differences in health between housed and homeless people are better understood as a ‘cliff’.
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Ellis, J. M. "Laura Gowing, Common Bodies. Women, Touch and Power in Seventeenth-century England. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2003. ix + 260pp. 7 figures. Select bibliography. £25.00". Urban History 31, nr 3 (grudzień 2004): 457–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096392680524261x.
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Craig, Robert W. "Traditional Patterned Brickwork in New Jersey". New Jersey Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 5, nr 2 (16.07.2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14713/njs.v5i2.169.
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<p>This article traces the history of the first architecture of refinement in colonial New Jersey: traditional patterned brickwork, the artful ways in which bricklayers used vitrified bricks to decorate the outer walls of the houses they built. These practices had their roots in 16th-century England, where they were employed in fashionable and prestigious architecture, and where they remained the common knowledge of bricklayers a century later during the rebuilding of London after the Great Fire of 1666. With the slump in the building trades that resulted from the rebuilding, Quaker bricklayers and brickmakers joined the migration to the Delaware Valley, where they found the greatest abundance of brick clay in West New Jersey. In the century that followed, Burlington County experienced the largest number of patterned brickwork buildings, while Salem County became home to the second largest number, the greatest variety of patterns, and most of the best examples. The best and best-preserved of its early buildings, the Abel and Mary Nicholson house, has been designated a National Historic Landmark for its patterned brickwork. The rise of the Georgian style of architecture reduced the popularity of patterned brickwork after 1750. After the Revolutionary War, the ascendancy of the Federal style was incompatible with patterned brickwork, and that sealed its eventual disappearance. This article combines an understanding of these buildings as physical artifacts while collectively placing them within the larger narrative of New Jersey’s development during the colonial period.</p>
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Brundage, James A. "John Hudson, The Formation of the English Common Law: Law and Society in England from the Norman Conquest to Magna Carta, London: Longman, 1996. Pp. xvi + 271. $44.95 cloth; $16.95 paper (ISBN 0-582-07027-9; 0-582-07026-0)." Law and History Review 16, nr 3 (1998): 593–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/744248.
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Seguin, Colleen M. "Laura Gowing. Common Bodies: Women, Touch and Power in Seventeenth-Century England. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2003. x + 260 pp. index. illus. tbls. bibl. $38. ISBN: 0-300-10096-5." Renaissance Quarterly 59, nr 1 (2006): 281–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ren.2008.0217.
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Castellano, Katey. "Provision Grounds Against the Plantation". Small Axe: A Caribbean Journal of Criticism 25, nr 1 (1.03.2021): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/07990537-8912758.
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Robert Wedderburn’s London-based periodical, Axe Laid to the Root (1817), disseminates his vision for a transatlantic alliance between the radicals of England’s lower classes and the enslaved people in the West Indies. Throughout the Axe’s six issues, he challenges the abolitionist narrative that liberal, individualist freedoms should be spread from England to the West Indies. Wedderburn instead instructs his white, lower-class readers in London about already existing African Jamaican practices of insurrectionary land and food reclamation. First, he champions the provision grounds as a land commons that produce food sovereignty and communal identity. Then he represents the Jamaican Maroons’ local ecological knowledge as a source of resistance to plantation economies. Using Sylvia Wynter’s environmental theories of resistance, this essay argues that Wedderburn’s political theories champion African Jamaican land and food commons as a model for abolitionist futures.
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Hoyle, R. W. "Petitioning as popular politics in early sixteenth–century England". Historical Research 75, nr 190 (1.11.2002): 365–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2281.00156.
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Abstract This article offers the thesis that petitioning by collective groups, whether occupational, regionally constituted, or simply the body of people called the commons, was an important form of political communication in the early sixteenth century which, although poorly documented and consequently overlooked by historians, allows us an entry into the world of popular politics. The article offers illustrations of the way in which petitions were employed within the city of York, by groups such as weavers or by the commons of East Anglia in 1549 and 1553. The right to petition could not be denied, but mass petitioning was viewed with apprehension by government. Nonetheless, petitioning may be seen as a conservative form of behaviour when compared to calls for insurrection.
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Cooper, Catriona. "The Sound of Debate in Georgian England: Auralising the House of Commons". Parliamentary History 38, nr 1 (luty 2019): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1750-0206.12413.
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Zaller, Robert. "King, Commons, and Commonweal in Holinshed'sChronicles". Albion 34, nr 3 (2002): 371–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4054738.
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Raphael Holinshed'sChronicleswas the most ambitious English historical work of the sixteenth century. It was also the last work in the English chronicle tradition, and as such has remained relatively unappreciated both as an achievement in its own right and by its influence on contemporaries. Yet in its construction of national identity and its parsing of the proper relation between the royal estate and the commonwealth, it has much to say about the assumptions of late Tudor culture.The reasons for Holinshed's historical neglect are not far to seek. Compared to newer Renaissance models such as Polydore Vergil'sAnglicae Historiaethat were already replacing it, it lacked the narrative cogency that characterized the best Continental historiography. As the product of several hands—Reyner (or Reginald) Wolfe, the printer-scholar who first conceived it as a universal geography-cum-history; Holinshed himself, Wolfe's former assistant, who produced the histories of England and Scotland; Richard Stanyhurst, whose history of Ireland was based on the work of Edmund Campion; and William Harrison, whose prefatoryDescription of Englandhas received far more attention from scholars than the work it was meant to introduce—it lacked the unity that a single author could bring to disparate materials. Moreover, it was, like other chronicles, a composite that incorporated the work of earlier authors, a palimpsest that presented as history what was in good part uncritical historiography.
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Dodd, Gwilym. "County and Community in Medieval England*". English Historical Review 134, nr 569 (sierpień 2019): 777–820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cez187.
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Abstract The ‘county community’ is something of a hot potato amongst late medieval political historians. Since the publication of an influential article by Christine Carpenter in 1994, in which she condemned the county community as anachronistic and conceptually flawed, research on the political structures of late medieval England has mostly avoided the term and the idea. In other fields, the methodological challenges and conceptual complexities underpinning the idea of ‘community’ have been embraced and new, more nuanced understandings of how medieval people organised and represented themselves collectively have been achieved. It is now time for historians of politics and government in late medieval England to move beyond reductionist arguments about the existence or otherwise of county communities to investigate the assumptions and social realities that lay behind contemporary references to the ‘commonalty’, ‘commons’ or ‘people’ of one or more counties. This discussion offers the first in-depth analysis of the single most important evidence for grass-roots expressions of county solidarity: county community petitions. It argues that the county was not merely the creation of administrative expedience on the part of the Crown, but provided the basis for real and meaningful expressions of collective identity and corporate action locally. What underpinned the concept of the ‘county community’, and what gave it particular strength, was its inclusivity and flexibility. The discussion concludes by considering the particular circumstances of the early fourteenth century which helped stimulate a culture of corporate identity and self-help on the basis of the county unit.
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HAIGH, CHRISTOPHER, i ALISON WALL. "CLERGY JPs IN ENGLAND AND WALES, 1590–1640". Historical Journal 47, nr 2 (24.05.2004): 233–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x04003693.
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In the 1621 parliament members of the House of Commons clashed with the king over the issue of clergy as JPs: there were suggestions that no clergyman should sit as a JP, or that only bishops and deans should be appointed. Why were there complaints at that time, and were they justified? Was the nomination of clergy as justices an element in ‘the rise of clericalism’? This analysis of clergy JPs between 1590 and 1640 shows that they had been increasing slowly in number from 1590, and more rapidly towards 1617 under Lord Chancellor Ellesmere. But the major expansion in their ranks came under his successors Francis Bacon 1617 to 1621, and especially Bishop John Williams 1621 to 1625. However, there was no systematic central policy behind appointments, and local interests and the normal processes of patronage were important. Perhaps precedence among the justices and the exercise of secular authority by clerical JPs were sometimes troublesome issues. But, despite continuing complaints from MPs, the proportion of clergy to lay JPs was always small – at its highest in 1626, with 7·6 per cent. Thereafter Lord Keeper Thomas Coventry allowed the clerical presence to decline, both absolutely and proportionately. If there was a ‘rise of the clergy’ after 1625, clergy JPs were not part of it.
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SUNDERLAND, HELEN. "POLITICS IN SCHOOLGIRL DEBATING CULTURES IN ENGLAND, 1886–1914". Historical Journal 63, nr 4 (21.10.2019): 935–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x19000414.
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ABSTRACTDebating was an important part of schoolgirls’ political education in late Victorian and Edwardian England that has been overlooked in the scholarship on female education and civics instruction. Debates offered middle- and working-class schoolgirls an embodied and interactive education for citizenship. Considering both the content of discussions and the process of debating, this article argues that school debates provided a unique opportunity for girls to discuss political ideas and develop political skills. Debates became intertwined with girls’ peer cultures, challenging contemporary and historiographical assumptions of girlhood apoliticism. Positioning girls as political subjects sheds new light on political change in modern Britain. Schoolgirl debates show how gendered political boundaries were shifting in this period. Within the unique space of the school debating chamber, girls were free to appropriate and subvert ‘masculine’ political subjects and ways of speaking. In mock parliaments, schoolgirls re-created the archetypal male political space of the House of Commons, demonstrating their familiarity with parliamentary politics. Schoolgirl debates therefore foreshadowed initiatives that promoted women's citizenship after partial suffrage was achieved in 1918, and they help to explain how the first women voters were assimilated easily into existing party and constitutional politics.
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PRESTWICH, MICHAEL. "AN ESTIMATE BY THE COMMONS OF ROYAL REVENUE IN ENGLAND UNDER RICHARD II". Parliamentary History 3, nr 1 (17.03.2008): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-0206.1984.tb00531.x.
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Ramsbottom, John D. "Presbyterians and ‘Partial Conformity’ in the Restoration Church of England". Journal of Ecclesiastical History 43, nr 2 (kwiecień 1992): 249–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046900000907.
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In the early eighteenth century, the legacy of conflict among English Protestants found an outlet in the controversy over ‘occasional conformity’. During the years 1702–4, Tory backbenchers in the House of Commons introduced a series of bills designed to strengthen the Corporation and Test Acts (1661, 1673), which had required all officials of local government and holders of Crown appointments to adhere to the established Church of England. Since the passage of these legal tests, Protestant Nonconformists seeking office had circumvented their intent by taking communion in an Anglican parish as seldom as once a year, while attending meetings of their fellow dissenters for worship. So long as they procured a certificate of conformity from the minister, they were eligible for government positions, and dissenters had gained control of several parliamentary boroughs.
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Christianson, Paul. "Arguments on billeting and martial law in the parliament of 1628". Historical Journal 37, nr 3 (wrzesień 1994): 539–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00014874.
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ABSTRACTDebates over billeting and martial law arose in the parliament of 1628 in conjunction with such other grievances as the forced loan and discretionary imprisonment employed by royal servants from 1626 onward to keep alive the war effort against the monarchs of Spain and France. Both houses dealt with billeting rather quickly, the Lords by resolving a dispute among magistrates and military officers in Banbury, Oxfordshire, and the Commons by hearing general and particular complaints from civilians, expelling a member who signed an order for billeting, and petitioning the king. Attacks upon the employment of military law internally when a state of war did not exist in England originated in the Commons, reawakened fears over the perceived threat of Roman or civil law superiority to the common law, and set off fierce debates in which royal servants and civil lawyers supported and leading common lawyers denounced as illegal the commissions of martial law issued by the privy council. Underlying these debates, as with those over discretionary imprisonment, were conflicting interpretations of England's ancient constitution with practical consequences for the governance of the realm.
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Magyar, John J. "Debunking Millar v. Taylor: The History of the Prohibition of Legislative History". Statute Law Review 41, nr 1 (29.08.2018): 32–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/slr/hmy018.
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Abstract The generally accepted belief about the rule prohibiting recourse to legislative history as an aid to statutory interpretation is that it began in the case of Millar v.Taylor in 1769, and it was followed thereafter in England and throughout the United States through to the 20th century. However, all four judges on the panel in Millar v.Taylor considered evidence from the Journal of the House of Commons and changes made to the relevant bill in their opinions. Meanwhile, the case was widely cited for several substantive and procedural matters throughout the 19th century, but it was not cited by a judge as a precedent for the rule against legislative history until 1887. A careful examination of the relevant cases and secondary literature from the 18th and 19th centuries reveals a much more nuanced and complex history to the rule. Its emergence becomes less clear because it is shrouded in judicial silence. Its beginnings must be inferred from a general and often unarticulated principle that lawyers felt free to disregard. Furthermore, the development, refinement, and decline of the rule followed a different timeline in England, the US federal courts and the state courts.
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Langford, Paul. "Property and ‘Virtual Representation’ in Eighteenth-Century England". Historical Journal 31, nr 1 (marzec 1988): 83–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00012000.
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The representative credentials of the unreformed parliament are a subject of enduring historical interest. It is not surprising that much of that interest has focused on the electoral basis of the house of commons. From the beginnings of an organized movement for parliamentary reform and the first systematic investigations of the subject, criticism fastened on the anomalies and inequities of a manifestly outdated franchise. Modern scholarship, emancipated from the bias of whig history, has been less harsh in its judgement, but equally preoccupied with elections and the electorate. Successive studies have demonstrated the vitality of popular electoral politics not merely in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, before the onset of so-called oligarchy, but even in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, when contemporary criticism was at its height.1 One of the unintended consequences of this successful search for the politics of participation has been a tendency to divert attention from the actual working of parliament, except in terms of those periodic crises, and great national issues, which were of manifest importance in the party politics of the day. Yet parliament in the eighteenth century concerned itself with an extraordinary variety of topics, and burdened itself with a remarkable quantity of business. After the revolution of 1688 it met annually for long, and lengthening sessions. It increasingly involved itself in the operations of government and played an ever more important part in the making and revision of law.
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Crane, Diana. "London: After a Fashion. By Alistair O'Neill. (London, England: Reaktion Books, 2007. Pp. 240. $24.95.)". Historian 71, nr 3 (1.09.2009): 660–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6563.2009.00246_59.x.
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De ruysscher, Dave. "Guido Rossi, Insurance in Elizabethan England. The London Code". American Journal of Legal History 58, nr 3 (17.08.2018): 420–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajlh/njy016.
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Prest, Wilfrid. "Law Tricks - Lawyers, Litigation and English Society since 1450. By Christopher W. Brooks. London: Hambledon Press, 1998. Pp. xiii + 274. $60.00. - Imagining the Law: Common Law and the Foundations of the American Legal System. By Norman F. Cantor. New York: Harper Perennial, 1999. Pp. xvi + 416. $16.00. - Women Waging Law in Elizabethan England. By Tim Stretton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Pp. xv + 271. $59.95." Journal of British Studies 39, nr 3 (lipiec 2000): 372–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386224.
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Stevenson, J. "The London Mob: Violence and Disorder in Eighteenth-Century England". English Historical Review CXXII, nr 498 (1.09.2007): 1044–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cem212.
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