Rozprawy doktorskie: „Common effluent treatment plant”

1

Schrader, Guillo Alexander. "Direct nanofiltration of wastewater treatment plant effluent". Enschede : University of Twente [Host], 2006. http://doc.utwente.nl/55981.

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Russo, Stephen Leonard. "Anaerobic treatment of a paper plant effluent". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/21988.

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The objective of this study was to investigate the anaerobic biological treatment of an organic-bearing wastewater from a particular paper manufacturing process at laboratory scale. The process produces paper by re-pulping waste paper. Effluent from the process has a Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) concentration of approximately 4500 mg/l with a sulphate content of approximately 300 mg SO₄²⁻/l. The upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor was selected for the study. Important information derived from the laboratory treatability study was: (l) the extent of COD removal possible; (2) the effluent quality; (3) the maximum COD leading rate (kgCOD/m³ reactor/day) which can be achieved while maintaining reasonable COD removal, and the influence on loading rate of temperature: (4) the nature of the sludge produced in the reactor with particular reference to the extent of pelletisation: and (5) the effect of reactor effluent recycling on alkalinity requirements.

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3

Brown, Jonathan Jed 1964. "Halophytes for the treatment of saline aquaculture effluent". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282715.

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The discharge of untreated aquaculture effluent can pollute receiving water bodies. I tested the feasibility of using salt-tolerant plants (halophytes) with potential as forage and oilseed crops, as biofilters to treat saline aquaculture effluent. Plants were grown in draining lysimeters in greenhouses and irrigated with effluent salinized with NaCl. Irrigation water came from a recirculating tilapia culture system. I measured yield potential, water use and capacity for nitrogen and phosphorus uptake. In Experiment 1, Suaeda esteroa, Salicornia bigelovii and Atriplex barclayana (Chenopodiaceae) were grown in sand in 0.02 m³ lysimeters. Plants were irrigated with effluent of 0.5 ppt, 10 ppt and 35 ppt salinity, to meet evapotranspiration demand and to allow 30% of the applied water to leach past the plant root zone. Despite the high leaching fraction and short residence time of water in the pots, the plant-soil system removed 98% and 94% of the applied total and inorganic nitrogen, respectively, and 99% and 97% of the applied total and soluble reactive phosphorus respectively. For all species, salt inhibited (P ≤ 0.05) the growth rate, nutrient removal, and volume of water the plants could process. The salt marsh species S. esteroa and S. bigelovii performed better than the desert saltbush, A. barclayana, at 35 ppt. In Experiment 2, Suaeda esteroa, was grown in lysimeters containing approximately 0.8 m³ sandy loam soil and irrigated three times per week with 31 ppt NaCl effluent. I used five irrigation treatments, ranging in volume from 50 to 250% of the potential evaporation rate. Plant biomass and water consumption increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) with increasing irrigation volume. Nitrate concentrations in water draining from the lysimeters decreased during the experiment, and were significantly lower in the high-volume treatments than in the low-volume treatments. Phosphorus concentrations in the leachate water increased during the experiment as a function of increasing irrigation volume. Irrigating halophyte crops with aquaculture wastewater of seawater-salinity may be a viable strategy for disposal of effluent.

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4

Jiwani, Ashifa. "Influence of plant operating conditions on the dewaterability of surplus activated sludge". Thesis, Imperial College London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243950.

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Ziajahromi, Shima. "Identification and quantification of microplastics in wastewater treatment plant effluent: Investigation of the fate and biological effects". Thesis, Griffith University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/378550.

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Microplastics (i.e., plastics particles < 5mm) are widespread emerging contaminants that have been detected in various aquatic environments worldwide including freshwater and marine ecosystems. Contamination of the environment with microplastics has become an environmental issue due to the potential of plastics to remain for thousands of years and to accumulate in the aquatic environment. The abundance of microplastics in the aquatic environment is assumed to increase due to continuous fragmentation of macro and microplastic debris, which can lead to a decrease in the average size ranges of microplastics over time (Cole et al., 2011). Moreover, concerns have been raised regarding the potential of microplastics to physically (e.g., blockage of digestive tract) and chemically (e.g., leaching of sorbed chemicals and toxic additives) harm aquatic organisms. Microplastics can enter the aquatic environment from both aquatic-based and landbased sources. Recently, wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) have been identified as one of the important land-based sources of microplastics. While microplastics have been reported in WWTP effluent in Asia, Europe, USA and Russia, little is known about the presence of microplastics in Australian WWTP effluent. More importantly, the lack of standardized techniques to sample and characterize microplastics in environmental samples, especially in complex samples such as wastewater, has led to inaccurate estimations of microplastic concentrations. In response to the current knowledge gaps, a novel validated high-volume sampling device was developed for in situ fractionation of microplastics from wastewater effluent as part of this project. The developed method was applied to three Australian WWTPs utilizing primary, secondary and tertiary treatments to provide a snapshot of the fate and removal of microplastics during various wastewater treatment processes. To achieve an accurate estimation of microplastics, the sampling technique was combined with an efficient sample processing method. Microplastic polymer type, shape and potential origin were further determined using microscopy analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The efficiency of the sampling device was found to be between 92 to 99% for 500 and 25 μm mesh screens. The results showed that the concentrations of microplastics were 1.5, 0.6 and 0.2 microplastics per liter of effluent in primary, secondary and tertiary effluent, respectively. It was also found that the majority of detected microplastics in the studied WWTPs were polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers, which is assumed to originate from synthetic clothing. Polyethylene (PE) beads and fragments, which may be associated with cosmetic products, were the second most frequently detected type of microplastic. Despite a thorough sample processing method, FTIR spectroscopy revealed that between 22 to 90% of the suspected microplastic particles were in fact non-plastic particles. This study suggests that WWTPs can act as a significant source of microplastics to the aquatic environment given the large volume of wastewater discharged to the aquatic environment. To date, the effects of microplastics on aquatic organisms have mostly been examined using high and often unrealistic concentrations of microplastics (e.g., milligram per liter range). Moreover, while the presence of different types of microplastics together in aquatic ecosystems has been widely reported, the potential effects of microplastics when they occur as mixtures are largely unknown. To cover these knowledge gaps, the potential adverse effects of wastewater-based microplastics (such as fibers and beads) at lower concentrations on the freshwater organism Ceriodaphnia dubia were evaluated. The acute (48 h) and chronic (192 h) effects of PET fibers and PE bead microplastics on C. dubia were assessed alone and as a binary mixture. The results showed a dose-dependent trend on survival, with C. dubia more sensitive to PET fibers than PE microplastics. The 48 h EC50 value of fibers was 1.5 mg/L compared to 2.2 mg/L for PE beads. The binary mixture of microplastic beads and fibers demonstrated less than additive effects. EC50 values for the chronic bioassay were 429 μg/L for fibers and 958 μg/L for PE microplastics. A positive trend of decreasing growth (body size of adults) and reproduction rate (number of neonates) with increasing microplastic concentration was observed for both PE and fiber microplastics during the chronic bioassays. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) we observed deformities, such as carapace and antenna deformation, in C. dubia exposed to fibers at a high concentration, but not at the lower (environmentally relevant) concentrations. Given the likelihood that microplastics will eventually sink to the bottom sediment in the aquatic ecosystem the effects of microplastics were investigated on a freshwater sediment-dwelling organism (Chironomus tepperi) at environmentally relevant concentrations of PE microplastics (500 particles/kgsediment). Possible size-dependent effects of microplastics were also examined using four different size ranges of PE beads including 1-4, 10-27, 43-54 and 100-126 μm. The results revealed that exposure to an environmentally relevant concentration of microplastics had a detrimental impact on the survival, growth (i.e., body length and head capsule) and emergence of C. tepperi. The observed effects were strongly dependent on microplastic size with C. tepperi more sensitive to microplastics in the size range of 10-27 μm. No negative effects were observed on growth and survival of C. tepperi exposed to the larger microplastics (100-126 μm), though a significant decrease in the number of emerging adults was observed in the organisms exposed to the same size range of microplastics. Further, SEM showed a significant reduction in the size of the head capsule and antenna in C. tepperi exposed to microplastics in the size range of 10-27 μm. These results showed that environmentally relevant concentrations of microplastics in sediment can result in adverse effects on the development and emergence of C. tepperi, with effects strongly dependent on particle size. Finally, we evaluated the effects of PE microplastics on the acute toxicity of a pyrethroid insecticide (bifenthrin) to midge larvae (C. tepperi) in water. To test the single and combined effects of bifenthrin and PE microplastics, C. tepperi larvae were exposed to six concentrations of bifenthrin ranging from 0.1 to 3.2 μg/L in the presence and absence of microplastics. To examine the possible effects of bifenthrin and microplastics in synthetic and real water, the bioassays were performed in both moderately hard water (MHW) and river water. We performed an uptake study using three different size ranges of microplastics (10-27, 43-54, 100-126 μm) during 8-day microplastics-spiked water exposure. The results showed that microplastics in the size range of 10-27 μm were mostly ingested by C. tepperi larvae. Using this finding, 10-27 μm microplastics were selected for the bioassays. The results of the bioassays using MHW demonstrated a significant decrease in the toxicity of bifenthrin in the presence of microplastics. This is likely attributable to the tendency of bifenthrin to bind to the microplastics, which reduces the bioavailability of bifenthrin to midge larvae. However, in the bioassays conducted in river water with a total organic carbon (TOC) concentration of 9.6 mg/L, no significant difference was observed between the toxicity of bifenthrin to C. tepperi in the presence and absence of microplastics. This is likely due to the interaction between organic carbon and bifenthrin, which reduces the bioavailability of bifenthrin to C. tepperi larvae. This thesis highlights that microplastic fibers and beads are released to the aquatic environment from WWTPs, and that this can negatively affect survival, reproduction and the life cycle of aquatic organisms (both pelagic and benthic) through entanglement (fibers) and ingestion (beads). The effect of microplastics on chemical contaminants is complex, and microplastics may act both as carriers but also as “chelators” of chemicals in the water, thereby reducing their bioavailability.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Environment and Sc
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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LaBrie, Holli, i Holli LaBrie. "The Potential Impacts of the Nogales International Wastewater Treatment Plant on the Santa Cruz River". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621145.

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The Nogales International Wastewater Treatment Plant releases treated wastewater from both Nogales, Arizona and Nogales, Sonora, Mexico into the Santa Cruz River. In recent years, the discharged effluent has contained high levels of cadmium and nickel, which exceed the plant's permit standards. Due to the industrial demographic of the region, outdated infrastructure, and differences in sampling schedules of multiple organizations, the treatment facility and the treated effluent is an important area of study. To understand how the treated effluent is affecting the river, data were compiled from existing water quality databases and flow reports from 2008 to 2015. To address how flow quantity has changed during drought periods, effluent flows were compared to historical flood data produced by the USGS. To evaluate water quality issues, water quality reports produced by the International Boundary and Water Commission were examined for past exceedances of constituents. According to flow volumes reported at the U.S.-Mexico border, the majority of the effluent was produced in Nogales, Sonora. Results showed that spikes in effluent flow corresponded with rainfall events. Results also show that rainfall influences the flow volumes from Nogales, Arizona, but there is little impact to flow volumes from Mexico. Although the quality of the effluent generally meets the permitted standards, exceedances did occur. The potential impact of such exceedances on stream water quality was evaluated using measured and simulated data. Although outreach to stakeholders across the border and updated infrastructure has improved the quality of water in the river, there are still many areas to improve upon, including sampling and monitoring schedules. To identify opportunities for improvement, further studies should examine the specific fate of each contaminant present in the effluent.

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7

Muhandiki, Victor Shiholo. "REMOVAL OF HYDROPHOBIC MICRO-ORGANIC POLLUTANTS FROM THE EFFLUENT OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT BY UPFLOW COALESCENCE FILTRATION". Kyoto University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/150671.

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Kromrey, Natalie A., i University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "The effects of wastewater treatment plant effluent and agricultural runoff on the reproductive systems of fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas". Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Biological Sciences, c2009, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/2519.

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Endocrine disrupting compounds and pesticides have been detected in rivers and irrigation canals of Southern Alberta, a semiarid region with irrigation-dependent crop production, intensive livestock operations, and a growing human population. However, little is known about the effects of agricultural runoff or wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent in Southern Alberta on fish. Reproductive effects of WWTP effluents from the cities of Lethbridge and Medicine Hat, as well as agricultural runoff in the Lethbridge Northern Irrigation District canals, were investigated in a field study with wild fathead minnows (FHMN) in the Oldman and the South Saskatchewan rivers, in Alberta, Canada, and in a laboratory study with laboratory reared FHMN exposed in vivo to the city of Lethbridge WWTP effluent for 21 days. Biochemical and morphological endpoints were measured to characterize reproductive status. Liver vitellogenin, a biomarker of exposure to estrogen mimics, was analyzed using quantitative RT-PCR, and gonadal histology was used to determine sex, gonadal maturity, and intersex. Adverse reproductive effects were detected in FHMN exposed for 21 days to 10 and 25% of Lethbridge WWTP effluent. In the field, effluents from both Lethbridge and Medicine Hat had an effect on the reproductive systems of FHMN. In canals, reproductive effects were detected in wild fathead minnows in years when water quality in irrigation drain canals decreased. Exposure to pesticides was estimated using acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition. Exposure to Lethbridge WWTP effluent did not inhibit AChE, whereas results from the field study were inconclusive. In conclusion, reproductive systems of fathead minnows in Southern Alberta were impacted by anthropogenic chemicals.
xi, 104 leaves : ill. (some col.), maps ; 29 cm

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9

Biswas, Subrata. "Design and Development of a Three Phase Semifluidized Bed Reactor for Wastewater Treatment with Reference to Steel Plant Effluent". Thesis, Curtin University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/82127.

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The research work is focused on development of a novel semifluidized bed reactor which is combination of packed and fluidized bed system for treatment of wastewater treatment. A novel composite adsorbent was synthesized from biomass-based biochar and alginate biopolymer. The adsorbent used as the solid phase of the system. Various aqueous phase heavy metals and organic pollutants were treated in the system to ensure the suitability of the reactor for industrial application.

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Capps, Dustin. "A Modeling Analysis of Dissolved Carbon Dioxide Discharged from Howard F. Curren Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant". Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3031.

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Currently, the US Environmental Protection Agency primarily regulates the discharge of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorous from wastewater treatment plants in the United States. A recent study has shown that the treated effluent of many plants contains concentrations of dissolved carbon dioxide well above the expected theoretical equilibrium concentration of 0.6 mg/L, indicating that carbon dioxide may have been overlooked as a possible pollutant in receiving waters. For this reason, it is necessary to examine the possible presence of a discharge plume containing high levels of dissolved CO2 downstream from the outfall of a major wastewater treatment plant in Tampa, Florida. To examine this possibility, discharge data at the Howard F. Curren Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant was collected over a two-week period and fed into the UM3 submerged discharge model to simulate discharge conditions at peak ebb tide. In all, five separate runs of the model were performed and compared to examine plume rise, spreading rate, average dissolved CO2 concentration, and plume path. The model predicts that, for this scenario, the plume rises fairly rapidly and is also quickly diluted to near-ambient concentrations of dissolved carbon dioxide within a short distance of being discharged. While this would seem to indicate that the effects of Howard F. Curren on Tampa Bay, in terms of dissolved CO2, are negligible major limitations of the UM3 model make it difficult to say this with a great deal of certainty.

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Hymel, Stephanie Ramick. "Assessing the Effects of a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent on Zooplankton, Phytoplankton and Corbicula Flumina in a Constructed Wetland". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1995. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc277927/.

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Wetland wastewater treatment offers low-cost, energy efficient alternatives to conventional wastewater technologies. In this study, an artificial wetland was constructed at the City of Denton, Texas Pecan Creek Water Reclamation Plant to facilitate diazinon removal from treated effluent.

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Katugampalage, Lalith Gamini Perera Usanee Uyasatian. "Utilization of sludge from Biyagama common wastewater treatment plant as fertilizer and soil conditioner in Sri Lanka /". Abstract, 2007. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2550/cd399/4837460.pdf.

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Goudreau, Stephanie E. "Effects of sewage treatment plant effluents on mollusks and fish of the Clinch River in Tazewell County, Virginia". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43404.

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The Clinch River is renown for its rich mollusk and fish assemblages, including many endemic species. New sewage treatment plants (STP's) have recently been constructed along the Clinch River in Virginia, raising concern because of the disappearance of mollusks below existing STP's. Field and laboratory studies were conducted to determine mollusk and fish distribution in proximity to two STP's in Tazewell County, and the tolerance of two mollusk species to mono chloramine and unionized ammonia, the major toxicants in domestic STP effiuent.

River reaches up to 3.75 km downstream of the STP outfalls at Tazewell and Richlands were depauperate of mussels. Tolerance to effluent seemed to vary among snails, sphaeriid clams, and the Asiatic clam Corbicula flumineaK. After an initial toxic zone below the Tazewell outfall, abundance of fish appeared to increase by 0.45 km below the outfall. The effluent at Richlands eliminated intolerant species, and more tolerant species were present as far as 0.45 km below the outfall.

Laboratory bioassays with glochidia of Villosa nebulosa resulted in 24-h EC₅₀ and LC₅₀ values of 0.042 and 0.084 mg/L monochloramine, respectively, and 24-h EC₅₀ and LC₅₀values of 0.237 and 0.284 mg/L unionized ammonia, respectively. Glochidia rank among the most sensitive invertebrates in their tolerance to these toxicants. The snail Pleurocera unciale unciale was moderately sensitive, with 96-h LC₅₀ values of 0.252 mg/L mono chloramine and 0.742 mg/L unionized ammonia. Comparison of monochloramine and unionized ammonia concentrations monitored at 0.10 km below the outfalls indicated that mono chloramine was the major toxicant likely affecting fauna.

Master of Science

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14

Baerenklau, Amy L. (Amy Lyn). "Evaluation of a Constructed Wetland to Reduce Toxicity from Diazinon at the Pecan Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant, Denton, TX". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1996. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279107/.

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The City of Denton Pecan Creek Wastewater Treatment Facility has periodically failed effluent toxicity testing. A Toxicity Identification Evaluation has determined that Diazinon in the effluent is contributing to the observed toxicity. Chlorpyrifos is also implicated as a factor. The City of Denton constructed a half acre experimental wetland to remove Diazinon related toxicity. Results from spiking and microcosm experiments indicate that the wetland can reduce the Diazinon.

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Nutter, Amy Elizabeth. "A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE DISINFECTION EFFICIENCY OF PERACETIC ACID AND SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE ON SECONDARY EFFLUENT AT THE MILL CREEK TREATMENT PLANT". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1461943130.

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Gilchrist, Tiffany. "Reproductive and endocrine health of Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) exposed to historical and current-use flame retardant chemicals in wastewater treatment plant effluent". Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=110668.

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Flame retardants (FRs) are ubiquitous chemicals, some of which may persist in the environment and bioaccumulate in wildlife. Recent laboratory studies on American kestrels (Falco sparverius) have demonstrated that exposure to these chemicals may be linked to reproductive and other health problems in animals, but little is known about these effects in free-ranging avian species. The overall aim of this study was to examine the occurrence and possible reproductive and endocrine effects of historical and current-use FR chemicals in free-ranging birds using the tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) as a model. Breeding colonies of tree swallows were established at one reference site and two wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) sites; with the effluent from one WWTP (i.e., the WWTP near Kitchener, Ontario: KWWTP) being more highly contaminated with FRs than the other (i.e., near Hamilton, Ontario: WAWWTP). From 2007 to 2010, freshly laid eggs (n = 127) were collected from each nest and analyzed for FR concentrations; these same nests were monitored regularly and reproductive measures were recorded, and the occurrence of endocrine disruption was assessed in a sub-sample of adult tree swallows. Across sites, 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), 2,2'.4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99), 2,2'4,4',6-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-100), 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-153), and 2,2',4,4',5,6'-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-154) were found at the highest concentrations in the tree swallow eggs, with other polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and FRs being quantified at much lower levels. Tree swallows at the KWWTP site had significantly smaller clutches than those at the WAWWTP site, and egg volume (cm3) was positively correlated with in ovo levels of decabromodiphenylether (BDE-209), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and brominated biphenyl (BB)-101. Hatching, fledging and breeding success of the tree swallows were significantly different among sites although there were no statistically significant associations between these measures and in ovo FR concentrations. Clutch initiation date, predation of eggs and nestlings, female age, and ambient temperatures were also found to significantly differ among sites. Nonparametric regression analysis showed that clutch initiation date and egg predation were the best predictors of breeding success across sites, but not flame retardants at currently measured in ovo concentrations. From 2009 to 2010, fecal samples were collected from breeding adult male and female tree swallows during the phases of courtship/nest construction and incubation; these samples were subsequently analyzed for levels of fecal estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), triidothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) metabolites. In 2011, the enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) were biologically validated for the adult tree swallows using nestling tree swallows as negative controls. For adult female tree swallows, there was a moderately significant increase in fecal T4 metabolite levels with in ovo BDE-209 concentrations. For male birds, there were significant and negative associations between fecal T metabolite levels and in ovo BDE-47 and BDE-153 concentrations. The results of this study indicate that free-ranging passerines may be less reproductively sensitive to the effects of FRs at currently measured in ovo concentrations compared to higher trophic level avian species, and that multiple factors may be influencing the reproductive success of the tree swallows at these particular study sites. However, the results of this study also suggest that tree swallows may be sensitive to current environmental concentrations of flame retardants in terms of endocrine function; further research is warranted.
Les ignifugeants sont des produits chimiques omniprésents, dont certains peuvent persister dans l'environnement et peuvent s'accumuler dans la faune sauvage. L'objectif global de cette étude était d'étudier la fréquence et l'effet possible sur la reproduction et sur le système endocrinien de l'utilisation historique et actuelle des produits chimiques ignifugeants dans les oiseaux libres à l'aide de l'hirondelle bicolore (Tachycineta bicolor) en tant que modèle. Des colonies d'élevage de l'hirondelle bicolore ont été installées sur un site de référence et deux sites de stations d'épuration (WWTP); avec l'effluent d'un WWTP (c.-à-d. la WWTP près de Kitchener, Ontario: KWWTP) étant plus fortement contaminée par des ignifugeants que l'autre (c.-à-d. près de Hamilton, Ontario: WAWWTP). De 2007 à 2010, les œufs fraîchement pondus ont été recueillis auprès de chaque nid et analysés pour les concentrations d'ignifugeants; ces mêmes nids ont été surveillés régulièrement et des mesures de reproduction ont été enregistrées, et l'apparition de la perturbation endocrinienne fut évaluée dans un sous échantillon d'hirondelles bicolores adultes. À travers les sites, les éthers suivant: Le BDE-47, le BDE-99, le BDE-100, le BDE-153, et le BDE-154 ont été trouvés à des concentrations les plus élevées dans les œufs hirondelles bicolores, et d'autres PBDE congénères et ignifugeants furent quantifiés à des niveaux beaucoup plus faibles. Les hirondelles bicolores sur le site KWWTP ont eu des couvées significativement plus petites que celles sur le site WAWWTP, et le volume d'œufs a été positivement corrélé avec des niveaux de BDE-209, HBCD, et BB-101 in ovo. Le succès d'éclosion, de naissante et d'élevage des hirondelles bicolores était significativement différent entre les sites bien qu'il n'y avait pas de liens statistiquement significatifs entre ces mesures et les concentrations d'ignifugeants in ovo. On a également noté que la date d'initiation d'une couvée de poussins, la prédation des œufs et les oisillons, l'âge des femelles et des températures ambiantes ont différée sensiblement entre les sites. L'analyse de régression non paramétrique a montré que la date d'initiation d'une couvée de poussins et de la prédation des œufs était les meilleures valeurs prédictives de la réussite de la reproduction à travers les sites, mais pas les ignifugeants mesurés à l'heure actuelle à des concentrations in ovo. De 2009 à 2010, des échantillons fécaux ont été prélevés à partir des hirondelles adultes bicolores nicheuses, mâles et femelles pendant les phases de séduction/nid établissement et d'incubation; ces échantillons ont ensuite été analysés pour les niveaux de métabolites d'estradiol (E2), la testostérone (T), triiodothyronine (T3), et de la thyroxine (T4) dans les matières fécales. En 2011, les dosages immunologiques ont été biologiquement validés pour les hirondelles bicolores adultes en utilisant des hirondelles bicolores nichées comme contrôles négatifs. Pour les adultes hirondelles bicolores femelles, fécales T4 niveaux de métabolites étaient significativement et positivement associée à des concentrations BDE-209 in ovo. Pour les oiseaux mâles, il y avait des associations significatives et négatives entre les taux de T métabolites fécaux et des concentrations de BDE-47 et BDE-153 in ovo. Les résultats de cette étude indiquent que les passerines en liberté peuvent être moins sensible aux effets des ignifugeants à la reproduction à des concentrations actuellement mesurées in ovo par rapport des espèces supérieures de niveau trophique aviaire, et que de multiples facteurs peuvent influencer le succès de la reproduction des hirondelles bicolores à ces sites d'étude particulière. Cependant, les résultats de cette étude suggèrent également que les hirondelles bicolores peuvent être sensibles aux concentrations environnementales actuelles des ignifugeants sur le plan de fonction endocrinienne. Une recherche plus approfondie est justifiée et souhaitable.

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Waltman, Elise Lyn. "Concentrations of Triclosan in the City of Denton Wastewater Treatment Plant, Pecan Creek, and the Influent and Effluent of an Experimental Constructed Wetland". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2004. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4562/.

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The Pecan Creek Waste Reclamation Plant in Denton, Texas, an activated sludge WWTP, was sampled monthly for ten months to determine seasonal and site variation in concentrations of triclosan (5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol), an antibacterial additive. SNK separation after the highly significant ANOVA on ranked data were: summer = fall > winter = spring and influent > downstream = effluent = wetland inflow > wetland outflow (a=0.05). After the plant converted to ultraviolet disinfection, measurements were made before and after the UV basin to determine if significant amounts of triclosan were converted to dioxin. Percent loss at each of the treatment steps was determined. Concentrations of triclosan in the downstream site were below the published NOEC for the most sensitive species.

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Morgan, Jennifer Anne. "Water quality improvement and plant root function in an ecological system treating dairy wastewater". Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1184934988.

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Guinn, Richard J. (Richard Joe). "Biological and Toxicological Responses Resulting from Dechlorination of a Major Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Discharge to the Trinity River". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1995. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279074/.

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Federal regulations such as the Clean Water Act (P.L. 92-500), and its amendments, direct the Environment Protection Agency (EPA) to implement programs to control the releases of conventional pollutants and toxics into the waterways of the United States. The EPA began requiring treatment plants to conduct toxicity tests (biomonitoring) of their effluent discharges. To control toxicity caused by chlorination of wastewater discharges, the EPA also began requiring some treatment facilities to dechlorinate their wastewater before discharging. This research was funded by the EPA to document the changes that occurred in the Trinity River from the dechlorination of the effluent from Ft. Worth's Village Creek municipal wastewater treatment plant. The study occurred over a two year period beginning in August 1990. A wide variety of biological field assessments and toxicological assays were used to measure various responses. Seven river stations, covering approximately twenty river miles, and the treatment plant effluent were assessed. Two of the river stations were upstream from the treatment plant and used as reference sites. The remaining five river stations were downstream from the treatment plant, spread out over seventeen river miles. The study evaluated the impact of chlorination prior to dechlorination, which served as a baseline. Responses determined during dechlorination were compared to the baseline data. An overall improvement in species richness and diversity was seen at those river stations which had previously been adversely impacted by chlorine. Aquatic toxicity tests, such as those required to be used by dischargers, were conducted during this study. Periodic toxicity was observed with these tests in the effluent and river samples after dechlorination was initiated. Those tests, along with in situ toxicity assays, proved to be good predictors of biological community responses.

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Wise, Patricia D. (Patricia Diane). "An Evaluation of Fish and Macroinvertebrate Response to Effluent Dechlorination in Pecan Creek". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1995. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278302/.

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This study evaluated the effects of chlorinated effluent discharged from the City of Denton, Texas' wastewater treatment plant on Pecan Creek's fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages, and their recovery upon dechlorination. A baseline of ecological conditions was established while chlorine was present in the effluent (June 1993- October 1993), and was evaluated again after dechlorination with sulfur dioxide (October 1993-August 1994). In situ Asiatic clam and fathead minnow ambient toxicity tests, and fish and macroinvertebrate collections were used to establish this baseline for comparison to post-dechlorination results.

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Sabienski, Lina. "Characterization of microplastics in wastewater". Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-86249.

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This study aims to detect how many microplastics and what kind are released from the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) Skebäck, in Örebro. The study was limited to the analysis of three filters with 50 μm mesh size and one filter with 300 μm mesh size. The samples were taken at different times, two in the fall of 2019 and one in the spring of 2020. Visual characterization was used for the quantification of microplastics, and a lower and upper bound was used. The lower bound represents particles that were deemed identifiable as plastic with high certainty, while the upper bound also includes particles that may have been microplastic. An additional ATR-FTIR analysis was performed on selected microplastics >300 μm. The presence of microplastics in the effluent from Skebäcks WWTP could be confirmed. The quantity of microplastics per m3 (MP/m3) trapped on the 50 μm filters were quantified in a range between 0 MP/m3 to 291 MP/m3 for the lower bound, and 72 MP/m3 to 435 MP/m3 for the upper bound. The 300 μm filter had considerably less microplastics than the 50 μm filter with 1.8 MP/m3. The quantification of fibers on the 50 μm filter and 300 μm filters was not possible due to high blank contaminations. According to the concentration of 63 MP/m3 of the lower bound count on the 50 μm filters and the amount of water flowing through Skebäck in 2019, 17 818 935 m3, 1.1 billion microplastic particles were released into Svartån that year. In comparison the highest value of the upper bound count, 435 MP/m3, gave a release of 7.7 billion microplastic particles. Using the concentration of the 300 μm filter 1.8 MP/m3, 32 million microplastics/year were released from Skebäck in 2019. The amount of spheres 50-300 μm released in the effluent from Skebäck was estimated to be 3.7 kg in 2019.

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Alamino, Andreza de França [UNESP]. "Degradação simultânea de bisfenol A e carbamazepina em efluente de estação de tratamento de esgoto por processo foto-Fenton". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/143870.

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O presente trabalho aborda a degradação simultânea de dois contaminantes emergentes, o plastificante bisfenol A (BPA) e o fármaco carbamazepina (CBZ), aplicando-se processos oxidativos avançados (POA), particularmente o processo foto-Fenton. Durante os ensaios de degradação, o BPA e a CBZ foram determinados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) em uma única análise, utilizando dois detectores acoplados em série, o detector de fluorescência (FLU) para o BPA e detector de arranjo de diodos (DAD) para a CBZ. Foi necessária a otimização das condições do método cromatográfico, tais como, composição da fase móvel, 50% etanol-água, vazão, 0,500 mL min-1, comprimento de onda de excitação e emissão para o BPA, 277 e 300 nm nesta ordem, e absorção para a CBZ de 286 nm ou 211 nm. Após a construção da curva analítica foram determinados os parâmetros analíticos como: linearidade, limites de detecção e quantificação. Os ensaios de degradação foram efetuados em duas matrizes distintas, água e efluente de estação de tratamento de esgoto, coletado antes do lançamento nos rios, objetivando desenvolver um método de degradação em baixas concentrações em amostras reais. Pela complexidade da matriz foi necessário fazer o “clean up” das amostras por extração em fase sólida (EFS) nas alíquotas retiradas durante as degradações no efluente. A faixa de recuperação da EFS foi avaliada em três níveis e atingiu de 82 a 84% para o BPA e de 92 a 99% para a CBZ. A velocidade de degradação tanto de BPA como de CBZ foi influenciada pela matriz, pois foi maior em água do que no efluente. O tempo de degradação em água foi de 60 minutos e em efluente de 90 minutos. A degradação de BPA atingiu 88% em água e 77% em efluente, enquanto que de CBZ atingiu 95% em água e 61% em efluente. A remoção de carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD) nas amostras de efluente foi avaliada, porém as concentrações de Fe(III) e H2O2 utilizadas, 12,0 μmol L-1 e 300 μmol L-1 nesta ordem, não foram suficientes para degradar a matéria orgânica do efluente, mas foram suficientes para a degradação dos compostos alvos na concentração de 250 μg L-1.

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Hoferková, Lenka. "Nakládání s odpadními vodami v obci Sudice". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-372090.

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This thesis is written due to the poor quality of the stream Sudický potok and the fish kills in nearby ponds supplied by the stream. The goal is evaluating the results of the water samples obtained from the four local spots. Polluted quality in the stream in the Sudice town then proceed to design three various solutions of the sewage collection systems. The first option is designing the municipal wastewater treatment plant and the draining wastewater by single sewerage or sanitary sewerage. The second choice designs the domestic waste water treatment plants. The third solution is designing the sanitary sewerage and effluent sewerage to the nearby waste water treatment plant in Šebetov town. All variants are economically evaluated. In conclusion the first solution, municipal waste water treatment plant with the single sewerage, is recommended.

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Dumas, Thibaut. "Les approches –omiques, métabolomique et protéomique, pour l’étude de la relation de cause à effet entre contaminants émergents, produits pharmaceutiques et organismes marins, Mytilus galloprovincialis". Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTG026.

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Ces travaux de thèse s’insèrent dans le contexte de la contamination du milieu marin par les contaminants émergents, tels que les produits pharmaceutiques (PP), et de leurs effets sur les organismes marins. L’étude des liens de cause à effet entre l’exposition à un ou plusieurs contaminants et la réponse de la moule méditerranéenne, Mytilus galloprovincialis, a été l’axe central des recherches présentées dans cette thèse. Afin de renseigner les mécanismes d’action et les potentiels effets toxiques des PP, données manquantes dans la littérature, les approches –omiques telles que la métabolomique et la protéomique ont été favorisées. Les effets de l’antiépileptique carbamazépine (CBZ), un PP fréquemment détecté dans le milieu marin, ont dans un premier temps été investigués sur M. galloprovincialis à travers une approche intégrée de la métabolomique et de la protéogénomique. La stratégie de fusion des données appliquée a mis en évidence des signatures protéiques et métaboliques corrélées entre elles en réponse à l’exposition. L’utilisation d’outils bioinformatiques remettant les protéines et métabolites dans leur contexte biologique a ainsi révélé des changements concernant la synthèse des protéines, la dégradation des acides gras, la métabolisation des acides aminés et des glucides, et la programmation de la mort cellulaire. Bien que l’étude des effets d’un seul contaminant soit essentielle pour obtenir des informations d’ordre mécanistique, elle s’éloigne en revanche de la pertinence d’une exposition environnementale, les organismes étant exposés simultanément à une multitude de contaminants. Dans le but d’intégrer cette complexité, les moules M. galloprovincialis ont été exposées à un rejet de station d’épuration (STEP), voie d’entrée principale des PP dans le milieu marin. L’analyse des empreintes métaboliques générées a d’abord été effectuée sur les moules mâles afin d’écarter la variabilité biologique liée au sexe (susceptible de masquer la réponse à l’exposition). Plusieurs voies métaboliques ont ainsi été révélées comme impactées (ex. acides aminés, bases puriques et pyrimidiques, cycle de Krebs, neurohormones, etc.) pouvant perturber plusieurs fonctions et processus biologiques (ex. métabolisme énergétique, système immunitaire, osmorégulation, reproduction, formation du byssus, etc.) et avoir des conséquences néfastes sur l’organisme. En se basant sur la littérature, des hypothèses de relation de cause à effet ont pu être établies entre certains contaminants détectés dans le rejet de STEP (38 PP et 4 pesticides) et les effets observés. A partir de cette même expérimentation, le facteur sexe a ensuite été intégré dans le traitement des données issues des individus mâles/femelles et exposés/non-exposés afin de comprendre le rôle du sexe dans la réponse à l’exposition. Pour cela, l’approche statistique Analyse of variance Multiblock Orthogonal Partial Least Square s’est révélée pertinente pour ce genre de design expérimental multifactoriel. Cette approche a ainsi pu associer la variabilité des données métabolomiques à leur(s) facteur(s) d’origine(s). Une réponse commune entre les deux sexes, reliée au facteur exposition, a été mise en évidence à travers la modulation de plusieurs lysophospholipides induite par un stress oxydant. Tandis qu’une réponse sexe-dépendante, reliée à l’interaction entre les facteurs sexe et exposition, a été décrite suite à une modulation de certains lipides polaires selon le sexe et une perturbation de la voie de la kynurénine uniquement chez les mâles. Ces travaux de thèse ont pu renforcer les connaissances sur les effets d’un PP préoccupant pour l’environnement, la CBZ, exclue de tout cadre réglementaire, ainsi que sur les effets d’une exposition proche des conditions environnementales reconstituées à travers un rejet de STEP. Des approches originales d’investigation des effets et d’analyses des données ont été pertinemment appliquées
This PhD thesis takes place in a context of the contamination of marine environment by emerging contaminants, such as pharmaceutical active compounds (PhAC), and their effects on marine organisms. The study of causal relationships between exposure to one or more contaminants and the response of the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis, was the central focus of the research presented in this thesis. In order to provide information on the mechanisms of action and potential toxic effects of PhAC, data lacking in the literature, -omic approaches such as metabolomics and proteomics were applied. The effects of the antiepileptic carbamazepine (CBZ), a PhAC frequently detected in the marine environment, were first investigated on M. galloprovincialis through an integrated approach of metabolomics and proteogenomics. The data fusion strategy applied revealed correlated protein and metabolic signatures in response to exposure. The use of bioinformatics tools that put proteins and metabolites into their biological context thus highlighted changes in protein synthesis, fatty acid degradation, amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism, and cell death programming. Although the study of the effects of a single contaminant is essential to obtain mechanistic information, it is far removed from the relevance of environmental exposure, since organisms are exposed simultaneously to a multitude of contaminants. In order to integrate this complexity, mussels M. galloprovincialis were exposed to a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent, the main pathway of PhAC into the marine environment. Analysis of the metabolic fingerprints generated was first performed on male mussels to rule out gender-related biological variability (which could hide the response to exposure). Several metabolic pathways were thus revealed to be impacted (e.g. amino acids, purines and pyrimidines, Krebs cycle, neurohormones, etc.) which can disrupt several biological functions and processes (e.g. energy metabolism, immune system, osmorregulation, reproduction, byssal formation, etc.) and have adverse consequences on the organism. Based on the literature, hypotheses of causal relationships have been established between certain contaminants detected in the WWTP effluent (38 PPs and 4 pesticides) and the effects observed. Based on the same experiment, the gender factor was then integrated into the processing of data acquired from male/female and exposed/unexposed individuals in order to understand the role of gender in the response to exposure. To this end, the statistical approach of Analysis of Variance Multiblock Orthogonal Partial Least Square proved to be relevant for this kind of multifactorial experimental design. This approach was thus able to characterize and relate the variability of metabolomics data to its different factors of origin. A common response between the two genders, related to the exposure factor, was demonstrated through the modulation of several lysophospholipids induced by oxidative stress. While a gender-specific response, related to the interaction between gender and exposure factors, has been described following a modulation of certain polar lipids according to gender and a disruption of the kynurenin pathway only in males. This thesis work was able to strengthen knowledge on the effects of a PhAC of concern for the environment, CBZ, excluded from any regulatory framework, as well as on the effects of an exposure close to the environmental conditions reconstituted through a WWTP effluent. Original approaches to effects investigation and data analysis have been pertinently applied

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Santos, Lucilene Cândida dos. "Avaliação de parâmetros operacionais na cinética de degradação do antibiótico ciprofloxacino pelo processo foto-fenton". Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2014. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/17424.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
In this work the degradation of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin CIP (33.1 mg L-1) by photo- Fenton process using artificial radiation was evaluated. First, the effect of different concentrations of Fe 3+ (1.4, 5.6, 11.2 and 16.8 mg L -1) on the kinetics of CIP and dissolved organic carbon DOC (mineralization), as well as the consumption of H2O2 using 510 mg L-1 of H2O2and pH 2.5-2.8 was studied. The CIP concentration was below of the quantitation limit of the equipment - LQ (<0.163 mg L-1) in just 2 minutes, for all concentration of Fe3+ evaluated, it was not possible to verify the effect of this operating parameter for the removal of CIP. Regarding the results of mineralization and consumption of H2O2, the best fit mathematical observed for all the experimental data obtained at different concentrations of Fe3+ evaluated, was first order. Furthermore, it was observed that the concentration of Fe3+ resulted in a proportional increase in the rate of mineralization and consumption of H2O2, being the concentration of 11.2 mg L-1 of Fe3+ chosen for the subsequent experiments. Next, the effect of different concentrations of H2O2 (85, 170, 340, 510 and 680 mg L-1) on kinetics of CIP mineralization and consumption of H2O2 using the best concentration of Fe3+ (11.2 mg L-1), and at pH 2.5-2.8 was evaluated. Similar behavior observed for the different concentrations of Fe3+ was obtained, the best mathematical fit for CIP mineralization and H2O2 consumption was of first order. The rate of CIP mineralization also increased proportionally with H2O2 concentration, but up to a certain amount of H2O2 (340 mg L-1). Above of this concentration, there was a decrease in the rate of mineralization due to the occurrence of inefficient reactions. These results demonstrate the importance of evaluating the operational parameters, such as the concentrations of Fenton´s reagents, in order to optimize the efficiency of the photodegradation process, as well as reduce the costs of processes with chemical reagents. Thus, the best concentrations obtained experimentally in deionized water (DW) in relation to the operational parameters evaluated considering the CIP mineralization using artificial radiation were: [Fe3+] = 11.2 mg L-1 and [H2O2] = 340 mg L-1. Under these experimental conditions, the influence of different aqueous matrices (simulated seawater - SW and treated effluent from sewage treatment plant - STP) in the CIP degradation was evaluated, and the results were compared to those obtained in DW. Complete removal of CIP (considering the LQ equipment) was influenced by the composition of the matrices, since in DW occurred after 2 minutes of the photo-Fenton process, while 10 minutes were required in SW and STP effluent. This is probably due to the presence of inorganic anions (chloride and sulphate) in SW, which form stable complexes with iron, and also act as scavengers of hydroxyl radicals, as well as by the presence of natural organic matter present in the effluent of STP, which also competes with the target-compound by hydroxyl radicals, influencing the degradation process. Based on the results obtained in this work, it was observed that the photo-Fenton process can be an alternative of treatment to waters containing CIP, since there was complete removal of CIP (considering the LQ equipment) after only 2 minutes, followed by 75% of DOC removal and reduction of acute toxicity to A. saline from 76.7% ± 4.7% to 20.0% ± 10.0% after 60 minutes. Since several ecotoxicological effects are associated with waste pharmaceuticals, in specific antibiotics, in aquatic environments and conventional processes fail to remove them efficiently, the application of this process appears quite feasible.
Neste trabalho foi avaliada a degradação do antibiótico ciprofloxacino CIP (33,1mg L-1)pelo processo foto-Fenton utilizando radiação artificial. Primeiramente avaliou-se diferentes concentrações de Fe3+ (1,4, 5,6, 11,2 e 16,8 mg L-1) na cinética de remoção de CIP e carbono orgânico dissolvido - COD (mineralização), bem como no consumo de H2O2 utilizando-se 510 mg L-1 de H2O2 e pH 2,5-2,8. A concentração de CIP ficou abaixo do limite de quantificação do equipamento - LQ (< 0,163 mg L-1) em apenas 2 minutos, para todas as concentrações de Fe3+ avaliadas, não sendo possível verificar o efeito deste parâmetro operacional para a remoção de CIP. Em relação aos resultados de mineralização e consumo de H2O2, o melhor ajuste matemático observado para todos os dados experimentais obtidos nos diferentes níveis de concentração de Fe3+ avaliados foi de primeira ordem. Além disso, foi observado que o aumento da concentração de Fe3+ resultou num aumento proporcional na velocidade de mineralização e de consumo de H2O2, sendo a concentração de 11,2 mg L-1 de Fe3+ escolhida para os experimentos posteriores. A seguir, foi avaliado o efeito de diferentes concentrações de H2O2 (85, 170, 340, 510 e 680 mg L-1) na cinética de mineralização de CIP e consumo de H2O2 utilizando a melhor concentração de Fe3+ (11,2 mg L-1), e, em pH 2,5-2,8. Comportamento semelhante ao observado para as diferentes concentrações de Fe3+ foi obtido, melhor ajuste matemático para a mineralização de CIP e consumo de H2O2 sendo de primeira ordem. A velocidade de mineralização de CIP também aumentou proporcionalmente com a concentração de H2O2, contudo até um determinado valor de H2O2 (340 mg L-1). Acima desta concentração, houve um decréscimo na velocidade de mineralização devido à ocorrência de reações ineficientes. Estes resultados, demonstram a importância de avaliar os parâmetros operacionais, tais como as concentrações dos reagentes de Fenton, a fim de otimizar a eficiência do processo de fotodegradação, bem como reduzir os custos dos processos com reagentes químicos. Assim, as melhores concentrações obtidas experimentalmente em água deionizada (AD) em relação aos parâmetros operacionais avaliados considerando a mineralização de CIP utilizando radiação artificial foram: [Fe3+] = 11,2 mg L-1 e [H2O2] = 340 mg L-1. Sob tais condições experimentais, a influência de diferentes matrizes aquosas (água de mar simulada AM, e, efluente tratado de estação de tratamento de esgoto - ETE) na degradação de CIP foi avaliada, e os resultados foram comparados aos obtidos em AD. A completa remoção de CIP (considerando o LQ do equipamento) foi influenciada pela composição da matriz, uma vez que em AD ocorreu após 2 minutos do processo foto-Fenton, enquanto que 10 minutos foram necessários para a AM e efluente de ETE. Isto ocorreu provavelmente devido à presença de ânions inorgânicos (cloreto e sulfato) em AM, os quais formam complexos estáveis com ferro, e que também atuam como sequestradores de radicais hidroxilas, assim como pela presença de matéria orgânica natural presente no efluente de ETE, a qual também compete com o composto-alvo pelos radicais hidroxila, influenciando assim o processo de degradação. Baseado nos resultados obtidos neste trabalho pode ser observado que o processo foto-Fenton pode ser uma alternativa de tratamento de águas contendo CIP, pois houve completa remoção de CIP (considerando o LQ do equipamento) após apenas 2 minutos, seguido de 75% de remoção de COD e redução da toxicidade aguda para A. salina de 76,7% ± 4,7% para 20,0% ± 10,0% após 60 minutos. Visto que vários efeitos ecotoxicológicos estão associados aos resíduos de fármacos, em específico antibióticos, presentes nos ambientes aquáticos e que os processos convencionais não conseguem removê-los eficientemente, a aplicação deste processo se mostra bastante viável.
Mestre em Química

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Rava, Eleonora Maria Elizabeth. "Management of hydrogen sulphide generation at a Kraft paper mill". Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09152008-113200/.

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Srivastava, Pooja. "Monitoring and risk assessment of polyaromatic hydocarbons (PAHs) in a stretch of river ganges". Thesis, 2016. http://localhost:8080/iit/handle/2074/7104.

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Li, Cheng-Te, i 李成得. "Prediction of effluent quality for the wastewater treatment plant". Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/23902688150623393832.

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碩士
立德大學
資源環境研究所
96
The research adopted the biological process system parameter values and water quality data, included the temperature of aeration tank, the pH of aeration tank, inflow COD concentration of aeration tank, inflow SS concentration of aeration tank, inflow BOD concentration of aeration tank, the inflow rate of aeration tank, MLSS, SVI, return sludge concentration, F/M, HRT of aeration tank etc. dated from January of 2004 till September of 2004, of a wastewater treatment plant (WTP) located in an industrial park. Firstly, the data was normalized. Secondly, four simplified factors of “water quality factor”, “flow rate factor”, “sludge attribute factor” and “sludge loaded factor” were derived with the principal components analysis (PCA) in SPSS statistics software. Thirdly, the artificial neural networks (ANN), MATLAB 7.0 edition, was performed by inputting the four simplified factors and the effluent concentrations of COD and SS of the WTP were then predicted, respectively. The ANN was trained and verified with 959 and 221 sets of data, respectively. The correlation coefficient R between the predicted values and experimental data was used as a verification parameter. The R-values of COD and SS of 0.884 and 0.867 by the ANN method were found better than those of 0.797 and 0.721 by the PCA + ANN method, and those of 0.648 and 0.621 by the time series analysis, respectively. To further verify, a long term of 7 days prediction scheme was conducted and the predicted results were verified with the experimental data. Namely, parameter of relative value was calculated. The relative values of COD and SS of 9.6% and 13.1% by the ANN method were lower than those of 12.2% and 15.1% by the PCA + ANN method and those of 16.7% and 23.0% of ten times’ data by the time series analysis method, respectively.

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Iloms, Eunice Chizube. "Investigating industrial effluent impacts on municipal wastewater treatment plant". Diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/25877.

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Industrial effluents with high concentrations of heavy metals are widespread pollutants of great concerns as they are known to be persistent and non-degradable. Continuous monitoring and treatment of the effluents become pertinent because of their impacts on wastewater treatment plants. The aim of this study is to determine the correlation between heavy metal pollution in water and the location of industries in order to ascertain the effectiveness of the municipal waste water treatment plant. Heavy metal identification and physico-chemical analysis were done using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) and multi-parameter probe respectively. Correlation coefficients of the measured values were done to investigate the effect of the industrial effluents on the treatment plants. Heavy metal resistant bacteria were identified and characterised by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Leeuwkuil wastewater treatment plants were effective in maintaining temperature, pH, and chemical oxygen demand within South Africa green drop and SAGG Standards whereas the purification plant was effective in maintaining the values of Cu, Zn, Al, temperature, BOD, COD, and TDS within the SANS and WHO standard for potable water. This findings indicated the need for the treatment plants to be reviewed.The industrial wastewater were identified as a point source of heavy metal pollution that influenced Leeuwkuil wastewater treatment plants and the purification plants in Vaal, Vereenining South Africa. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Bacillus sp. strain and Bacillus toyonensis that showed 100% similarity were found to be resistant to Al, Cu, Pb and Zn. These identified bacteria can be considered for further study in bioremediation.
Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Science)

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30

Bohn, Barry D. "Disinfection of secondary wastewater treatment plant effluent using ultraviolet light". 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/18263.

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31

-Ming, Sun, i 李聖明. "Evaluation of Microbial in Effluent of Each Treatment Unit at a Water Treatment Plant". Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47sc22.

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碩士
國立中山大學
環境工程研究所
96
Growth of bacteria in drinking water distribution and storage systems can lead to the deterioration of water quality, violation of water standards, and increased operating costs. Growth or Regrowth results from viable bacteria surviving the disinfection process and utilizing nutrient in the water and biofilm to sustain growth. Factors other than nutrients that influence regrowth include temperature, residence time in mains and storage units, and the efficacy of disinfection. Tests to determine the potential for bacterial regrowth focus on the concentration of nutrients. Not all organic compounds are equally susceptible to microbial decomposition; the fraction that provides energy and carbon for bacterial growth has been called labile dissolved organic carbon, biodegradable organic carbon (BDOC), or Assimilable Organic Carbon (AOC). Easily measured chemical surrogates for AOC are not available now. As alternative to chemical methods, bioassays have been proposed. Assimilable Organic Carbon (AOC) is that portion of the biodegradable organic carbon that can be converted to cell mass and expressed as a carbon concentration by means of a conversion factor. In this study, two organisms, namely Psuedomonas fluorescens strain P17 and Spirillum species NOX were selected for the AOC determination. The growth of the bacteria was determined by periodic colony counts with spread plate technique on LLA (Lab-Lemco nutrient agar) cultivation medium until the growth reached maximum (maximum colony count, Nmax). Results showed that AOC follows a trend based on the climatic and seasonal changes (local climate) with peaks in summer and low during winter season and vice versa in term of AOC removing capability. In addition to confirm AOC removal rate in biofiltration bed was evaluated with a test column containing the same filling materials, Granular Activated Carbon (GAC). Long term test showed that GAC would last for forty weeks without any special treatment. Other result showed that biofiltration bed has a better removal efficiency rate 72% (average based on four year), than the test column 49% since it experience frequent back-washing, thus maintaining a healthy removal rate. In the test column change in total organic carbon was quite abnormal. AOC yearly distribution was also studied and differentiated into four stages. AOC removal of each stage was 48%, 70%, 83% and 77%. Total organic carbon concentration was much higher in the effluent 384 than influent 334 μg C/L; later methionine was found in water sample (effluent) which strongly suggests that the indigenous microbes had been reducing organic material such as cystein to methionine thus increasing the organic carbon content of the effluent. The microbial growths inside the GAC test column is entirely based on the long term feed of water at the treatment plant. Several other parameters such as Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Excitation Emissions Fluorescence Matrix (EEFM), Molecular Weight and Amino acids detection were selected and coupled with the AOC to shed light on the working mechanisms of both GAC as filtration material and characteristics of indigenous microbes towards the removal of organic contaminants and changes they can bring about to the quality of clear water.

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32

lin, Han-Hua, i 林漢樺. "A study on membrane distillation for effluent stream treatment from municipal wastewater treatment plant". Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/43491188108339872538.

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碩士
中原大學
化學工程研究所
105
Due to climate change and the increasing demand of water for industry, Taiwan frequently faces an acute problem of water scarcity in recent years. Therefore, much attention has been paid for using reclaimed water to solve the problem of water shortage. Based on the effluents of domestic sewage and industrial waste water are large and stable water resources, the production of reclaimed water from these effluents will have great potential. In this study, membrane distillation was used for effluent treatment from Dihua sewage treatment plant (STP) to produce the reclaimed water. Experiments were divided into direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) pilot test and air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) laboratory module test, the former was used for long-term data obtained while the latter was designed to implement the cleaning test for fouled membrane. In addition, simulation analysis for energy consumption of AGMD to produce reclaimed water from STP was also carried out in this study. Pilot DCMD test using flat sheet module with ePTFE membrane was conducted under feed temperature at 60℃and Re= 9500 while the permeate side at 35℃and Re=3200.The flux decline obtained by 4 hours operation per day and 2 month continuous operation is not significant, its value being about 15 kg/m²hr. Based on the measurement of conductivity in feed and permeate, respectively, to determine the ion rejection, results showed that the ion rejection reaches 99%. By measuring the Cl- ion concentration, it appeared that the rejection was 99.9%. SEM-EDS analysis for fouled membranes showed that the fouling components are mainly from organic matters. Based on the COD, Cl- and NH4+ measured from the produced water, it clearly indicated that the water quality from MD is better than that by RO. Experimental results of AGMD showed that 0.1 wt% NaOH or 0.8 wt% EDTA-4Na solution can wash away the fouling on the membrane surface and the cleaned membrane has flux nearly same as that from virgin membrane. Based on Memstill® concept for heat recovery, the thermal energy consumption of AGMD was also estimated. Under the given conditions of flat plate module 1x1 m2 , temperatures of feed inlet and after heater were at 80 and 30℃, respectively, and the superficial flow velocity in the module channel was 0.01 m/s, the thermal energy consumption estimated was 106.8 kWh/m3 and the flux was 5.5 kg/m2hr.

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Chang, Ya-min, i 張雅閔. "Effect of Influent TMAH Concentration on the Effluent Quality of Wastewater Treatment Plant". Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/71024178540145953553.

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碩士
朝陽科技大學
環境工程與管理系碩士班
102
TMAH (tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide) for the optical industry and the semiconductor industry is often accompanied by the discharge of treated water pollutants into the Science Park sewage treatment plant. This study will explore the long-term monitoring and understanding through the use of data analysis methods TMAH water features in Science Park sewage treatment plant. In the vendor side effluent monitoring results show that a large TMAH into the processing system, The ammonia concentration of wastewater treatment plant effluent greater than the influent ammonia concentration, suggesting that when the contribution is caused by the degradation of TMAH, and the concentration of ammonia in the water inflow increases by TMAH concentration, but in the input stream when concentrations higher than 150mg / L, TMAH degradation will be inhibited.The TMAH’s concentration is no significant correlation between the concentration of COD , but the correlation is more obvious with the BOD.At TMAH’s concentration under 200 mg/L or less, the BOD will be increases by the TMAH’s concentration, which TMAH’s concentration more than 200 mg/L, the BOD will be not. The TMAH removal increases the concentration of the anionic surfactant is reduced, the concentration of anionic surface less than 0.2 mg/L, the removal of TMAH had more than 80%. The concentration of anionic surfactant increased to 1.8 mg/L, the removal rate will be decreased to 30%.

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34

Lee, Wen-Sheng, i 李文聖. "The Study of Effluent Reclamation and Reuse Potential from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant". Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/95754621617202200592.

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碩士
國立臺北科技大學
環境規劃與管理研究所
92
The characteristics of municipal wastewater are stable. The reuse water from cleaned municipal wastewater by advanced reclamation technologies could contain potential for providing regional water supply, raise the efficiency of water resource reuse and reach the object of diversification water supply. In general the region of water reclamation and reuse include the recycling of rainfall storage, industrial wastewater, municipal wastewater, agricultural irrigation water drainage, cultivated fishery wastewater and so on. Municipal wastewater reclamation could be used in industrial inflow, agricultural irrigation water, landscape environment, groundwater recharge, domestic non-potable use, repairing drinking-water and so on. It contains huge potential for municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse in the future. Complete plans would take wide influence in establishing relating laws and forming. It should be carried out and promote of reclamation water regulations, water quality standards and the marks of water reuse. On the other hand, water reclamation technologies should be accepted by users. Therefore, It must be considered about each requirement of water quality, reclamation technologies, user’s risk assessments and so on of water reclamation and reuse. This study collected successful examples and documents from abroad municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse. Discussing reclamation technologies and combinations among Best Available Treatment （BAT）, the internal currently water reclamation laws and water quality would be analyzed and discussed. In the meanwhile, Questionnaires of the desires and managers of water reclamation and reuse reveal that the maximum water reclamation potential capacity would be 2,859,100 m3/day and currently capable potential capacity was 1,352,000 m3/day of 18 treatment plants in Taiwan. There will be 42 municipal wastewater treatment plants till year 110. The maximum capable water reclamation potential capacity will be 4,263,000 m3/day in 2020. In the end of the research will choose potential municipal wastewater reclamation plants and plan its own reclamation and reuse manners.

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Carstea, E. M., Y. S. Zakharova i John Bridgeman. "Online fluorescence monitoring of effluent organic matter in wastewater treatment plants". 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/15322.

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Yes
Wastewater treatment is an energy-intensive operation. Energy consumption is forecast to increase by 60% in the forthcoming decade due to tightened legislation surrounding the discharge of final effluent to watercourses. Treatment plants rely on the time-consuming and unreliable biochemical oxygen demand to assess the quality of final effluent, leading to process inefficiencies. Here, the authors show that fluorescence spectroscopy is a robust technique for real-time monitoring of changes in effluent quality. Three portable fluorimeters were installed for one month at the final effluent discharge point of a large municipal wastewater treatment plant. The authors show that organic matter composition of the wastewater varies diurnally depending on the flow rate and antecedent rainfall. High fluorescence intensity and ammonia are attributed to sewage sludge liquor, which is regularly discharged to the treatment plant. Moreover, elevated fluorescence intensities were recorded as a result of process failure following a power outage. The study shows that online fluorescence analysis is capable of detecting both minor changes in effluent quality and issues with treatment process performance.
European Commission Framework Programme 7, Marie Curie IEF (PIEF-GA-2012-329962) and the Core Program, ANCS (PN 16.40.01.01).

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36

Bijan, Leila. "Integrating membrane, ozonation, and biological processes for the treatment of alkaline bleach plant effluent". Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/18527.

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The removal of organic compounds from alkaline bleach plant pulp mill effluent was investigated using integration of ozonation, biological treatment, and ultrafiltration processes. The synergies of combining these processes were studied. O₃-Bio, Bio-O₃-Bio, and UF-(O₃-)r --(Bio)rf combined treatments, that used 0.26-0.35 mg O₃/mL wastewater in the bubble column, provided about 57-65% COD removal from the alkaline effluent. This amount of removal was up to three times more than the COD removal obtained by stand-alone ozonation or biotreatment. The significantly greater COD removal indicated the presence of synergies between the treatment methods. Significant changes in BOD₅, COD, TC (or TOC), pH, and colour were obtained for the ozonation stage of Bio-O₃-Bio and UF-(O₃-)r --(Bio)rf treatments. Ozonation alone that was conducted on the alkaline effluent increased the biodegradability (measured as BOD₅/COD) of the whole effluent by 30-40% using 0.7-0.8 mg O₃/mL wastewater. The improvement in the biodegradability is related to the cleavage of high molecular weight (HMW) compounds, which were found non-biodegradable, and production of low molecular weight (LMW) organics, which were very biodegradable. When ozone was applied to each molecular size fraction, it did not change the biodegradability of LMWs and BOD₅/COD stayed constant at about 50%. Ozonation, on the other hand, increased the biodegradability of HMWs by 50%. Hence, it was found important to remove the LMW organics before ozonating the wastewater to reduce the size of the bubble column and improve the overall performance of ozonation through reducing scavengers of oxidizing radicals. Statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the initial pH (range: 9 to 11) and temperature (range: 20 and 60°C) of the effluent did not influence the biodegradability improvement during the ozonation at 95% confidence level. However, the effect of pH became significant when a wider range of pH (4.5 vs. 11) was examined. The rate of COD removal during the ozonation followed a first order kinetics with respect to COD. The percentage COD removal during the actual biological treatment was found more than the value estimated using BOD₅/COD and a linear function was obtained to correlate them.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of
Graduate

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37

Lo, Lun-Wei, i 羅偉倫. "Inactivate Escherichia coli from wastewater treatment plant effluent by filtration with different packing media". Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/61011283149882203041.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
環境工程學研究所
105
Water is one of the basic needs of human. With the increase of population, water resource has been over used for agriculture, industry and drinking water in many areas and may lead to environmental problems. It’s important to seek the way to solve the shortage of water resource. Using treated wastewater as new water resource is one of the methods. The treated wastewater effluent from wastewater treatment plants could be a stable and readily available secondary type of water resource. Although the wastewater effluent has been treated in the wastewater treatment plants, it’s still contain a lot of pollutant and microorganism. Filtration system is one of the treatments which commonly used for wastewater reuse. Filtration system has less cost and energy, it also cost less problem and pollution to environment. During the filtration, some chemical, physical and biological reactions such as adsorption, filtration, interception, oxidation and biodegradation may happen and reduce the pollutant. This study explores the pathogen inactivation abilities of three different materials (zero-valent iron(ZVI), sand and pulverized oyster shell) when used as the padding materials in soil percolation. Columns filled with these three materials were fed with recovery water from the wastewater treatment plant within fresh Escherichia coli (1 × 104 to 2.7 × 104 CFU/mL). Since the bacteria in wastewater would compete against E. coli and caused inactivation, the influent of following inactivation experiment are autoclaved before E. coli addition. Five different columns are utilized to evaluate the inactivation efficiencies of a control (C, without padding materials), a sand column (S), a zero-valent iron-sand column, and a pulverized oyster shell-sand column (OS). Inactivation efficiencies were obtained from the E. coli life counts form the influents and effluents. The changes of viable E. coli between influent and effluent in control column are less than 1 log unit. The sand column and pulverized oyster shell-sand column resulted in 2 and 1 log unit reduction, respectively. The zero-valent iron-sand column reduced more than 3 log unit in the inactivation experiment. Among three different materials, the column filled of zero-valent iron-sand has the highest E. coli inactivation efficiencies than sand filtration alone or pulverized oyster shell-sand filtration.

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38

Nelson, Heather M. "Performance of polymeric membrane systems in the treatment of poultry processing plant waste effluent". 2006. http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga%5Fetd/nelson%5Fheather%5Fm%5F200612%5Fphd.

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39

Moreno, Patricio Alejandro. "Evaluation of factors responsible for high effluent suspended solids events in the Kuwahee wastewater treatment plant". 2004. http://etd.utk.edu/2004/MorenoPatricio.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2004.
Title from title page screen (viewed Sept. 27, 2004). Thesis advisor: Gregory D. Reed. Document formatted into pages (x, 155 p. : ill. (some col.)). Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 103-106).

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40

Hsu, Yuan-che, i 許原哲. "Study of Treating Effluent from a Hospital Wastewater Treatment Plant by a Constructed Wetland System". Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/41805360863460987445.

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碩士
嘉南藥理科技大學
環境工程與科學系碩士班
94
This study has set up the Artificial Wetland Experimental System Model Field for area about 1200m2 beside the wastewater treatment plant of Dalin Tzu Chi Medical Center, Chiayi Hsien, hoping to pump from the original wastewater treatment plant (secondary treatment water) into the designed artificial wetland experimental system model field for ecological treatment (tertiary treatment) with natural ecological water purification method in an attempt to reduce the total nitrogen amount to the degree of “agricultural irrigation water standard”, also to achieve the goal of environmental protection and reservation for best recycling and reuse of the water resource that Cheng Yen, the founder of Tzu Chi Foundation, intends to do all the time. At the beginning when this Artificial Wetland Experimental System Model Field was set up, it has practically applied the treatment material and technique that better met natural environmental protection idea to achieve energy saving, low cost and reduce of second time pollution, and to display local ecological, scenic and educational, etc., functions. Of the 1200m2 area, the total designed area for the Artificial Wetland Experimental System Model Field is 782m2, which is divided into three units for FWS wetland area 450 m2, SSF wetland area 186m2, and the rest 146m2 has been connected to ecological scenic pond. The average water pumping is 30m3 of wastewater flow daily (discharged water after second degree treatment), which almost reaches 0.05m/day of the hydraulic loading rate. The discharged wastewater mainly from the medical water of Dalin Tzu Chi Medical Center and daily use water of the households has been loaded into the wastewater treatment plant and then pumped into the Artificial Wetland Experimental System Model Field. The operation results at the earlier stage indicated that although the water quality of the incoming flow density was very low, however, after going through the Artificial Wetland Experimental System Model Field there was treatment result partially. Of the discharged water from the wastewater treatment of the Dalin Tzu Chi Medical Center before experiment, except the Total Nitrogen (TN) amount, the different kinds of water quality report from the rest have met the “agricultural irrigation water standard”. The results indicated that the Nitrogen nitrate had the highest density (28.65mg N/L) of the Total Nitrogen (TN), which might reduce to 15.99 mg N/L upon artificial wetland treatment that made a reduction rate of 44%. Due to the model field was at the activated “adaptation period” at the beginning that it did not achieve the expected reduction efficiency because the green plants has just started to grow so the density was low, while the carbon source for de-niter function was also insufficient. As to the Nitrogen nitrate ridden efficiency at the FWS wetland and SSF wetland, the former was 15% and the latter was 34%, which indicated SSF wetland has stronger ridden efficiency than FWS wetland. When the experiment has moved to stable stage (six months), the daily water discharge rate was increased to 70m3/d, which equaled 0.11m/day of the hydraulic loading rate. The results indicated that the Nitrogen nitrate has reduced from the original 37.58 mg N/L to 11.98 mg N/L with 68% of ridden efficiency. It is the same as the other wetland Nitrogen nitrate ridden efficiency under the same conditions on the documentary records. Further, to compare the Nitrogen nitrate ridden efficiency of the FWS and SSF wetlands, the Nitrogen nitrate ridden efficiency of the FWS was 2.48 gN/m2/d, and SSF, 3.61 gN/m2/d, which indicated SSF wetland has better Nitrogen nitrate ridden efficiency than that of the FWS wetland. Such comparison proved that data of the model field at the activated “adaptation period” and the operational function after the stable stage, the performance of the FWS and SSF wetlands was the same. Due to after the wetland getting into the stable stage and flowed into the FWS and SSF wetlands, of the data obtained from different sample taking observation stations, the Nitrogen nitrate ridden speed was higher than any other station, on the contrary, the incoming flow of the wetlands at the adaptation stage had no such performance. While high N/P incoming flow density (incoming flow contained no positive phosphoric acid density), and amino nitrogen and nitrous acid showed no increasing value at the wetlands. Therefore, the nitrogen nitrate was ridden through de-niter function at the artificial wetland to leave the wetland system model field.

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41

Wu, Pin-lung, i 吳彬榮. "Using Propagation Neural Network to Predict Secondary Effluent Quality from Science Park Sewage Treatment Plant". Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/94957800885125756942.

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碩士
朝陽科技大學
環境工程與管理系碩士班
99
This study used Back-Propagation Neural Network (BNN) to discuss quality changes of effluent water from science park sewage treatment plant in order to construct a science park sewage treatment plant simulation framework, and further simulate and forecast the effluent water quality. It finally evaluated the relative residual on the model predicted value and actual value to assess prediction efficiency. This study adopted 12 input variables in the input layer, namely Potential of Hydrogen (pH) of entering water, Sludge Retention Times (SRT), Food to Microorganism ratio (F/M), Volume Load Review (VLR), Solids Load (SL), Aeration Basin Retention Times (ABRT), Fast Mixing Basin Retention Times (FMBRT), Slow Mixing Basin Retention Times (SMBRT), Sedimentation Basin Surface Overflow Rate (SBSOR), Sedimentation Basin Effluent Temperature(SBET), Sludge Volume Index (SVI), Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (MLSS). Three output variables were adopted in output layer, which are Suspended Solids (SS) of effluent water, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) to carry out individual forecast. In this study, the operating rate was 0.1; the number of hidden layer neurons was 15, and the training frequency was 100,000. During the training course of BOD, when 5 input variables were adopted for 1 output variable, Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of effluent water was 28.05%, Correlation Coefficient (R) was 0.351. During the forecast process, if 12 input variables were adopted for 1 output variable, the MAPE value was 23.06%, and the R value was 0.269, it has the best effect. During the training course of COD, if 12 input variables were adopted for 1 output variable, the MAPE value was 19.49%, and R value was 0.420, it has the best effect. During the forecast process, if 2 input variables were adopted for 1 output variable, the MAPE value was 15.19% and R value was 0.138, it has the best effect. During the training process of SS, if 4 input variables were adopted for 1 output variable, the MAPE value was 22.00%, and R value was 0.734, it has the best effect. During the forecast process, if 4 input variables were adopted to 1 output variable, the MAPE value was 20.23%, and R value was 0.168, it has the best effect. During the training course, if 12 variables were adopted to 1 output variable was adopted, the MAPE values of effluent water SS, BOD, COD were 22.63%, 23.06%, and 19.49%, respectively; R values were 0.725, 0.269, and 0.420, respectively. During the forecast process, if 12 input variables were adopted for 1 output variable, the MAPE values of effluent water SS, BOD, COD were 21.91%, 23.06%, and 19.81%, respectively; R values were -0.127, 0.269, and -0.025, respectively.As a whole, the results from forecasting SS, BOD and COD of science park sewage plant by BNN showed that most of MAPE values are in reasonable range, indicating that forecasting concentration and alteration trend may be both known. As a result, it is feasible to use BNN to forecast effluent water concentration of industrial park sewage plant. The relevant results of this study can be used as reference for operation and diagnosis of science park sewage treatment plant.

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42

Cho, Yu-yu, i 卓宥愉. "Using Adaptive fuzzy Neural Network to Predict Effluent Quality from Science Park Sewage Treatment Plant". Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52876578408165178530.

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碩士
朝陽科技大學
環境工程與管理系碩士班
101
In this study, adaptive network based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) was used to explore the variation of effluent from the wastewater treatment plant of scientific park. The simulation framework for the wastewater treatment plant of scientific park was established, the effluent quality was predicted, the errors between the predicted values and the observed values were analyzed, and the model performance was evaluated. When predicting effluent suspended solids (SS), the SS from the third clarifier, the SS from the second clarifier (second stage), and the SS from the third clarifier (second stage) were taken as the input parameters. When predicting effluent chemical oxygen demand (COD), the COD from the second clarifier, the COD from the third clarifier, and the effluent biochemical oxygen demand were taken as the input parameters. The membership functions (MFs) including triangle, trapezoidal, bell, and Gaussian MFs were adopted in prediction simulation for comparisons. When predicting SS, the performance in which the bell MFs were adopted prevailed others. When predicting COD, the performance in which the trapezoidal MFs were adopted prevailed others. When predicting SS, the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) was 25.24 %, the correlation coefficient (R) was 0.347 with bell MFs and three input parameters. When predicting COD, the MAPE was 19.24 %, the R was 0.895 with trapezoidal MFs and three input parameters.

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43

Hung, Jung-Chang, i 洪榮昌. "Municipal Reclaimed Water in NeiHu Wastewater Treatment Plant Using Reverse Osmosis Membrane in secondary Effluent". Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8stwjh.

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碩士
國立臺北科技大學
環境規劃與管理研究所
93
This research is based on the experiments conducted in secondary Effluent in NeiHu Wastewater Treatment Plant using Reverse Osmosis System (RO) under study for a period of 10 months in non stop operation. These experiments enabled the understanding of the operation of Reverse Osmosis System, qualitative and quantitative water treatment under different controlled environment using the system. They also afforded the analysis of water treatment volume and its quality, operation efficiency, uses of Reclaimed Water (RW) and costs of treatment. During the experimental period, observations showed that when the pressure is increased at the input, the volume of flow, recovery rate, and rejection rate increase, the quality of the water that permeated through the membrane improves. However, urban wastewater treatment for Potable Water requires operation of the (RO) system with disinfecting chemicals, equipment, and media, without which, bio-fouling rapidly generates and spreads, resulting in reduced pressure at the input over a short period of time. The disparity in pressure between the input at the membrane and the concentrated fluid sharply increases and diminishes the quality and volume of the output of permeated water. Compared with the period prior to the installation of the auxiliary disinfecting equipment, after installation (of the auxiliary equipment) the overall volume of flow of the output decreased by 17.5%. Utilizing Sand Filtration (SF), the rejection rates for Floating Solids, Turbidity, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and NH3 are 85.6%, 74.1%, 35.9%, 27.1%, and 22.1% respectively. There is a 3.3% Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) rejection.With Activated Carbon Filtration (ACF), the rejection rates for Floating Solids, Turbidity, (COD), (BOD), and NH3 are 31.8%, 47.8%, 12%, 11.7%, 11.9% respectively, including a 4.6% rejection of TDS. However, when Reverse Osmosis is utilized, the water quality through (ACF) is similar to the result of (SF). Therefore the Activated Carbon Filtration does not present a significant advantage economically. Further, the Carbon Cartridge Filter rejects Floating Solids & Turbidity only at rates of 25% and 6.7%. TDS, Nitrogen and Phosphorous levels remaining in the water are much higher. And finally, there is the additional problem of algae forming on the wall of the cartridge as a result of the high volume of bacteria generated from the upstream carbon module. In the 10 months continuous operational study of the (RO) System (including the auxiliary (SF) & (ACF), the fouling generated is primarily organic fouling and bio-fouling. This fouling could be reduced or eliminated by using 0.5% NaOH. Once the fouling is reduced or removed, the MTCw value will also be restored. (Note: In the cleaning process, it’s important for the plant operator to pay close attention to the color, smell & foaming action the chemical displays in the system.) Reverse Osmosis permeated water could meet the potable drinking water standards once processed through air stripping and disinfection. Although, the volume generated is sufficient for use in the plant, the cost of treatment is TW $41/m3 because limited volume is handling through an (RO) system.This study concludes my belief that the operational costs of (RO) treatment can be reduced if, and when, there are methods utilized to increase the volume rate. Until those methods are developed and implemented, the treated water resulting from the lower cost treatment of using only sand filtration (SF), and cartridge filtration (ACF), without (RO), are adequate to meets the significant demands for Reclaimed Water (RW) standards suitable for agricultural irrigation as well as landscape irrigation water requirements.

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44

Teng, Hsien-Chih, i 鄧先志. "The Treatment Efficiencies of Swine Wastewater Effluent by Different Plant Species in Subsurface Flow and Aquatic Plant Constructed Wetland Systems". Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39741786280218583090.

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碩士
國立中山大學
海洋環境及工程學系研究所
102
In this study, we used salt tolerance and freshwater aquatic plants species in subsurface flow and aquatic plant systems to treat swine wastewater effluent. The freshwater aquatic plant species, including water hyacinth and water cabbage, have been studied in Taiwan, China and other countries. This two species of aquatic plants have been applied in many cases, and have the characteristic of rapid growth, which might cause ecological pollution. However, some studies showed that the wastewater with high salinity would limit the growth of aquatic plant species, and even might cause to death. Therefore, in this research we used salt tolerance plants(Bermuda grass, Sea purslane and Suaeda nudiflora) to treat swine wastewater, and expect that they could reduce the impact to aquatic plants from swine wastewater, so that it could increase the removal efficiency. Salt tolerance plants in subsurface flow constructed wetland systems, initially showed high efficiency for removal of TP, by five-fold dilution of wastewater with the highest removal rates of 52.2% and primary removal rate of 31.8%. Salt tolerance plants in subsurface flow constructed wetland systems removal of TN, presented stock solution removal rate of 67.5%. The rate for TP removal in water hyacinth aquatic plant constructed wetland systems for was measured up to 61.9% for the stock solution, while water cabbage aquatic plant constructed wetland systems could be up to 39.2% for the five-fold dilution. The rate in water hyacinth aquatic plant constructed wetland systems for wastewater TN removal was up to 63.1% for the stock solution, while water cabbage aquatic plant constructed wetland systems could be up to 50.0% for the five-fold dilution. For the overall system, the rate of change of the electrical conductivity was decreased to 34.3%. The removal wet weight of Bermuda grass and Sea purslane were measured equal to 2.35(kg/m2) and 1.67(kg/m2) per month respectively, while the removal of nitrogen was 12.59(kg/m2) and 7.18(kg/m2) per month respectively and removal of phosphorus was equal to 0.82(kg/m2) and 0.82(kg/m2) per month respectively. The removal wet weight of water hyacinth and water cabbage were measured equal to 7.57(kg/m2) and 2.71(kg/m2) per month respectively, while the removal nitrogen was 15.75(kg/m2) and 4.93(kg/m2) per month respectively, and removal phosphorus was 1.57(kg/m2) and 0.46(kg/m2) per month respectively.

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45

Ching-WanChuang i 莊清萬. "A Study of Strategic Planning for Wastewater Treatment Plant Under the Change of the Effluent Standards". Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/33291408569674190384.

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碩士
國立成功大學
工學院工程管理碩士在職專班
101
With the rapid technological and industrial development, industrial wastewater with contamination discharged into receiving waters has been increased dramatically. The treated wastewater cannot only relies on the self-purification ability of receiving water. The live space for aquatics is shrank due to pollutants. For the ecological and sustainable management of the earth, the restriction of effluent standard must be imposed. This study emphasized that enterprises can effectively invest and plan the controlling devices policy quickly for effluent standards based on a model which is established by Delphi Method and Expert interview when the environmental protection agency intend to adjust the effluent standards or update of water pollution standards. This model can reduce effectively and efficiently the management planning of wastewater treatment, strain management time and avoid unnecessary controlling cost for environmental protection and sustainable development of a win-win situation. This research makes the unobvious knowledge to well-known one for those who need as reference. Keywords： Effluent standards、Waste water treatment、Delphi、Strategic planning

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46

Hsu, Pei-Chen, i 許珮甄. "The Effluent Reuse for Agricultural Irrigation from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants - A Case Study of the Pa-Li Wastewater Treatment Plant". Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/zsr4wg.

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碩士
國立臺北科技大學
環境規劃與管理研究所
93
The water demand is increasing gradually and the water resource shortages problems will be more serious in Taiwan. The reclaimed water from municipal wastewater treatment plant is actually a very reliable alternative water resource, because of its stable quantity and the lower pollution quality. In addition, the water demand of agricultural irrigation is the highest portion in Taiwan. For this reason, the objective of this study is to assess municipal treated water reuse for agricultural irrigation, including water reclamation technologies and water quality standards. In addition, the research assessed the feasibility of the effluent reuse from Pa-Li wastewater treatment plant to Tao-Yuan areas for the irrigation. The concentration of the total nitrogen from the secondary effluent could not confirm the required water quality standards. But nitrogen is an important element for the crop, therefore, to employ nitrogen removal process, dilute the concentrated of reclamation water with original irrigation water, or to adjust internal standard are available. The advantage of water reuse from the Pa-Li wastewater treatment plant to Tao-Yuan areas is the large amount of water. But the wastewater of Pa-Li wastewater treatment plant is only treated to the primary level, some water qualities could not reach the required water criteria. The study suggests using the stepping aeration process to remove organic matter and the MLE process to remove total nitrogen in the Pa-Li wastewater treatment plant. However, the feasibility is restricted by the area of factory. Considering for present master plan status of the Pa-Li wastewater plant, only 9 % of treated water can be regenerated for agricultural irrigation demand. For this reason, it is necessary to coordinate and regain the borrowed land in order to increase the area for the advanced processes.

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47

Tsai, Yao-Sheng, i 蔡曜聲. "Assessment of the efficiency of contact media channel purification process on effluent from secondary wasterwater treatment plant". Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/zchvuf.

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碩士
朝陽科技大學
環境工程與管理系碩士班
92
The technologies in which the pollutants were removed or transformed according to natural recycle or purification principles in natural bulk water are called water quality purification ecological engineering. The 0.5 m wide channel was compartmented into 6 stages, the length of each stage was 10 m, the total length was 60 m; a tail-weir was used to control water depth. In this study, contact media channel purification process（CMCP）process filled with honey-comb media was adopted to implement continuous flow experiments, and the effluent quality and removal efficiency were observed under steady state. A mathematical model was derived to determine the design parameters, i.e., p and Ks. The removal efficiency of suspended solid （SS）, chemical oxygen demand （COD）, biochemical oxygen demand （BOD）, total nitrogen （COD）and total phosphorus（TP）were 69.8 ~ 89.0, 26.4 ~ 65.0, 46.5 ~ 87.1, 18.9 ~ 45.9 and 3.95 ~ 4.83 %, respectively. The removal efficiency of BOD5 and SS increased when water depth increased, and it decreased as aeration flowrate. Increase of media wet area resulted in decrease of SS. A tail-weir was used to control water depth, so SS were removed due to the settling mechanism. The removal efficiency of COD decreased as aeration flowrate increased, and increase of water depth did not affect the removal efficiency of COD significantly. The removal efficiency of TN increased when aeration flowrate increased, and increase of water depth did not affect the removal efficiency of TN significantly. The removal efficiency of TP was low, and increase of water depth and aeration flowrate did not affect the removal efficiency of TP significantly. Keywords Water quality natural purification ecological engineering, contact media channel purification process, honey-comb media, design parameter, water depth, aeration flowrate.

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48

Su, Han-Chang, i 蘇漢昌. "Using based fuzzy inference system to improve the network prediction of effluent quality from wastewater treatment plant". Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/55474069672356235353.

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碩士
朝陽科技大學
環境工程與管理系碩士班
96
The primary goals of the study are as follows: (1) to utilize grey relational analysis to select system parameters of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and use backpropagation neural network (BNN) and Adaptive Network based Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) to construct models for predicting Effluent quality from WWTPs; (2) to probe into the Effects that backpropagation neural network and Adaptive Network based Fuzzy Inference System respectively estimate the Effluent quality of various types of WWTPs (3) to compare the Effects of two different models for predicting the Effluent quality from WWTPs. The results indicated Prediction of Effluent Quality from Wastewater Trentment Plant in Industrial Park Using Online Monitoring Parameters - Application of backpropagation neural network and Adaptive Network based Fuzzy Inference System, The results indicated that the minimum mean absolute percentage errors of 4.93 %, 0.83 % and 0.57 % and Pearson’s correlation for 0.96、0.83、0.91 for SSeff、CODeff、pHeff could be achieved using different types of BNN, Minimum mean absolute percentage errors of 2.90 %, 2.54 % and 0.36 % and Pearson’s correlation for 0.97、0.85、0.98 for SSeff、CODeff、pHeff could be achieved using different types of ANFIS.And utilize four kinds trimf, trapmf, gbellmf and gaussmf in ANFIS to four the Membership function and predict WWTPs SSeff、CODeff、pHeff of prediction result had better regard gbellmf as all, gaussmf take second, under the Membership function for trapmf and trimf respectively finally. ANFIS of research this really can improve anticipation of WWTPS of BNN and compare two species model of Efficiencies obtain good prediction result all.

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49

Lin, Shiu-ping, i 林修平. "Application of Principal Components Analysis and Artifical Neural Networks on Quality Predictionof Effluent in Wastewater Treatment Plant". Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31259099742037576676.

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碩士
立德管理學院
資源環境研究所
94
The variety of factories and their products in the industrial park has contributed to the dramatic change of influent water quality and influent flow rate of wastewater treatment plant in the industrial park as well as increase the uncertainty of operations management. On the basis of the influent of wastewater treatment plant and the operating conditions of each processing element, the effluent water quality can be calculated accurately and punctually. By this way, operating conditions of wastewater treatment plant can be adjusted or modified in time which is very beneficial to the operations management of wastewater treatment plant. Previous studies in relation with the calculation of effluent water quality of wastewater treatment plant have only applied neural networks and simulation. However, little concern has been paid to the engineering practices. There are multiple and interrelated input parameters pertaining to characteristics of effluent water quality. To consider both perspectives of numerical analysis and engineering practice and the rationality, the present study aims to apply principal component analysis which is widely used to complete the screening of input parameters in the case of the most complicated activated sludge system of wastewater treatment plant. Due to the reason that each component contains all input parameters, such method can present from selecting the main parameters inconsistent with that of real practice, lessen the unnecessary input parameters efficiently and preserve the basic information from original data structure so as to promote the process of back-propagation neural networks. Data were collected and based on the monitoring parameter and operating parameter from wastewater treatment plant of industrial park located in southern Taiwan from August, 2000 to September, 2002. First, principal component analysis was used to gain the new parameters. Then, the hydraulic retention time of each processing element is used to determine the influence order. Through back-propagation neural networks, the calculation of final effluent water quality of activated sludge system of wastewater treatment plant of industrial part is proved to be more effective than the calculation from conventional neural networks. Finally, after improved tests, the historical value of calculation items and the new parameters derived from principal component analysis can be employed to calculate COD of effluent water quality and the concentration of SS. After calculation, the results show that the test correlation coefficients are 0.774 and 0.706 respectively.

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50

Wei, Te-Ming, i 魏德明. "Use of constructed wetlands to purify the effluent from a wastewater treatment plant in metal processing industries". Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/76682113964509224254.

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碩士
嘉南藥理科技大學
環境工程與科學系碩士班
96
In the early years, the traditional metal processing industries used to make an impression on people as contamination creators. However, along with the awareness of environmental consciousness, we, as members of the global village, cannot put ourselves aside anymore. While on the basis of Corporate Social Responsibility, not only should we conform to the statute, but also take actions to alleviate the environmental impact and achieve the goal of corporate sustainable development. The focus of the study is on the treatment of the effluent from a wastewater treatment plant in a metal processing company by using constructed wetland systems to re-purify the wastewater and diminish the environmental impact. In which system, there are three units, including a FWS (free water surface flow) wetland, an Eco-Pond and a grassed ditch, that occpupy about 2,107m2 of water surface area. During this study, the flowrate of influent wastewater to the constructed wetland system averaged 131m3/d. Aiming at the metals content, we analyzed the water quality, sediment, vegetation and every element in the water, and checked out if sediment, vegetation and other mediums were regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency. The result of the analysis in water quality indicated that the wetland system further reduced the influent BOD with 58.5% that was than COD removal of 20.5%. Nitrogen and phosphorous removal by the wetland system was 33.3 % and 12 %, respectively. We supposed that the pollutant concentration of influent wastewater was low too and could affect the resulted removal efficiency. The reduction of metals from influent to effluent of the wetland system was 94.0% for Cr, 61.2% for Cu, 60.8% for Ni, 47.8% for Zn, 47.1% for Mn, 35.6% for Pb. Besides, the analysis result of sediment showed that the content of Fe and Al were higher than other metals, and the climax of the metal contents was at the inlet zone of the FWS wetland. Furthermore, the concentration of metals, particularly for Cu, Cr, Mn, and Pb, decreased gradually along the route of the flow path. In addition, the result of the analysis in vegetation (water spinach) harvested from the wetland system showed that the content of Fe and Al were higher than other metals. To compare with the normal concentration in ordinary plants, only the content of Cu in the harvested vegetation surpassed the regular range. For food safety concern, the content of Fe in the harvested vegetation was lower than that in the same species of vegetation purchased from markets, while the contents of Pb, Zn, and Mn were little higher. However, Cd wasn’t found in the both vegetation samples. According to the outcome of the experiment, we discovered that constructed wetlands did have good effects on improving water quality by re-purifying the effluent from the wastewater treatment plant of the metal processing company, and the accumulation of metal concentration in wetland plants and sediments were both below the related regulatory standards. However, due to the time limit, long-term monitoring and investigation should be needed in order to have a definite conclusion.

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