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1
Pawlowsky, Verena. "Luxury Item or Urgent Commercial Need?" Journal of Transport History 34, nr 2 (grudzień 2013): 177–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/tjth.34.2.6.
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The possession of an automobile prior to the Second World War was still an elite phenomenon, and the number of registered automobiles was low. Europe was no exception, especially Austria. Unusually detailed numerical vehicle registration data nevertheless show the growing importance of motorists as a target for motor vehicle advertising and as objects of official statistics in the 1930s. The paper uses the information to examine the affordability of automobility at that period of transition, automobile sales strategies and the use made of cars by Austrians in different occupations.
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Wang, Shaoguang, i Xiuling Wang. "Modeling and Analysis of the Effects of Noise Barrier Shape and Inflow Conditions on Highway Automobiles Emission Dispersion". Fluids 4, nr 3 (8.08.2019): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids4030151.
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Recent research has suggested that noise barriers have significant impacts on near-road automobile emissions reduction. T-shaped noise barriers have better performance on reducing noise than others, however, their effects on automobile emissions reduction are not clear. In this research, commercial software ANSYS®Fluent 19.2 (Ansys Inc., Canonsburg, PA, USA) was applied to simulate the noise barrier shape and different inflow wind shear condition effects on highway automobiles emission dispersion. Various Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) models were tested. The realizable k-ε turbulence model was selected to simulate the turbulent flow caused by fast moving vehicles on highway based on the comparison results. A non-reacting species transport model was applied to simulate emission dispersion. Results showed that the T-shaped barrier was able to help reduce highway automobiles emission concentration in downstream areas more than the rectangular barrier. An optimized range of the T-shape was proposed; under the inflow condition without wind shear, the noise barrier shape effects on automobiles emission reduction were not significant.
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ISMAIL, MUHAMMAD YUSRI, M.S. Beg, M.F. Jamlos, W.H. Azmi, N.H. Badrulhisam i Omar I. Awad. "Potential and Limitation of Internet of Things (IOT) Application in the Automotive Industry: An Overview". International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 19, nr 3 (11.10.2022): 9939–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.19.3.2022.06.0766.
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With yearly output exceeding 70 million units, the automotive industry is one of the world's largest manufacturing industries. According to worldwide estimates, the car industry's global revenue was an astounding 3 trillion dollars equating to a combined global GDP of 3.65 percent. The emergence of IoT in the automobile sector has created new opportunities for automakers and purchasers worldwide. With industrial and commercial applications, IoT in the automobile industry has developed into a significant hotspot for a variety of multipurpose applications. From linked automobiles to automated transportation systems, Internet of Things applications have had a significant impact on the worldwide automotive business. The Internet of Things, along with other disruptive technologies, is reshaping the automobile sector as a whole. The evolution of this sector has resulted in the birth of ground-breaking advancements in automobiles, namely linked and autonomous vehicles. Different types of internet of things technology have significant qualities that make them viable candidates as a technology for use in automotive industry. This paper focuses on internet of things latest findings done by previous researcher and describes the operation of the technology. Moreover, this paper also provides insights into some countermeasures against internet of things.
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Miljković, Marko. "Making automobiles in Yugoslavia: Fiat technology in the Crvena Zastava Factory, 1954–1962". Journal of Transport History 38, nr 1 (18.04.2017): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022526617702158.
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The license agreement between the Italian Fiat and the Yugoslav Crvena Zastava, signed in 1954, was the first commercial arrangement and enterprise between a Western corporation and a socialist country in the post-war era. The Yugoslav side expected the establishment of the modern automobile industry to have a spin-off effect, helping to modernise the entire industrial sector. However, this ambitious plan failed to materialise, leaving the country with Western-type automobiles, which often fell below even East European quality standards. As it was linked to almost the entire industrial sector, the underperformance of the Yugoslav automobile industry can be understood as both a reason for and indication of a dangerously overstretched political and economic system. In particular, the ‘ethnic key’ policy and so-called workers’ self-management were bottlenecks in reaching successful outcomes, only further fuelling Yugoslav contradictions instead of helping to modernise the Yugoslav economy.
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Chi, Yao Dan, Hai Long Gu, Yin Han Gao, Xiao Tian Yang i Sheng Qian Zhang. "Survey to Automobile Electromagnetic Compatibility Simulation Software". Applied Mechanics and Materials 220-223 (listopad 2012): 2968–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.220-223.2968.
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With the rapid developments of computer technology and computing electromagnetism, it is possible to simulate the electromagnetic compatibility of automobiles. At the beginning of the design, electromagnetic compatibility simulation analysis of automobiles can not only shorten the research cycle, but also reduce the cost. In this paper, we summarized the current commercial electromagnetic compatibility simulation analysis software, analyzed the features and applied algorithms of each software, and gave the simulation examples of Ansoft HFSS and FEKO.
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Saxena, Shreyash, Mahesha G T i Srinivas G. "Aerodynamic Drag Reduction of Commercial Ground Vehicles Using Numerical Techniques". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1100, nr 1 (1.12.2022): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1100/1/012013.
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Abstract Automobiles of today warrants improved aerodynamic behaviour that results in low drag producing vehicles. Such optimally designed vehicles offer advantages such as better overall performance, desirable driveability, rapid response, improved stability and added fuel economy. In this paper, an attempt is made to accomplish lower drag coefficient by incorporating the dimples shape on the vehicle roof surface. Aerodynamic flow analysis was conducted with and without dimple shape effect on a bus truck trailer and commercial vehicles, using ANSYS Fluent software tool. Effect of different sized and shaped dimples on aerodynamic performance was analysed as well. Results obtained were validated with available literature and it is found that coefficient of drag obtained showed less than 10 % error. It was found that drag values were significantly reduced with dimple effect on both the commercial vehicles. Both models demonstrated that the fluid flowing on the surface did not separate from the vehicle roof, and the vortex size at the back was reduced. Further paper gives a detailed study of various parameters like turbulence model effect, pressure distribution on the vehicles, temperature and mach number variations. This study is proposed to enhance energy efficiency of the automobiles as better aerodynamics improves their mileage and fuel economy.
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Cai, Zengxiao, Md Abdullah Al Faruque, Alper Kiziltas, Deborah Mielewski i Maryam Naebe. "Sustainable Lightweight Insulation Materials from Textile-Based Waste for the Automobile Industry". Materials 14, nr 5 (5.03.2021): 1241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14051241.
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Globally, automotive manufacturers are looking for ways to produce environmentally sustainable and recyclable materials for automobiles to meet new regulations and customer desires. To enable the needs for rapid response, this study investigated the feasibility of using waste and virgin wool fibres as cost-effective and sustainable alternatives for automotive sound and heat insulation using a chemical-free approach. Several properties of the currently available commercial automotive insulators were investigated in order to facilitate the designing of green wool-based needle-punched nonwoven materials. The effect of fibre diameter, nonwoven surface, layer structure, thickness, and area density on sound absorption and thermal resistance was investigated. The results suggested that the wool nonwoven materials, fabricated using waste and virgin wool fibres, possessed extremely efficient acoustic and thermal insulating properties comparable with the currently used commercial synthetic insulating materials. Besides, the wool nonwoven materials showed identical antibacterial and antifungal properties with a greater biodegradation rate (50%) than that of the commercial synthetic insulating materials. Hence, this study showed that natural wool fibres have the potential to be used as green, lightweight, and sustainable materials in the automobiles, while they qualify for Reuse–Recycle and Reuse–Recover purposes at the end-of-life of vehicles.
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Sánchez-Sánchez, Nuria, i Adolfo Cosme Fernández Puente. "Collusive behaviour in the automobile sector in Spain. Quantifying consumer damages." Revista de Estudios Andaluces, nr 47 (2024): 98–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/rea.2024.i47.05.
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On July 23, 2015, the Spanish National Markets and Competition Commission (CNMC) passed judgement (S/0482/13) against 20 automotive sector companies for alleged restrictive competition practices between March 2004 and August 2013. The exchange of information among the different companies would have had repercussions on the fixing of vehicle sale prices, homogenization of conditions and future commercial plans for the automobile sale and post-sale services in Spain. This paper estimates the loss suffered by consumers as a result of these collusive practices using the Before and After method. We have reconstructed the prices that would have prevailed in the absence of the collusive practice. The analysis reveals an increase of 10.16 percent. The observation of the prices and the production of automobiles during the period exhibits an anomalous behaviour with respect to GDP evolution and prices in the economy as a whole.
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Gontijo, R. M., L. M. Silva i A. R. Pereira. "FUEL CELL: FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF ITS APPLICATION IN AUTOMOBILES". Revista de Engenharia Térmica 17, nr 1 (30.06.2018): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v17i1.62256.
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The need to reduce the emission of harmful gases into human life, together with the dependence on oil as a primary source of fuel for internal combustion engines (ICE), are part of the current global scenario. This scenario opens space for fuel cells (FC), technology that generates electricity as the main product of oxide-reduction reactions between Hydrogen and Oxygen. An efficient and clean alternative that appears as a possibility for the substitution of ICE. The present article proposes a model of FC and compares it technically with a conventional ICE, in order to prove the efficiency, performance and environmental impact feasibility of the use of this technology in commercial vehicles.
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Rao, Mohan D. "Recent applications of viscoelastic damping for noise control in automobiles and commercial airplanes". Journal of Sound and Vibration 262, nr 3 (maj 2003): 457–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-460x(03)00106-8.
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Singaram, Lakshmanan. "Biodiesel: An eco-friendly alternate fuel for the future: A review". Thermal Science 13, nr 3 (2009): 185–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0903185s.
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In today's society, researchers around the world are searching for ways to develop alternate forms of fuel. With the ever-rising fuel costs, developing alternate energy is a top priority. Biodiesel was developed to combat the high gas and oil prices. It is especially made for use in diesel cars and trucks. Biodiesel can be made from all natural foods that can produce oil. Oils such as vegetable, canola, peanut, rapeseed, palm, and olive oil can be used as bio diesel fuel. Virtually all oils that are used in the kitchens everyday can fuel automobiles. Biodiesel fuel is better for the environment because it burns cleaner and does not pollute the atmosphere. It is non-toxic and biodegradable, making it the perfect fuel. Many car manufacturers are realizing that the bio diesel automobile is becoming more popular, and are jumping on the bandwagon, by developing their own version of a biodiesel vehicle. They realize that the need for these vehicles will increase, and predict that they will be ready for the onslaught. Diesel engines have superior fuel efficiencies, and hence they are predominantly used in commercial transportation and agricultural machinery. Due to the shortage of diesel fuel and its increasing costs, a need for an alternate source of fuel for diesel engines is imminent. This paper investigates the suitability of biodiesels as such an alternative with particular reference to automobiles. It reviews techniques used to produce biodiesel and provides a comprehensive analysis of the benefits of using biodiesel over other fuels.
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Vishwa Krishna., R., R. Suwathy., M. Pragadeesh. i M. Venkatesan. "Drag reduction in a class 8 truck - scaled down model". MATEC Web of Conferences 172 (2018): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817201003.
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Trucks are heavy load vehicles used mainly for commercial transport operations. There are several classes of heavy duty commercial vehicles classified based on the weight loaded. More than 50% of the engine output power in such trucks is utilized to overcome the drag. Drag force in automobiles is the resistance offered by air on vehicles at higher speeds. Class 8 trucks suffer higher drag when compared to other classes. In the present work, a numerical model is developed using a commercial code ANSYS FLUENT to predict the drag coefficient value. The effects of gap width and cab front radius with a constant fairing is analysed using the numerical model developed. A Class 8 model truck with minimal drag coefficient having constant fairing and optimized gap width between the trailer and cab is proposed.
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Jun, Wang, i Ye Zhixian. "The Necessity and Feasibility of Usage-Based Insurance for New Energy Vehicles in China". Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting 23, nr 24 (28.12.2023): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajeba/2023/v23i241199.
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Aims: With the continuous development and growth of China's new energy automobile market, new automobile owners desire exclusive auto insurance. However, most insurance companies use traditional automobile commercial auto insurance to cover them. Under this pricing model, there is little overall difference in premiums, regardless of whether the driver's driving behavior is good or not. This paper wants to implement usage-based insurance (UBI) in China because it can add more auxiliary pricing factors, adjust according to the driver's driving behavior changes, and make auto insurance pricing more scientific and fair.
Study Design: This paper employs the literature review and market research methods to analyze the current product supply and consumer demand in the Chinese auto insurance market. Firstly, introduce the current situation of the development of the new energy automobile insurance market in China and its problems. Then, discuss the necessity and feasibility of developing UBI auto insurance for new energy vehicles in China. Finally, based on the reality of China's new energy vehicle UBI auto insurance gives some programs.
Conclusion: This paper finds that from the perspective of insurance companies, consumers, and the social level, UBI auto insurance for new energy automobiles is necessary, and it is also the direction of future auto insurance reform and development. Subsequently, combined with China's current relevant policies and technologies, it is concluded that the development of UBI auto insurance for new energy vehicles in China is feasible.
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Terzi, Umit Kemalettin, Huseyin Enes Ilhan, Habib Kaymaz, Hasan Erdal i Huseyin Çalik. "A Review of Commercial Electric Vehicle Charging Methods". PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 32, nr 2 (2.04.2020): 291–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v32i2.3252.
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Electric Vehicles (EVs) are rapidly becoming the forerunners of vehicle technology. First electric vehicles were overlooked because of not having adequate battery capacity and because of low efficiency of their electric motors. Developing semiconductor and battery technologies increased the interest in the EVs. Nevertheless, current batteries still have insufficient capacity. As a result of this, vehicles must be recharged at short distances (approximately 150 km). Due to scheduled departure and arrival times EVs appear to be more suitable for city buses rather than regular automobiles. Thanks to correct charging technology and the availability of renewable energy for electric buses, the cities have less noise and CO2 emissions. The energy consumption of internal combustion engines is higher than of the electric motors. In this paper, studies on the commercial electric vehicle charging methods will be reviewed and the plug-in charging processes will be described in detail. This study strives to answer the questions of how plug-in charging process communication has performed between the EV and Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE).
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Nguyen, Thanh Cong. "Modeling and Calculating Vibration Characteristic of Car Body Assembled and Manufactured in Vietnam". Applied Mechanics and Materials 889 (marzec 2019): 315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.889.315.
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In recently years, Automotive industry in Vietnam is a fast growing sector, mainly reliant on domestic produces, assembly and sales. There are some details of cars that have been modeled, calculated to research and fabricate. Body vibration of the vehicles is one of the criteria to evaluate quality in the process of manufacturing and assembling automobiles. There are so many factors affecting on vibration of vehicles, in that body structure is one of the main causes. Up to now, automobiles manufactured and assembled in Vietnam have not yet had specific evaluations and standards on vibration. Determination of characteristic body vibration is a main part to reduce sound and vibration. In this paper, the modelling and calculating the body’s characteristic vibration of cars manufactured, assembled in Vietnam was researched. The body structure is designed by 3D model using commercial Catia Software. The model was transformed from Catia software to Hypermesh software, using finite element method to simulate. The calculation results of 25 measurement characteristic vibrations whose frequency is in range of 22.77 Hz to 97.21 Hz. The results are shown that, characteristic vibration of state 1 and 2 significantly influence the noise of the body. This is also the basis for optimal analysis of the body structure to control the vibration and noise of automobiles.
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Aljarrah, M., Elhachmi Essadiqi, D. H. Kang i In Ho Jung. "Solidification Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Hot Rolled and Annealed Mg Sheet Produced through Twin Roll Casting Route". Materials Science Forum 690 (czerwiec 2011): 331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.690.331.
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The use of wrought magnesium for automobile structural components is an important component of the mass reduction strategy for automobiles to improve their fuel efficiency. Compared to Direct chill casting, Twin Roll Casting (TRC) allows major reduction of hot rolling steps in the production of Mg sheet due to the thin thickness of the as-cast strip. This TRC route can substantially reduce the time and cost to produce Mg alloy sheet product. In this work, AZ31 magnesium alloy was casted to 5 and 6 mm thick strips under different process conditions. Microstructure of these strips was analyzed using optical microscopy, SEM and EPMA. TRC strip was annealed under two different conditions: 2 hours at 330 and 1 hour at 400°C. It has been found that heat treatment at 400°C for 1 hour reduces centerline segregation significantly. TRC strips were rolled down to 2 mm and annealed at 450°C for 2 minutes. The average grain size was 4-6 µm and mechanical properties were comparable with commercial AZ31 sheet.
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Lee, Yousik, Samuel Woo, Jungho Lee, Yunkeun Song, Heeseok Moon i Dong Hoon Lee. "Enhanced Android App-Repackaging Attack on In-Vehicle Network". Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2019 (3.02.2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5650245.
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The convergence of automobiles and ICT (information and communication technology) has become a new paradigm for the development of next-generation vehicles. In particular, connected cars represent the most in-demand automobile-ICT convergence technology. With the development of 5G technology, communication between vehicle and external device using autonomous driving and Internet of things (IoT) technology has been remarkably developed. Control of vehicles using smart phones has become a routine feature, and over 200 Android apps are in use. However, Android apps are easy to tamper by repackaging and allowing hackers to attack vehicles with using this vulnerability, which can lead to life-critical accidents. In this study, we analyze the vulnerabilities of connected car environments when connecting with IoT technologies and demonstrate the possibility of cyberattack by performing attack experiments using real cars and repackaging for commercial apps. Furthermore, we propose a realistic security technology as a countermeasure to attain safety against cyberattacks. To evaluate the safety of the proposed method, a security module is developed and a performance evaluation is conducted on an actual vehicle.
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Frankel, Ernst G. "The Path to U.S. Shipbuilding Excellence—Remaking the U.S. into a World-Class Competitive Shipbuilding Nation". Journal of Ship Production 8, nr 01 (1.02.1992): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.1992.8.1.13.
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U.S. shipbuilding has a unique opportunity now to reenter and compete profitably in world commercial shipbuilding. World shipbuilding demand is expanding rapidly and U.S. costs of most factors or inputs of production are today comparable to those of major shipbuilding countries. A path for regaining a U.S. commercial shipbuilding competitiveness is described and formal steps suggested which will be necessary to remake the U.S. into a world class shipbuilding nation. Many of the proposed steps will be painful, but similar steps have been taken by other U.S. industries, such as manufacturers of automobiles, steel, construction, electronics, and appliances. They are deemed necessary if U.S. shipbuilding is to survive as a viable industry under conditions of declining defense budgets, consistent federal budget deficits, and increasing importance of trade to the U.S. economy.
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Vardanyan, Yeghiazar Vahram, Valerik Mamikon Harutyunyan, Karo Hakob Mosikyan i Vladimir Sahidovich Koichev. "The Basics of Developing an Alternative Concept for Commercial and Military Vehicle Operation (Random Strategy)". Journal of Architectural and Engineering Research 1, nr 2 (26.12.2021): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.54338/27382656-2021.2-4.
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The efficiency of commercial automobiles and wheeled military vehicles mainly depends on the choice of maintenance (M) and current repair (CR) concept. In the paper the difficulties of adapting the (M) and (CR) planning strategies to the structural characteristics of modern transport facilities are pointed out. The advantages of using the (M) and (CR) random strategy for transport facilities based on the stochastic nature of failures and malfunctions are substantiated. Considering the failures and malfunctions as random values and identifying the patterns of their distribution based on γ percentage resources, it is proposed to develop a list of regulated maintenance and repair work, periodicity and labor intensity based on a random strategy, which will increase the efficiency of preserving the technical resource of the rolling stock throughout the entire life cycle of the vehicle.
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Sasaki, Teruyoshi, Yusuke Horino, Tadashi Ohtake, Kazufumi Ogawa i Yoshifumi Suzaki. "A Highly Efficient Monolayer Pt Nanoparticle Catalyst Prepared on a Glass Fiber Surface". Catalysts 10, nr 5 (25.04.2020): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10050472.
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Over the past few years, various nanoparticle-supported precious metal-based catalysts have been investigated to reduce the emission of harmful substances from automobiles. Generally, precious metal nanoparticle-based exhaust gas catalysts are prepared using the impregnation method. However, these catalysts suffer from the low catalytic activity of the precious metal nanoparticles involved. Therefore, in this study, we developed a novel method for preparing highly efficient glass fiber-supported Pt nanoparticle catalysts. We uniformly deposited a single layer of platinum particles on the support surface using a chemically adsorbed monomolecular film. The octane combustion performance of the resulting catalyst was compared with that of a commercial catalyst. The precious metal loading ratio of the proposed catalyst was approximately seven times that of the commercial catalyst. Approximately one-twelfth of the mass of the proposed catalyst exhibited a performance comparable to that of the commercial catalyst. Thus, the synthesis method used herein can be used to reduce the weight, size, and manufacturing cost of exhaust gas purification devices used in cars.
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Wang, Qian, i Jinge Hu. "Behavioral Analysis of Decisions in Choice of Commercial Vehicular Mode in Urban Areas". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2269, nr 1 (styczeń 2012): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2269-07.
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The decisions of vehicular mode choice by businesses and commercial sectors in urban areas are addressed with attention to the unique trip-chaining behavior of commercial vehicles. Travel diary data from a collection of large-scale commercial vehicles in the Denver, Colorado, metropolitan area were used for analysis. Four types of travel activities were surveyed: business meetings, pickup and drop-off of people, pickup and delivery of cargo, and service calls. The survey results indicated that automobiles, pickup trucks, sport utility vehicles, single-unit trucks, and combination trucks were the main vehicular modes for travel with commercial purposes. The original survey data were sorted into trip-based and tour-based data sets for measuring commercial vehicle travel activities. A “trip” is defined as travel from one stop to another, and a “tour” is an entire travel journey starting from and ending at the home base of a vehicle with visits to various locations of interest. Discrete choice modeling techniques, particularly multinomial logit and nested logit models, were used to quantify the relationship between decisions on the choice of commercial vehicular mode and their affecting factors, and the two data sets were used separately. The modeling results indicate that mode choice by the commercial sector is travel specific, territory dependent, and cargo sensitive and varies by company. As proved by the comparison of trip-based and tour-based models, the tour is an intuitively and quantitatively better unit for measuring the travel activities of commercial vehicles and for modeling behavior of mode choice of the commercial sectors.
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Wang, Yimai. "Application of Advanced Nanotechnology in Electric Vehicles". Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 46 (25.04.2023): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v46i.7657.
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This paper focuses on nanotechnology and its relative applications in electric vehicles. The main parts of the article explain the role of electric vehicles in affecting the markets nowadays. The purpose is to give a direction for developing electric vehicles for future commercial use and suggestions for correcting some problems during the expansion of the electric vehicle markets. Applications of nanotechnology on cars have already developed and continued quickly. Nanotechnology helps a lot more for electric vehicles due to the advanced technology used, and there are still many problems faced by electric vehicles. The following part discusses the applications of nanotechnology on electric automobiles and the advantages of using the advanced method to improve the sales of electric cars. The applications are shown in various aspects, from car components inside car tires to the coating process of painting. The former two parts focus on the merits brought by nanotechnology. In the coating part, the theory of coating protection is discussed minutely. Another main part of the article is related to some challenges faced by the electric automobile industry nowadays, which require much more effort for manufacturers to fix the problem. Batteries and costs of cars make the electric car industry further succeed.
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Kim, Junghyun, i Jung Hyun Choi. "Robust Position Control for an Electrical Automatic Transmission under Gear-Shifting Link Friction". Electronics 12, nr 21 (25.10.2023): 4404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12214404.
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The automotive industry is evolving, with software becoming a vital part of vehicles. Conventional automakers are shifting to software-centric entities, embracing over-the-air (OTA) updates and service-centric models. To move software-driven vehicles, the vehicle must also be electrified. Several automobile manufacturers are electrifying vehicle parts, and recently, a gear shift selector for automatic transmissions was adapted from mechanical to electronic. However, as conventional mechanical systems are modified to electrical systems, problems such as shift delay and accuracy emerge. This study addresses these problems that emerge in the electronic system type of automatic transmission, including a gear shift selector developed to electrify automobiles. Accordingly, we first analyze the structure of automatic transmission systems, then define the operation sequence. Next, a novel position control algorithm based on a disturbance observer is proposed to reduce shift delay and increase accuracy. The proposed algorithm operates harmoniously with the vehicle control unit (VCU). To verify the proposed algorithm, a hardware-in-the-loop simulation (HILS) was developed to experiment with vehicle shifting using a commercial electronic gear shift selector. Moreover, the proposed control algorithm for gear shifting in an automatic transmission was analyzed using experimental results obtained by assuming a specific driving situation in the HILS.
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Messier, Russell. "Thin Film Deposition Processes". MRS Bulletin 13, nr 11 (listopad 1988): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400063879.
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Thin film materials pervade our everyday life as transparent conductors in LCD watches and computer displays and in defrosters for automobiles... antireflection coatings for camera lenses… optical fibers for communication … architectural glass coatings for both color and energy efficiency… solar cells… decorative coatings on plastics such as for toys and automobiles parts… a whole host of electronic and optoelectronic devices… hard coatings for cutting tools, drill bits, and bearings … even metallic coatings inside potato chip bags to keep the chips crisp!Without thin films our lifestyles would be drastically different. And this trend toward increased use of thin film technology will only continue.The varied reasons for using thin films and the specific deposition processes for preparing them are often complex; but usually relate to function, cost, beauty, materials and energy efficiency, and performance. In addition to technological applications, scientists are finding thin films to be an invaluable tool for investigating new physical phenomena, even at the quantum level. For instance, two of the most important new materials—high temperature ceramic superconductors and diamond coatings — are currently being made by several thin film deposition processes in order to explore both their scientific and technological potential.Just 25 years ago the variety of deposition processes for preparing thin films was quite limited. Thin film scientists and technologists had at their disposal electrodeposition, elementary chemical vapor deposition, evaporation, and dc sputtering. Commercial equipment for electron-beam evaporation, a mainstay in the optical coatings industry, was just being developed. Most of the deposition processes reviewed in this and next month's MRS BULLETIN were either not commercially available or were not even conceived of then.
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Benmelech, Efraim, Ralf R. Meisenzahl i Rodney Ramcharan. "The Real Effects of Liquidity During the Financial Crisis: Evidence from Automobiles*". Quarterly Journal of Economics 132, nr 1 (13.11.2016): 317–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjw031.
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Abstract Illiquidity in short-term credit markets during the financial crisis might have severely curtailed the supply of nonbank consumer credit. Using a new data set linking every car sold in the United States to the credit supplier involved in each transaction, we find that the collapse of the asset-backed commercial paper market reduced the financing capacity of such nonbank lenders as captive leasing companies in the automobile industry. As a result, car sales in counties that traditionally depended on nonbank lenders declined sharply. Although other lenders increased their supply of credit, the net aggregate effect of illiquidity on car sales is large and negative. We conclude that the decline in auto sales during the financial crisis was caused in part by a credit supply shock driven by the illiquidity of the most important providers of consumer finance in the auto loan market. These results also imply that interventions aimed at arresting illiquidity in short-term credit markets might have helped contain the real effects of the crisis.
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Bauer, John T. "Navigating Without Road Maps: The Early Business of Automobile Route Guide Publishing in the United States". Proceedings of the ICA 1 (16.05.2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-1-7-2018.
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In the United States, automobile route guides were important precursors to the road maps that Americans are familiar with today. Listing turn-by-turn directions between cities, they helped drivers navigate unmarked, local roads. This paper examines the early business of route guide publishing through the Official Automobile Blue Book series of guides. It focuses specifically on the expansion, contraction, and eventual decline of the Blue Book publishing empire and also the work of professional “pathfinders” that formed the company’s data-gathering infrastructure. Be- ginning in 1901 with only one volume, the series steadily grew until 1920, when thirteen volumes were required to record thousands of routes throughout the country. Bankruptcy and corporate restructuring in 1921 forced the publishers to condense the guide into a four-volume set in 1922. Competition from emerging sheet maps, along with the nationwide standardization of highway numbers, pushed a switch to an atlas format in 1926. Blue Books, however, could not remain competitive and disappeared after 1937. “Pathfinders” were employed by the publishers and equipped with reliable automobiles. Soon they developed a shorthand notation system for recording field notes and efficiently incorporating them into the development workflow. Although pathfinders did not call themselves cartographers, they were geographical data field collectors and considered their work to be an “art and a science,” much the same as modern-day cartographers. The paper concludes with some comments about the place of route guides in the history of American commercial cartography and draws some parallels between “pathfinders” and the digital road mappers of today.
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Kitazono, Koichi, Shiyue Guo, Ke Zhu, Takuya Hamaguchi i Yuta Fujimori. "Energy Absorption of Additively Manufactured Porous Metals with Disordered Cells". Materials Science Forum 1016 (styczeń 2021): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.183.
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Lightweight porous metals are focused on as energy absorbing materials for automobiles. Open-cell porous metals were manufactured through additive manufacturing process. Their cell structures were designed based on Voronoi diagrams using a commercial 3D-CAD software. Both ordered and disordered cell structures with the same porosities were successfully designed in this study. Compression tests and explicit finite element analysis revealed heterogeneous deformation behaviors in ordered porous metals. On the other hand, the porous metals with disordered cell structure showed relatively isotropic and uniform deformation, which is suitable as energy absorbing materials. Controlling the disordered cell structure designed by 3D-Voronoi diagram enables to develop the advanced porous metals having various mechanical properties.
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Oladele, I. O., A. A. Adediran, A. D. Akinwekomi, M. H. Adegun, O. O. Olumakinde i O. O. Daramola. "Development of Ecofriendly Snail Shell Particulate-Reinforced Recycled Waste Plastic Composites for Automobile Application". Scientific World Journal 2020 (17.07.2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7462758.
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The increase in demand for thermoplastics as a light-weight material for automobile application and other commercial purposes prompts more research into the available polymer resources. In this research, the possibility of enhancing the performance of recycled waste plastics (RWP) as polymer-based composites was examined. Particulate snail shell was obtained by grounding and sieving snail shells to obtain 53–63 μm passing which was used as reinforcement in the recycled waste plastics. The composites were developed by adding varying proportions of the snail shell particulate (SSP) to RWP using a randomly dispersed process in a hot compression moulding machine maintained at 190°C for 7 min. Selected properties of SSP-reinforced RWP composites were examined. The results showed an appreciable enhancement in the properties of composites developed compared to an unreinforced RWP matrix that serves as control. The ultimate tensile strength was enhanced by about 64%, while Young’s Modulus and impact strength were enhanced by 37% and 29%, respectively. Wear and water repellant potentials were highly enhanced with the addition of 15 wt% of SSP with values of about 52% and 91%, respectively. This revealed that high content of the SSP contributes to the improvement of the strain-hardening potentials of the developed composites. The results showed that this composite material can be suitably adapted for use in the interior of automobiles as door sills or the floor panel.
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Guthrie, Roderick I. L., i Mihaiela M. Isac. "Continuous Casting Practices for Steel: Past, Present and Future". Metals 12, nr 5 (18.05.2022): 862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12050862.
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This historical review of casting methods used to produce sheets of steel for automobiles, household products, rocket bodies, etc., all point toward the development of one-step commercial processes, which are capable of casting liquid steel directly into a final sheet product. Progress towards this goal is confirmed by successful advances being made, but there remain major difficulties in reaching it. We concur that the conventional continuous casting method remains the current process of choice for highest-quality steel sheet products, but the ESP TSC (Endless Strip Production—Thin Slab Caster) approach is now highly competitive. Similarly, the original goal of Sir Henry Bessemer to produce a direct strip-making twin-drum caster, in 1856, finally came to lasting commercial fruition at CASTRIP/NUCOR. Nonetheless, a newer approach, promoted by Salzgitter, termed DSP (Direct Strip Production), or promoted by MMPC/MetSim as HSBC (Horizontal Single Belt Casting), has several advantages over CASTRIP in terms of microstructures and productivity. As such, the pros and cons of current methods are reviewed within this brief history of casting.
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Venukumar, S., S. Muthukumaran i Y. Swaroop. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Refilled Friction Stir Spot Welding of Commercial Pure Aluminium". Materials Science Forum 765 (lipiec 2013): 776–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.765.776.
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Aluminium and magnesium alloys are expected to make considerable contributions in reducing the weight of automobiles as they are increasingly used as an alternative to steel; improving fuel economy and vehicle performance while simultaneously reducing emissions. Higher electrical and thermal conductivities of these materials make them difficult to weld using existing resistance spot welding leading to high energy consumption. Friction stir spot welding has proven to be a better alternative to weld these materials. But a probe hole left behind is the main problem in conventional Friction Stir Spot welding (FSSW). In the present work a new method has been developed to refill the probe hole using an additional filler plate known as Refill Friction Stir Spot welding (RFSSW). This new refilling technique and the conventional FSSW process were both used to weld commercially pure aluminium lap shear specimens and the results were compared. The effect of tool rotational speed on mechanical and metallurgical properties were studied in both cases. Static shear strength of RFSSW weld samples was found to be better than conventional FSSW process at higher tool rotational speed. This is explained in terms of effective increase in cross sectional area of weld nugget due addition of more material from the filler plate thereby eliminating the probe hole.
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Hassan, Mohammad R., i Denis Rodrigue. "Application of Waste Tire in Construction: A Road towards Sustainability and Circular Economy". Sustainability 16, nr 9 (3.05.2024): 3852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16093852.
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The global demand for rubber is on a steady rise, which is driven by the increasing production of automobiles and the growing need for industrial, medical, and household products. This surge in demand has led to a significant increase in rubber waste, posing a major global environmental challenge. End-of-life tire (ELT) is a primary source of rubber waste, having significant environmental hazards due to its massive stockpiles. While landfilling is a low-cost and easy-to-implement solution, it is now largely prohibited due to environmental concerns. Recently, ELT rubber waste has received considerable attention for its potential applications in civil engineering and construction. These applications not only enhance sustainability but also foster a circular economy between ELT rubber waste with the civil engineering and construction sectors. This review article presents a general overview of the recent research progress and challenges in the civil engineering applications of ELT rubber waste. It also discusses commercially available recycled rubber-based construction materials, their properties, testing standards, and certification. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time such a discussion on commercial products has been presented, especially for civil engineering applications.
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Gunasegaram, Dayalan R., Michel Givord i Robert G. O'Donnell. "ATM: A Greener Variant of High Pressure Die Casting". Materials Science Forum 618-619 (kwiecień 2009): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.618-619.27.
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ATM high pressure die casting technology (ATM) is a variant of the traditional high pressure die casting (HPDC) process and is distinguishable by its characteristic lean runners that increase process yields. Reduced raw material consumption helps ATM leave a smaller footprint on the environment by lowering greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during primary processing of the alloys and in their melting and handling in the foundry. Further avenues for reducing GHG emissions are raised by the use of ATM technology which improves the integrity of castings - facilitating the adoption of lighter weight components in automobiles. In the present paper, reductions in GHG emissions achieved by ATM are illustrated with the aid of a commercial case study; potential mass reduction opportunities for the automotive sector are explored with the aid of finite element analysis.
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Ivers, Douglas, i Douglas LeRoy. "Improving vehicle performance and operator ergonomics: Commercial application of smart materials and systems". Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 24, nr 8 (6.05.2012): 903–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x12445630.
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This article will discuss how controllable material technology, such as the use of active magnetorheological dampers, improves primary and secondary suspensions of vehicle. Although relatively new to the marketplace, semiactive suspensions in commercial automobiles and off-highway vehicles have been proven through the use of active magnetorheological dampers since 1998. In fact, magnetorheological suspension dampers are found today on the commercial vehicles of an increasing number of automotive original equipment manufacturers and leading off-highway original equipment manufacturers. Magnetorheological fluid dampers are simple in design and have the advantage of no moving parts. The resistive force from a magnetorheological damper is generated as iron particles, suspended in the magnetorheological fluid, pass through a magnetic field controlled by the electrical current passing through an electric coil contained within a moving piston surrounded by the fluid. By adjusting the current to the damper coil in response to feedback from vehicle sensors and a controller, the damping response of the suspension can be optimized and controlled in real time to provide optimal operator comfort. The magnetorheological damper system has a full-scale step response of less than 10 ms. Sophisticated control algorithms adapt to large changes in payload, enabling the vehicle to meet ride metrics without pneumatic load leveling. Other benefits of the magnetorheological damping system include higher speed in North Atlantic Treaty Organization double-lane change tests, reduced risk of rollover, improved accuracy of mounted weapons, and improved vehicle durability and readiness.
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Karopoulos, Georgios, Georgios Kambourakis, Efstratios Chatzoglou, José L. Hernández-Ramos i Vasileios Kouliaridis. "Demystifying In-Vehicle Intrusion Detection Systems: A Survey of Surveys and a Meta-Taxonomy". Electronics 11, nr 7 (29.03.2022): 1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11071072.
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Breaches in the cyberspace due to cyber-physical attacks can harm the physical space, and any type of vehicle is an alluring target for wrongdoers for an assortment of reasons. Especially, as the automobiles are becoming increasingly interconnected within the Cooperative Intelligent Transport System (C-ITS) realm and their level of automation elevates, the risk for cyberattacks augments along with the attack surface, thus inexorably rendering the risk of complacency and inaction sizable. Next to other defensive measures, intrusion detection systems (IDS) already comprise an inextricable component of modern automobiles in charge of detecting intrusions in the system while in operation. This work concentrates on in-vehicle IDS with the goal to deliver a fourfold comprehensive survey of surveys on this topic. First, we collect and analyze all existing in-vehicle IDS classifications and fuse them into a simpler, overarching one that can be used as a base for classifying any work in this area. Second, we gather and elaborate on the so-far available datasets which can be possibly used to train and evaluate an in-vehicle IDS. Third, we survey non-commercial simulators which may be utilized for creating a dataset or evaluating an IDS. The last contribution pertains to a thorough exposition of the future trends and challenges in this area. To our knowledge, this work provides the first wholemeal survey on in-vehicle IDS, and it is therefore anticipated to serve as a groundwork and point of reference for multiple stakeholders at varying levels.
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Wang, Da Lei, Ai Rong Chen i Hui Lin Ai. "Strategy on Improving Lateral Driving Stability of the Automobiles Passing by the Vicinity of A-Shaped Pylon of Zhengxin Yellow River Highway-Railway Bridge in Cross Wind". Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (maj 2011): 1827–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.1827.
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Problem of lateral driving stability of the automobiles passing by the vicinity of pylons of cable-supported bridges in condition of strong cross wind exists obviously because of the alternative wind environment above the deck due to complex flow fluid around the pylon and the deck. Based on numerical wind tunnel technology, the numerical simulation investigation of alternating wind environment above the girder near A-shaped pylon for main span of the steel truss girder cable-stayed bridge of Zhengxin Yellow River Highway-railway Bridge is carried out, considering wind barrier set up on the deck or not. The result shows that the original program has significant effect on wind speed amplification and mutation near the pylon domain in cross wind. Further investigation on wind barrier set up on both sides of the girder section or near the A-shaped pylon along the bridge gives that wind barrier near the A-shaped pylon is useful for reducing wind speed above the leeward deck near the pylon and weakening its mutation. Deeply, taken a medium-size commercial bus as an example, lateral driving stability of the automobiles passing by the leeward lane near A-shaped pylon is discussed through the dynamic response simulation of the vehicle controlled by ideal-driver under cross wind. The results confirms again that the wind barrier near the A-shaped pylon is good for driving safety of vehicles passing by the leeward lanes in vicinity of A-shaped pylon. In all, above work provides technical support for the final implementation of the wind barrier as an engineering measure.
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Yang, Fan, Deming Yang, Zhiming He, Yuanhua Fu i Kui Jiang. "Automobile Fine-Grained Detection Algorithm Based on Multi-Improved YOLOv3 in Smart Streetlights". Algorithms 13, nr 5 (2.05.2020): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a13050114.
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Upgrading ordinary streetlights to smart streetlights to help monitor traffic flow is a low-cost and pragmatic option for cities. Fine-grained classification of vehicles in the sight of smart streetlights is essential for intelligent transportation and smart cities. In order to improve the classification accuracy of distant cars, we propose a reformed YOLOv3 (You Only Look Once, version 3) algorithm to realize the detection of various types of automobiles, such as SUVs, sedans, taxis, commercial vehicles, small commercial vehicles, vans, buses, trucks and pickup trucks. Based on the dataset UA-DETRAC-LITE, manually labeled data is added to improve the data balance. First, data optimization for the vehicle target is performed to improve the generalization ability and position regression loss function of the model. The experimental results show that, within the range of 67 m, and through scale optimization (i.e., by introducing multi-scale training and anchor clustering), the classification accuracies of trucks and pickup trucks are raised by 26.98% and 16.54%, respectively, and the overall accuracy is increased by 8%. Secondly, label smoothing and mixup optimization is also performed to improve the generalization ability of the model. Compared with the original YOLO algorithm, the accuracy of the proposed algorithm is improved by 16.01%. By combining the optimization of the position regression loss function of GIOU (Generalized Intersection Over Union), the overall system accuracy can reach 92.7%, which improves the performance by 21.28% compared with the original YOLOv3 algorithm.
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Girimurugan, R., M. a. Logesh Kumar, B. Manikandan, C. Shilaja i S. Mayakannan. "Static and Total Pressure Analysis of Three Way Catalytic Convertor Using CFD". ECS Transactions 107, nr 1 (24.04.2022): 7381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.7381ecst.
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Air pollution from automobiles both commercial and passenger vehicles push the research to make changes in catalytic convertor. Most of the commercial vehicles like coal transport and mineral transport trucks relay on diesel fuel in this regard, we consider the effects carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons that have not been burned, and nitrogen oxides. As a result of incomplete combustion, alcohols, aldehydes, and other partial oxidation products are released into the air. The whole process of this project is done with the help of CFD approach because it will reduce the material waste and we can optimize according to our desired results. In this study, a numerical analysis has been carried out on the catalytic converter by varying the coating materials. Magnesium Oxide (MgO) and Platinum with Palladium was selected as coating materials. For comparison purpose, normal catalytic converter without coating was analysed using CFD software. Different output characteristics of the exhaust gases’ static pressure and total pressure in the catalytic convertor are compared with each other. Outcomes of the numerical analysis shows that the catalytic converter which is coated with Platinum and Palladium particles yields the better static and total pressure than that of normal and magnesium oxide (MgO) particles coated catalytic converter.
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Chang, Ching-Wen, Yun-Chung Hsiao, Yu-Hsin Hung i Yu-Ju Horng. "P-019 ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTS OF AUTOMOBILE SCREEN WASHES AGAINST LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA". Occupational Medicine 74, Supplement_1 (1.07.2024): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqae023.0460.
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Abstract Introduction Legionella pneumophila (Lp), a human pathogen, has been detected in windscreen wiper fluid reservoirs (WWFRs) of automobiles where commercial screen washes (CSWs) are commonly added. When spraying Lp-contaminated windscreen wiper fluid (WWF) from WWFRs for windscreen cleaning, Lp bioaerosols may be generated and subsequently enter the interior space of automobiles, leading to Lp exposure and even legionellosis in drivers. Indeed, epidemiological studies reveal an increased risk of legionellosis in professional drivers. While limited information shows CSWs against planktonic Lp, responses of sessile Lp and planktonic Lp pre-acclimated in nutrient-limited water to CSWs remain unknown. Methods To investigate the antibacterial effects of CSWs on sessile and starved planktonic Lp, Lp biofilms were produced on glass and WWFR materials of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP). Planktonic Lp with and without acclimation in tap water were also prepared. Sessile and planktonic Lp was then treated with various brands of CSWs, followed by culture assays on BCYE agars. Results Log reductions in cell counts averaged 0.4–5.0 for 10 brands of CSWs against sessile Lp and 1.0–3.9 and 0.9–4.9, respectively, against starved and unstarved planktonic Lp for five CSWs. Both biofilm formation and acclimation in tap water enhanced Lp resistance to CSWs. Significantly different log-reduction values among CSW brands were observed for sessile Lp on HDPE and planktonic Lp regardless of acclimation (p < 0.05). Discussions and conclusion Biofilm formation, starvation acclimation and CSW brand are crucial factors influencing Lp response to CSWs. This study advances the knowledge of Lp reaction in anthropogenic water systems with CSWs.
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Syed Bahari, Syed Najib, i Wan Ahmad Wan Yusoff. "Quality Improvement in Three-Way Catalytic Converter (TWC) System Using Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) Methodology". Applied Mechanics and Materials 165 (kwiecień 2012): 290–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.165.290.
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This paper intends to present the application of FMEA method on Three-Way Catalytic Converter (TWC) system. Catalytic converter of auto-exhaust emission is one of the most successful applications of heterogeneous catalysis, both in commercial and environmental point of view. FMEA method will be applied to this system to quantitatively determine and evaluate its risk factors. This method is being employed effectively for identifying and addressing what potentially could go wrong with a product or process. It is expected to enhance the lifetime of the TWC by improving its resistance to deactivation. It is widely accepted that FMEA is one of the best quality improvement tool. For the last several decades, FMEA has been widely used in industry especially in automotive sectors. This research will cover mostly on the system and design of the TWC itself as the most important part for controlling the exhaust emission from automobiles. By improving its resistance to deactivation will contribute to longer lifetime of automotive catalytic converter.
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ASHRAF, SHAIK. "DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMATIC INDICATOR AND SAFETY DEVICE ON BIKE". International Scientific Journal of Engineering and Management 03, nr 04 (23.04.2024): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/isjem01552.
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Bikes are most preferred vehicles due to low initial cost and maintenance. the commercial utilization of bikes with the introduction of Uber, Rapido, Ola etc is increased. Indicators- whether attached at the front, side or rear of the vehicle – provide information for other road users through their signals and are thus responsible for safety on the roads to a substantial extent. Negligence in using the indicators often leads to accidents. Which can be avoided by incorporating automatic indicators and safety cut-off switch for safety on commercial bikes. This project involves developing of automatic indicators and safety device for bikes. The automatic indicator after completing a turn switches off automatically in case the rider forgets to switch off, which results in decrease in accidents. Safety Cut – off switch can be used to alert or cut-off the power to EV motor or Engine when co-rider senses some risk from driver. Study of various types of indicators and functionalities, sensors, switches and mountings for automobiles is carried out extensively. The integration of automatic indicators and safety devices on bikes represents a significant step forward in enhancing both the functionality and security of two-wheeled transportation. By automating indicators, riders can focus more on the road ahead, reducing the risk of accidents caused by distracted riding. Keywords: Indicators, Controller, Battery, Sensing Element, Emergency Safety Cut Off Switch.
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Akpolile, A. F., A. C. Tobi i F. E. Abdul. "Evaluation of Equivalent Noise Levels across Some Commercial Areas of Warri and Benin Metropolis in Nigeria". Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 28, nr 2 (25.02.2024): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v28i2.8.
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Globalisation has given rise to an increase in the amount of noise generated around us, such that man has adjusted to this increment without considering the possible risks associated with it. This study aims to measure the equivalent noise level in eighteen (18) locations in some commercial areas of Warri and Benin Metropolis in Nigeria using a noise level metre (Model: CEL-231). The assessment was done twice daily, during the day and at night. The results obtained revealed that the daytime equivalent noise level of both cities ranged from 48–68, 78–102 dBA for minimum and maximum noise levels, while the nighttime equivalent noise level ranged from 39–59, 59–83 dBA for minimum and maximum levels, respectively. It was observed that the daytime noise level values in some locations for both cities were higher than the nighttime values and also higher than the recommended standard noise quality description for daytime and nighttime duration as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and some existing literature in Nigeria and across the globe. The reason for this noise level elevation is due to the activities of automobiles and tricycles plying the road incessantly, and again, these are major industrial cities with a lot of activities during the daytime. However, it can be recommended that those whose daily activities confine them to areas with unhealthy noise levels ensure at least 10 hours of recovery time in areas where the sound level is less than 65 dBA and also encourage the planting of trees in this vicinity
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Лазутина, А. Л., Т. Е. Лебедева i В. А. Сидякова. "Improving the planning of a commercial organization's activities as a criterion factor for overcoming the uncertainty of its behavior in market conditions". Экономика и предпринимательство, nr 4(117) (1.06.2020): 1302–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.34925/eip.2020.117.4.280.
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В статье авторами раскрываются вопросы планирования. Раскрываются функции планирования и виды планов на предприятии. Авторы статьи уточняют понятие «планирование» и требования к процессу планирования. Раскрываются векторы планирования как условия эффективного использования экономических ресурсов предприятия. Авторы конкретизируют изменения процесса планирования в кризисных условиях деятельности организации. Для более наглядного примера реализации современных подходов к планированию авторами исследуются эти процессы на примере деятельности производственной компании комплектующих частей для автомобилей. Рассчитается экономический эффект от внедрения новых подходов в планировании поэтапно. В качестве выводов сформулированы аналитические выводы полученные на основе контент-анализа. In the article, the authors disclose planning issues. Disclosed are the planning functions and types of plans at the enterprise. The authors of the article clarify the concept of “planning” and the requirements for the planning process. The vectors of planning are revealed as the conditions for the efficient use of economic resources of an enterprise. The authors specify changes in the planning process in crisis conditions of the organization. For a more illustrative example of the implementation of modern planning approaches, the authors study these processes on the example of the activities of a manufacturing company of components for automobiles. The economic effect of introducing new approaches to planning in stages is calculated. As conclusions, analytical conclusions based on content analysis are formulated.
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Raheem, I. O., F. W. Burari, A. Salihu, M. N. Abdulkareem, B. G. Aremu i J. A. Rabiu. "ASSESSMENT OF CO2 EMISSION DUE TO SPEED BUMPS ON SELECTED HIGHWAYS IN BAUCHI STATE". FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 8, nr 3 (30.06.2024): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2024-0802-2477.
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One industry that will emit carbon dioxide (CO2) that is dependent on the production of fossil fuels is transportation. Even though cars emit carbon dioxide (CO2), which contributes to air pollution, fossil fuel-powered vehicles nevertheless require widespread use. Traffic-calming devices act as tools to reduce the rapidity of automobiles. They make a major contribution to road protection; however, air contamination is more likely to arise due to the fact that motor vehicles use brakes and accelerate more regularly. This study examines the impact of speed bumps brought on by elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) levels on selected commercial vehicles, including Vectra, Volkswagon, Peugeot, Ford Galaxy, and Toyota Hiace buses, traveling on highways from Bauchi to Jos, Bauchi to Azare, Bauchi to Gombe, and Bauchi to Kano. To estimate the CO2 emissions of each kind of specified commercial vehicle, the fuel consumption of the vehicles before and after the installation of bumps was gathered using a questionnaire model and examined using a mathematical model using a macro-scale approach. The result shows that there is an increase of 21% in CO2 emissions on the Bauchi to Jos Highway, 15% in CO2 emissions on Bauchi to Azare, 24% in CO2 emissions on Bauchi to Gombe, and 40% in CO2 emissions on Bauchi to Kano. The study concludes that transport-related pollution on Bauchi Highway has indeed significantly increased with the installation of calming traffic devices, which is dangerous to human health and vegetation near these highways.
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Jubair, Mohammed Mundher, Mohammed S. Gumaan i Rizk Mostafa Shalaby. "Reliable Sn–Ag–Cu lead-free melt-spun material required for high-performance applications". Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials 234, nr 11-12 (18.12.2019): 757–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zkri-2019-0040.
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AbstractThis study investigates the structural, mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of B-1 JINHU, EDSYN SAC5250, and S.S.M-1 commercial materials, which have been manufactured at China, Malaysia, and Germany, respectively. The commercial materials have been compared with the measurements of Sn–Ag–Cu (SAC) melt-spun materials that are only indicative of what can be expected for the solder application, where the solder will have quite different properties from the melt-spun materials due to the effects of melt-spinning technique. Adding Cu to the eutectic Sn–Ag melt-spun material with 0.3 wt.% significantly improves its electrical and mechanical properties to serve efficiently under high strain rate applications. The formed Cu3Sn Intermetallic compound (IMC) offers potential benefits, like high strength, good plasticity, consequently, high performance through a lack of dislocations and microvoids. The results showed that adding 0.3 wt.% of Cu has improved the creep resistance and delayed the fracture point, comparing with other additions and commercial solders. The tensile results showed some improvements in 39.3% tensile strength (25.419 MPa), 376% toughness (7737.220 J/m3), 254% electrical resistivity (1.849 × 10−7 Ω · m) and 255% thermal conductivity (39.911 w · m−1 · k−1) when compared with the tensile strength (18.24 MPa), toughness (1625.340 J/m3), electrical resistivity (6.56 × 10−7 Ω · m) and thermal conductivity (11.250 w · m−1 · k−1) of EDSYN SAC5250 material. On the other hand, the Sn93.5–Ag3.5–Cu3 melt-spun solder works well under the harsh thermal environments such as the circuits located under the automobiles’ hood and aerospace applications. Thus, it can be concluded that the melt-spinning technique can produce SAC melt-spun materials that can outperform the B-1 JINHU, EDSYN SAC5250 and S.S.M-1 materials mechanically, thermally and electrically.
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Koenig, Philip C., Hitoshi Narita i Koichi Baba. "Shop-Floor Automation and Market Strategy in Japanese Shipbuilding". Journal of Ship Production 19, nr 03 (1.08.2003): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.2003.19.3.131.
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Effective development and implementation of shop-floor automation is one of the keys to continued Japanese shipbuilding competitiveness. Manufacturing technology is implemented to serve a market strategy, and in many heavy industries (e.g., the manufacture of automobiles and commercial transport airplanes) heavily mechanized production processes are correlated with an exclusive dependence on repeat production. In the case of the Japanese shipbuilding industry, however, extensive automation has not had this result. Instead, shipbuilding automation in Japan is generally designed to support a variety of products, including comparatively simple ship types plus certain kinds of high-value products. Although high-value markets are pursued, the ability to build simpler ship types in a cost-effective manner cannot be abandoned lightly, due to the need to maintain capacity utilization. This position contrasts with that of some European shipyards, which have decided to specialize in high-value special products, such as cruise ships, ferries, and so forth. In this paper, specific cases of automation development and implementation in Japan are reviewed, and we discuss how these types of automation support a two-pronged market strategy.
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Siddiqui, Safina-E.-Tahura, Md Arafat Rahman, Jin-Hyuk Kim, Sazzad Bin Sharif i Sourav Paul. "A Review on Recent Advancements of Ni-NiO Nanocomposite as an Anode for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Battery". Nanomaterials 12, nr 17 (25.08.2022): 2930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12172930.
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Recently, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely employed in automobiles, mining operations, space applications, marine vessels and submarines, and defense or military applications. As an anode, commercial carbon or carbon-based materials have some critical issues such as insufficient charge capacity and power density, low working voltage, deadweight formation, short-circuiting tendency initiated from dendrite formation, device warming up, etc., which have led to a search for carbon alternatives. Transition metal oxides (TMOs) such as NiO as an anode can be used as a substitute for carbon material. However, NiO has some limitations such as low coulombic efficiency, low cycle stability, and poor ionic conductivity. These limitations can be overcome through the use of different nanostructures. This present study reviews the integration of the electrochemical performance of binder involved nanocomposite of NiO as an anode of a LIB. This review article aims to epitomize the synthesis and characterization parameters such as specific discharge/charge capacity, cycle stability, rate performance, and cycle ability of a nanocomposite anode. An overview of possible future advances in NiO nanocomposites is also proposed.
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Kim, Byunghui, Seokho Kim, Yejin Park, Marinus Mieremet, Heungguen Yang, Joonho Baek i Sanghyun Choi. "Development of a Slit-Type Soundproof Panel for a Reduction in Wind Load and Low-Frequency Noise with Helmholtz Resonators". Applied Sciences 11, nr 18 (17.09.2021): 8678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188678.
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With the rapid increase in automobiles, the importance of reducing low-frequency noise is being emphasized for a comfortable urban environment. Helmholtz resonators are widely used to attenuate low-frequency noise over a narrow range. In this study, a slit-type soundproof panel is designed to achieve low-frequency noise attenuation in the range of 500 Hz to 1000 Hz with the characteristics of a Helmholtz resonator and the ability to pass air through the slits on the panel surface for reducing wind load. The basic dimension of the soundproof panel is determined using the classical formula and numerical analysis using a commercial program, COMSOL Multiphysics, for transmission loss prediction. From the numerical study, it is identified that the transmission loss performance is improved compared to the basic design according to the shape change and configuration method of the Helmholtz resonator. Although the correlation according to the shape change and configuration method cannot be derived, it is confirmed that it can be used as an effective method for deriving a soundproof panel design that satisfies the basic performance.
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Esakkiraj, E. S., S. Suresh, N. Shenbaga Vinayaga Moorthi, M. Krishna Kumar i S. M. Jenin Ranjith. "Study of Mechanical Behaviour of Stir Cast Aluminium Based Composite Reinforced with Mechanically Ball Milled TiB2 Nano Particles". Advanced Materials Research 984-985 (lipiec 2014): 410–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.984-985.410.
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Metal matrix composites possess some glamorous properties like light weight, low density ,high strength-to-density ratio, formable to complex shape, lower manufacturing cost and are used more in commercial, industrial, marine, naval based industrial and are extensively used in automobiles and aerospace like empennage, wings, fuselage in fighter aircraft, bomber, transport, general aviation, rotary aircraft etc. Many researches are done on micro structural metals matrix composites and they result shows that composite of micro structural having good mechanical properties. Instead of using micro structural nanoparticles are used for better mechanical properties and better applications in aeronautical field. The present study is an attempt to prepare and analysis of mechanical properties of Aluminium 6061 reinforcement with TiB2nanoparticles using liquid metallurgy. By the use of ball milling process the TiB2micro particles are converted in to nanoparticles and reinforced with Aluminium 6061 in stir casting process. The addition level of reinforcement is being varied from 0-15wt% in step of 4 wt%.Test carried out on the fabricated composite included scanning electron microscopy, XRD, EDAX analysis, and Thermal analysis.
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Nagaraj, Nayak S., N. Kapilan i Prabhu S. Sadashiva. "Modeling of Urea-Water Solution Injection Spray in SCR System". Applied Mechanics and Materials 232 (listopad 2012): 583–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.232.583.
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To control the emissions from the diesel engines of modern automobiles, it requires the development of adequate and advanced exhaust gas aftertreatment devices. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) is a method that can be used in mobile diesel engine aftertreatment systems to reduce harmful NOx emissions. Due to the toxicity and handling problems of ammonia, currently injection of a liquid Urea-Water Solution (UWS) into the exhaust stream approach is used. The water evaporates and the urea undergoes thermal decomposition producing ammonia that reacts with the NOx in the exhaust gas inside a SCR catalyst to produce nitrogen and water vapor. This work presents the study of UWS injection spray using commercial available CFD code, Fire v8.3. The evaporation of water from a single droplet of UWS is investigated theoretically and droplets are treated with Lagrangian particle tracking. Simulation study at different exhaust gas temperatures and injector locations is carried out and compared with experimental values. Thus, the present study results predict the local distribution and the conversion of the reducing agent.
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Silva, Karen Leandra Ávila da, Marcelo Félix Alonso i Lucijacy Pereira de Oliveira. "ANÁLISE DAS EMISSÕES ATMOSFÉRICAS DE FONTES MÓVEIS PARA A CIDADE PELOTAS – RS". Ciência e Natura 38 (20.07.2016): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x20256.
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This study aimed to establish an vehicular emissions inventory to the Pelotas city, for the 2012 base year. An analysis of vehicular emissions was proposed to the CO, NOx and NMHC atmospheric pollutants, following the methodology proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The vehicle fleet data was obtained from the National Traffic Department (DENATRAN-RS), resumed in five vehicle categories (light vehicles, light commercial vehicles, trucks, motorcycle and bus). The categorization of fuel consumed (gasoline, alcohol, biofuel and diesel) follows distribution obtained from the National Agency of Vehicle Manufacturer (Anfavea) and emission factors have been corrected by the deterioration factor, according to the methodology proposed in the National Inventory of vehicle emissions. As evidenced in inventory results, automobiles (totaling 59% of Pelotas fleet) accounted for approximately 63% of the emission of CO and 72% of NMHC emissions. As expected, the heavy vehicles (trucks / buses) accounted for 76% of NOx emissions in the city. It was estimated that the fleet vehicle Pelotas emits 11,497 tonnes of CO, 3,727 tons of NOx and 2,280 tons of NMHC.