Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Commercial Automobiles

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Commercial Automobiles”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 29 lipca 2024

Data aktualizacji: 30 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Commercial Automobiles"

Pawlowsky, Verena. "Luxury Item or Urgent Commercial Need?" Journal of Transport History 34, nr 2 (grudzień 2013): 177–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/tjth.34.2.6.

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The possession of an automobile prior to the Second World War was still an elite phenomenon, and the number of registered automobiles was low. Europe was no exception, especially Austria. Unusually detailed numerical vehicle registration data nevertheless show the growing importance of motorists as a target for motor vehicle advertising and as objects of official statistics in the 1930s. The paper uses the information to examine the affordability of automobility at that period of transition, automobile sales strategies and the use made of cars by Austrians in different occupations.

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Wang, Shaoguang, i Xiuling Wang. "Modeling and Analysis of the Effects of Noise Barrier Shape and Inflow Conditions on Highway Automobiles Emission Dispersion". Fluids 4, nr 3 (8.08.2019): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids4030151.

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Recent research has suggested that noise barriers have significant impacts on near-road automobile emissions reduction. T-shaped noise barriers have better performance on reducing noise than others, however, their effects on automobile emissions reduction are not clear. In this research, commercial software ANSYS®Fluent 19.2 (Ansys Inc., Canonsburg, PA, USA) was applied to simulate the noise barrier shape and different inflow wind shear condition effects on highway automobiles emission dispersion. Various Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) models were tested. The realizable k-ε turbulence model was selected to simulate the turbulent flow caused by fast moving vehicles on highway based on the comparison results. A non-reacting species transport model was applied to simulate emission dispersion. Results showed that the T-shaped barrier was able to help reduce highway automobiles emission concentration in downstream areas more than the rectangular barrier. An optimized range of the T-shape was proposed; under the inflow condition without wind shear, the noise barrier shape effects on automobiles emission reduction were not significant.

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ISMAIL, MUHAMMAD YUSRI, M.S. Beg, M.F. Jamlos, W.H. Azmi, N.H. Badrulhisam i Omar I. Awad. "Potential and Limitation of Internet of Things (IOT) Application in the Automotive Industry: An Overview". International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 19, nr 3 (11.10.2022): 9939–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.19.3.2022.06.0766.

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With yearly output exceeding 70 million units, the automotive industry is one of the world's largest manufacturing industries. According to worldwide estimates, the car industry's global revenue was an astounding 3 trillion dollars equating to a combined global GDP of 3.65 percent. The emergence of IoT in the automobile sector has created new opportunities for automakers and purchasers worldwide. With industrial and commercial applications, IoT in the automobile industry has developed into a significant hotspot for a variety of multipurpose applications. From linked automobiles to automated transportation systems, Internet of Things applications have had a significant impact on the worldwide automotive business. The Internet of Things, along with other disruptive technologies, is reshaping the automobile sector as a whole. The evolution of this sector has resulted in the birth of ground-breaking advancements in automobiles, namely linked and autonomous vehicles. Different types of internet of things technology have significant qualities that make them viable candidates as a technology for use in automotive industry. This paper focuses on internet of things latest findings done by previous researcher and describes the operation of the technology. Moreover, this paper also provides insights into some countermeasures against internet of things.

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Miljković, Marko. "Making automobiles in Yugoslavia: Fiat technology in the Crvena Zastava Factory, 1954–1962". Journal of Transport History 38, nr 1 (18.04.2017): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022526617702158.

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The license agreement between the Italian Fiat and the Yugoslav Crvena Zastava, signed in 1954, was the first commercial arrangement and enterprise between a Western corporation and a socialist country in the post-war era. The Yugoslav side expected the establishment of the modern automobile industry to have a spin-off effect, helping to modernise the entire industrial sector. However, this ambitious plan failed to materialise, leaving the country with Western-type automobiles, which often fell below even East European quality standards. As it was linked to almost the entire industrial sector, the underperformance of the Yugoslav automobile industry can be understood as both a reason for and indication of a dangerously overstretched political and economic system. In particular, the ‘ethnic key’ policy and so-called workers’ self-management were bottlenecks in reaching successful outcomes, only further fuelling Yugoslav contradictions instead of helping to modernise the Yugoslav economy.

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Chi, Yao Dan, Hai Long Gu, Yin Han Gao, Xiao Tian Yang i Sheng Qian Zhang. "Survey to Automobile Electromagnetic Compatibility Simulation Software". Applied Mechanics and Materials 220-223 (listopad 2012): 2968–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.220-223.2968.

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With the rapid developments of computer technology and computing electromagnetism, it is possible to simulate the electromagnetic compatibility of automobiles. At the beginning of the design, electromagnetic compatibility simulation analysis of automobiles can not only shorten the research cycle, but also reduce the cost. In this paper, we summarized the current commercial electromagnetic compatibility simulation analysis software, analyzed the features and applied algorithms of each software, and gave the simulation examples of Ansoft HFSS and FEKO.

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Saxena, Shreyash, Mahesha G T i Srinivas G. "Aerodynamic Drag Reduction of Commercial Ground Vehicles Using Numerical Techniques". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1100, nr 1 (1.12.2022): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1100/1/012013.

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Abstract Automobiles of today warrants improved aerodynamic behaviour that results in low drag producing vehicles. Such optimally designed vehicles offer advantages such as better overall performance, desirable driveability, rapid response, improved stability and added fuel economy. In this paper, an attempt is made to accomplish lower drag coefficient by incorporating the dimples shape on the vehicle roof surface. Aerodynamic flow analysis was conducted with and without dimple shape effect on a bus truck trailer and commercial vehicles, using ANSYS Fluent software tool. Effect of different sized and shaped dimples on aerodynamic performance was analysed as well. Results obtained were validated with available literature and it is found that coefficient of drag obtained showed less than 10 % error. It was found that drag values were significantly reduced with dimple effect on both the commercial vehicles. Both models demonstrated that the fluid flowing on the surface did not separate from the vehicle roof, and the vortex size at the back was reduced. Further paper gives a detailed study of various parameters like turbulence model effect, pressure distribution on the vehicles, temperature and mach number variations. This study is proposed to enhance energy efficiency of the automobiles as better aerodynamics improves their mileage and fuel economy.

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Cai, Zengxiao, Md Abdullah Al Faruque, Alper Kiziltas, Deborah Mielewski i Maryam Naebe. "Sustainable Lightweight Insulation Materials from Textile-Based Waste for the Automobile Industry". Materials 14, nr 5 (5.03.2021): 1241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14051241.

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Globally, automotive manufacturers are looking for ways to produce environmentally sustainable and recyclable materials for automobiles to meet new regulations and customer desires. To enable the needs for rapid response, this study investigated the feasibility of using waste and virgin wool fibres as cost-effective and sustainable alternatives for automotive sound and heat insulation using a chemical-free approach. Several properties of the currently available commercial automotive insulators were investigated in order to facilitate the designing of green wool-based needle-punched nonwoven materials. The effect of fibre diameter, nonwoven surface, layer structure, thickness, and area density on sound absorption and thermal resistance was investigated. The results suggested that the wool nonwoven materials, fabricated using waste and virgin wool fibres, possessed extremely efficient acoustic and thermal insulating properties comparable with the currently used commercial synthetic insulating materials. Besides, the wool nonwoven materials showed identical antibacterial and antifungal properties with a greater biodegradation rate (50%) than that of the commercial synthetic insulating materials. Hence, this study showed that natural wool fibres have the potential to be used as green, lightweight, and sustainable materials in the automobiles, while they qualify for Reuse–Recycle and Reuse–Recover purposes at the end-of-life of vehicles.

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Sánchez-Sánchez, Nuria, i Adolfo Cosme Fernández Puente. "Collusive behaviour in the automobile sector in Spain. Quantifying consumer damages." Revista de Estudios Andaluces, nr 47 (2024): 98–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/rea.2024.i47.05.

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On July 23, 2015, the Spanish National Markets and Competition Commission (CNMC) passed judgement (S/0482/13) against 20 automotive sector companies for alleged restrictive competition practices between March 2004 and August 2013. The exchange of information among the different companies would have had repercussions on the fixing of vehicle sale prices, homogenization of conditions and future commercial plans for the automobile sale and post-sale services in Spain. This paper estimates the loss suffered by consumers as a result of these collusive practices using the Before and After method. We have reconstructed the prices that would have prevailed in the absence of the collusive practice. The analysis reveals an increase of 10.16 percent. The observation of the prices and the production of automobiles during the period exhibits an anomalous behaviour with respect to GDP evolution and prices in the economy as a whole.

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Gontijo, R. M., L. M. Silva i A. R. Pereira. "FUEL CELL: FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF ITS APPLICATION IN AUTOMOBILES". Revista de Engenharia Térmica 17, nr 1 (30.06.2018): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v17i1.62256.

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The need to reduce the emission of harmful gases into human life, together with the dependence on oil as a primary source of fuel for internal combustion engines (ICE), are part of the current global scenario. This scenario opens space for fuel cells (FC), technology that generates electricity as the main product of oxide-reduction reactions between Hydrogen and Oxygen. An efficient and clean alternative that appears as a possibility for the substitution of ICE. The present article proposes a model of FC and compares it technically with a conventional ICE, in order to prove the efficiency, performance and environmental impact feasibility of the use of this technology in commercial vehicles.

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Rao, Mohan D. "Recent applications of viscoelastic damping for noise control in automobiles and commercial airplanes". Journal of Sound and Vibration 262, nr 3 (maj 2003): 457–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-460x(03)00106-8.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Commercial Automobiles"

Thomason, Douglas Brian. "The influence of changing marketing conceptualizations on American gasoline station design". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24087.

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Rose, James Cooper. "An expert system model of commercial automobile insurance underwriting". The Ohio State University, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1273149457.

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Ngai, Wang-ngai. "An evaluation of off-street parking measures for goods vehicles /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B1913082X.

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Debrosse, Daniel. "La reprise de Dacia par Renault : 1998-2003 histoire d'une aventure humaine, industrielle et commerciale". Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2007. http://www.biblio.univ-evry.fr/theses/2007/interne/2007EVRY0034.pdf.

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Le 2 juillet 1999 Renault achète 51 % du capital du constructeur automobile roumain Dacia, en vue d'en faire sa seconde marque d'automobiles destinée aux "nouveaux marchés" et d'y fabriquer la Logan. L'étude retrace les péripéties qui ont jalonné la période des négociations, aboutissement d'un lent processus de convergence entre la politique roumaine de privatisation de son industrie automobile et la politique d'internationalisation de Renault en direction des "marchés émergents". Cette période voit la naissance de Logan, ce véhicule "moderne, fiable et abordable", voulu par le Président Schweitzer et fer de lance de la conquête des "nouveaux marchés". L'étude se concentre sur l'analyse des trois composantes, humaine, industrielle et commerciale de la modernisation de Dacia durant la période 1999 - 2003. D'une part, l'ajustement progressif des effectifs qui ont évolué de 28 000 personnes à quelque 16 000 personnes en l'espace de quatre années. D'autre part, la modernisation d'un outil industriel vétuste, recentré sur les deux "métiers" de la fabrication de groupes moto-propulseurs et le montage de véhicules. Et, enfin, la refonte totale du réseau roumain de commercialisation des marques Dacia, Renault et Nissan, soutenu par un système original de distribution des véhicules. Loin d'avoir été un "long fleuve "tranquille", cette opération s'est déroulée dans un contexte d'évolution très rapide d'un marché, encore demandeur en 1999, vers un marché offreur, face à la concurrence, devenue très agressive, des véhicules européens d'occasion importés. L'accompagement de Dacia par les fournisseurs du "panel" Renault", fortement sollicités pour s'implanter en Roumanie, s'est concrétisé très progressivement. Pendant cette période, la modernisation d'une partie de la gamme de Dacia a cependant permis d'assurer la survie de la marque sur le marché roumain tout en rodant l'ensemble des processus de l'entreprise élargie, en vue de la production de Logan
On september 29th 1999, Renault buys 51% of the capital shares of Dacia, the romanian automobile manufacturer. This study covers this operation over a period of five years, from 1998 up to 2003, after reminding the reader with the long lasting process of convergence between the Renault strategic move towards the so-called "emerging countries" and the romanian privatization politics of its domestic automobile industry. The study concentrates itself on the analysis of the human, industrial and commercial aspects of this operation. The survival of the brand was made possible by the upgrade of two products of the existing range as long as the progressive adjustment of the working force from 28 000 to 16 000. The study gives large details about the Piteşti plant modernization and the complete reshuffling of the network of private dealers for the marketing of Renault Dacia and Nissan brand products. Far from a "long quiet river", the Dacia operation took place in the turmoil of a rapid market evolution, fueled by large volumes of imported european used cars. The cooperation of the Renault panel of suppliers took shape at a slower pace than expected. In spite of these adversed conditions, Dacia maintained its leadership on the domestic market, thus paving the way for Logan, this "modern, dependable and affordable" vehicle

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Jammy, Thierry. "L'accord automobile CEE-Japon". Paris 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA010025.

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Dans son cycle de vie, le produit automobile sur les trois grands marches (États-Unis, Europe de l'ouest, Japon ) a atteint la phase de maturité, ce qui conjugue à l'offensive commerciale et industrielle des constructeurs automobiles japonais sur ces mêmes marchés, a provoqué un fort renforcement de l'intensité concurrentielle. Opérant dans un oligopole en guerre, les acteurs ont alors favorise l'émergence d'un néo-protectionnisme, dont une des formes est représentée par des accords de restriction volontaire des exportations, tels que l'accord automobile CEE-Japon. Les négociations menées durant plus d'une année entre me MITI et la CEE, ont abouti le 31 juillet 1991 à la signature de cet accord, dont le principal objectif est que la pénétration des automobiles japonaises dans la CEE, soit réalisée progressivement d'ici à la fin de la décennie. Cet accord qui ne repose sur aucun support juridique officiel, à l'exception d'une vague notification au GATT, s'est en fait révélé davantage un accord de compromis entre les différents états membres de la CEE, plutôt qu'un accord entre la CEE et le Japon. Finalement, en raison de la pauvreté du champ de la réflexion et plus encore de l'absence de définition du produit de référence dans sa dimension transplant, les constructeurs automobiles japonais pourront aisément contourner l'accord ou encore être prêts pour une offensive massive à la fin de la période de transition tout en continuant à protéger leur marché national. Globalement, l'accord impliquera une aggravation de la crise de surcapacité et un renforcement de la guerre des prix, avec pour corollaire la remise en cause de la survie de certains des constructeurs automobiles européens en tant qu'entités juridiques distinctes. De plus, il implique des partages de marches contraires à l'esprit du GATT et au traité de Maastricht
In its life cycle, the automobile product on the three major markets (USA, West Europe, Japan) has reached its maturity phase. This fact, linked with both a commercial and an industrial offensive of Japanese car makers on the same markets, has generated a strong thigthening of competitive intensity. Competing in a war state oligopoly, players then favored the emergence of neo-protectionism sampled by volontary restrictions on exports, as witnessed by the EEC-Japan automobile agreement. Negociations between the miti and EEC lasted for more than one year and ended on july 31, 1991 with the signature of the agreement whose main objective is to organize a progressive entry of Japanese cars into the EEC until the end of the century. This agreement, built on no official legal material, except for a memorandum to the GATT, proved itself rather as a compromise between EEC members than between Europe and Japan. Finally, due to a poor thinking process and rather more due to a lack of definition of the reference product in its transplant acceptation, the Japanese car makers will be in a position to easily go around the agreement and to be ready for a massive offensive by the end of the transition period, while still preserving their national market. As a whole, the agreement will imply a worsening of the overcapacity crisis and a strengthening of the price war, wich raises the question of the survival of some European car makers as independant legal entities. Furthermore, the agreement implies a sharing of the markets in opposition with the GATT spirit and the maastricht treaty

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Toshach, Mary Olds. "Automobile showrooms, the development of a building type". Virtual Press, 1985. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/421596.

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This thesis has explored the development of the automobile showroom as a twentieth century building type. The showrooms of Indianapolis, Indiana were used as the primary source of physical evidence. Buildings erected specifically for sales and service of automobiles between 1900 and 1955 chosen. The development was traced in regards to size and layout of the departments. The involvement of manufacturers, dealers and architects was also traced.
Department of Architecture

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Chandes, Karine. "Caractérisations physicochimiques de catalyseurs de postcombustion automobiles commerciaux essence et diesel métaux précieux-washcoat-cordiérite". Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10265.

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L'objectif de ce travail est de caracteriser par des methodes physicochimiques des catalyseurs de postcombustion automobiles commerciaux metaux precieux/washcoat/cordierite (essence et diesel) et d'etablir des correlations avec leurs performances catalytiques. Dans une premiere partie, des catalyseurs trois voies pt-rh/al#2o#3-ceo#2/cordierite de differentes teneurs metalliques (10 a 70 g/ft#3) ont ete caracterises et evalues par les methodes suivantes: chimisorption d'hydrogene mesuree par desorption a temperature programmee (dtp-h#2). Des chimisorptions activees sur les metaux et la cerine en interaction avec les metaux sont mises en evidence. Ces interpretations ont ete confrontees a une modelisation mathematique des courbes de thermodesorption. Mesure de la reductibilite par reduction a temperature programmee d'hydrogene (rtp-h#2). Les profils de reduction illustrent l'interaction entre les metaux superficiels et les oxygenes labiles de la cerine. Mesures des performances catalytiques sur banc d'evaluation de laboratoire. Ces mesures ont abouti a une correlation lineaire entre la quantite de polluants elimines lors d'un test de light-off (melange de richesse 0. 98) et le nombre de sites superficiels lies aux metaux precieux et titres par chimisorption de h#2. Dans une deuxieme partie, une correlation analogue a ete etablie par un catalyseur vieilli sur banc moteur dans differentes conditions operatoires. Les methodes de caracterisation ont egalement ete utilisees pour etudier des catalyseurs trois voies dans lesquels le platine est substitue tout ou en partie par du palladium. Enfin, un banc de laboratoire a ete concu pour evaluer les performances des catalyseurs diesel pt/washcoat(tio#2-al#2o#3-v#2o#5)/cordierite. L'influence de la presence de so#2 a ete etudiee (stockage et empoisonnement)

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Grelet, Vincent. "Rankine cycle based waste heat recovery system applied to heavy duty vehicles : topological optimization and model based control". Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1006/document.

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L’évolution croissante du prix des carburants ainsi que les normes antipollution de plus en plus drastiques obligent les fabricants de véhicules commerciaux à développer des solutions innovantes pour réduire la consommation de carburant. Dans cet objectif, comme une grande partie de l’énergie contenue dans le carburant est directement relâchée à l’ambient sous forme de chaleur, celle-ci peut être valorisée et transformée via un cycle thermodynamique secondaire. Dans ce cadre, l’importante utilisation du cycle de Rankine à travers le monde en font un candidat naturel pour une implémentation dans un véhicule. Mais contrairement à une utilisation stationnaire, de nombreux obstacles se dressent pour une intégration totale dans un poids lourd. De nombreuses études ont été menées ces trente dernières années afin de déterminer le potentiel réel d’un tel système une fois embarqué à bord d’un véhicule. Les nombreuses sources de chaleur valorisables, les contraintes inhérentes à l’application embarquée ou encore les forts régimes transitoires induits par l’utilisation du camion doivent mener à une optimisation à la fois de l’architecture du système ainsi que de son système de contrôle. L’optimisation du système mène à un choix en terme de sources chaudes et froides, de topologie, de fluide de travail ainsi que de dimensionnement des composants afin de maximiser les performances. Le système de contrôle joue lui un rôle primordial afin de tirer un bénéfice maximum d’un tel système connaissant ses limites physiques ainsi que d’assurer une utilisation efficace. Dans cette thèse, une méthodologie de conception d’un système de valorisation des rejets thermiques est proposée. En se basant sur des simulations du véhicule complet basées sur un modèle détaillé, les thématiques de la sélection du fluide de travail, des sources chaudes et froides ainsi que l’optimisation des composants et du cycle sont approchées. Par la suite, le problème de contrôle en ligne de la surchauffe à la sortie de l’évaporateur est formalisé. En tenant compte des contraintes numériques d’implémentation, différentes stratégies de commande sont mises en place, allant du contrôleur PID à des structures plus avancées telle que la commande prédictive par modèle ou une loi de commande basée sur un observateur. La plupart de ces stratégies sont validées expérimentalement sur un banc d’essai mis en place durant la thèse
The constant evolution of oil prices and the more and more stringent automotive emission standards force the original engine manufacturers to search for innovative solutions in order to reduce oil consumption. As an important part of the energy contained in the primary carrier (the fuel) is lost to the ambient through heat, it seems convenient to recover a part of this thermal energy and to turn it into fuel consumption reduction. Thermodynamic bottoming cycle such as the Rankine cycle could be used to meet this objective. Its popular use throughout the world for electricity generation makes it a natural candidate for on-board implementation in vehicles. However, a certain number of hurdles are still present before the system can be efficiently applied to heavy-duty trucks. In the last thirty years, numerous studies heave been carried out to evaluate the real potential of that kind of system on a vehicle but nothing has yet been commercialized. The heat sources to recover from, the constraints relative to the on-board application and the long and frequent transient behavior of the vehicle mean both the system architecture and its control strategy need to be optimized. The system optimization leads to a choice in terms of working fluid, heat sources and sinks, and components sizing in order to maximize power recovery and hence the fuel saving. The control plays a major role by using the capability of such a system to ensure an efficient and safe operation and limiting the interactions with the other vehicle sub-systems. In this thesis, a system design methodology is introduced to optimize the system architecture using complete model-based vehicle simulation. The constraints relative to the mobile application are taken into consideration to evaluate the potential of such a system. Modelbased control strategies for on controlled variable, namely the superheat level, are developed. Constrained by the implementation platform, different control frameworks ranging from PID to model predictive controllers or observer based controllers are developed to fit into a normal automotive electronic control unit. Most of these novel strategies were experimentally validated on a test rig developed during the thesis

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Ngai, Wang-ngai, i 魏宏毅. "An evaluation of off-street parking measures for goods vehicles". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31259510.

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Lim, Lâm Laurent. "Nouveau modèle de planification industrielle et commerciale avec approvisionnement long dans l'industrie automobile : approche par simulation-optimisation". Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENI019/document.

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Face à un environnement incertain et une internationalisation croissante de la chaîne logistique, la planification industrielle et commerciale (PIC) permet d’adapter efficacement les capacités industrielles à la demande du marché. Dans cette étude, nous présentons un modèle original de PIC utilisant des contraintes de flexibilité, pour améliorer la coordination entre les fonctions commerciales et logistiques. Un premier modèle de simulation permet d’étudier la dynamique du système ainsi que l’impact des différents paramètres sur les performances en termes de coûts et de satisfaction client. Afin d’étudier les politiques optimales, nous proposons un nouveau modèle de simulation-optimisation multi objectif. Différentes méthodes d’optimisation sont comparées, et plusieurs recommandations sont émises pour l’implémentation pratique de notre solution. Enfin, nous comparons les performances de plusieurs politiques de gestion des stocks lorsqu’elles sont couplées avec notre méthode de PIC flexible. À partir de données réelles du constructeur automobile Renault, nous présentons une étude comparative détaillée. Nous proposons plusieurs préconisations pratiques sur le type de politiques à privilégier selon les caractéristiques du système. Ces travaux de recherche sont particulièrement pertinents et applicables à d’autres industries confrontées à de fortes exigences commerciales,une faible visibilité sur la demande future et des approvisionnements longs
Face to uncertain environment and growing globalization of the supply chains, the salesand operations planning (S&OP) aims to adapt efficiently the industrial capacities to themarket demand. In this research, we present an original S&OP model that uses flexibilityconstraints to improve the coordination between sales and logistics functions. A first simulationmodel is developed to study the system dynamics and the impact of different parameters onsystem’s performance in terms of costs and customer satisfaction. We introduce a multiobjectivesimulation-optimization model to investigate the optimal policies. Several optimization methodsare compared and recommendations are given for the practical implementation of our solution.Then, we compare the performances of several policies for managing parts inventories whenthey are coupled with our flexible S&OP. Based on real data of the automobile manufacturerRenault, we present a detailed comparative study. We present several managerial insights on thetype of policies to favor depending on the system characteristics. This research is particularlyrelevant for other industries that face strict customer requirements, uncertain demand and longprocurement lead time

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Książki na temat "Commercial Automobiles"

Flonneau, Mathieu. Utilités de l'utilitaire: Aperçu réaliste des services automobiles. Paris: Descartes, 2010.

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Berry, Steven. Voluntary export restraints on automobiles: Evaluating a strategic trade policy. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1995.

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Michael, Turner. The motorsport art of Michael Turner. Wyd. 2. Sparkford, Nr Yeovil, Somerset, UK: Haynes Pub., 2001.

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Michael, Turner. The motorsport art of Michael Turner. Sparkford, Nr Yeovil, Somerset: Patrick Stephens Ltd., 1996.

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Engineers, Society of Automotive, i SAE International Congress & Exposition (1994 : Detroit, Mich.), red. Testing and instrumentation. Warrendale, Pa: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1994.

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Heck, Ronald M. Catalytic air pollution control: Commercial technology. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1995.

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Engineers, Society of Automotive, i Commercial Vehicle Engineering Congress and Exhibition (2005 : Chicago, Ill.), red. New developments in commercial vehicle transmissions and advanced technologies to improve driveline. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., 2005.

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SAE Commercial Vehicle Engineering Congress & Exhibition. New developments in commercial vehicle transmissions and advanced technologies to improve driveline. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 2004.

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Fontana, Francesca. Vengo a prenderti stasera: Come l'automobile ha cambiato le nostre vite in un secolo di grafica / mostra e catalogo a cura di Francesca Fontana. Modena: Franco Cosimo Panini, 2012.

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Engineers, Society of Automotive, i Commercial Vehicle Engineering Congress and Exhibition (2006 : Chicago, Ill.), red. Systems engineering and new developments in electronics. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 2006.

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Części książek na temat "Commercial Automobiles"

Das, Anwesha, Aninda Chowdhury i Riya Sil. "Third Industrial Revolution: 5G Wireless Systems, Internet of Things, and Beyond". W 5G and Beyond, 19–43. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3668-7_2.

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AbstractCommercial 5G mobile communication installations are currently ongoing. A variety of reasons, notably rising business and consumer needs as well as the advent of much more cheap equipment, are driving 5G and IoT growth. Substantial carrier investments in 5G networks, frequency, and infrastructure, as well as the adoption of international standards, are indeed assisting in driving development and increasing investor interest in IoT. Today’s modern 5G mobile cellular systems are emerging beyond current 4G technology, which will remain to fulfill diverse applications. 5G, which is expected to last a long time, may meet present needs like intelligent power applications while also forecasting future use cases like self-driving automobiles. Mobile operators would need to guarantee to ensure its added versatility simultaneously present as well as future use cases need as companies oversee the growth of technology. Cautious providers would control their expenditures to assure customer service as infrastructures migrate to 5G. The majority of 5G use case scenarios fall into three broad segments: improved mobile broadband (eMBB), enormous IoT, as well as critical communications, within each set of performance, and bandwidth, including delay needs. While 4G would remain to be utilized for so many consumers and commercial IoT scenarios, 5G offers IoT features that 4G as well as other networks do not. This would include 5G's capacity to accommodate a massive amount of fixed and portable IoT systems with variable speeds, capacity, and service level needs. As the Internet of Things develops, the adaptability of 5G would become increasingly more important for organizations wanting to satisfy the stringent needs of vital connectivity. Because of 5G's ultra-reliability as well as reduced latency, self-driving vehicles, intelligent power infrastructures, better industrial automation, and some other demanding technologies are becoming a possibility. While 5G increases Internet bandwidth, cloud services, machine intelligence, as well as cloud technologies would all assist to manage huge data quantities created by IoT. Additional 5G advancements, like low latency, and non-public networking, including the core of 5G, would eventually help realize the goals of an IoT network that is worldwide and capable of sustaining connectivity that is larger in size.

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Fluet, Claude. "Commercial Automobile Insurance: Should Fleet Policies Differ from Single Vehicle Plans?" W Automobile Insurance: Road Safety, New Drivers, Risks, Insurance Fraud and Regulation, 101–17. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4058-8_5.

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Hensher, David A. "Behavioral Value of Travel Time Savings in Personal and Commercial Automobile Travel". W The Full Costs and Benefits of Transportation, 245–78. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59064-1_9.

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Yuan, Shuai. "Investment Income Analysis of Automobile Enterprises Entering the Commercial Vehicles Field of Hydrogen Fuel Cell". W 2022 2nd International Conference on Management Science and Software Engineering (ICMSSE 2022), 279–85. Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-056-5_40.

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Prajapati, Shivam, Shivam Gupta i Nishi Mehta. "Comparative Analysis of Drag Force in a Deep-Water Wading Simulation of Ahmed Body with Different Commercial Automobile Models". W Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 325–37. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3379-0_28.

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Chanaron, Jean-Jacques. "Lada: Viability of Fordism?" W One best way?, 440–51. Oxford University PressOxford, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198290896.003.0018.

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Abstract This chapter examines three hypotheses about the trajectory of Avtovaz, the Russian manufacturer of automobiles and derived commercial vehicles (exported under the Lada brand), before arriving at a fourth more general hypothesis.

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Patel, Jigneshkumar P., Yanika Schneider, Malavarayan Sankarasubramanian i Vidya Jayaram. "Fundamentals of Polymer Additives". W Characterization and Failure Analysis of Plastics, 173–98. ASM International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.hb.v11b.a0006939.

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Abstract Polymer materials are key building blocks of the modern world, commonly used in packaging, automobiles, building materials, electronics, telecommunications, and many other industries. These commercial applications of polymeric materials would not be possible without the use of additives. This article is divided into five sections: mechanical property modifiers, physical property modifiers, biological function modifiers, processing aids, and colorants. It describes three classes of additives that are used to inhibit biological activity, six classes of mechanical property modifiers, three classes of physical property modifiers, and two classes of both colorants and processing aids.

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DiGirolamo, Vincent. "Bitter Cry of Progress". W Crying the News, 365–401. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195320251.003.0011.

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New laws call for new stories, and in the early 1900s those stories were increasingly told by muckraking journalists, documentary photographers, and social reformers. Upton Sinclair, Lewis Hine, Jane Addams, and many others focused on the evils of street work, including sexual bartering. But circulation managers professionalized and stepped up their newsboy welfare work. The proliferation of precociously cute newsboy images in advertisements and comic strips further neutralized reform efforts and legitimized newspapers’ use of child labor. Ethnic newspapers multiplied during this period and developed their own sales and distribution forces. Also propelling newspapers into the new century were automobiles, which presented newsboys with a new occupational hazard. Pushed and pulled by the commercial interests of publishers, and the social agendas of reformers, and the economic needs of their families, this generation of newsies rose up to assert their own vision of progress.

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Avery, William H., i Chih Wu. "Economic, Environmental, and Social Aspects of OTEC Implementation". W Renewable Energy from the Ocean. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195071993.003.0016.

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The financial analyses presented in Chapters 7 and 8 indicate that commercial development of OTEC will have a significant impact on the economics of U.S. energy production and use. Two scenarios for commercial development are examined in this section: 1. Development of OTEC methanol capacity sufficient to replace all U.S. gasoline produced from imported oil. 2. Development of OTEC ammonia capacity sufficient to replace all gasoline used in U.S. transportation. Commercialization of this option implies a project goal to produce methanol plantships with enough total methanol capacity to replace the gasoline used in the United States that is now produced from imported petroleum, 47 billion gallons of gasoline in 1990 (DOE/EIA, 1990). This would require a total of 427 200-MWe plantships, each producing 199 million gallons of methanol per year (1.8 gallons of methanol give the same automobile mileage as 1 gallon of gasoline. We assume financing based on an initial nominal plant investment of $960M (1990$) and an eighth plant investment of $664M. With repeated manufacture, the cost will be reduced to $438M for the 427th plantship, assuming that an experience exponent of 0.93 applies for all production of identical plantships after the first three. The average plant investment for the total production is then $507M. If financial support is maintained to complete the program, the year 2020 is a reasonable target date for achieving the full fuel production capacity. This implies construction of OTEC plantships at an average rate of 17 per year after commercial production is established. This rate could be accommodated in U.S. shipyards with feasible modifications to satisfy specific OTEC requirements. The U.S. shipbuilding facilities are discussed in Section 4.1. In addition to the investments required for OTEC, methanol automobiles must be in production, and distribution systems for methanol must be installed. The associated costs must be included in the financial analysis. Offsetting these costs are the savings resulting from: 1. Large improvements in the U.S. balance of trade through elimination of oil imports. 2. Tax receipts accruing from reinvigorated U.S. shipbuilding and associated manufacturing industries. 3. Economic benefits of stabilized world fuel prices.

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Campbell, Randolph. "The “prosperity decade” and the great Depression, 1921–1941". W Gone To Texas, 360–95. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195138429.003.0014.

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Abstract The words prosperity decade summarize the United States during the 1920s. Across the nation, basic economic activities such as residential and commercial construction boomed, and new industries—the manufacture of automobiles, radios, and synthetics, for example—grew with unimaginable speed. Businessmen and politicians called the twenties a “New Era” and spoke confidently of ending poverty in America, all the while paying little attention to weaknesses in agriculture and several other key industries and ignoring the overconcentration of income and wealth in the hands of a relatively few people. In 1929, it all came crashing down in the worst financial panic and economic depression in the history of the United States. Republican President Herbert Hoover, the chief architect of the “New Era,” fell with the economy, and Americans turned in 1932 to Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt and his promise of a “New Deal.” Under Roosevelt’s leadership during the thirties the United States survived but did not escape the Great Depression. Full economic recovery came only with World War II.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Commercial Automobiles"

Stephenson, T., C. W. Davies, D. H. Lloyd i G. J. Wilson. "Construction and use of a dual-fuel split-engine commercial vehicle for demonstrating fuel effects on performance". W 8th International Conference on Engines for Automobiles. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2007-24-0130.

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"Transforming Transportation: The Digital Evolution of Automobiles and Mobility Services". W International Conference on Cutting-Edge Developments in Engineering Technology and Science. ICCDETS, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62919/hvuk9467.

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Transportation is a significant contributor to the emission of greenhouse gases, primarily due to the combustion of fossil fuels. These emissions are pivotal in driving global warming and climate change. In response, significant research and development efforts are being directed towards sustainable commercial products and transportation solutions. Electric Vehicles (EVs) are at the forefront of this shift, leveraging electric power to operate, which is provided by advanced battery systems. This paper delves into the characteristics and technological advancements of Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) batteries, their role in the operation of EVs, and the critical functionality of Battery Management Systems (BMS). We explore the bidirectional power flow in EVs during operation and braking, the categorization of EVs, and the implementation of BMS to enhance battery performance and safety. This comprehensive review compares different battery technologies with a focus on Li-Ion batteries due to their high energy density, low self-discharge rate, and minimal memory effects, and discusses the management techniques essential for optimizing EV applications.

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Ivers, Douglas, i Douglas LeRoy. "Improving Vehicle Performance and Operator Ergonomics: Commercial Application of Smart Materials and Systems". W ASME 2011 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2011-5058.

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This paper will discuss how controllable material technology, such as the use of active magneto-rheological (MR) dampers, improves vehicle primary and secondary suspensions. Although relatively new to the marketplace, semi-active suspensions in commercial automobiles and off-highway vehicles have been proven through the use of active MR dampers since 1998. In fact, MR suspension dampers are found today on the commercial vehicles of an increasing number of automotive OEMs and leading off-highway OEMs. MR fluid dampers are simple in design and have the advantage of no moving parts. The resistive force from an MR damper is generated as iron particles, suspended in the magneto-rheological fluid (MR fluid); pass through a magnetic field controlled by the electrical current passing through an electric coil contained within a moving piston surrounded by fluid. By adjusting the current to the damper coil in response to feedback from vehicle sensors and a controller, the damping response of the suspension can be optimized and controlled in real time to provide optimal operator comfort. The MR Damper System has a full-scale step response of less than 10 milliseconds. Sophisticated control algorithms adapt to large changes in payload, enabling the vehicle to meet ride metrics without pneumatic load leveling. Other benefits of the MR damping system include higher speed in NATO double-lane change tests, reduced risk of roll-over, improved accuracy of mounted weapons, and improved vehicle durability and readiness.

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Abeynayake, M. D. T. E., i P. L. Menoli kaushalya. "Prospect of establishing smart car park system for commercial buildings in Sri Lanka". W Independence and interdependence of sustainable spaces. Faculty of Architecture Research Unit, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/faru.2022.25.

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‘Car parking’ can be considered as a pivotal challenge and one of the major contributors to traffic congestion in urban areas. This challenge is a result of a dramatic increase in numbers of automobiles on the roads as well as surge in population. Recently, smart car parking management has become an ideal solution for the parking with the emergence of IoT technology. At present, the deployment of smart technologies has rapidly increased specially in the developed countries, in the world. Hence, this study aims to explore the challenges and problems for implementation of smart car system and to make recommendations for implement it tob the Sri Lankan context.. This research carried out in developed countries do not ideally and best suit for developing countries as the economic, social and cultural contexts of the developed countries are different from that of the developing countries. Therefore, this study goes beyond that and addresses about smart car parking system that assisted users to solve the issue of finding a parking space and to minimize the time spent in searching of the nearest available car park, based on the case studies encompassing commercial buildings within the Sri Lankan context. In this research, a comprehensive literature review was conducted with the view to review the concept of smart car parking system and semi structured interviews covering the case studies and expert interviews were carried out. Data gathered, was examined using cross case analysis utilizing qualitative analysis tool namely Nvivo 12 and content analysis. Results of the research can be applied to the Sri Lankan context stepwise in different stages .Therefore, this research has focused to identify the stages of developing smart car parking system along with the identification of benefits, barriers and suitable recommendations as well. Thus, the intended research outcome of this research which is to explore the establishment of smart car park system for commercial buildings in Sri Lanka to mitigate the traffic congestion and to effectively utilize the limited space is successfully accomplished.

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Lundberg, Robert, i Marc Ferrato. "Ceramic Component Development for Agata". W ASME 1999 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/99-gt-392.

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The European EUREKA project, EU 209, also known as AGATA (Advanced Gas Turbine for Automobiles), is a programme dedicated to the development of three critical ceramic components — a catalytic combustor, a radial turbine wheel and a static heat exchanger — for a 60 kW turbogenerator in a hybrid electric vehicle. These three components, which are of critical importance to the achievement of low emissions and high efficiency, have been designed, developed, manufactured and tested as part of a full scale feasibility study. AGATA is a joint project conducted by eight commercial companies and four research institutes in France and Sweden. This paper outlines the main results of the AGATA project with special emphasis to the development of ceramic components.

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Subramanian, Karthikeyan, i Gopi Sankar. "A Review on Hydrogen Fuel and Storage System Product Design for PEM Fuel Cell Vehicle Applications". W International Conference on Automotive Materials and Manufacturing AMM 2023. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-1335.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">As a future sustainable fuel, hydrogen will significantly reduce reliance on fossil energy resources as well as the amount of exhaust emitted by automobiles. It is a carbon-free fuel, and it can be produced through a number of conversion technologies, including thermochemical, electrochemical, and biological processes. However, with advanced PEM fuel cell technologies to drive commercialization and commercial vehicle growth, hydrogen fuel quality for efficient fuel cell system performance, and fuel storage system product design with all safety features are the unique selling points. Though the concept of the hydrogen storage system for fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) is derived from global technologies, it cannot be implemented directly in the Indian CV (commercial vehicle) market. A certain level of technology can only be transmitted. In light of the aforementioned scenario, the vehicle manufacturers should prioritise the focus on selection of well-organized strategies for hydrogen storage systems and usage of hydrogen fuel from competent production techniques with improved fuel quality. Hence, it is significant to study the hydrogen fuel production process, quality, impact of impurities on fuel cell vehicle performance, together with storage tank design requirements and mitigation approach without compromising the quality of the FC vehicle performances. Accordingly, in this review, regardless of firm type, for transforming the FCEV market opportunities into a commercially viable FCEV product are discussed in this paper.</div></div>

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Kishita, Yusuke, Michinori Uwasu, Hiroyuki Takeda, Keishiro Hara, Yuji Ohishi i Masashi Kuroda. "Assessing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Cost of Thermoelectric Generators for Passenger Automobiles: A Life Cycle Perspective". W ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-34483.

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Toward realizing a low-carbon society, a thermoelectric generator (TEG) is promising for energy harvesting by generating electricity from thermal energy, especially waste heat. While there are various technologies available for energy recovery, one of the strengths of TEGs is to retrieve usable energy from waste heat whose temperature is as low as 200∼300 degrees Celsius. Yet, the conversion efficiency of the current thermoelectric materials remains low at 5∼10%, which makes it difficult to diffuse TEGs in our society. In order to clarify required performances of TEGs to diffuse them in the future, this paper aims to assess the life cycle CO2 emissions (LCCO2) and life cycle cost (LCC) of TEGs based on several product lifecycle scenarios, each of which assumes different future situations in, e.g., conversion efficiency of TEGs. In this paper, we focus on TEGs for passenger automobiles since a range of the temperatures of their exhaust gas is suitable for TEGs. Additionally, we focus on bismuth telluride (Bi-Te) materials to develop TEGs since they have already been available for commercial use. A case study of installing Bi-Te TEGs in passenger automobiles is carried out. The region of interest is Suita City, Osaka, Japan. By describing two scenarios that assume different conversion efficiency of thermoelectric materials, we compare assessment results from the viewpoints of LCCO2 and LCC. The results reveal that using TEGs has the potential to reduce CO2 emissions of the city by 0.07∼0.30%. It is also shown that the TEG cost needs to be drastically reduced to make the usage of TEGs profitable.

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Lundberg, Robert, i Jan Adlerborn. "Silicon Nitride Components for AGATA: A European Gas Turbine for Hybrid Vehicles". W ASME 1996 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-gt-287.

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The European EUREKA project, EU 209, otherwise known as AGATA (Advanced Gas Turbine for Automobiles), is a programme dedicated to the development of three critical ceramic components — a catalytic combustor, a radial turbine wheel and a static heat exchanger — for a 60 kW turbogenerator in an hybrid electric vehicle. These three components, which are of critical importance to the achievement of low emissions and high efficiency, will be designed, developed, manufactured and tested as part of a full scale feasibility study. AGATA is a joint project conducted by eight commercial companies and four research institutes in France and Sweden. Silicon nitride ceramics play an important role both in the development of the catalytic combustor and for the radial turbine wheel. This paper outlines the main results of the AGATA project with special emphasis to the development of Si3N4 combustor and turbine wheel.

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Frosina, Emma, Adolfo Senatore, Assunta Andreozzi, Gianluca Marinaro, Dario Buono, Gennaro Bianco, Domenico Auriemma, Francesco Fortunato, Fulvio Damiano i Pino Giliberti. "Study of the Sloshing in a Fuel Tank Using CFD and EFD Approaches". W ASME/BATH 2017 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2017-4337.

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This paper is focused on the study of the sloshing in the fuel tank of vehicles. As well known, fluid dynamic in an automotive fuel tank have to be studied and optimized to allow the correct fuel suction in all driving conditions, prevent undesired slosh noise and limit its influence on fuel vapor formation and management. Experimentation to predict the sloshing with a good accuracy depends on the ability to replace real working parameters and conditions like accelerations, decelerations, slope variations and rotations. This paper shows results obtained studying the sloshing inside a reference tank with computational fluid-dynamic and experimental approaches. The test bench for automotive fuel tank, employed in this analysis, has been designed by Moog Inc. on specification from Fiat Chrysler Automobiles and it is aimed at covering the wider possible range of dynamic conditions. It basically consists of a hexapod, which uses six independent actuators arranged in three triangles and connecting a base and a top platform, thus allowing all six DOFs. Above the top platform is mounted a tilt table with two additional actuators, to extend pitch and roll envelope, thus the name of “8-DOF bench”. A dedicated CFD model has been built up using a CFD commercial code. The model has been integrated with the multiphase tool in order to correctly reply the real free surface. Results, numerical and experimental, have been post-processed with Matlab® comparing percentage gaps of the free surfaces each other. The comparison has shown a good agreement. This research is the result of a scientific collaboration between the Industrial Engineering Department of University of Naples Federico II and FCA Fiat Chrysler Automobiles.

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Coulibaly, Amadou, Mickae¨l Gardoni, Khalifa Gaye i Ying Huang. "Recyclability Oriented Lifecycle Design of Mechatronic Products". W ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-28377.

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The mechatronic systems are manufactured and high technology integrated products consisting of mechanical components, electronic devices and software modules. Such products are present in a very fast growing number of industrial products like mobile phones, digital cameras, high standing automobiles, aeronautics or NC machines. Some of these products are mass consumption items such as mobile phones that are characterized by a relatively short commercial lifetime. And then these products are renewed after a few months. Dealing with all this growing amount of wastes generated, is a crucial environmental problem that is becoming a worrying situation. This article proposes an approach aimed to lifecycle design for the recyclability of mass consumption mechatronic products. In this paper, we firstly describe and analyze the mechatronic products behavior from reliability and recyclability viewpoints. Then, we propose an approach for designing such products in order to fulfill recyclability requirements by using a knowledge-based design adviser module.

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