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Núñez, Rocha Thaís. "International trade and environment : the role of environmental regulations". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01E051.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis contributes to an understanding of the relationship between trade and the environment, with an emphasis on the role of environmental regulation among countries. Three essays deal with this link from different perspectives. The first chapter analyses the effectiveness of the formalization of the Basel Convention on trade in hazardous wastes in the European Union (EU-WSR), followed by developing countries, and divided into regions. I build an environmental regulation index, which includes the quality of the institutions. The results show little evidence of a waste haven effect in the least developed EU countries. In the regional analysis, there is no evidence of the effectiveness of the EU-WSR. The second chapter examines the effectiveness of international environmental agreements. This chapter assesses the effects of the ratification and adoption of these agreements on imports of hazardous chemicals and persistent organic pollutants. The results underline the partial effect of these two conventions. More specifically, when assessing a less restrictive arrangement, imports are reduced only when the exporter ratifies the agreement. In assessing the ban on persistent organic pollutants, imports are reduced. The third examines the effect of environmental regulation on environmental outcomes. This chapter has taken into account the determinants of pollution and an environmental regulatory variable composed of environmental laws adopted by countries. The results show that environmental laws have an effect improving environmental outcomes. This effect is unique to environmental outcomes and to the law. Thus, some previous conclusions drawn from the literature on the beneficial effect of trade on the environment are questioned
Núñez, Rocha Thaís. "International trade and environment : the role of environmental regulations". Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01E051/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis contributes to an understanding of the relationship between trade and the environment, with an emphasis on the role of environmental regulation among countries. Three essays deal with this link from different perspectives. The first chapter analyses the effectiveness of the formalization of the Basel Convention on trade in hazardous wastes in the European Union (EU-WSR), followed by developing countries, and divided into regions. I build an environmental regulation index, which includes the quality of the institutions. The results show little evidence of a waste haven effect in the least developed EU countries. In the regional analysis, there is no evidence of the effectiveness of the EU-WSR. The second chapter examines the effectiveness of international environmental agreements. This chapter assesses the effects of the ratification and adoption of these agreements on imports of hazardous chemicals and persistent organic pollutants. The results underline the partial effect of these two conventions. More specifically, when assessing a less restrictive arrangement, imports are reduced only when the exporter ratifies the agreement. In assessing the ban on persistent organic pollutants, imports are reduced. The third examines the effect of environmental regulation on environmental outcomes. This chapter has taken into account the determinants of pollution and an environmental regulatory variable composed of environmental laws adopted by countries. The results show that environmental laws have an effect improving environmental outcomes. This effect is unique to environmental outcomes and to the law. Thus, some previous conclusions drawn from the literature on the beneficial effect of trade on the environment are questioned
Bartenstein, Kristin. "L'antagonisme «commerce et environnement» ou le principe de développement durable comme fil conducteur pour la réconciliation des intérêts commerciaux et environnementaux sous l'article XX du GATT". Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24190/24190.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaSittivaekin, Panumas. "Le cadre juridique des relations commerciales et d'investissement entre la CEE et la Thaïlande". Paris 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA020067.
Pełny tekst źródłaOur study deals with the legal frame of the commercial relations between thailand and the eec, and investment policies between the two partners. Asean's dimension, in with thailand is integrated, must be taken into account as preliminary analyse, before considering the main questions of the subject. This present discussion, as our first part, consiers four topics as : 1st, legal ground of the commercial relation for exportation from thailand, developping country, is the preferential treatment according to community scheme of the generalized preference. 2nd, these preferences are, nevertheless, not comparable with the preferences called special, given under the lome convention. 3rd, the international commercial environment, according to gatt, is not neglectedc. Lastly, the completion of the single european market, is also considered in its consequences on thailand. Our second part shall begin with the legal instrument of the investment bilateral convention. Then, the investment law, as the last resort for european investors, and the legal frame of establishment will be studied
Amiri, Massoud. "La coercition économique en droit international". Université Robert Schuman (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR30008.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis is concerned with the legality of economic coercion under international law. The subject is dealt with in two parts. In part l, it is proposed to show that economic coercion is prima lacie unlawful. Chapter 1 examines the grounds of this illegality : the principle of the freedom of trade, violation of specific treaty obligations, the rule refraining from the threat or use of force, the principle of nonintervention, the prohibition of economic coercion in the conclusion of treaties and assimilation of economic coercion to aggression. Chapter II is devoted to the definition of the modalities of unlawful economic actions. A distinction is made to that effect between measures aimed directly against a given State and those aimed indirectly against the target State, namely mesures with extraterritorial reach and secondary boycotts. Part II examines the circumstances justifying the exercise of coercion. The first chapter deals with collective sanctions ordered or authorized in the framework of the United Nations. The major questions addressed: circumstances justifying resort to sanctions by the Security Council, the competence of the General Assembly in this area, the exemptions warranted on humanitarian considerations, legal effects and implementation of the U. N. Resolutions and the power of regional arrangements or agencies to order sanctions. The second chapter is devoted to decentralized reactions to illicit acts. It is composed of three sections. The first section is concerned with the conditions of the legality of counter-measures taken by a State directly injured by a wrongful act, such as an attempt for obtaining redress by other means, proportionality and the observance of human rights. The following section examines the possibility of resorting to unilateral counter-measures by States which have not been directly and materially affected by the breach of obligations towards the international community as a whole. The final section focuses on economic measures of legitimate Self-defence
Aw, Cheikh Ahmadou Tidjane. "La Mauritanie et la réglementation du commerce international depuis la signature des accords de Marrakech". Perpignan, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PERP1065.
Pełny tekst źródłaShortly after its independance, Mauritania, following the example of other countries, developed commercial relations, both bilateral and multilateral to provide its economic needs. Having experienced a sole party political system during the 60’s, Mauritania under pressure from donor countries engaged in the process of adopting democraty with the introduction of a constitution in july 20, 1991 and multi-party elections occured sonn after. Horwever these elections had little effect on the political development of the country. A military coup d’état caused a period of instability which paralyzed the country and discouraged external investment. Indeed its international image in commercial terms was the same as other less advanced countries and it became a victim of the multilateral commercial system wich caused the structural weakness of its economy. The formation of the World Trade Organisation on the 1 st january 1995 was hailed as a major advance for developing countries, Mauritania in particular. The multilateral framework was, in theory, there to protect the weakest commercial countries and to recgnize the specific needs of developing countries. However, in reality the developed powers gained more advantage from the multilateral framework which has allowed them to impose their laws on the countries of third world, Mauritania included. In short in spite of declarations made by The World Trade Organisation, since its creation to the contrary, in reality it is an organisation which serves the multinationals. The rich coutries become increasingly rich and the poor contries increasingly poor
Sova, Robert. "Commerce international et environnement : le cas de la Roumanie". Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010071.
Pełny tekst źródłaNo English summary available
Gadji, Yao Abraham. "Libéralisation du commerce international et protection de l'environnement". Limoges, 2007. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/106185d5-6bd3-4f1b-bf8f-6ad91f477265/blobholder:0/2007LIMO1008.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaInternational trade and protection environmental currently feed hot debates within States, international institutions and Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs). The complex links between both imperatives highlight the significant interest at stake. Serious ecological crises due to human activities have led to the adoption of environmental protection measures which stand as constraints on international trade whereas the World Trade Organization (WTO) advocates free movement of goods and commodities. Controversies are related to general and sector-based regulations as well as the modus operandi of the two sectors. Should environmental protection serve as a standard for the organization of free, competitive and non discriminatory international trade ? Or, should the rules of international trade fall in line with environmental protection objectives ?What changes in international trade regulations are to be considered to reconcile these with ecological requirements ? These issues which have grown in importance in recent years, especially as regards the movement of genetically modified organisms, patents for living creatures, access to genetic resources and the reduction of greenhouse gases, must be adequately addressed should sustainable developement be achieved
Pace, Virgile. "L'organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) et le renforcement de la réglementation juridique des échanges commerciaux internationaux". Paris 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA020046.
Pełny tekst źródłaTHE SYSTEM ESTABLISHED BY THE WTO EMBODIES AN UNPRECEDENTED strengthENING OF THE LEGAL REGULATION IMPOSED ON GLOBAL TRADE. THIS MOVE MEANS FIRST AN INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF JUDICIAL RULES. INDEED, AN INCREASING APPEAL TO JUDICIAL RULES IS TO BE NOTED TOGETHER WITH THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A MORE COERCITIVE LEGAL SYSTEM AND A CLEAR BLAMING OF ALL NON-JUDICIAL ELEMENTS. THIS strengthENING ALSO MEANS MORE EFFICIENCY IN THESE JUDICIAL RULES. INSTITUTIONALIZING ARBITRATION, ESTABLISHING A GENUINE APPEAL PROCEDURE, AND TIGHTENING SUPERVISION AND CONTROL SHOW THE JUDICIAL CHARACTER OF THESE PROCEDURES. MORE RATIONAL, MORE CREDIBLE AND MORE EVENHANDED, THE DISPUTE SETTLEMENT MECHANISM OPERATES IN A MOST POWERFUL JUDICIAL WAY. THIS strengthENING IS EVENTUALLY PRAGMATIC AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF JUDICIAL RULING IS REALISTIC. THE LIMITED RULING OF THE WTO IS MOSTLY FLEXIBLE. IT IS SPECIFIC AND CAN FIT A REGION BUT IT IS ALSO UNIVERSAL SO IT CAN EVOLVE INDEFINITELY TO MEET STATES'DEMANDS. THIS SET OF RULES FREELY NEGOCIATED BY ALL MEMBER STATES PROVIDES WTO WITH A FIRM LEGAL AND POLITICAL ACCEPTABILITY. FURTHERMORE, THE strengthENING OF JUDICIAL RULES ON GLOBAL TRADE REQUIRES THAT ALL DOMESTIC JUDICIAL BODIES ACKNOWLEDGE THAT WTO'S RULES CAN APPLY DIRECTLY IN MEMBER STATES
Lagelle, Anaïs. "Les standards en droit international économique". Nice, 2012. http://docelec.u-bordeaux.fr/login?url=http://www.harmatheque.com/ebook/9782343035413.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe international economic law, often criticized as inefficient, or even nonexistent, has, nowadays, a renewal of its normativity. Indeed, the technique of legal standard allows international economic law to be efficient and to set limits to the action of all of its actors. In this frame, standards hold a significant place in the international economic law. On one side, this importance can be valued ratione personae, in the way that all the actors of international economic law contribute to a lasting establishment of the legal standard technique in the international economic law, promoting in this way the international economic law normativity. On the other side, it can be valued ratione materiae, since all the fields of the international economic law are marked by the legal standard technique. But the obvious importance of the standards existence isn’t so indisputably reflected in their role. In spite of the fact that standards have a real role to play in the implementation of the law, this role often appears as controversial. Standards, whose role is to be normative and regulating, are often depicted as detracting the coherence and the security of law. But, this assertion should be put in perspective because standards have to be considered, from now on, as the best norm to regulate the action of the international economic law subjects and to contribute of the international economic law normativity
Luff, David. "Le droit de l'Organisation Mondiale du Commerce: analyse critique :la prise en compte par le système de l'Organisation Mondiale du Commerce d'objectifs de nature non-commerciale". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211323.
Pełny tekst źródłaAmouzou, Esther. "Déterminants du commerce international de déchets dangereux et recyclables : analyse économétrique". Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC0121.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis consists of two empirical studies on the analysis of international waste trade determinants, more precisely the hazardous waste on the one hand and the metallic waste on the other hand. Different econometric methods were used on statistical data from Eurostat (for hazardous waste) and UN Comtrade (for recyclable waste). If the literature on the determinants of international trade in waste is scarce and limited, it is because of the absence of a universal definition of waste (due to the plurality of definitions) leading to classification problems, non-matching of waste flows and the absence of a specific database. It is up to the researcher to build his own database from his own definition. We propose, in this thesis, to provide insights on some points which have been too few studied. The first chapter studies the dialectical relationship between waste definition and its related regulations; and focuses on the theoretical aspects of international trade in waste based on those of the international trade in goods. The analysis reveals that waste is a particular good, which makes its trade also particular. Thus, its definitions are superimposed, opposed and / or complement each other. Moreover, the European Union is the pioneer zone in terms of waste policy and waste is highly regulated, especially before its generation (prevention) and from its generation to its final treatment.The second chapter examines the determinants of trade in hazardous waste and asks whether the EU waste policy has succeeded or failed. We find that proximity and differences in waste treatment capacity across countries and in regulations are important determinants of this trade. In particular, countries with high hazardous waste treatment capacities demonstrate increased hazardous waste imports. We also find that these countries have high environmental performance indices. These results imply that EU waste management policy plays an important role in shaping European trade in hazardous waste. Finally, it seems that there is no waste haven effect for the EU hazardous waste trade.The third chapter tests the determinants of international trade in metallic waste, more precisely the assumptions that industrial specialization captured by revealed comparative advantages, virgin material and secondary material prices are important determinants of international trade in metallic waste. We find that industrial specialization is a motivating factor for exports and discouraging for imports. The decision to export or import depends especially on metal and metal scrap price sensitivity. When metal costs more than metallic waste, importing countries specialized in metallurgy prefer to import metallic waste in order to substitute it to the virgin material and / or to preserve the latter. Exporting countries prefer to export metallic waste when its price is in the ascending phase and the price of virgin material is in its downward phase. This, in order to preserve the virgin material and to use the secondary material at its place. In any case, an arbitration is made between the price of the virgin material and the price of the secondary material. Furthermore, the regulation gap plays an important role in arbitration. Metallic wastes are not exported to countries with low environmental performance. Inversely, imports are made from the latter
Aries-Adjaoute, Nathalie. "Le droit communautaire des relations commerciales avec le Japon : aspects non tarifaires". Paris 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA010289.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis deals with trade relations between the European economic community and Japan through some non-tariff obstacles and through the community law. The dialogue is set out on the multilateral and bilateral level within economic and political fields. In the absence of an arbitration agreement, the exchange discipline is guaranteed by the general agreement on tariffs and trade organization. Unilateral and conventional restrictive measures, legalized or controlled on both sides by legal texts or guaranteed by the current practice, are hindering exchanges. The rules of the market economy are hence thwarted because of the Japanese dumping. This latter may be linked to new speculative goods which are not only bringing about destabilizing these countries as far as the technological investment is concerned. The community institutions are curbing the poor functioning engendered by the dumping, through a regulation targeted to the Japanese dumping. The institutions are striving towards the setting up of an almost tariff system. The reason may be the marked preference for law rather than for agreements. The surveys conclusions are made up by fundamental economic data obscured by the regulation. In Japan and within the European economic community, the opening up of the public market to the international competition may be seen through legal texts. These latter are setting out the resulting public markets. This opening up is invalidated
Oladeji, Sunday. "Commerce Nord-Sud et environnement : une approche technologique". Aix-Marseille 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX24007.
Pełny tekst źródłaGuimeneuf, Emmanuelle. "Innovation technologique et réglementation environnementale : le cas de l'industrie automobile". Paris 9, 1998. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1998PA090036.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn the greening of business perceptive, we have investigated the way a competitive advantage would stem from the technological innovation-environmental regulation relationship. First, environmental regulation is considered as a spur to technological innovation. Regulation may, thus, induce a change in the technological trajectory of the firm, leading to a bunch of innovations. Actually, the European vehicle emission standards did compel the adoption of the electronic injection device and the catalytic converter. This theoretical stance does not provide a relevant analytical framework to describe the lobbying behavior of carmakers, though. Consequently, environmental regulation should be perceived as a selection criterion of technological innovation. In this perspective, the evolutionist model is enriched by the dynamic capacity’s analysis, which provides a convenient microeconomic foundation through a strategic behavior. The existence of integrative and traductive dynamic capacities of environmental regulation is, then, stated. These competencies allow the firm to cope with regulation variations and provide the basis of a competitive advantage
Grigorova, Zhenya. "La réglementation internationale du commerce de matières premières : l'exemple des ressources énergétiques". Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01D023.
Pełny tekst źródłaNo English summary available
El, Hadri Hajare. "Désastres naturels et commerce international". Thesis, Orléans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ORLE3006.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe history of the planet has always been marked by natural disasters. Nevertheless, their impacts on trade have been little explored. This thesis tries to bring to light the relationship between natural disasters and trade. A special attention was given to developing countries and their agricultural sector which is known to be particularly vulnerable to these shocks. The chapter 1 proposes to analyse the effect of natural disasters on total trade. We show that agricultural exports do not decrease ina systematic way in the aftermath of catastrophes. Therefore, the chapter 2 seeks to identify the transmission channels; and relies on bilateral trade models. We show that natural disasters affect agricultural exports through three mechanisms: a capability channel, a shipment channel and a preference channel. Finally, the chapter 3 explores the role played by drought in change of country‘s specialization. We show that a lack of precipitation leads to a change in exports at middle term
Ambomo, Marcel. "Commerce, environnement et développement en Afrique francophone : réalités et perspectives". Nantes, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NANT4007.
Pełny tekst źródłaBase development only on economic growth, was a trend in Africa. Henceforth, this approach is questioned, since the consecration of sustainable development at Rio Summit. Consequently, development issue of African countries is studied, by redefining actual balance between trade, environment and development. Indeed, we can take up a bet on trade as development tool in Africa. However, his success depends on withdraw of trade barriers and the protection of environment. We seize here, the opportunity to re-examine the sustainable concept, which appears, for good, as a civilization vision. At what scale? Universality seems on this context attractive. But it's risky, because it could ignore local situation. In this field, we can think globally, but act locally. This concept allows sui generis sustainable development models, with the purpose to avoid a unique environmental view
Antonelli, Annarita. "Environnement et commerce international : enjeux de l'approche économique des procédés et méthodes de production /". Montpellier : Institut agronomique méditerranéen, 1995. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35867524r.
Pełny tekst źródłaHsu, Yao-Ming. "La réglementation chinoise et taïwanaise en matière d'OGM : contenu et conformité aux normes internationales". Aix-Marseille 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX32076.
Pełny tekst źródłaBased on the actual policy of biotechnology and the regulations of GMO in China and in Taiwan, this study develops the analysis of the possible harmonization of international norms of GMO, being a precondition of the future normative development of GMO regulation in China and Taiwan, either by the methods of interpretations of treaties, or by the cooperation among the competent international organizations, or by the promotion of the precautionary principle. In addition, the DSB of the WTO would be an appropriate and efficient forum for possible disputes settlement between the commercial needs and the environmental ones. According to this study, China should immediately engage in effective application of its present GMO norms. By contrast, Taiwan should accelerate its paces for the GMO legislations
Assi, Benié. "La liberté du commerce et de l'industrie en Côte d'Ivoire : recherches sur les bases juridiques fondamentales du système économique ivoirien". Université Robert Schuman (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993STR30002.
Pełny tekst źródłaFree enterprise in trade and industry is an accepted principe in ivorian law. However, taken as a principle with the sole aim of protecting individual rights and interests, it could be an obstacle, or worse still, a danger to the process of economic development. Its individualistic basis creates a spirit of antaginism in the relationship between the state and private economic concerns and this leads to making a principle of the state's non intervention in the economic sector. This in turn threatens economic independence and the state's directing role ; two pactors controlling the effedtiveness of the fight against unter development. Ivorian state capitalism seems to be the means of fitting trade liberalisation to socio-economic realities. Massive state intervention in the private sector trough aid and public enterprises in creating a new mentality of collaboration between individuals and the state, in order to safeguard the interests of both nation and individuals. The new mentality must be matched by a new conception of free enterprise. Free participation with rights and obligations assured thus seems to be the principle replacing unbridled trade liberalisation as the legal basis of the ivorian economic system
Shi, Yang. "La réglementation des contrats internationaux en Chine". Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010308.
Pełny tekst źródłaChina’s economy has grown significantly during the past thirty years under a policy of socialist market economy. For the purposes of international trade, Chinese international contract law makes reference to western law, while maintaining distinctive features stemming from political influence and Chinese culture. As trade relations with China intensify, foreign and Chinese economic entities are entering into an increasing number of international contracts. In accordance with the principle of contractual freedom, parties to an international contract may choose which law will govern their contract, so as to enjoy a greater degree of flexibility, legal safety or neutrality. This study, based mainly on Chinese legal developments, aims to provide a practical reference on the regulation of international contracts in China by presenting the general principles of international Chinese contracts, and the negotiation and execution of international contracts, as well as difficulties related to their application. It also analyses the manner in which the United Nations Convention applies to international sale of goods contracts, as well as certain cases of refusal to recognize and enforce foreign arbitral awards in China. By dealing exclusively with international contracts related to international trade, this study will provide foreign investors wishing to invest in China with a comprehensive picture of the current regulation of international contracts in China and will allow the parties to choose which law to govern their contractual relationships in order to achieve their objectives and avoid any unpleasant surprises resulting from their lack of awareness of current Chinese laws and regulations
Bossis, Gaëlle. "La sécurité des aliments en droit international et communautaire : rapports croisés et perspectives d'harmonisatiion". Lyon 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO33018.
Pełny tekst źródłaMarrero, Maria-Rosa. "L' empire du droit ou le droit international saisi par le fait colonial : Le cas de l'Afrique, 1880-1922". Montpellier 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON10075.
Pełny tekst źródłaMilone, Mario. "Sur les Coûts et Externalités de l'Intermédiation". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLED070.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis aims at determining and estimating costs of intermediation and the extend of the externalities it generates. The rise of big data and AI is reshaping financial intermediation. Its benefits in terms of speed or cost efficiency may be easy to appreciate but its costs are far less understood. I show that technology can increase financial frictions as well as the cost of financial intermediation. The financial crisis of 2008 has highligted the importance of liquidity. I provide a theoretical framework to help understand the impact current regulatory tools may have on banks liquidity problems. The analysis sheds light on a new trade-off between capital and liquidity requirements. Finally, costs and externalities of intermediation are studied in the context of international trade. Due to geographical constraints, some countries are intermediating goods in trade relationships. This trading friction is both theoretically analyzed and empirically estimated. Countries that are seemingly unnafected (e.g. The United Kingdoms) are in fact suffering from the distortionary effect it creates on global prices
Klemet-Nguessan, N. Kouamé. "La propriété intellectuelle et les négociations commerciales de l'Uruguay Round". Nice, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NICE0025.
Pełny tekst źródłaHellio, Hugues. "L'organisation mondiale du commerce et les normes relatives à l'environnement : recherches sur la technique de l'exception". Paris 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA020071.
Pełny tekst źródłaRobert, Eric. "Analyse de la conciliation par l'OMC des règles du commerce international et des normes et politiques environnementales". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212044.
Pełny tekst źródłaBueb, Julien. "Politique stratégique et environnement". Besançon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BESA0005.
Pełny tekst źródłaEnvironment becomes a national and international major concern. The Nobel Peace Prize 2007 has been awarded to Al Gore and IPCC for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change. The "Grenelle de l'environnement" in France shows this new granted concern for governments. With the enlarging necessity to counteract climatic risk, governments can be however tried to escape from their environmental obligations. They can use emission tax or the tradable emission permits to support their national industry against international competition. The thesis is organized in two parts. The first part is a survey of the literature. Chapter 1 presents the strategic trade policy and chapter 2 includes its environmental dimension (chapter 2). The second part examines theoretical contributions and is organized as follows. Ln chapter 3, we analyze the impact of polluting firms' lobbying on strategic environmental policy with emission taxes. A market of tradable emission permits and a possibility (or not) of a market power for one firm on this market are discussed in chapter 4
Bouangui, Vincent Thierry. "La protection de l'environnement et l'Organisation Mondiale du Commerce : nature des rapports et perspectives d'harmonisation". Reims, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REIMD001.
Pełny tekst źródłaLambert-Habib, Marie-Laure. "Le commerce des espèces sauvages : entre droit international et gestion locale : réflexions sur la CITES, Convention de Washington sur le commerce international des espaces [i.e. espèces] de faune et de flore sauvages menacés [i.e. menacées] d'extinction /". Paris ; Montréal (Québec) : l'Harmattan, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37116288z.
Pełny tekst źródłaAzouagh, Mohamed. "La prise en compte de la protection de l'environnement par le GATT/OMC". Nice, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2004NICE0026.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn recent years the relationship between trade and environment has become increasingly complex. The need to reconcile commercial interests and environmental protection has become central to the Multilateral Trade System. The aim of this study is to analyse the role of the GATT/WTO in addressing theses challenges and in what extent it incorporate environmental interests. It comes out from this study that although the prime objective of this institution is not environmental protection, environmental concerns are now integrated by the GATT/WTO. In this way two approaches are adopted, in the first one commercial interests often take priority over environmental protection while in the second one GATT/WTO try to search a balance between the two subjects
Hernandez, Zermeño María Cristina. "Les ong,le commerce et l'environnement : contribution a l'etude du role et de la place des ong dans le processus d'elaboration des normes en droit du commerce international". Paris 11, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA111006.
Pełny tekst źródłaLegendre, Frédéric. "À l'impossible nul n'est tenu : dans quelle mesure le Comité du commerce et de l'environnement a-t-il aidé l'Organisation mondiale du commerce à concilier commerce et environnement?" Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27712/27712.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaHaaland, Kim. "Can't see the forest for the trees a critical assessment of the trade and environment debate and an analysis of proposed reforms /". Ottawa : Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, 1996. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/35937852.html.
Pełny tekst źródłaHe, Jie. "Impacts environnementaux de l’industrialisation et du commerce international en Chine : cas de l’émission industrielle de SO2". Clermont Ferrand 1, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00015396.
Pełny tekst źródłaLavray, Hélène. "La contribution des accords commerciaux régionaux à la protection de l'environnement". Lille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LIL20022.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn teh early 1990s, two phenomenons emerged on the international scene. On the one hand, the renewal of economic regionalism, revived both by the difficulties of the Uruguay Round and the conclusion of the NAFTA and the Treaty on European Union, which signalled Tuna/Dolphin case, brought attention to the topic of the relationship between trade and the environnement. This study looks into the importance given to the protection of the environment within the numerous regional trade agreements. If developments have been mainly taking place within the European Union and the NAFTA, some elements may have been transmitted to other regional trade agreements. Moreover, we will examine the importance of the protection of the environnement within the WTO and the impact of developments within regional trade agreementsche sou
Varella, Marcelo Dias. "L' inégalité Nord-Sud et la construction juridique du "développement durable" dans le droit international". Paris 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA010274.
Pełny tekst źródłaHerghelegiu, Cristina. "Essays on international trade and non-tariff measures". Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01E021.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis tackles non-tariff measures and other trade-related barriers and their links to inter-national trade. In Chapter 1, I study the motivations behind the implementation of non-tariff measures on specific products in several developing countries. Beyond legitimate reasons, several measures appear to respond to economic and political motivations. Chapter 2 provides a theoretical and empirical analysis of the role of standard-like non-tariff measures on heterogeneous firms and the average quality of exported products. In this joint work with Anne-Célia Disdier and Carl Gaigné, we show that, under information asymmetry, the enforcement of standards induces the exit of very low-quality firms (regardless of their productivity), but also of high-quality low-productivity firms. While the overall average quality of exported products is not significantly affected, the impact varies significantly across sectors. Chapter 3, co-authored with Evgenii Monastyrenko, analyzes how Russian sellers and their international customers divide risks and costs throughout the shipping process, given their exposure to numerous barriers. Thus, big buyers in terms of size and number of connections appear to bear more risks and costs in international trade transactions. The probability that buyers take on more responsibilities is also higher for transactions of intermediate goods. Finally, when buyers are located in countries with a good business environment, they are less likely to take on responsibilities
Smagghue, Gabriel. "Essays on the impact of international trade and labor regulation on firms". Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014IEPP0022/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaRecent literature in international economics and macroeconomics has pointed to the major role played by large firms in shaping aggregate economic outcomes. Large firms influence, inter alia, economic fluctuations, performance on export markets and inequalities between workers and between consumers. It is therefore crucial to understand how large firms emerge and behave. In the present thesis, I look at three independent aspects of this question. First, I study how exporting firms adjust the quality of the products they export in response to an intensification of "low-cost" competition in foreign markets. To this end, I develop a new method to estimate the quality of products at the firm-level and I find evidence that firms upgrade quality in response to "low-cost" competition. Second, I investigate the way exporting firms adjust their sales when a demand shock (e.g. an economic recession, a war) occurs in one of their destinations. In the context of the Champagne wine industry during the 2000-2001 economic recession, I show that firms reallocate their sales toward markets where demand conditions are relatively more favorable. Lastly, I look at the way firms adjust their size and their mix of capital and labor in response to labor regulations which are more binding to large firms. I find that firms shrink and substitute capital for labor to mitigate the labor cost of the regulation. At the aggregate level, preliminary results suggests that workers gain from the regulation while capital owners lose
Fan, Jingjing. "Les barrières environnementales au commerce international dans le cadre de l'OMC : une étude comparative entre les États-Unis, l'Union Européenne et la Chine". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0040.
Pełny tekst źródłaFacing the new problems about the green trade barriers today, WTO is actually in an embarrassing situation : one side, it is widely considered as the ''center of gravity' 'for controlling the green trade barriers ; on the other side, there is still an important lacuna in the regulation of the environmental values in the WTO, which questions the effectiveness of WTO's law in this regulation of green trade barriers. Without the effective control, the free trade system takes a risk to be degraded. That's the reason why we undertake a study comparative on the subject of the green trade barriers in the framework of WTO. Attempting to find the solution of the problems related to green trade barriers, we have to ask two questions. One side, the new type of green trade barriers about the climate change beyond the capacity of WTO, the current law of WTO does not appear to give a satisfactory response to the resulting problems ; on the other side, there is a big gap between the green trade barriers set up by the developed countries and developing countries, which causes absolutely an imbalance in the international free trade. The analyse that we did in this study relating both to the regional trade agreements and WTO allow us to conclude the WTO plays an irreplaceable role in face of challenges of the green trade barriers today. This conclusion leads us to propose the solutions which may offer a better balance between the international trade and the environmental protection on a global scale
Couet, Marc-Antoine. "Les contre-mesures à l'OMC : évaluation de la compatibilité du système de représailles économiques avec la réalité contemporaine du commerce international". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36682.
Pełny tekst źródłaWith respect to the settlement of trade disputes, the establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO) is marked by the establishment of a dispute settlement system that is more focused on the rule of law. Such legalization of the dispute settlement mechanism has, however, not led to any changes in the paradigm of the mechanism for implementing the recommendations and rulings of the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB). Indeed, the WTO has so far maintained in substance the GATT 1947 principle; when the complaining party identifies the failure of the respondent to comply with the DSB's recommendations and rulings within the reasonable period of time allowed for implementation and the former cannot come to a solution mutually acceptable with the latter on the granting of compensation, the complainant’s sole remedy becomes the use of countermeasures. However, during the same period, international trade underwent a radical metamorphosis: the phenomenon of international fragmentation of the production processes of goods and services has expanded dramatically. This master’s thesis proposes an analysis of the institution of countermeasures at the WTO in the light of these changes that have recently affected the world economy as well as recent developments in the field of economics. Building on an approach that engages both legal science and economics, the thesis demonstrates that the countermeasures system is not adapted to the reality of international trade in the 21st century. In light of these findings, the study critically explores the various suggestions for changing the implementation stage of trade disputes and suggests an institutional reform that may take place within the current legal framework. Key words: Dispute Settlement – Multinational Enterprises – International Trade – Global Value Chains – Economic Integration
Otašević, Ivana. "L'émergence d'une norme non écrite en matière de protection de la diversité culturelle en droit international". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/31147.
Pełny tekst źródłaPlouffe-Malette, Kristine. "Moralité publique : pour une interprétation renouvelée de l'exception commerciale à l'Organisation mondiale du commerce par la jurisprudence des droits de la personne". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33910.
Pełny tekst źródłaTableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2018-2019
Publications obscènes ou blasphématoires, relations et mariages homosexuels, communication sur l’avortement, lancer de nains, conversion sexuelle, inceste, don d’embryon ou de gamète, pornographie, chasse aux gros mammifères, interdiction de manifestation pour la fierté gaie, jeux en ligne, publications et produits audiovisuels, chasse aux phoques, lutte au blanchiment d’argent, qualification halal de produits horticoles : tous ces thèmes ont en commun d’avoir fait l’objet d’une mesure nationale dite de moralité publique, contestée auprès de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme, du Comité des droits de l’homme ou de l’Organe de règlement des différends de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC). Contrevenant aux dispositions de la Convention européenne de sauvegarde des droits de l’homme et des libertés fondamentales, du Protocole international relatif aux droits civils et politiques, de l’Accord général sur les tarifs douaniers et le commerce (GATT) ou de l’Accord général sur le commerce des services (AGCS), ces mesures ont été défendues par l’invocation de la nécessité de protéger la moralité publique. Fortes de plusieurs décennies d’expériences, les instances de droit international des droits de la personne ont développé une méthode d’analyse des ingérences de moralité publique qui tend à respecter la nature et la portée de la norme morale défendue par l’État. Inversement, les organes quasi juridictionnels de l’OMC sont nouvellement confrontés à cette exception, de plus en plus soulevée pour justifier une entrave au commerce international. Leurs interprétations évoluent, mais plusieurs lacunes persistent... Mots-clés : moralité publique, préoccupation citoyenne, droit de la personne, droit de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce, restriction, ingérence, exception commerciale, marge nationale d’appréciation, nécessité, proportionnalité, consensus, discrimination, Déclaration universelle des droits de l’homme (DUDH), Protocole international relatif aux droits civils et politiques (PIDCP), Comité des droits de l’homme, Convention européenne de sauvegarde des droits de l’homme et des libertés fondamentales (CEDH), Cour européenne des droits de l’homme, Accord général sur les tarifs douaniers et le commerce (GATT), Accord général sur le commerce des services (AGCS), organe de règlement des différends.
Publications obscènes ou blasphématoires, relations et mariages homosexuels, communication sur l’avortement, lancer de nains, conversion sexuelle, inceste, don d’embryon ou de gamète, pornographie, chasse aux gros mammifères, interdiction de manifestation pour la fierté gaie, jeux en ligne, publications et produits audiovisuels, chasse aux phoques, lutte au blanchiment d’argent, qualification halal de produits horticoles : tous ces thèmes ont en commun d’avoir fait l’objet d’une mesure nationale dite de moralité publique, contestée auprès de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme, du Comité des droits de l’homme ou de l’Organe de règlement des différends de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC). Contrevenant aux dispositions de la Convention européenne de sauvegarde des droits de l’homme et des libertés fondamentales, du Protocole international relatif aux droits civils et politiques, de l’Accord général sur les tarifs douaniers et le commerce (GATT) ou de l’Accord général sur le commerce des services (AGCS), ces mesures ont été défendues par l’invocation de la nécessité de protéger la moralité publique. Fortes de plusieurs décennies d’expériences, les instances de droit international des droits de la personne ont développé une méthode d’analyse des ingérences de moralité publique qui tend à respecter la nature et la portée de la norme morale défendue par l’État. Inversement, les organes quasi juridictionnels de l’OMC sont nouvellement confrontés à cette exception, de plus en plus soulevée pour justifier une entrave au commerce international. Leurs interprétations évoluent, mais plusieurs lacunes persistent. Pour aborder cette problématique, la thèse se présente sous trois parties. La première partie est consacrée à l’expérience du système international de promotion et de protection des droits de la personne dans le traitement d’une ingérence de moralité publique. Cette analyse permet d’abord de statuer sur la nature régalienne, sociale et évolutive de la norme morale. Elle fait ensuite ressortir le mode opératoire de la Cour européenne et du Comité des droits de l’homme lorsqu’ils tentent de concilier la protection des droits et libertés et les exigences morales d’une société. Ainsi, comme toute ingérence, elle doit être prévue par la loi, s’inscrire dans un but de protection de moralité publique et être nécessaire. Plus précisément, si les juges internationaux ont fait preuve d’une grande retenue le moment venu d’étudier la norme morale, adoptant ici une approche unilatérale de la moralité publique, ceux-ci contrôle l’ingérence quant à sa qualité ociale, sa cohérence interne, aux principes de l’universalité des droits de la personne et la nondiscrimination, et quant à sa nécessité, traduite par la recherche d’un besoin social impérieux ou une nécessité sociale proportionnelle. Finalement, la marge de manoeuvre des États est modulée en fonction de la détermination d’un consensus. En définitive, à travers cette analyse, il se dessine une méthode d’analyse des ingérences de moralité publique. La seconde partie permet d’examiner l’interaction entre le droit de l’OMC et les mesures contestées de moralité publique. Si, conformément aux dispositions du GATT et de l’AGCS, il est possible de faire valoir une mesure de moralité publique, laquelle est de même nature que l’ingérence en matière de droit de la personne, il est démontré que la validité d’une telle mesure peut rencontrer d’importantes difficultés. Si toutes les mesures contestées ont été reconnues de l’ordre de la morale par les organes quasi juridictionnels de l’OMC, aucune n’a totalement été justifiée. Ainsi, à la suite de l’étude des rapports des groupes spéciaux et de l’Organe d’appel, des lacunes ont été soulevées notamment quant à l’identification des préoccupations qui émanent de la société du Membre qui défend sa morale, à la possibilité d’adopter des préoccupations contradictoires ou des exceptions aux objectifs divergents, aux moyens de preuve pertinents, au lien qui s’opère entre les préoccupations citoyennes et la norme morale, au rôle de l’opinion publique, à la place qu’occupe l’argument du consensus, à l’analyse de la nécessité et à l’application d’une mesure de moralité publique. À la troisième partie, il est suggéré de prendre en compte les enseignements, et non les conclusions, de la jurisprudence des droits de la personne pour tenter de résoudre certaines lacunes identifiées dans la mise en oeuvre du droit de l’OMC, dans le respect du mandat de l’organisation, du mode de fonctionnement du processus de règlement des différends ainsi que du mécanisme de l’exception commerciale. Des propositions concrètes sont formulées. L’adoption d’une approche unilatérale de la préoccupation sociale, de la norme morale et du choix du moyen pour parvenir à la protection souhaitée, ainsi qu’une approche consensuelle et un retour à l’examen de la bonne foi des Membres, sont principalement suggérées le moment venu d’étudier une mesure commerciale de moralité publique. En définitive, la conciliation des règles commerciales et des demandes formulées par les citoyens, véhiculées par les normes morales, pourrait être satisfaite à l’aide du mécanisme de l’exception commerciale de moralité publique. Mots-clés : moralité publique, préoccupation citoyenne, droit de la personne, droit de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce, restriction, ingérence, exception commerciale, marge nationale d’appréciation, nécessité, proportionnalité, consensus, discrimination, Déclaration universelle des droits de l’homme (DUDH), Protocole international relatif aux droits civils et politiques (PIDCP), Comité des droits de l’homme, Convention européenne de sauvegarde des droits de l’homme et des libertés fondamentales (CEDH), Cour européenne des droits de l’homme, Accord général sur les tarifs douaniers et le commerce (GATT), Accord général sur le commerce des services (AGCS), organe de règlement des différends.
Obscene or blasphemous publications, gay relations and marriages, abortion communication, dwarf throwing, sexual conversion, incest, embryo or gamete donation, pornography, large mammal hunting, ban on gay pride manifestations, online gambling, publications and audiovisual products, seal hunting, money laundering, halal qualification of horticultural products: all of these themes have in common that they have been the subject of a national public morality measure disputed in front of the European Court of Human Rights, the Human Rights Committee or the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) Dispute Settlement Body. Infringing the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) or the Agreement General on Trade in Services (GATS) provisions, these measures have been defended by the invocation of the need to protect public morality. With decades of experience, international human rights law institutions have developed a method that aims at analyzing public morality interference that tends to respect the moral standard nature and scope espoused by the State. Conversely, the WTO quasi-judicial bodies are newly confronted with this exception, which is increasingly raised to justify an obstacle to international trade. Their interpretations are changing, but several shortcomings persist. In order to address this problem, the thesis is presented in three parts. Part 1 is devoted to the international system for the promotion and protection of human rights experience in the treatment of public morals interference. First, this analysis makes it possible to state on the regal, social and evolutionary nature of the moral norm. It then highlights the working methods of the European Court and the Human Rights Committee when trying to reconcile the protection of the rights and freedoms and the society moral requirements. Thus, like any interference, it must be provided for by law, must be adopted for the protection of public morals and be necessary. More precisely, if the international “judges” have exercised great restraint when studying a moral norm, adopting a unilateral approach to public morality, they control the interference with its social quality, its internal coherence, the universality of human rights and non-discrimination principles, and its necessity, translated by the search for a proportionate pressing social need. Finally, the State's margin of appreciation is modulated according to the determination of a consensus. Ultimately, an analysis method of public morality interference is developed... Key words: public morality, public concerns, human rights law, World Trade Organization law, limitation, interference, commercial exception, margin of appreciation, necessity, proportionnality, consensus, discrimination, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (UDHR), International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Human Rights Committee, Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (CEDH), European Court of Human Rights, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), Dispute Settlement Body.
Beni-Azza, Abdelmalek. "Essai sur les instruments juridiques de la politique marocaine en matière de transfert de technologie". Nice, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990NICE0004.
Pełny tekst źródłaLambert-Habib, Marie-Laure. "La vie sauvage, enjeu du droit international contemporain : reflexions sur la C.T.E.S. (convention sur le commerce international des especes de faune et de flore sauvages menacees d'extinction)". Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010310.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe CITES treaty is aimed at keeping international trading of wild species at levels which do not endanger their survival. Its text expresses the interests of the signatory states: trading in wildlife and flora, an important activity particularly for southern countries, is authorized; its control perpetuates economic activity; governements remain in control of law-making. CITES has evolved, however, under the influence of ngos, which are the mouthpieces of an environmentally aware public opinion in the northern hemisphere. The new conservationist trend can be seen in the increasing number of species whose trading is forbidden, and for which southern countries are asked to take costly measures of protection; in the growing number of economic sanctions taken against the states which do not meet the obligations decreed, mainly southern states. Farther, a more complex opposition can be detected behind the simple conflict between conservation and trading. On the one hand, emerges a globalizing hypothesis which would consider the world's biodiversity as a common heritage of mankind, for which current generations would be accountable to future generations: both an optimistic and ambitious vision, but which doesn't reflect the actual evolution of law, and carries the risk of unequitable enforcement. On the other hand, appears a reaction of "re-nationalization", defining wildlife as a national resource for which southern governments are answerable foremost to current generations, in particular the local populations who bear the cost of conservation. Cites practice enables to apprehend theoretical concepts (sustainable use and development, common heritage, future generations. . . ) In concrete terms, by setting them against some realities like the sovereignty reflex and the needs of populations in the southern hemisphere
Alawad, Hussain. "Le réglement des différends à l'Organisation mondiale du commerce et les pays arabo-musulmans". Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COAZ0017.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe study of the position of Arab countries within the WTO dispute settlement system requires, first of all, to understand the position of Arab countries within this organization, the nature of their membership and the difficulties encountered in this context. It is also necessary to understand the engagement of Arab countries with the Dispute Settlement Body and the reasons for their low participation in the dispute settlement system.Secondly, we will try to propose measures to be taken to improve the involvement of Arab countries in the WTO and in its dispute settlement system. These measures are twofold: the first concerns proposals for reforming the Understanding on WTO Dispute Settlement Rules and Procedures; the second proposes courses of action to be taken and strategies to be followed by the Arab countries in order to strengthen their position within the WTO. These proposals involve, among other things, reforms of legal and financial structures, strengthening of cooperation between Arab countries, increasing their combined use of the SRD
Bouthier, Corinne. "Le droit comme outil de développement du commerce électronique". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSES049.
Pełny tekst źródłaE-commerce is considered to be a source of economic growth. If it has developed thanks to the new information and communication technologies, a legal framework is nevertheless needed to promote its growth. Our study will seek, by considering the multiple sources of regulation, mainly European and national, to demonstrate that the latter is oriented along two main axes: ensuring, on the one hand, the freedom of electronic commerce, and, on the other, confidence in this new mode of commerce. We shall establish that the freedom of its exercise cannot be absolute, and that this is indissociable from the interest of the consumer. As soon as a legal framework is absent or inappropriate, the freedom of e-commerce is weakened. Finally, the study will focus on the rules that create the confidence of the participants in e-commerce: their joint confidence in electronic transactions secured within a legal framework; their singular trust, regarding their respective interests, whether it concerns the protection of the intangible assets of the company, or the consent of e-consumers, during their act of purchase as well as in the processing of their personal data
Fofana, Kadidjatou. "Les mécanismes juridiques de transfert de technologies vers les pays en développement : Cas des pays de l'Afrique subsaharienne". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS191.
Pełny tekst źródłaA solution to the underdevelopment appeared in the international transfer of technology, which combines assistance, training, cooperation, and sometimes financial assistance.Given the interest of this process, the United Nations began a making process policy. We still remember of the "International Code of Conduct for the transfer of technology ", which appeared as a major breakthrough in economic progress for developing countries. Despite the failure of this attempt, the process has remained at the heart of international trade, like technology itself is considered as the instrument of measuring development.This is why the least developed countries are engaged in a race to technology, guarantee of their right to development.There is, on an international scale, a series of laws relating to technology transfer and intellectual property, which reflect the legal security of transactions, and also the new vision of economic relations, notably to take account the effects of technology on the environment.With an existing but not repressive law of intellectual property, sub-Saharan Africa trying to get their development by investment. For that, they set up favorable laws.International partnerships, private and public investment, patents, ... all these ways of access to the technology which deserve to be examined.This thesis is written with the objective to compare and promote technology acquisition adapted for developing countries, but also promote the establishment of foreign companies in these countries
Streiff, Frédéric. "Réglementation des marchés dérivés de gré à gré en Europe : EMIR, plus de transparence ?" Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLED042.
Pełny tekst źródłaFollowing the financial crisis of 2007, a set of regulations was implemented, including EMIR in Europe. Among the obligations arising from this text, there is an obligation to declare to the regulatory authority all OTC transactions. The goal is to increase transparency on OTC markets. My objective is to demonstrate that this is not actually the case. For that, I explore two main axes. The first one concerns the implementation of the reporting obligation and the analysis of this data by regulators. For this purpose, I use the public data on this issue and also the private data from my work. The data are relatively well reported but not fully exploited by the regulatory authorities. The second axis is more theoretical. Information does not necessarily lead to transparency. The symmetry of information and trust between OTC’s participants are the most important