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1
Yuan, Yi Xiang, Peng Fu Xie, Wen Yu Cao, Cong Chen, Chao Yu, De Jun Zhan i Chun Qing Tan. "A Preliminary Study on Lean Blowout of One Combustion Stability Device". Advanced Materials Research 732-733 (sierpień 2013): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.732-733.63.
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The lean blowout experiments of the combustion stability device A (multi-vortexes-dome combustor model) have been carried out at atmospheric pressure. In contrast with the experimental data of device B, and the result shows that the lean blowout performance of the device A is superior to the device B at low operating condition. Furthermore, both the devices A and B were modeled, and the combustion numerical simulations were performed with the steady Flamelet model of non-premixed combustion and the simplified mechanism of methane-air reaction with 14 species and 26 step elementary reactions. The numerical results are in agreement with the experimental phenomena.
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Zhou, Jun, Peter Zotter, Emily A. Bruns, Giulia Stefenelli, Deepika Bhattu, Samuel Brown, Amelie Bertrand i in. "Particle-bound reactive oxygen species (PB-ROS) emissions and formation pathways in residential wood smoke under different combustion and aging conditions". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, nr 10 (18.05.2018): 6985–7000. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-6985-2018.
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Abstract. Wood combustion emissions can induce oxidative stress in the human respiratory tract by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the aerosol particles, which are emitted either directly or formed through oxidation in the atmosphere. To improve our understanding of the particle-bound ROS (PB-ROS) generation potential of wood combustion emissions, a suite of smog chamber (SC) and potential aerosol mass (PAM) chamber experiments were conducted under well-determined conditions for different combustion devices and technologies, different fuel types, operation methods, combustion regimes, combustion phases, and aging conditions. The PB-ROS content and the chemical properties of the aerosols were quantified by a novel ROS analyzer using the DCFH (2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin) assay and a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). For all eight combustion devices tested, primary PB-ROS concentrations substantially increased upon aging. The level of primary and aged PB-ROS emission factors (EFROS) were dominated by the combustion device (within different combustion technologies) and to a greater extent by the combustion regimes: the variability within one device was much higher than the variability of EFROS from different devices. Aged EFROS under bad combustion conditions were ∼ 2–80 times higher than under optimum combustion conditions. EFROS from automatically operated combustion devices were on average 1 order of magnitude lower than those from manually operated devices, which indicates that automatic combustion devices operated at optimum conditions to achieve near-complete combustion should be employed to minimize PB-ROS emissions. The use of an electrostatic precipitator decreased the primary and aged ROS emissions by a factor of ∼ 1.5 which is however still within the burn-to-burn variability. The parameters controlling the PB-ROS formation in secondary organic aerosol were investigated by employing a regression model, including the fractions of the mass-to-charge ratios m∕z 44 and 43 in secondary organic aerosol (SOA; f44−SOA and f43−SOA), the OH exposure, and the total organic aerosol mass. The regression model results of the SC and PAM chamber aging experiments indicate that the PB-ROS content in SOA seems to increase with the SOA oxidation state, which initially increases with OH exposure and decreases with the additional partitioning of semi-volatile components with lower PB-ROS content at higher OA concentrations, while further aging seems to result in a decay of PB-ROS. The results and the special data analysis methods deployed in this study could provide a model for PB-ROS analysis of further wood or other combustion studies investigating different combustion conditions and aging methods.
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Nair, Vineeth, i R. I. Sujith. "Multifractality in combustion noise: predicting an impending combustion instability". Journal of Fluid Mechanics 747 (23.04.2014): 635–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2014.171.
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AbstractThe transition in dynamics from low-amplitude, aperiodic, combustion noise to high-amplitude, periodic, combustion instability in confined, combustion environments was studied experimentally in a laboratory-scale combustor with two different flameholding devices in a turbulent flow field. We show that the low-amplitude, irregular pressure fluctuations acquired during stable regimes, termed ‘combustion noise’, display scale invariance and have a multifractal signature that disappears at the onset of combustion instability. Traditional analysis often treats combustion noise and combustion instability as acoustic problems wherein the irregular fluctuations observed in experiments are often considered as a stochastic background to the dynamics. We demonstrate that the irregular fluctuations contain useful information of prognostic value by defining representative measures such as Hurst exponents that can act as early warning signals to impending instability in fielded combustors.
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Abdul Rahman, Mohd Rosdzimin, Wan Mohd Amin Wan Shuib, Mohd Rashdan Saad, Azam Che Idris i Hasan Mohd Faizal. "Combustion Characteristic inside Micro Channel Combustor". Jurnal Kejuruteraan si4, nr 1 (30.09.2021): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2021-si4(1)-14.
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Small-scale electronic devices require long hours’ operation and fast charging time. Potential technology to support requirement of small-scale electronic device is micro scale combustor. Unfortunately, micro scale combustion is prone to combustion instability. Therefore, objective of this study is to investigate the combustion characteristics, mechanism that stabilize the flame and combustor performance of the 2-D microchannel combustor with bluff body having various slit percentages gap. Two-dimensional computational domain with the height and length of the channel H = 1 mm and L = 16 mm is used respectively. The height of the bluff body is 0.5 mm and located at 2 mm from the inlet. The slit gap percentage varied in this study is 0% to 70%. The results show that the combustion characteristic such as stable flame, wavy flame, blow-off, and flame split into two parts is significantly influenced by the slit gap percentage. Flame is moving downstream and blow-off at the slit percentage of 10% to 25%. At the slit percentage of 30%, the flame zone moves towards the upstream due to the secondary vortex that exists behind the bluff body as slit gap increases and pushes the flame upstream. The reaction zone is split into two parts at 60% and 70% slit gap percentage. It is due to the incoming fresh mixture of CH4/air mixture flows through the slit and cuts the flame zone. It is also found that by increasing inlet velocity beyond 2.0 m/s, the flame becomes unstable and leads to blow-off as increase in equivalence ratio up to 1.0.
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Duan, Run Ze, Zhi Ying Chen i Li Jun Yang. "Modeling and Simulation of Combustion Chamber". Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (luty 2014): 3543–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.3543.
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The work process of oil fuel burner consists of atomization and combustion of oil. In this process, different atomization and air-distribution methods would affect the quality of combustion and then bring out problems of life-span of the burner, energy efficiency and environmental pollution. Therefore, in this paper, different air distribution devices and different sizes of nozzles are designed, and the numerical simulation software, Fluent 6.3, was employed to simulate the flow field of different conditions in combustor,. Through the simulation, the best work condition was achieved, which could help to provide optimization design parameters of the combustor.
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Stollmann, V., Yu R. Nikitin i A. O. Shoshin. "RELAZ Devices". Vestnik IzhGTU imeni M.T. Kalashnikova 25, nr 2 (28.06.2022): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22213/2413-1172-2022-2-79-88.
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The biggest energy resource on our world is the sun. Its energy is conserved literally everywhere, for example on wind or in wood. In this paper, we deal with one of the less known sun energy form. This new alternative and renewable energy resource was called “mountain energy”, because it is kept by trees growing in mountain ranges. The new energetic subsystem concept was designed to use this energy for empowering machines. Devices created in relation to this new conception was called “RELAZ devices” (Recuperative Cable Devices). Technical description of these hybrid devices is in the second focus part of this paper. RELAZ devices were initially designed for foresters working in mountain ranges. Principles used in RELAZ devices construction allows us to use them in working machines with combustion engines in common. RELAZ devices are hybrid devices. They are equipped with an internal combustion engine that only serves to charge a powerful energy battery. The charging process is carried out at the nominal speed of the internal combustion engine, which allows to reduce fuel consumption by 3-4 times. Therefore, RELAZ devices can be used profitably not only in mountainous areas, but also on the plain. The optimal mode of operation of RELAZ devices , which has a wider range than the classic machines, has been found. The specific energy of the RELAZ devices are less than that of the classic machines. It has been found that the use of a RELAZ cable car on the W30 forest cable car produced in Switzerland can save 780 litres per year of diesel fuel, which is 64 % of the savings. The results confirm the prospects and competitiveness of the RELAZ devices.
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Spadaccini, C. M., A. Mehra, J. Lee, X. Zhang, S. Lukachko i I. A. Waitz. "High Power Density Silicon Combustion Systems for Micro Gas Turbine Engines". Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 125, nr 3 (1.07.2003): 709–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1586312.
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As part of an effort to develop a microscale gas turbine engine for power generation and micropropulsion applications, this paper presents the design, fabrication, experimental testing, and modeling of the combustion system. Two radial inflow combustor designs were examined; a single-zone arrangement and a primary and dilution-zone configuration. Both combustors were micromachined from silicon using deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) and aligned fusion wafer bonding. Hydrogen-air and hydrocarbon-air combustion were stabilized in both devices, each with chamber volumes of 191mm3. Exit gas temperatures as high as 1800 K and power densities in excess of 1100MW/m3 were achieved. For the same equivalence ratio and overall efficiency, the dual-zone combustor reached power densities nearly double that of the single-zone design. Because diagnostics in microscale devices are often highly intrusive, numerical simulations were used to gain insight into the fluid and combustion physics. Unlike large-scale combustors, the performance of the microcombustors was found to be more severely limited by heat transfer and chemical kinetics constraints. Important design trades are identified and recommendations for microcombustor design are presented.
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Sinitsyn, Anton A. "Study of Operation of Power-Generating Devices of Gaseous Fuels Combustion". Applied Mechanics and Materials 725-726 (styczeń 2015): 1417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.725-726.1417.
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The paper identifies the relevance of research on the effectiveness of fire-technical processes in energy devices (boilers, furnaces and internal combustion engines, etc.) in order to optimize them and improve their reliability. The survey revealed the closeness of calculation methods for such devices. The development of engineering methodology of design and verification calculations is necessary for the further development of vibration combustion machines production industry. The author identifies the main problems of formation of calculating methodology for energy devices operating on the basis of vibration combustion. To determine the frequency of the impulse response of these devices the author proposes a mathematical model and the description of the process of the thermodynamic fluctuations in the combustion chamber, allowing to determine the reliability and efficiency of these devices for different purposes based on the principle of self-oscillating combustion of fuel at the design stage.
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Krpec, Kamil, Jiří Horák, Lubomír Martiník, Petr Kubesa, František Hopan, Zdeněk Kysučan, Jiří Kremer i Zuzana Jankovská. "Potential Utilization of Catalyst for the Combustion of Wood in Households". Advanced Materials Research 911 (marzec 2014): 388–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.911.388.
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The application of stricter requirements on combustion devices is placing more pressure especially on the manufacturers of such devices. They can improve the emission parameters of their products e.g. by primary technical measures (modification of combustion air supply, modification of combustion chamber, introduction of a final combustion chamber, etc.) or by secondary technical measures, e.g. introduction of a catalyst into the exhaust route.
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Biryukov, A. B., i Ya S. Vlasov. "Analysis of modern trends in recuperative burners perfection". Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 75, nr 8 (6.09.2019): 971–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-8-971-978.
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At present, recuperative burners are becoming more extended in the gas-heated facilities, thanks to their significant advantages comparing with conventional gas-burning devices. However, the wide application of the recuperative burners is restricted by their high price. Therefore, studies for perfection recuperative burner designs and technologies of aggregates heating with the burners application are very actual. Results of analysis of modern ways of the burners designs and methods of their application presented, including diagnostics of the recuperative burner heat-exchanging surface state, optimization of the heat-exchanging surface and others. Items of ribbing rational parameters selection for imbedded recuperative devices considered. Perfection of the preliminary combustion chambers and air distribution by combustion stages are important ways of the recuperative burner perfection. It was noted, that in addition to traditional two-stage combustion systems, three-stage combustion systems are appeared lately. It was showed, that under unfavorable conditions of a furnace running, a significant contamination of the recuperative device surface can take place earlier comparing with the set regulation time of periodical cleaning, resulting in losses related to increase of fuel consumption. From the other side, unjustified decrease of the furnace operation period between the recuperative device surfaces cleaning is inconvenient in organization. A methodology of operative diagnostic of a recuperative device state elaborated, due to which the estimation of the imbedded recuperative device heat-exchanging surface state can be done by the identification of the current values of recuperation coefficient and their comparing with the standard values. The methodology enables regulating the periods of cleaning of the surfaces of both the central recuperative devices and recuperative burners.
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Aithal, S. M. "Charged Species Concentration in Combusting Mixtures Using Equilibrium Chemistry". Journal of Combustion 2018 (4.10.2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9047698.
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Ionization in flames is of interest in the design and development of modern combustion devices. The identity and concentration of various charged species in reacting mixtures can play an important role in the diagnostics and control of such devices. Simplified chemistry computations that provide good estimates of ionic species in complex flow-fields can be used to model turbulent reacting flows in various combustion devices, greatly reducing the required computational resources for design and development studies. A critical assessment of the use of the equilibrium chemistry method to compute charged species concentration in combusting mixtures under various temperatures, pressures, and thermal disequilibrium conditions is presented. The use of equilibrium chemistry to compute charged species concentrations in propane-air mixtures performed by Calcote and King has been extended. A more accurate computational methodology that includes the effect of negative ions, chemi-ions (H3O+ and CHO+), and thermal nonequilibrium was investigated to evaluate the suitability of equilibrium computations for estimating charged species concentrations in reacting mixtures. The results show that equilibrium computations which include the effects of H3O+ and elevated electron temperatures can indeed explain the levels of ion concentrations observed in laboratory flame experiments under lean and near-stoichiometric conditions. Furthermore, under engine-like conditions at higher temperatures and pressures, equilibrium computations can be used to obtain useful estimates of charged species concentrations in modern combustion devices.
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Fooladgar, Ehsan, i C. K. Chan. "Large Eddy Simulation of a Swirl-Stabilized Pilot Combustor from Conventional to Flameless Mode". Journal of Combustion 2016 (2016): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8261560.
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This paper investigates flame and flow structure of a swirl-stabilized pilot combustor in conventional, high temperature, and flameless modes by means of a partially stirred reactor combustion model to provide a better insight into designing lean premixed combustion devices with preheating system. Finite rate chemistry combustion model with one step tuned mechanism and large eddy simulation is used to numerically simulate six cases in these modes. Results show that moving towards high temperature mode by increasing the preheating level, the combustor is prone to formation of thermalNOxwith higher risks of flashback. In addition, the flame becomes shorter and thinner with higher turbulent kinetic energies. On the other hand, towards the flameless mode, leaning the preheated mixture leads to almost thermalNOx-free combustion with lower risk of flashback and thicker and longer flames. Simulations also show qualitative agreements with available experiments, indicating that the current combustion model with one step tuned mechanisms is capable of capturing main features of the turbulent flame in a wide range of mixture temperature and equivalence ratios.
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Tang, Ai Kun, Jian Feng Pan, Xia Shao i Yang Xian Liu. "Numerical Study on Combustion Performance Comparison of Premixed Methane-Air in Micro-Combustors with and without Heat Recirculating Channel". Applied Mechanics and Materials 394 (wrzesień 2013): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.394.179.
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Recently£¬research interests of micro-power generation devices which are based on micro-combustion process have been stimulated by the persistent breakthrough of MEMS techniques. A new type micro-heat recirculating combustor was presented in this paper, and the computation model for premixed methane-air was established which adopting a skeletal reaction mechanism. Combustion characteristics both in heat recirculating combustor and single-channel combustor are analyzed which containing the flame shape, location and temperature at the same simulation conditions. It is found that not only the flame location can be better fixed by heat recirculation measure, but although the flame temperature can be raised for some degrees when compared to the single channel combustor. These results provide some useful information for the design of micro-scale combustors.
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Bazhaykin, Alexander N., Vladimir K. Baev i Igor P. Gulyaev. "Temperature measurements in combustion of counter jets in burner devices". Yugra State University Bulletin 11, nr 2 (15.06.2015): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/byusu20151127-13.
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The investigation of propane-butane counter jets combustion in burners with permeable walls was carried out. The effect of addition of silicon oxide, zircon and carbon powder on combustion regime and temperature of free counter jets was investigated. Temperature measurements were implemented using registration of jets radiation in visible spectral range by means of spectral pyrometry and spectroscopic approaches. The burner devices with permeable porous pipes were demonstrated to be promising for broadening parameters range of stable combustion and increasing energy density in fuel combustion systems.
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Malaťák, J., i J. Bradna. "Use of waste material mixtures for energy purposes in small combustion devices". Research in Agricultural Engineering 60, No. 2 (30.06.2014): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/78/2012-rae.
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The article assesses the energy use of solid biofuels (wheat and rape straw) and their blends with suitable additives (cocoa husks, brown coal and coal sludge). The elemental and stoichiometric analysis evaluates their suitability for energy recovery. Furthermore, thermal emission characteristics in automatic hot water boiler VERNER A251 are observed. The results of thermal emission measurements show that all samples meet the requirements of the Directive No. 13/2006 for carbon monoxide (2,000 mg/m<sup>3</sup>). The average nitrogen oxides emission concentrations exceed emission limits compared with the Directive No. 13/2006 (250 mg/m<sup>3</sup>) for all samples of solid biofuels. One reason is the high temperature in the combustion chamber that increases combustion temperature and results in high temperature of nitrogen oxides. Another problem is carbon monoxide that depends on the coefficient of excess air. The value of this coefficient drops under its optimum (2.5) and subsequently follows an increasing trend.
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Miljkovic, Biljana. "Experimental facility for analysis of biomass combustion characteristics". Thermal Science 19, nr 1 (2015): 341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci120928119m.
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The objective of the present article is to present an experimental facility which was designed and built at the Faculty of Technical Sciences in order to study the combustion of different sorts of biomass and municipal solid waste. Despite its apparent simplicity, direct combustion is a complex process from a technological point of view. Conventional combustion equipment is not designed for burning agricultural residues. Devices for agricultural waste combustion are still in the development phase, which means that adequate design solution is presently not available at the world market. In order to construct a boiler and achieve optimal combustion conditions, it is necessary to develop a mathematical model for biomass combustion. Experimental facility can be used for the collection of data necessary for detailed modelling of real grate combustor of solid biomass fuels. Due to the complexity of the grate combustion process, its mathematical models and simulation software tools must be developed and verified using experimental data. This work highlights the properties required for the laboratory facility designed for the examination of biomass combustion and discusses design and operational issues.
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Ryu, Kyungjin, i Munseok Choe. "A Study on Coldflame Propagation Characteristics Applying Amplified Ignition Source to Overcome Landfill gas’s Flame Retardant Limit". Defect and Diffusion Forum 426 (6.06.2023): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-55to7c.
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In this study combustion characteristics were analyzed with LFG, one of the alternative energy sources of SI engines. To overcome the flame retardant limit, which is the shortcoming of LFG, the combustion characteristics were analyzed using the AIS device that was created for this study’s purpose. A static combustion chamber to which AIS can be applied was designed for the experiment that was conducted on the coldflame propagation and combustion characteristics of each LFG fuel using C-type (conventional ignition type) and AIS devices. From the basic LFG experiment, it was identified that as the proportion of carbon dioxide in the fuel increased, the combustibility decreased, and the combustion pressure decreased. When using the AIS device to overcome the flame retardancy of LFG, the combustion pressure was increased by 2 bar even in LFG70 and LFG60, where combustion was actively occurring with the C-type and the combustibility was improved in LFG50 as well. In overall respects, it was judged that the use of AIS could overcome the flame retardancy of LFG and could incorporate LFG into SI engines.
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Abubakar, Zubairu, Esmail M. A. Mokheimer i M. Mustafa Kamal. "A review on combustion instabilities in energy generating devices utilizing oxyfuel combustion". International Journal of Energy Research 45, nr 12 (7.07.2021): 17461–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.7010.
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Choi, Hwan-Seok, Young-Min Han, Young-Mog Kim i Gwang-Rae Cho. "Development of 30-TonfLOx/Kerosene Rocket Engine Combustion Devices(I) - Combustion Chamber". Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences 37, nr 10 (1.10.2009): 1027–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5139/jksas.2009.37.10.1027.
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Fureby, C. "Large eddy simulation modelling of combustion for propulsion applications". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 367, nr 1899 (28.07.2009): 2957–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2008.0271.
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Predictive modelling of turbulent combustion is important for the development of air-breathing engines, internal combustion engines, furnaces and for power generation. Significant advances in modelling non-reactive turbulent flows are now possible with the development of large eddy simulation (LES), in which the large energetic scales of the flow are resolved on the grid while modelling the effects of the small scales. Here, we discuss the use of combustion LES in predictive modelling of propulsion applications such as gas turbine, ramjet and scramjet engines. The LES models used are described in some detail and are validated against laboratory data—of which results from two cases are presented. These validated LES models are then applied to an annular multi-burner gas turbine combustor and a simplified scramjet combustor, for which some additional experimental data are available. For these cases, good agreement with the available reference data is obtained, and the LES predictions are used to elucidate the flow physics in such devices to further enhance our knowledge of these propulsion systems. Particular attention is focused on the influence of the combustion chemistry, turbulence–chemistry interaction, self-ignition, flame holding burner-to-burner interactions and combustion oscillations.
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Vicente, Estela D., Márcio A. Duarte, Luís A. C. Tarelho i Célia A. Alves. "Efficiency of Emission Reduction Technologies for Residential Biomass Combustion Appliances: Electrostatic Precipitator and Catalyst". Energies 15, nr 11 (1.06.2022): 4066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15114066.
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Residential biomass combustion has been pointed out as one of the largest sources of atmospheric pollutants. Rising awareness of the environmental effects of residential biomass combustion emissions boosted the development of different emission reduction devices that are currently available on the market for small-scale appliances. However, detailed studies on the efficiency of these devices in different combustion systems available in Southern European countries are lacking. In this study, two pollution control devices (catalytic converter and electrostatic precipitator) were tested in two different combustion systems (batch mode operated woodstove and automatically fed pellet stove) in order to assess the emission reduction potential of the devices. Pine firewood was used to fuel the woodstove. One commercial brand of pellets and an agricultural fuel (olive pit) were taken for the experiments in the pellet stove. While the efficiency of the electrostatic precipitator in reducing PM10 was only recorded for woodstove emissions (29%), the effect of the catalyst in decreasing gaseous emissions was only visible when applied to the pellet stove flue gas. For wood pellet combustion, reductions of CO and TOC emissions were in the range of 60–62% and 74–77%, respectively. For olive pit combustion, a lower decrease of 59–60% and 64% in CO and TOC emissions, respectively, was recorded.
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Jan, Malaťák, i Bradna Jiří. "Heating and emission properties of waste biomass in burner furnace". Research in Agricultural Engineering 63, No. 1 (28.03.2017): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/75/2015-rae.
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Utilization of waste suitable as a fuel for small combustion devices is a very important issue. Therefore, this article analyzes selected waste materials from agriculture and maintenance of municipal vegetation. The pellet samples from composting had very high ash content (22.39 and 36.85% wt.), which resulted in low values of net calorific value (12.66 and 10.24 MJ/kg), <br /> but also in bad properties of these samples in high concentration of harmful emission. Other problematic fuel samples were pellets from maintenance of city vegetation and reed canary grass, for which high concentration of carbon monoxide was measured during combustion process. The device used for these experiments is based on burner furnace. Combustion conditions could be improved by more uniform fuel supply to the burner and better control of combustion air. Boiler with advanced combustion control can reach better results during combustion process. Results in this article are valid for tested materials combusted in simple pellet burner with limited ability to control combustion process.
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Gulyurtlu, I., T. Crujeira, M. H. Lopes, P. Abelha, D. Boavida, J. Seabra, R. Gonçalves, C. Sargaço i I. Cabrita. "The Study of Combustion of Municipal Waste in a Fluidized Bed Combustor". Journal of Energy Resources Technology 128, nr 2 (30.01.2006): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2191507.
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The combustion behavior of municipal solid waste was studied in a pilot fluidized bed combustor. The waste was pelletized prior to its use. Both co-firing with coal and combustion of waste alone were under taken. The combustion studies were carried out on the pilot installation of INETI. The fluidized bed combustor is square in cross section with each side being 300mm long. Its height is 5000mm. There is a second air supply to the freeboard at different heights to deal with high volatile fuels. There was a continuous monitoring of the temperatures in the bed, as well as the composition of the combustion gases. The combustion gases leaving the reactor were let go through the recycling cyclone first to capture most of particulates elutriated out of the combustor. There was a second cyclone, which was employed with the aim of increasing the overall efficiency of collecting solid particles. The gaseous pollutants leaving the stack were sampled under isokinetic conditions for particulate matter, chlorine compounds, and heavy metals. The ash streams were characterized for heavy metals. The results obtained were compared with national legislation. The results obtained suggest that (i) the combustion efficiency was very high, (ii) there was an enrichment of ashes with heavy metals in the cyclones compared to the bed material, (iii) in general, the flue gas emissions were below the permited limits, and (iv) for the compliance with the new European directive for stricter emission limits adequate control devices, like bag filters, should be integrated with refuse derived fuel (RDF) combustion.
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Zhu, M., A. P. Dowling i K. N. C. Bray. "Forced Oscillations in Combustors With Spray Atomizers". Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 124, nr 1 (1.03.1999): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1396841.
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Most types of combustion-driven devices experience combustion instabilities. For aeroengine combustors, the frequency of this oscillation is typically in the range 60–120 Hz and is commonly called “rumble.” The rumble oscillations involve coupling between the air and fuel supplies and unsteady flow in the combustor. Essentially pressure fluctuations alter the inlet fuel and air, thereby changing the rate of combustion, which at certain frequencies further enhances the pressure perturbation and so leads to self-excited oscillations. The large residence time of the liquid fuel droplets, at idle and subidle conditions, means that liquid and gaseous phases must both be considered. In the present work, we use a numerical model to investigate the forced unsteady combustion due to specified time-dependent variations in the fuel and air supplies. Harmonic variations in inlet air and fuel flows have been considered and the resulting unsteady combustion calculated. The influence of droplet size distribution has also been investigated. The calculations provide insight into the interaction between atomization, unsteady combustion, and flow oscillations.
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Kim, Young-Ho. "Analysis of Combustion Time Based on Atmospheric Temperature Variations of a Gas Turbine Engine". Korean Society of Technical Education and Training 25, nr 3 (30.09.2020): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.29279/kostet.2020.25.3.99.
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In this study, the combustion instability of a gas turbine engine and the associated combustion delay time were analyzed on the basis of atmospheric temperature variations. A power generating device for combat equipment, which is currently being used in the military, was employed as the gas turbine engine. One of the primary functions of combat equipment is to fully demonstrate maneuverability, and the role and importance of power generating devices for ensuring such maneuverability has always been emphasized on. Additionally, to secure the reliability of the power generation device’s starting performance, it is necessary to stabilize various parameters such as the initial starting stability of the engine, the operation rate, and the output power. Owing to the combustion instability caused by seasonal temperature variations, the gas turbine engine employed in this study is one of the important problematic factors affecting engine performance, durability, and operation. Consequently, in several cases, normal operation and usage of the engine were restricted owing to repeated cases. Hence, in this study, the maneuverability and reliability of the equipment were improved by analyzing the changes in combustion time based on atmospheric temperature variations. Furthermore, the operational environment of the equipment is also summarized in this study.
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Боташев, А. Ю., i А. А. Мусаев. "RESEARCH OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF TWO-CHAMBER PULSE DEVICES FOR STAMPING". ВЕСТНИК ВОРОНЕЖСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА, nr 4 (20.10.2021): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2021.17.4.018.
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Одной из разновидностей устройств, осуществляющих импульсные методы обработки давлением, являются двухкамерные устройства для листовой штамповки, использующие в качестве энергоносителя газовоздушные топливные смеси. Подача сжатого воздуха в камеру сгорания в рассматриваемом двухкамерном устройстве для листовой штамповки осуществляется компрессором. Проведен анализ термодинамических процессов, протекающих в камере сгорания и рабочем цилиндре двухкамерного устройства для листовой штамповки. При этом установлено, что энергия, затрачиваемая на работу компрессора, составляет около 45% от энергии, выделяющейся в камере сгорания. Получена зависимость для определения термодинамического КПД двухкамерных устройств для листовой штамповки, величина его составляет около 0,25. Установлено, что энергоэффективность двухкамерных устройств не уступает энергоэффективности традиционного штамповочного оборудования, при этом затраты на энергоносители двухкамерных устройств ниже за счет использования дешевого энергоносителя. В двухкамерном штамповочном устройстве для листовой штамповки электрическая энергия, используемая на работу компрессора, составляет менее 1/3 общей потребляемой энергии устройства. Поэтому при прочих равных условиях расходы на энергоносители будут значительно меньше, чем в штамповочном оборудовании, работающем на электрическом токе One of the types of devices that carry out pulse methods of pressure treatment are two-chamber devices for sheet stamping, using gas-air fuel mixtures as an energy carrier. The supply of compressed air to the combustion chamber in the considered two-chamber device for sheet stamping is carried out by a compressor. We carried out the analysis of thermodynamic processes taking place in the combustion chamber and the working cylinder of a two-chamber device for sheet stamping. We found that the energy spent on the operation of the compressor is about 45% of the energy released in the combustion chamber. We obtained the dependence for determining the thermodynamic efficiency of two-chamber devices for sheet stamping; its value is about 0.25. We established that the energy efficiency of two-chamber devices is not inferior to the energy efficiency of traditional stamping equipment, while the energy costs of two-chamber devices are lower due to the use of a cheap energy carrier. In a two-chamber die-forging device for sheet metal stamping, the electrical energy used to operate the compressor is less than 1/3 of the total energy consumption of the device. Therefore, all other things being equal, the cost of energy carriers will be significantly less than in stamping equipment operating on electric current
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Serbin, Serhiy, Mykola Radchenko, Anatoliy Pavlenko, Kateryna Burunsuz, Andrii Radchenko i Daifen Chen. "Improving Ecological Efficiency of Gas Turbine Power System by Combusting Hydrogen and Hydrogen-Natural Gas Mixtures". Energies 16, nr 9 (22.04.2023): 3618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16093618.
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Currently, the issue of creating decarbonized energy systems in various spheres of life is acute. Therefore, for gas turbine power systems including hybrid power plants with fuel cells, it is relevant to transfer the existing engines to pure hydrogen or mixtures of hydrogen with natural gas. However, significant problems arise associated with the possibility of the appearance of flashback zones and acoustic instability of combustion, an increase in the temperature of the walls of the flame tubes, and an increase in the emission of nitrogen oxides, in some cases. This work is devoted to improving the efficiency of gas turbine power systems by combusting pure hydrogen and mixtures of natural gas with hydrogen. The organization of working processes in the premixed combustion chamber and the combustion chamber with a sequential injection of ecological and energy steam for the “Aquarius” type power plant is considered. The conducted studies of the basic aerodynamic and energy parameters of a gas turbine combustor working on hydrogen-containing gases are based on solving the equations of conservation and transfer in a multicomponent reacting system. A four-stage chemical scheme for the burning of a mixture of natural gas and hydrogen was used, which allows for the rational parameters of environmentally friendly fuel burning devices to be calculated. The premixed combustion chamber can only be recommended for operations on mixtures of natural gas with hydrogen, with a hydrogen content not exceeding 20% (by volume). An increase in the content of hydrogen leads to the appearance of flashback zones and fuel combustion inside the channels of the swirlers. For the combustion chamber of the combined-cycle power plant “Vodoley”, when operating on pure hydrogen, the formation of flame flashback zones does not occur.
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Magonski, Zbigniew. "Meter for the measurement heat of combustion". International Symposium on Microelectronics 2011, nr 1 (1.01.2011): 000938–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2011-tha2-paper4.
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This paper presents a proposal of a thermal instrument intended for the evaluation of heat energy of fluid fuels. Two thermal devices the flowmeter and the combustor are the basic components of the instrument. The meter maintains a constant temperature in the vicinity of the combustion zone. The amount of heat energy in the fuel is calculated as the ratio of the electric power change expressed in Watts to the change of fuel supply delivered to the combustor within a time period of 1sek. The method enables a direct evaluation of fuel energy expressed in Jules per unit of mass or volume. For some applications, the meter may be a good alternative for a bulky bomb calorimeter.
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GARZON, F. "Solid state ionic devices for combustion gas sensing". Solid State Ionics 175, nr 1-4 (listopad 2004): 487–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2004.04.041.
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Боташев, А. Ю., i А. А. Мусаев. "ANALYSIS OF TECHNOLOGICAL POSSIBILITIES OF TWO-CHAMBER IMPULSE DEVICES FOR SHEET STAMPING". ВЕСТНИК ВОРОНЕЖСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА, nr 6 (14.01.2022): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2021.17.6.016.
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Проведен анализ технологических возможностей двухкамерных устройств для листовой штамповки с одной и двумя камерами сгорания. В устройствах с одной камерой сгорания штамповка детали происходит в холодном состоянии заготовки под действием на нее гибкой среды за счет кинетической энергии поршня, ускоряемого продуктами сгорания газообразной топливной смеси. В устройствах с двумя камерами сгорания процесс штамповки совершается с нагревом заготовки воздействием на нее горячего газа, образованного при сгорании в верхней камере предварительно сжатой топливной смеси. При этом сжатие смеси осуществляется за счет энергии продуктов сгорания, образованных в нижней камере сгорания. Доказано, что устройства с одной камерой сгорания целесообразно использовать для штамповки из пластичных сортов сталей деталей разнообразной формы толщиной до 4 мм и из пластичных цветных сплавов толщиной до 8 мм. Устройства с двумя камерами сгорания целесообразно использовать для штамповки деталей из малопластичных сортов алюминиевых, титановых сплавов и других труднодеформируемых сплавов. Двухкамерные устройства для листовой штамповки обладают широкими технологическими возможностями и могут быть эффективно использованы в мелкосерийных производствах для штамповки деталей различной формы We carried out the analysis of technological capabilities of two-chamber devices for sheet stamping with one and two combustion chambers. In devices with one combustion chamber, the stamping process is carried out in the cold state of the workpiece by the action of an elastic medium on it, using the kinetic energy of the piston accelerated by the combustion products of the gaseous fuel mixture. In devices with two combustion chambers, the stamping process is carried out with the heating of the workpiece by the action of the hot gas formed during combustion in the upper chamber of the pre-compressed fuel mixture. In this case, the mixture is compressed due to the energy of the combustion products formed in the lower chamber. We established that devices with one combustion chamber are expedient to be used for stamping parts of various shapes with a thickness of up to 4 mm and from plastic non-ferrous alloys with a thickness of up to 8 mm from ductile steels. Devices with two combustion chambers are advisable to be used for stamping parts from low-plastic grades of aluminum, titanium alloys and other hard-to-deform alloys. Two-chamber devices for sheet stamping have wide technological capabilities and can be effectively used in small-scale production for stamping parts of various shapes
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Judt, Wojciech. "Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Heat Transfer for Solid Fuels Combustion in Fixed Bed Conditions". Energies 13, nr 22 (23.11.2020): 6141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13226141.
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The paper concerns the analysis of the heat transfer process that occurred during solid fuel burning in fixed bed conditions. The subject of the analysis is a cylindrical combustion chamber with an output of 12 kW heating power equipped with a retort burner for hard coal and biomass combustion. During the research, a numerical and experimental study is performed. The analysis is prepared for various heat load of the combustion chamber, which allowed for the reconstruction of real working conditions for heating devices working with solid fuels combustion. The temperature distribution obtained by the experimental way is compared with results of the numerical modeling. Local distribution of principal heat transfer magnitudes like a heat flux density and a heat transfer coefficient that occurred on the sidewall of the combustion chamber is analyzed. The analysis showed, that the participation of convection and radiation in the overall heat transfer process has resulted from the heat load of the heating device. Research results may be used for improving an analytical approach of design process taking place for domestic and industrial combustion chambers.
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Wang, Fei, Xueming Li, Shuai Feng i Yunfei Yan. "Numerical Study on the Characteristics of Methane Hedging Combustion in a Heat Cycle Porous Media Burner". Processes 9, nr 10 (28.09.2021): 1733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9101733.
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With the rapid development of portable devices and micro-small sensors, the demand for small-scale power supplies and high-energy-density energy supply systems is increasing. Comparing with the current popular lithium batteries, micro-scale burners based on micro-thermal photoelectric systems have features of high power density and high energy density, the micro-scale burner is the most critical part of the micro-thermal photovoltaic system. In this paper, the combustor was designed as a heat cycle structure and filled with porous media to improve the combustion characteristics of the micro combustor. In addition, the influence of the porous media distribution on the burner center temperature and wall temperature distribution were studied through numerical simulation. Furthermore, the temperature distribution of the combustor was studied by changing the porous media parameters and the wall parameters. The research results show that the heat cycle structure can reduce heat loss and improve combustion efficiency. When the combustion chamber is filled with porous media, it makes the radial center temperature rise by about 50 K and the temperature distribution more uniform. When filling the heat cycle channel with porous media the wall temperature can be increased. Finally, the study also found that as methane is combusted in the combustor, the temperature of the outer wall gradually increases as the intake air velocity increases. The results of this study provide a theoretical and practical basis for the further design of high-efficiency combustion micro-scale burners in the future.
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Kraszkiewicz, Artur, Artur Przywara i Stanisław Parafiniuk. "Emission of Nitric Oxide during the Combustion of Various Forms of Solid Biofuels in a Low-Power Heating Device". Energies 15, nr 16 (17.08.2022): 5960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15165960.
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In this study, in terms of the mechanisms of nitric oxide (NO) emissions, research was carried out to consider the impact of physical and chemical properties of wood and herbaceous biomass processed into pellets and briquettes in the course of the combustion process (in individual phases) in a low-power heating device. Combustion tests in the grate heating device showed statistically significant differences in the combustion process and thus carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions in the fuel form and the combustion phase. In terms of assessing the ecological and energy parameters of the combustion process, the nitrogen content in biomass was not the most important factor indicating the formation of NO emissions. Usually, the strongest correlations were observed with the formation of NO emissions in the first phase of combustion, which was related to the emissions of CO and SO2. In the second and third flame phases, a significant reduction in NO emissions was observed, which was poorly positively dependent on the nitrogen contained in the fuel. In addition, it has been shown that the fuel geometric features greatly influence NO content in the exhaust gases in the first combustion phase. It is also indicated that further research is required, considering the possibility of reducing volatile flue gas fractions, which will lead to the development of low-emission and highly efficient biofuel combustion technologies in low-power heating devices.
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Miszczak, Maciej. "AN OVERVIEW OF OPTICAL AND THERMOELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DETECTING MOVEMENT OF COMBUSTION ZONES IN SOLID EXPLOSIVES". PROBLEMY TECHNIKI UZBROJENIA, nr 1 (31.05.2017): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.0288.
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In this contribution author did a general overview of works [1-7], in which he participated, describing non-invasive systems on detection of movement of combustion fronts in solid end-burning explosive materials – rocket propellants and pyrotechnic compositions - inserted into tube combustion chambers. The systems are used to measure linear burning velocity of tested explosives. Detecting systems, the author has contributed to as well, concerned the application of pyrolitic graphite (pyrographite) as structural and sensory material of combustive chambers and one of devices detecting the displacement of the burning front i.e. an IR or VIS camera or thermocouples. The review has been made in the background of other systems using optical detectors [8-12] or thermocouples [13-21].
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Jithin, E. V., G. K. S. Raghuram, T. V. Keshavamurthy, Ratna Kishore Velamati, Chockalingam Prathap i Robin John Varghese. "A review on fundamental combustion characteristics of syngas mixtures and feasibility in combustion devices". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 146 (sierpień 2021): 111178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111178.
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Ermoshin, N. A., S. A. Romanchikov, V. O. Bayrak i Yu Yu Kashtanov. "Application of Technology for Combustion of Depleted Ionized Gas Fuel in an Electric Field". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2096, nr 1 (1.11.2021): 012103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2096/1/012103.
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Abstract A technology is proposed to improve the efficiency of heat devices operating on gas fuel. The technology is based on the use of a method of burning depleted ionized gas fuel in an electric field. Application of the method allows to reduce the formation of soot deposits and provides a more complete combustion of the gas. Increasing the efficiency of heating devices is achieved due to the formation of an electric field by including an ionizing radiation device in the structure of the gas stove. The energy of the ionizing radiation of the gas fuel provides the formation of Coulomb forces. Combustion intensifies, and convective heat exchange increases due to electroconvection. The design of the ionizing radiation device includes electrodes located at a distance from each other. Power is supplied from a voltage source. The electrodes are fixed using porcelain ring insulators. The proposed design solutions provide not only a decrease in gas fuel consumption, but also an increase in the flame temperature and the power of thermal radiation not only in the visible, infrared and ultraviolet ranges. Additional electrolysis of the fuel mixture, and the acceleration of its combustion rate is achieved due to ionization. The results of experimental studies to determine the parameters of the combustion processes of gas fuel (isobutane (CH3-CH(CH3)-CH3) – 72 %, butane (CH3-CH2– CH2-CH3) – 22 %, propane (C3H8) – 6 %) are presented. It was found that with a variable electric field strength for gas ionization, an increase in the temperature of the frying bed by 39%, heat transfer by 2 times, a decrease in carbon oxides by 31–36%, and a decrease in gas fuel consumption by 26% are achieved.
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Lazaruk, S. K., A. V. Dolbik, V. A. Labunov i V. E. Borisenko. "Combustion and explosion of nanostructured silicon in microsystem devices". Semiconductors 41, nr 9 (wrzesień 2007): 1113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063782607090175.
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Sohn, Chae-Hoon, Woo-Seok Seol, Soo-Yong Lee, Young-Mog Kim i Dae-Sung Lee. "Application of Combustion Stabilization Devices to Liquid Rocket Engine". Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences 31, nr 6 (1.08.2003): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5139/jksas.2003.31.6.079.
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Wang, Xiaowei, Yushan Gao, Guobiao Cai i Hongfa Huo. "Wall Heat Transfer Measurements in High-Pressure Combustion Devices". Journal of Aerospace Engineering 26, nr 4 (październik 2013): 698–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)as.1943-5525.0000188.
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Wolfrum, Jürgen. "Lasers in combustion: From basic theory to practical devices". Symposium (International) on Combustion 27, nr 1 (styczeń 1998): 1–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0082-0784(98)80387-1.
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Notaristefano, Andrea, i Paolo Gaetani. "Design and Commissioning of a Combustor Simulator Combining Swirl and Entropy Wave Generation". International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power 5, nr 4 (19.10.2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp5040027.
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Modern aero-engine combustion chambers burn a lean and premixed mixture, generating a turbulent flame which involves large heat-release fluctuations, thus producing unsteady temperature phenomena commonly referred to as entropy waves (EWs). Furthermore, to enhance the fuel air mixing, combustion air is swirled, leading to vorticity disturbances. These instabilities represent one of the biggest challenges in gas turbine design. In this paper, the design and testing of a novel entropy wave generator (EWG) equipped with a swirler generator (SG) are described. The novel EWG will be used in future works on the high-speed test rig at Politecnico di Milano to study the combustor–turbine interaction. The paper shows the process of the EWG geometry and layout. The EWG is able to produce an engine-representative EW, the extreme condition is at the maximum frequency of 110 Hz, a peak-to-valley temperature value of 20 °C and swirling angles of ±25° are measured. By virtue of these results, the proposed system outperforms other EWG devices documented in the literature. Furthermore, the addition of a swirling generator makes this device one of a kind.
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Hsieh, Chia-Hsin, Ming-Hsien Hsueh, Cheng-Wen Chang i Tao-Hsing Chen. "Effects of Reactive Species Produced by Electrolysis of Water Mist and Air through Non-Thermal Plasma on the Performance and Exhaust Gas of Gasoline Engines". Molecules 27, nr 20 (20.10.2022): 7072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27207072.
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Countries are paying increasing attention to environmental issues and are moving towards the goal of energy saving and carbon reduction. This research presents a method to analyse the effects of the use of non-thermal plasma (NTP) and water injection (WI) devices on the efficiency of internal combustion engines. The devices were installed on the intake manifold to investigate the effects of additional substances produced by electrolysis on the engine performance and exhaust emissions. According to the results, the addition of the NTP and WI devices affected the power efficiency and the rate of change of the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of the internal combustion engines. In addition, the change rate of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the exhaust gases was affected. In conclusion, the study found that the additional substances generated by the NTP-electrolysed water mist or air influenced the fuel combustion efficiency and exhaust emissions.
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Zheltukhina, Elizaveta, Marina Pavlova i Malik Ziganshin. "Numerical modeling of combustion of gaseous and solid fuels in the furnaces of small and large boilers to reduce harmful emissions". E3S Web of Conferences 216 (2020): 01074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021601074.
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The issues of the formation of toxic compounds that enter the air of the residential area during the circulation of household waste and the provision of energy supply services, in particular, during the decentralization of heat supply to residential buildings, are considered. The problems of finding the optimal ways to reduce toxic emissions are solved using a numerical experiment based on computational fluid dynamics. The results of numerical modeling of the corresponding combustion device are compared with the geometry created using the Gambit software and in the Solid Edge 3D design environment. The influence of the pressure in the furnace on the characteristics of fuel combustion during operation in the pressurization mode of the recently widespread condensing boilers is given. Acceptable simplifications for the application of the normative method in the calculations of modern combustion devices with a specific geometry are proposed.
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Calvo, A. I., V. Martins, T. Nunes, M. Duarte, R. Hillamo, K. Teinilä, V. Pont i in. "Residential wood combustion in two domestic devices: Relationship of different parameters throughout the combustion cycle". Atmospheric Environment 116 (wrzesień 2015): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.06.012.
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Thiruchelvan, Ponmudi Selvan, Chien-Chih Lai i Chih-Hung Tsai. "Combustion Processed Nickel Oxide and Zinc Doped Nickel Oxide Thin Films as a Hole Transport Layer for Perovskite Solar Cells". Coatings 11, nr 6 (24.05.2021): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11060627.
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Combustion processed nickel oxide (NiOx) thin film is considered as an alternative to the sol-gel processed hole transport layer for perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this paper, NiOx thin film was prepared by the solution–combustion process at 250 °C, a temperature lower than the actual reaction temperature. Furthermore, the properties of the NiOx hole transport layer (HTL) in PSCs were enhanced by the incorporation of zinc (Zn) in NiOx thin films. X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results revealed that the formation of NiOx was achieved at lower annealing temperature, which confirms the process of the combustion reaction. The electrical conductivity was greatly improved with Zn doping into the NiOx crystal lattice. Better photoluminescence (PL) quenching, and low PL lifetime decay were responsible for better charge separation in 5% Zn doped NiOx, which results in improved device performance of PSCs. The maximum power conversion efficiency of inverted PSCs made with pristine NiOx and 5% Zn-NiOx as the HTL was 13.62% and 14.87%, respectively. Both the devices exhibited better stability than the PEDOT:PSS (control) device in an ambient condition.
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Carlos, Emanuel, Rita Branquinho, Elina Jansson, Jaakko Leppäniemi, José Menezes, Rita Pereira, Jonas Deuermeier i in. "Printed zinc tin oxide diodes: from combustion synthesis to large-scale manufacturing". Flexible and Printed Electronics 7, nr 1 (31.01.2022): 014005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-8585/ac4bb1.
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Abstract Printed metal oxide devices have been widely desired in flexible electronic applications to allow direct integration on foils and to reduce electronic waste and associated costs. Especially, semiconductor devices made from non-critical raw materials, such as Zn, Sn (and not, for example, In), have gained significant interest. Despite considerable progress in the field, the upscale requirements from lab to fab scale to produce these materials and devices remain a challenge. In this work, we report the importance of solution combustion synthesis (SCS) when compared with sol–gel in the production of zinc tin oxide (ZTO) thin films using a solvent (1-methoxypropanol) that has lower environmental impact than the widely used and toxic 2-methoxyethanol. To assure the compatibility with low-cost flexible substrates in high-throughput printing techniques, a low annealing temperature of 140 °C was achieved for these thin films by combining SCS and infrared annealing in a short processing time. These conditions allowed the transition from spin-coating (lab scale) to flexographic printing (fab scale) at a printing speed of 10 m min−1 in a roll-to-roll pilot line. The ZTO (1:1 Zn:Sn-ratio) diodes show a rectification ratio of 103, a low operation voltage (⩽3 V), promising reproducibility and low variability. The results provide the basis for further optimisation (device size, encapsulation) to meet the requirements of diodes in flexible electronics applications such as passive-matrix addressing, energy harvesting and rectification.
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Kh Khoshimov, U., i S. Khushiev. "Method development for determining the energy-efficient mode of air-cooling devices’ operation". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1142, nr 1 (1.03.2023): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1142/1/012030.
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Abstract When ensuring the normative limit of the heat of the gas transmitted to the main gas pipelines by means of air cooling devices of the gas transmission compressor station, the modes of parallel operation of the fan motors of the air cooling device system are considered. At the same time, a comparison was made of methods for adapting air cooling devices to factors affecting energy-efficient operating modes. As a result, based on a mathematical model of the combustion operating mode through a gas-air cooling device, the possibility of regulating the engine speed and increasing the energy efficiency of the system, taking into account seasonal and temperature changes, is shown. The main parameters for saving energy sources are introduced into the technological processes of gas compression and cooling.
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Barooah, P., T. J. Anderson i J. M. Cohen. "Active Combustion Instability Control With Spinning Valve Actuator". Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 125, nr 4 (1.10.2003): 925–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1582495.
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Active combustion control has been accomplished in many laboratory and real-world combustion systems by fuel modulation as the control input. The modulation is commonly achieved using reciprocating flow control devices. These demonstrations have been successful because the instabilities have been at relatively low frequencies (∼200 Hz) or the scale of demonstration has been small enough to require very small levels of modulation. A number of real-world instabilities in gas turbine engines involve higher frequencies (200–500 Hz) and attenuation requires the modulation of large fractions of the engine fuel flow rate (hundreds of pounds per hour). A spinning drum valve was built to modulate fuel for these applications. Tests showed that this device provided more than 30% flow modulation up to 800 Hz for liquid fuel flows of greater than 400 lbm/hr. This paper describes the performance of the valve in flow bench tests, open-loop forcing, and closed-loop instability control tests. The closed-loop tests were done on a single-nozzle combustor rig which exhibited a limit-cycling instability at a frequency of ∼280 Hz with an amplitude of ∼7 psi. It also encounters an instability at 575 Hz under a different set up of the rig, though active control on that instability has not been investigated so far. The test results show that the spinning valve could be effectively used for active instability control, though the control algorithms need to be developed which will deal with or account for actuator phase drift/error.
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Drabant, Š., M. Bolla, A. Žikla, I. Petranský i J. Ďuďák. "Testing device with opened hydrostatic circuit for dynamic loading of the tractor engine by power take off shaft". Research in Agricultural Engineering 51, No. 3 (7.02.2012): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4909-rae.
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The developed loading device with opened hydrostatic circuit for measurement of speed and dynamic characteristics of the tractor engine by power take off is presented. This loading device may also be used as a portable type for field measurement. At present for development of these loading devices controlled hydrogenerators and electro-hydraulic proportional pressure valves directed by computer may by used to adjust geometrical volume of the hydrogenerator from zero to maximum value. There is a possibility to built these devices which consist of one hydrogenerator and one by-pass valve for the maximum power of internal combustion engine 420 kW which is sufficient from the point of view of practical need. Thus optional loading regime may be used according to the tractor engine horsepower to achieve the required accuracy of measurement.
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McIntosh, A. C. "Combustion, fire, and explosion in nature - some biomimetic possibilities". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 221, nr 10 (30.09.2007): 1157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes541.
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In the current paper, three areas involving fire and/or explosions in nature are explored: (a) the knobcone pine, (b) the scotch broom seed, and (c) the combustion chamber of the bombardier beetle. Each is described and some possible biomimetic applications of each of these are discussed. The knobcone pine has a high temperature controlled unique gas emission insulating system. The Scottish broom has a mechanical, humidity controlled propulsion device for dispersing its seed, and the bombardier beetle has a mass ejection system which enables the propulsion of a liquid/gas mixture to a throw ratio of 200 times its own characteristic length. The biomimetic applications in each of these examples lie in the area of fireproofing (knobcone pine), propulsion (scotch broom), and mass ejection devices such as in reigniters for gas turbines (bombardier beetle).