Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Colloidal Experiments

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Colloidal Experiments”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 6 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Colloidal Experiments"

Liang, Xiujuan, Dan Liu, Jingjing Zhou, Yuling Zhang i Wenjing Zhang. "Effects of colloidal humic acid on the transport of sulfa antibiotics through a saturated porous medium under different hydrochemical conditions". Water Supply 18, nr 6 (20.02.2018): 2199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2018.042.

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Abstract Colloidal humic acid (HA) acts as a vector that can facilitate the transport of contaminants in groundwater. However, investigations of factors that enhance the transport of sulfa antibiotics when there are colloids present remain incomplete to date. In this study, column experiments were performed under different conditions (particle size, pH, ionic strength, cation valence, colloidal concentration) using 0.25 mg/L sulfamerazine (SM) with or without colloids. The results showed that antibiotics were more easily deposited on the surface of porous media with a diameter of 0.22 mm than 0.45 mm. As the pH increased from 6 to 8, adding colloidal HA increased the maximum breakthrough concentration from 0.94 to 1 for SM. Adding colloidal HA at different NaCl concentrations decreased the maximum C/C0 ratio from 0.97 to 0.92. However, adding colloidal HA changed the C/C0 ratio more when the divalent cation (Ca2+) was present. Overall, increasing the colloidal HA concentration clearly caused the effluent sulfamerazine concentration to increase.

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Larsen, T. A., i P. Harremoës. "Modelling of experiments with colloidal organic matter in biofilm reactors". Water Science and Technology 29, nr 10-11 (1.10.1994): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0795.

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A mathematical model for the degradation of colloidal organic matter in biofilm reactors has been developed. Contradictory to existing theories, the model includes bulk liquid hydrolysis as the first important step in the degradation sequence. This leads to unexpected effects of different reactor configurations. The model was successfully verified with native starch as a model substrate. Observed differences in colloid removal capacity between trickling filters and RBC-reactors are well explained by the model.

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Zuo, Rui, Kexue Han, Rongtao Shi, Fei Ding, Li Liu, Jinsheng Wang, Yanguo Teng, Jie Yang i Xin Liu. "Effect of Colloidal Silicate on the Migration Behaviour of Strontium in Groundwater Environment of Geological Disposal Candidate Site". Journal of Chemistry 2019 (23.09.2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9606121.

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Various colloids are present in the natural groundwater environment, and colloids act on the processes involved when radionuclides leak from a repository in a high-level waste disposal site. This paper investigates the effect of colloidal silicate in natural groundwater environments on the migration behaviour of Sr(II). Three different experimental cases have been designed: (1) effect in the presence of colloidal silicate, (2) effect in the presence of a porous medium, and (3) effect in the presence of both colloidal silicate and porous medium (referred to as CS, PM, and PC, respectively). Batch experiments were used to study the effect of influencing factors on Sr(II) migration behaviour, such as the amount of CS, solid-to-liquid ratio, pH, contact time, and initial concentration of Sr(II). The experiments showed that the effect of PC on the migration behaviour of Sr(II) was greatest, and the presence of CS enhanced the sorption. The colloid amount, pH, and solid-to-liquid ratio significantly affected the migration behaviour. The more the colloids were added, the better the adsorption effect. The optimal pH and solid-to-liquid ratio were 6 and 20 : 1, respectively. The alkaline environment is more conductive to colloid sorption. When the solid-to-liquid ratio was 20 : 1, the sorption percentage of PC is 0.5 times larger than PM. Although the PC has a longer adsorption equilibrium time, the percentage of adsorption can be larger than that in the other two cases. The kinetics and isotherms of Sr(II) were best described by the pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models. It was inferred that strong chemical interactions and/or surface complexation contributed primarily to Sr(II) sorption, and the process was on the monolayer adsorption of the outer surface. These findings provide valuable information for the migration behaviour of strontium in groundwater environments of geological disposal site. At the same time, it provides information for the implementation of permeable reactive barrier technology to control the transport of radioactive Sr(II) and its species in natural surface and groundwater.

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Megens, M., C. M. van Kats, P. Bösecke i W. L. Vos. "Synchrotron Small-Angle X-ray Scattering of Colloids and Photonic Colloidal Crystals". Journal of Applied Crystallography 30, nr 5 (1.10.1997): 637–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s002188989700191x.

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Synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments have been performed at the ESRF on colloidal dispersions. The samples are optically multiply scattering and are aimed at so-called photonic applications. Scattering from dilute suspensions yields the particle form factor, which shows many oscillations. From these results, the radius, size distribution and information about the internal structure of the particles in situ can be determined, in contrast to most studies on colloids. Using the form factor, structure factors can be extracted from the diffraction patterns of the colloidal crystals. The structure factors clearly reveal sharp Bragg peaks. The crystal structure, lattice parameter and average orientations were determined as a function of height in sedimented samples. This provides important information for the interpretation of optical experiments.

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Patel, Nirav, Ryan Guillemette, Ratnesh Lal i Farooq Azam. "Bacterial surface interactions with organic colloidal particles: Nanoscale hotspots of organic matter in the ocean". PLOS ONE 17, nr 8 (25.08.2022): e0272329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272329.

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Colloidal particles constitute a substantial fraction of organic matter in the global ocean and an abundant component of the organic matter interacting with bacterial surfaces. Using E. coli ribosomes as model colloidal particles, we applied high-resolution atomic force microscopy to probe bacterial surface interactions with organic colloids to investigate particle attachment and relevant surface features. We observed the formation of ribosome films associating with marine bacteria isolates and natural seawater assemblages, and that bacteria readily utilized the added ribosomes as growth substrate. In exposure experiments ribosomes directly attached onto bacterial surfaces as 40–200 nm clusters and patches of individual particles. We found that certain bacterial cells expressed surface corrugations that range from 50–100 nm in size, and 20 nm deep. Furthermore, our AFM studies revealed surface pits in select bacteria that range between 50–300 nm in width, and 10–50 nm in depth. Our findings suggest novel adaptive strategies of pelagic marine bacteria for colloid capture and utilization as nutrients, as well as storage as nanoscale hotspots of DOM.

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Bolotov, Alexander N., Vladislav V. Novikov i Olga O. Novikova. "ON DEPENDENCE OF COLLOIDAL STABILITY OF MAGNETIC LIQUID ON STABILIZER DIELECTRIC CAPACITIVITY AND DISPERSION MEDIUM". IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 60, nr 4 (12.05.2017): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/tcct.2017604.5506.

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The purpose of this article is to research the possibility of using values of stabilizer dielectric capacitivity and dispersion medium to form a colloidal stability criterion of magnetic liquid. The authors researched colloidal stability of magnetic liquids with a low-polarity base, nonionogenous SAM-stabilizer (oligoester) and hydroximag nanoparticles. The received magnetic colloids were tested for stability in a gravity field to evaluate SAM stabilizing capacity. The authors propose Е-criterion that shows a relative difference between dielectric capacitivities of a dispersion medium and SAM-stabilizer. It was determined that such combination of dielectric capacitivity of solution component parts correlates with the values of SAM adsorption and colloid stability in the best way. The test results show that relative reduction of magnetization correlates well with a value of dispersion medium dielectric capacitivity due to irreversible sedimentative processes. In the next set of experiments, the authors did not change the magnetic colloid liquid content, but SAM-stabilizer. They research the dependence of colloidal stability of magnetic liquids based on a dioctyl sebacate of a stabilized SAM with various dielectric capacitivities. The test results prove regularity of increasing colloidal stability with decreasing E- criterion. The paper considers in details the physical and chemical mechanisms that help to develop the influence of dielectric capacitivity on magnetic liquid colloidal stability. The analysis of testing results showed that dielectric capacitivity of magnetic liquid components affects many physical-chemical phenomenons in the process of its synthesis. It is important that the behaviour of sorption processes on the surface of dispersed particles depends on dielectric capacitivity. The result of the empirical data research by magnetic liquid colloidal stability shows that with increasing dielectric capacitivity of dispersion medium in relation to stabilizer’s dielectric capacitivity the desorption processes of stabilizer’s molecules from a magnetic particles’ surface increses. As a result, the adsorption layer around particles becomes more incoherent and less competent. It reduces the value of a steric stabilization factor of a magnetic liquid colloidal structure. In practice it leads to deterioration or even loss of colloidal stability of magnetic liquid. The influence of dielectric capacitivity on colloidal stability using the effects of interparticle interaction is less important. To summarize, the article proves a dielectric E-criterion that can be used to provide rationale for the choice of SAM-stabilizer for magnetic liquids. According to this criterion, dielectric capacitivity of a dispersion medium should be slightly different from the similar property of SAM-stabilizer. Otherwise, molecule desorption processes of SAM from magnetic particles encourage quality degradation of covering adsorption layers, so colloidal stability worsens.Forcitation:Bolotov A.N., Novikov V.V., Novikova O.O. On dependence of colloidal stability of magnetic liquid on stabilizer dielectric capacitivity and dispersion medium. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 4. P. 75-81.

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Pal, Anusuya, Amalesh Gope i Germano Iannacchione. "Temperature and Concentration Dependence of Human Whole Blood and Protein Drying Droplets". Biomolecules 11, nr 2 (5.02.2021): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11020231.

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The drying of bio-colloidal droplets can be used in many medical and forensic applications. The whole human blood is the most complex bio-colloid system, whereas bovine serum albumin (BSA) is the simplest. This paper focuses on the drying characteristics and the final morphology of these two bio-colloids. The experiments were conducted by varying their initial concentrations, and the solutions were dried under various controlled substrate temperatures using optical and scanning electron microscopy. The droplet parameters (the contact angle, the fluid front, and the first-order image statistics) reveal the drying process’s unique features. Interestingly, both BSA and blood drying droplets’ contact angle measurements show evidence of a concentration-driven transition as the behavior changes from non-monotonic to monotonic decrease. This result indicates that this transition behavior is not limited to multi-component bio-colloid (blood) only, but may be a phenomenon of a bio-colloidal solution containing a large number of interacting components. The high dilution of blood behaves like the BSA solution. The ring-like deposition, the crack morphology, and the microstructures suggest that the components have enough time to segregate and deposit onto the substrate under ambient conditions. However, there is insufficient time for evaporative-driven segregation to occur at elevated temperatures, as expected.

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Bosch, Julian, Katja Heister, Thilo Hofmann i Rainer U. Meckenstock. "Nanosized Iron Oxide Colloids Strongly Enhance Microbial Iron Reduction". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, nr 1 (13.11.2009): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00417-09.

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ABSTRACT Microbial iron reduction is considered to be a significant subsurface process. The rate-limiting bioavailability of the insoluble iron oxyhydroxides, however, is a topic for debate. Surface area and mineral structure are recognized as crucial parameters for microbial reduction rates of bulk, macroaggregate iron minerals. However, a significant fraction of iron oxide minerals in the subsurface is supposed to be present as nanosized colloids. We therefore studied the role of colloidal iron oxides in microbial iron reduction. In batch growth experiments with Geobacter sulfurreducens, colloids of ferrihydrite (hydrodynamic diameter, 336 nm), hematite (123 nm), goethite (157 nm), and akaganeite (64 nm) were added as electron acceptors. The colloidal iron oxides were reduced up to 2 orders of magnitude more rapidly (up to 1,255 pmol h− 1 cell− 1) than bulk macroaggregates of the same iron phases (6 to 70 pmol h− 1 cell− 1). The increased reactivity was not only due to the large surface areas of the colloidal aggregates but also was due to a higher reactivity per unit surface. We hypothesize that this can be attributed to the high bioavailability of the nanosized aggregates and their colloidal suspension. Furthermore, a strong enhancement of reduction rates of bulk ferrihydrite was observed when nanosized ferrihydrite aggregates were added.

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Bouthier, Louis-Vincent, i Thomas Gibaud. "Three length-scales colloidal gels: The clusters of clusters versus the interpenetrating clusters approach". Journal of Rheology 67, nr 3 (maj 2023): 621–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1122/8.0000595.

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Typically, in quiescent conditions, attractive colloids at low volume fractions form fractal gels structured into two length scales: the colloidal and the fractal cluster scales. However, when flow interferes with gelation colloidal fractal gels, it may display three distinct length scales [Dagès et al., Soft Matter 18, 6645–6659 (2022)]. Following those recent experimental investigations, we derive two models that account for the structure and the rheological properties of such atypical colloidal gels. The gel elasticity is inferred from scaling arguments, and the structure is translated into scattering intensities following the global scattering functions approach proposed by Beaucage and, typically, measured in small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). In both models, we consider that the colloids condensate into fractal clusters. In the clusters of the clusters model, the clusters form superagregates that then build the gel network. In the interpenetrating clusters model, the clusters interpenetrate one another to form the gel network. Those two models are then used to analyze rheo-SAXS experiments carried out on carbon black gels formed through flow cessation.

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Poon, Wilson C. K. "Colloidal Glasses". MRS Bulletin 29, nr 2 (luty 2004): 96–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2004.35.

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AbstractThis article reviews recent advances in understanding amorphous glassy states in dense colloidal suspensions with or without short-range interparticle attractions. Experiments, theory, and simulation show that two kinds of glassy states are possible, dominated respectively by repulsion and attraction. Under suitable conditions, a small change in the interparticle potential can lead to a transition between these two kinds of colloidal glasses that entails sharp changes in material properties such as the shear modulus. This may provide novel routes for fine-tuning the properties of industrial pastes and slurries.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Colloidal Experiments"

Cordova, Claudia Elena Ferreiro. "Structure formation in colloidal rod suspensions : experiments and computer simulations". Thesis, University of Bristol, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.702444.

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Clay mineral particles have been widely used to prepare colloidal suspensions, certain clay mineral have a rod-like shape. Colloidal suspensions of thin rods are known to show nematic phases, provided that particles are well stabilised against attractive interactions. At low concentrations such suspensions are in the isotropic phase; the nematic phase can be found upon increase of concentration. In addition, isotropic configurations at volume concentrations similar to the ones in the nematic phase can be generated for thin rods. In these systems the particles are trapped in a disordered configuration called random packing. The present thesis studies the preparation of colloidal suspensions of rod-like particles as well as the bulk properties of systems composed of rod-like particles. Rod-like particle suspensions were prepared using sepiolite clay. The stabilisation of sepiolite particles in a non-polar solvent using a combination of surfactant and polymer treatment is reported. Here the effect of polar molecules, including water, on the surface of the treated clay particles is discussed. It is found that the effect of polar molecules on the bulk properties of the final suspensions is not negligible. The isotropic-nematic phase transition mechanism for polydisperse thin rods is also studied in this work using confocal microscopy. The samples studied have a large gap in concentration between the coexisting isotropic and nematic phases, that results from polydispersity. The time evolution of the phase separating samples was recorded using confocal images. Such images were binarized to identify isotropic and nematic regions in each image. Information on the structure was obtained from the binarized images. The phase separating samples did not show nucleation and growth, even at low concentrations. Instead, they phase separated via a percolating network formed by a transient "non-sticky gel". The behaviour observed in this work is most likely related to the high polydispersity of the particles used. Random packings of rod-like particles were generated using computer simulations of hard spherocylinders. An existing algorithm was modified and the new version produced reliable results with fewer adjustable parameters. The random packing configurations obtained were somewhat more dense than those reported previously. The same algorithm was applied to mixtures of hard spherocylinders and hard spheres. However, in this case the configurations obtained showed signs of order.

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Gisler, Thomas. "From surface complexation models to dressed colloidal particles : experiments and theory /". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1995. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=11042.

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Chui, Tzy-To. "Properties of near hard-sphere colloidal suspensions studied by light scattering experiments". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/13392.

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Merger, Dimitri [Verfasser], i M. [Akademischer Betreuer] Wilhelm. "Large Amplitude Oscillatory Shear investigations of colloidal systems: experiments and constitutive model predictions / Dimitri Merger. Betreuer: M. Wilhelm". Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1093559268/34.

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McBride, Sean P. "Surface science experiments involving the atomic force microscope". Diss., Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13459.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Physics
Bruce M. Law
Three diverse first author surfaces science experiments conducted by Sean P. McBride 1-3 will be discussed in detail and supplemented by secondary co-author projects by Sean P. McBride, 4-7 all of which rely heavily on the use of an atomic force microscope (AFM). First, the slip length parameter, b of liquids is investigated using colloidal probe AFM. The slip length describes how easily a fluid flows over an interface. The slip length, with its exact origin unknown and dependencies not overwhelming decided upon by the scientific community, remains a controversial topic. Colloidal probe AFM uses a spherical probe attached to a standard AFM imaging tip driven through a liquid. With the force on this colloidal AFM probe known, and using the simplest homologous series of test liquids, many of the suspected causes and dependencies of the slip length demonstrated in the literature can be suppressed or eliminated. This leaves the measurable trends in the slip length attributed only to the systematically varying physical properties of the different liquids. When conducting these experiments, it was realized that the spring constant, k, of the system depends upon the cantilever geometry of the experiment and therefore should be measured in-situ. This means that the k calibration needs to be performed in the same viscous liquid in which the slip experiments are performed. Current in-situ calibrations in viscous fluids are very limited, thus a new in-situ k calibration method was developed for use in viscous fluids. This new method is based upon the residuals, namely, the difference between experimental force-distance data and Vinogradova slip theory. Next, the AFM’s ability to acquire accurate sub nanometer height profiles of structures on interfaces was used to develop a novel experimental technique to measure the line tension parameter, τ, of isolated nanoparticles at the three phase interface in a solid-liquid-vapor system. The τ parameter is a result of excess energy caused by the imbalance of the complex intermolecular forces experienced at the three phase contact line. Many differences in the sign and magnitude of the τ parameter exist in the current literature, resulting in τ being a controversial topic.

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Ducay, Rey Nann Mark Abaque. "Direct Detection of Aggregates in Turbid Colloidal Suspensions". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1439434385.

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Curcio, Andrea Celeste. "The fractionation of U-Th into the colloidal fraction in acid mine drainage conditions in the Río Tinto areas". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/12240/.

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Río Tinto provides ideal conditions for studying the role of colloidal particles in concentrating elements and their influence on the transport of them to Ría de Huelva estuary(Spain).Ultrafiltration experiments were developed on the Río Tinto waters,in order to separate colloids by different sizes(50,10,5 and 3kDa).Samples from 50kDa and 3kDa ultrafiltration were analysed to find concentration using ICP-MS,and radionuclides activities have been determined for each of them.An ultrafiltration permeation model describes the relation between log of concentration of the element in the permeate solution and log of CF.If the permeation is constant,the linear pattern resulting can be used to predict the ultrafiltration behaviour of U and Th in this peculiar waters.Experiments were carried out using CF from 1,07 to 1,73.The behaviour of U can be predicted by a permeation model that provides a Pc of 0,813 for U(50kDa) and Pc=0,626 for U(3kDa).The permeation model can just show little retention for U,and that the permeation behaviour of U can be considered the same even at low CF.The application of the permeation model on Th(50kDa) samples failed,the membrane was not retaining quantitatively.A Pc=0,360 for Th(3kDa) was derived.Anyway,this could be due to artefactual retentions.Using low CF,colloidal concentration cannot be estimated by the permeation model for both U and Th.Concentration of U amounts to 4,73-6,54 μg/L,the range for Th is 13,0-28,0 μg/L.Both the elements are in higher concentrations respect to common natural waters,according to their predict character in acidic conditions,in which both can stay in dissolved form,and even colloids will be disintegrated. 234U/238U AR range is 1,761-2,060.The disequilibrium among 234U and 238U isotopes is attributable to the excess of 234U related both to the recoil effect,and the preferential leaching of 234U.230Th activity range is 0,056-0,169 mBq/L;its presence in solution is related to the decay of 234U.

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Avci, Civan. "Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8: control of particle size and shape and its self-assembly". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/666786.

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Esta Tesis tiene como objetivo dar al lector una idea sobre las nuevas perspectivas abiertas en la manipulación controlada de Metal-Organic Frameworks con precisión nanométrica y sus consecuencias en las propiedades finales y aplicaciones. El presente estudio se propone crear un puente entre MOFs y Nanotecnología; es decir, enlazar las propiedades clásicas de los MOFs con nuevas funcionalidades que pueden emerger gracias a la manipulación a la nanoescala. Este puente entre los dos campos se ha llevado a cabo con un MOF icónico, llamado Zeolitic-Imidazolate Framework-8 (ZIF-8), uno de los MOFs más estudiados, debido su fácil síntesis su alta porosidad y gran estabilidad térmica, química y hidrolítica. La Tesis está organizada en dos partes. En el primer capítulo, que corresponde a la primera parte, el lector encontrará una introducción al concepto de la porosidad con ejemplos de materiales porosos naturales. Este capítulo continua con una breve presentación de los MOFs y una extensa introducción al ZIF-8. A través de ejemplos y conceptos especialmente seleccionados, esta introducción trata de captar la atención del lector en el principal argumento de la presente tesis, la manipulación de los MOFs a la nanoescala con el objetivo de ir más allá de sus propiedades clásicas. La segunda parte de la tesis se inicia con la descripción de los objetivos en el Capítulo 2. Los capítulos 3, 4 y 5 incluyen cada una, una publicación relacionada con la manipulación de MOFs a la nanoescala, usando el ZIF-8 y –en otros casos- otros MOFs. En estos estudios hemos seguido principalmente tres aproximaciones: 1. La aproximación post-sintética de tipo Top-Down; 2. La aproximación de tipo Bottom-Up y 3. La modulación y el auto-ensamblaje de partículas. La publicación en el capítulo 3, vinculada a la aproximación post-sintética de tipo Top-Down, presenta la modificación controlada de las formas cristales de ZIF-8, para llegar a formas no alcanzables por procesos convencionales, a través de un ataque químico. Esta publicación trata de explicar el mecanismo que subyace en este “cincelado” anisotrópico de los cristales de ZIF-8. Para demostrar la posibilidad de generalizar este método con otros MOFs, también se presenta en esta publicación el “cincelado” anisotrópico de cristales de ZIF-67. La segunda publicación que corresponde al capítulo 4, está centrada en la aproximación post-sintética bottom-up, gracias a la cual el tamaño, la forma, la composición y la arquitectura del ZIF-8 y el ZIF-67 son modificadas con métodos de química húmeda. Esta publicación muestra la manipulación de los cristales de MOF a través del crecimiento paso a paso de otros MOFs, la funcionalización de partículas de MOFs con nanopartículas inorgánicas (InNPs) y finalmente, el diseño de un material compuesto MOF-InNP multicapa que puede ser usado como catalizador en reacciones de tipo cascada. La última publicación de esta tesis, en el capítulo 5, está en relación con la moducalción in-situ y el auto-ensamblaje de partículas de MOF. Esta publicación incluye la producción de partículas de MOF de tamaño y forma altamente monodispersa usando diferentes mudladores y surfactantes. En este sentido, partículas de ZIF-8 y UiO-66 altamente monodispersas con tamaños y formas diferentes se han producido usando el CTAB y el PVP, respectivamente, con índices de polidispersidad inferiores al 5 % para el ZIF-8 y el 8 % para el UiO-66. Esta publicación también incluye el autoensamblaje coloidal de estos cristales de MOF, a través del método de evaporación rápida, en superestructuras ordenadas en redes cristalinas bien definidas que se pueden usar como cristales fotónicos 3D. Finalmente, las propiedades fotónicas de estos cristales fotónicos de MOF y su uso como sensores de alcohol han sido estudiados.
The present Thesis aims to give the reader new insights on the controlled manipulation of Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) materials with nano-scale precision and its consequences in the final properties and applications. The study presented here hopes to form a bridge between MOFs and Nanotechnology; which means, bridging the classical expectations from the bulk properties of MOFs with novel functions that can arise upon the manipulation at the nano-scale. Here we demonstrate this bridging with a prototypical MOF, namely Zeolitic-Imidazolate Framework-8 (ZIF-8), which is one of the most studied MOF, due to its easy synthesis and promising properties including high porosity and exceeding thermal, chemical and water stability. The Thesis is organized into two parts. Chapter 1 constitutes the first part where the reader will find an introduction of the concept of porosity, with examples of naturally porous materials. This Chapter continues with a brief introduction of MOFs, an extensive introduction to ZIFs and, even more extensive introduction to ZIF-8. Thanks to the carefully selected examples and concepts, this introductory Chapter attempts to draw attention of the reader to the main point of this Thesis, which is the manipulation of MOFs at the nano-scale in order to reach beyond the classical aspects. The second part of this Thesis starts with a description of the objectives in Chapter 2. Then, each chapters 3, 4 and 5 includes a publication related to the manipulation of ZIF-8 at the nano-scale using ZIF-8 and -in some cases- other MOFs. In these studies, we followed three main approaches: 1. Post-synthetic top-down approach; 2. Post-synthetic bottom-up approach; and 3. In-situ modulation and self-assembly of particles. The publication in Chapter 3 is related to the post-synthetic top-down approach, explaining the anisotropic etching of ZIF-8 crystals to reach unprecedented shapes that are unachievable by conventional synthetic methods. The publication also attempts to explain the underlying mechanism of this anisotropic etching of ZIF-8 crystals. Also, to shed light on other MOFs and to prove the generality of the method, anisotropic etching of ZIF-67 crystals is demonstrated. The second publication, which constitutes Chapter 4, is centered on the post-synthetic bottom-up approach where the size, shape, composition and architecture of ZIF-8 and ZIF-67 crystals are modified using post-synthetic wet-chemistry. This publication explains the manipulation of MOF crystals by post-synthetic growing steps of other MOF layers, the functionalization of MOF particles with inorganic nanoparticles (InNPs) and finally, the design of complex multi-layered MOF-InNP composite materials that can be used as catalysts in cascade reactions. The last publication presented in this Thesis, in Chapter 5, is related to the in-situ modulation and self-assembly of MOF particles. This publication includes the production of MOF particles with very high size and shape monodispersity using surfactants as modulators. In this sense, highly monodisperse ZIF-8 and UiO-66 particles with various sizes and shapes were produced using CTAB and PVP, respectively, with polydispersive index < 5% for ZIF-8 and < 8% for UiO-66. It also includes the colloidal self-assembly of these MOF crystals via a fast droplet evaporation method to form ordered superstructures with well-defined crystalline superlattices that can be used as 3D photonic crystals when the particle size is selected appropriately. Finally, the photonic properties of these MOF photonic crystals and evaluation of this sensing capability of alcohol vapors are exploited.

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Ghezzi, Flavio. "Experimental studies of two-dimensional colloidal systems". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266705.

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Mahmud, Arif. "Non-colloidal Suspensions Rheology – An Experimental Study". Thesis, University of Sydney, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/22891.

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To get a complete scenario of the rheological behaviour of non-colloidal suspension it is important to explore the transient shearing, elongational, and oscillatory shearing as well as simple steady shearing. The thesis includes new experiments and comparisons with the few theories available. The simple steady shearing and elongation flow behaviour of non-colloidal suspensions were studied. Simple shear-thinning effects were discussed and the elongational phenomena in non-colloidal suspensions were investigated, where transient shearing was also considered. The thinning effects in non-colloidal suspension were studied from different experiments and simulations. Shear-thinning was clear on 40% volume fraction suspensions. The shear-thinning depends on the variation of the interparticle friction coefficient with the shear rate or shear stress. The transient result did not replicate Gadala‐Maria and Acrivos (1980) results. They performed their test 40 years ago using similar suspensions and we believe the variation may be due to the better performance/sensitivity of the newer rheometers. We developed a new setup to perform the elongational test and the motion of the fluid drops was filmed with a high-speed FASTCAM PCI R2 (Photron) camera. The reduction in diameter of the drop with time indicates the elongation rate; pure elongation was seen where the diameter was minimum. To investigate the changes in elongational viscosity of 12500 cs Silicone oil suspension, a steel ball was introduced with the suspensions this improves the filament shape – it is more uniform. We assumed the rate of elongation (ε ̇) was constant over the cross-section (but varied at different times); the rate of elongation was then found using the variation in diameter with time (Dai and Tanner, 2017). Friction plays a significant role in non-colloidal suspension and it becomes more complex at higher concentration of suspension. A “bootstrap” feedback model was proposed (Tanner et al., 2018) which shows how friction amplifies the stress and increases the complexity of the suspension behaviour. The bootstrap mechanism of friction enhancement in non-colloidal suspensions appears to be a useful idea. In view of the confusing picture reported by others, it was decided to make further measurements of small and medium strain oscillatory flows keeping in mind possible friction between particles. Because of the observed tendency to hysteresis, the oscillatory flow was combined with the parallel steady shear flow to control or eliminate hysteresis. The response of concentrated suspensions under oscillatory shear is surprisingly complex, and it becomes more complex when oscillatory shearing and steady shearing are combined. The non-zero storage modulus experienced due to frequency sweep tests in a glycerine matrix was an apparent storage modulus which was due to inertia effects (which were very small). We observed a slight decline in G^' and G^'' with an increase of strain amplitude and we believe settling is not responsible. Surprising hysteresis effects were experienced by both moduli with increased and decreased strain amplitude. The hysteresis was more dominant in the storage modulus than in the loss modulus and at higher concentrations the effect was severe. In simple steady shearing, friction increases the suspension viscosity, and we believe both G^' and G^'' also increase due to friction. The effect of variable oscillatory shear stress and steady shear stress was analysed and a model for superposed storage modulus, loss modulus and viscosity responses was proposed. Frictional effects were considered in the proposed model and satisfactory fitting with the experimented data was observed. The ‘bootstrap’ feedback mechanism was adapted to explain frictional effects. We proposed a universal model for non-colloidal suspensions. This is a modified Reiner-Rivlin inelastic model (eq. 5.9) which is a reasonable description of available tests of suspensions with Newtonian matrices in several flows for larger strains. Further checks are needed, and the quest must continue for more basic understanding. Nevertheless, the modified Reiner-Rivlin model is simple to apply and should be useful for numerical work on the concentrated suspensions.

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Książki na temat "Colloidal Experiments"

I, Suh Kwang, i United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., red. Sizing of colloidal particles and protein molecules in a hanging fluid drop. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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1939-, Somasundaran P., Markovic B. 1957-, American Chemical Society. Division of Colloid and Surface Chemistry i American Chemical Society Meeting, red. Concentrated dispersion: Theory, experiment, and applications. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2004.

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N, Ryan Joseph, i National Risk Management Research Laboratory (U.S.), red. Colloid mobilization and transport in contaminant plumes: Field experiments, laboratory experiments, and modeling. Ada, OK: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, 1999.

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U, Totsche K., red. Colloid and colloid-assisted transport of contaminants in porous media: Experimental evidence, theory, modelling. Oxford: Pergamon, 1998.

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McNelis, Anne M. Microgravity emissions laboratory testing of the physics of colloids in space experiment. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2002.

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Ploeg, Rutger Jan. Preservation of kidney and pancreas with the UK solution: Experimental and clinical studies. [The Netherlands: s.n.], 1991.

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Doherty, Michael P. The physics of hard spheres experiment on MSL-1: Required measurements and instrument performance. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1998.

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Aarts, D. G. A. L. Soft interfaces: the case of colloid–polymer mixtures. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789352.003.0013.

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In this chapter we discuss the interface of a phase separated colloid-polymer mixture. We start by highlighting a number of experimental studies, illustrating the richness of colloidal interface phenomena. This is followed by a derivation of the bulk phase behaviour within free volume theory. We subsequently calculate the interfacial tension using a squared gradient approach. The interfacial tension turns out to be ultralow, easily a million times smaller than a molecular interfacial tension. From the bulk and interface calculations we obtain the capillary length and compare to experiments, where good overall agreement is found. Finally, we focus on the thermal capillary waves of the interface and derive the static and dynamic height–height correlation functions, which describe the experimental data very well. We end with an outlook, where we address some outstanding questions concerning the behaviour of interfaces, to which colloids may provide unique insights.

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Furst, Eric M., i Todd M. Squires. Particle motion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199655205.003.0002.

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The movement of colloidal particles in simple and complex fluids and viscoelastic solids is central to the microrheology endeavor. All microrheology experiments measure the resistance of a probe particle forced to move within a material, whether that probe is forced externally or simply allowed to fluctuate thermally. This chapter lays a foundation of the fundamental mechanics of micrometer-dimension particles in fluids and soft solids. In an active microrheology experiment, a colloid of radius a is driven externally with a specifed force F (e.g.magnetic, optical, or gravitational), and moves with a velocity V that is measured. Of particular importance is the role of the Correspondence Principle, but other key concepts, including mobility and resistance, hydrodynamic interactions, and both fluid and particle inertia, are discussed. In passive microrheology experiments, on the other hand, the position of a thermally-uctuating probe is tracked and analyzed to determine its diffusivity.

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Części książek na temat "Colloidal Experiments"

De Schrijver, Marc. "Animal Experiments". W Scintigraphy of Inflammation with Nanometer-sized Colloidal Tracers, 89–115. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2385-0_6.

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Stark, H., A. Borštnik i S. Žumer. "Liquid Crystal Colloidal Dispersions". W Defects in Liquid Crystals: Computer Simulations, Theory and Experiments, 37–85. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0512-8_3.

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Siepmann, Ralf, Frank von der Kammer i Ulrich Förstner. "Transport of Colloids in Filter Columns: Laboratory and Field Experiments". W Colloidal Transport in Porous Media, 87–115. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71339-5_4.

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Degiorgio, V. "Light Scattering Experiments on Anisotropic Latex Particles". W The Structure, Dynamics and Equilibrium Properties of Colloidal Systems, 583–96. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3746-1_38.

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Pötschke, D., i M. Ballauff. "Structure of Dendrimers in Solution as Probed by Scattering Experiments". W Structure and Dynamics of Polymer and Colloidal Systems, 157–87. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0442-8_6.

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Meakin, Paul. "Simple Models for Colloidal Aggregation, Dielectric Breakdown and Mechanical Breakdown Patterns". W Random Fluctuations and Pattern Growth: Experiments and Models, 174–91. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2653-0_30.

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Wang, Yuren, Ding Lan i Weibin Li. "Droplet Manipulation and Colloidal Particle Self-assembling in Space". W Physical Science Under Microgravity: Experiments on Board the SJ-10 Recoverable Satellite, 129–49. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1340-0_6.

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Hirtzel, C. S., i R. Rajagopalan. "Computer Experiments for Structure and Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Colloidal Fluids". W Micellar Solutions and Microemulsions, 111–42. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8938-5_7.

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Schurtenberger, Peter, Hugo Bissig, Luis Rojas, Ronny Vavrin, Anna Stradner, Sara Romer, Frank Scheffold i Veronique Trappe. "Aggregation and Gelation in Colloidal Suspensions: Time-Resolved Light and Neutron Scattering Experiments". W ACS Symposium Series, 143–60. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2003-0861.ch009.

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Lin, Xuyan, Wenting Qiu, Steevanson Bayer i Stefan Nagl. "Optical pH Monitoring in Microdroplet Platforms for Live Cell Experiments Using Colloidal Surfactants". W Methods in Molecular Biology, 39–51. New York, NY: Springer US, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-3323-6_4.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Colloidal Experiments"

Lawandy, N. M., i R. MacDonald. "Optical Debye effect". W OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1990.wv6.

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The interaction of acoustic waves with charged colloids results in electrical signals. This phenomena, known as the Debye effect, results due to the instantaneous separation between the charged colloidal particle and its surrounding double layer. The separation results in a macroscopic polarization within the medium, which creates a voltage difference. This work demonstrates that radiation pressure forces can be used to impulsively move the colloid, resulting in a dipolar electric field. Experiments were performed using 100 ps, 1.06-µm pulses and 80 ps, 532-nm pulses incident on aqueous colloidal suspensions of charged latex spheres. Experiments were performed on random colloidal suspensions as well as high density crystals ordered in an fcc lattice. The dependence of the effect on sphere size and pulse intensity are presented. The effect exhibits the expected polarity when opposite sides of the sample are illuminated. Using electro-optic sampling, the dynamics of the double layer response can be directly probed on a picosecond time scale.

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Ladva, Hemant K. J., Alexander Wilson, John Crawshaw, Edo Boek i Johan Padding. "Deposition Of Colloidal Asphaltene In Flow: Experiments And Mesoscopic Simulation". W 8th European Formation Damage Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/122197-ms.

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Lacatus, Elena, i Alexandru Florin Savulescu. "Nano-Bio-Cogno Model of Acoustic Patterning for Molecular Neurostimulation". W ASME 2013 Conference on Frontiers in Medical Devices: Applications of Computer Modeling and Simulation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fmd2013-16178.

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To define a nano-bio-cogno model able to relate acoustic patterning on crystallization of biocompatible colloids to electrolytic molecular neurostimulation, means to functionally relate the in vitro and in vivo experiments aiming to find the key towards some objectively personalized therapies. For this interdisciplinary research, from the wide spectrum of acoustic frequencies were selected the biologically safe values for in vitro and in vivo experiments, aiming to define a possible relationships between the crystallization patterns of biocompatible colloidal electrolytes and the dynamics of neural activity under the influence of the same acoustic stimuli.

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Boek, Edo S., Hemant K. Ladva, John P. Crawshaw, Johan T. Padding, Albert Co, Gary L. Leal, Ralph H. Colby i A. Jeffrey Giacomin. "Colloidal Asphaltene Deposition and Aggregation in Capillary Flow: Experiments and Mesoscopic Simulation". W THE XV INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON RHEOLOGY: The Society of Rheology 80th Annual Meeting. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2964660.

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Work, Andrew, Vanessa Velasco i Stuart J. Williams. "Electrothermal Pumping With Thin Film Resistive Heaters". W ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-87491.

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Rapid Electrokinetic Patterning (REP) is a technique used to gather suspended colloidal particles at a planar electrode surface. REP is capable of gathering colloids using very simplistic electrode geometry. Two parallel plate electrodes are used to supply an AC electric field, and an infrared laser is required to heat the surface. Gold and indium tin oxide (ITO) on glass slides have been used as electrode material. Experiments were conducted using ITO coated glass slides, a 980 nm infrared laser, one-micron red fluorescent polystyrene particles, and an aqueous KCl solution. An inverted Nikon Eclipse microscope was used, and video was captured using a PCO Sensicam camera.

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Pippia, Gabriele, Iwan Moreels, Matteo Barbone, Jonas Billet, Rosaria Brescia, Anatolii Polovitsyn, Anastasia Rousaki i in. "COLLOIDAL SYNTHESIS OF FLUORESCENT MoX2 (X = S, Se) NANOSHEETS VIA A DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS APPROACH". W nanoGe Fall Meeting 2021. València: Fundació Scito, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.nfm.2021.132.

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Pippia, Gabriele, Iwan Moreels, Matteo Barbone, Jonas Billet, Rosaria Brescia, Anatolii Polovitsyn, Anastasia Rousaki i in. "Colloidal Synthesis Of Fluorescent MoX2 (X = S, Se) Nanosheets Via a Design Of Experiments Approach". W nanoGe Spring Meeting 2022. València: Fundació Scito, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.nsm.2022.300.

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Zhu, J. X., P. M. Chaikin, Li Min, W. B. Russel, W. V. Meyer i Richard B. Rogers. "The Structure and Dynamics of Hard Sphere Colloidal Crystals under Micro-Gravity with Quasi-Elastic Light Scattering". W Photon Correlation and Scattering. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/pcs.1996.thd.1.

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We use quasi-elastic light scattering to study the structure and dynamics of concentrated hard sphere colloidal suspensions in microgravity. The hard sphere system is the simplest and the most fundamental model system in condensed matter physics. At low volume fractions, ϕ < 0.494, the system is in a disordered state. At ϕ greater than 0.494, the system becomes ordered. Ground based studies of the crystalline phase are subject to sedimentation due to gravity. This paper reports the first experiment of a series planned for microgravity, the NASA Colloidal Order-Disorder Transition (CDOT) project conducted in the glovebox of the Second United States Microgravity Laboratory (USML2) which flew on board space shuttle Columbia from October 20 to November 5 in 1995. A detailed hardware description will be given by another paper. This paper is concerned with the scientific aspects of the experiments.

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Li, Shidong, i Ole Torsæter. "The Impact of Nanoparticles Adsorption and Transport on Wettability Alteration of Intermediate Wet Berea Sandstone". W SPE Middle East Unconventional Resources Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/spe-172943-ms.

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AbstractNanoparticles as part of nanotechnology have drawn the attention for its great potential of increasing oil recovery. From authors' previous studies (Li et al., 2013a), wettability alteration was proposed as one of the main Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) mechanisms for nanoparticles fluid, as adsorption of nanoparticles on pore walls leads to wettability alteration of reservoir. We conducted a series of wettability measurement experiments for aged intermediate-wet Berea sandstone, where the core plugs were treated by different concentration and type of nanoparticles fluid. Nanoparticles transport experiments also were performed for core plugs with injection of varying concentration and type of nanoparticles fluid. Pressure drop across the core plug during injection was recorded to evaluate nanoparticles adsorption and retention inside core, as well as desorption during brine postflush. Both hydrophilic silica nano-structure particles and hydrophilic silica colloidal nanoparticles were utilized in above two experiments.The results of wettability alteration experiments indicated that hydrophilic nanoparticles have ability of making intermediate-wet Berea sandstone to be more water wet, and basically the higher concentration the more water wet will be. And different type of nanoparticles has different effect on the wettability alteration process. For nanoparticles transport experiments, the results showed that the nanoparticles undergo both adsorption and desorption as well as retention during injection. Pressure drop curves showed that absorption and retention of nano-structure particles inside core was significant while colloidal nanoparticles did not adsorb much. Permeability impairment was observed during nano-structure particles fluid injection, but on the contrary colloidal nanoparticles dispersion injection made core more permeable.

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Hoelzle, David J., Andrew G. Alleyne i Amy J. Wagoner Johnson. "Design of Experiments Approach to Maximize Process Reliability for Bone Scaffold Fabrication". W ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-192397.

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Micro Robotic Deposition (μRD) is a solid freeform fabrication process in which a colloidal suspension, or ink, is extruded through a nozzle in a defined trajectory to form a three-dimensional structure. The term Micro Robotic Deposition is chosen since the extrusion nozzle is usually positioned by a robotic device with resulting part feature sizes between 1–1000 micrometers. μRD technology has been applied to a variety of applications[1] including hydroxyapatite (HA) bone scaffolds[2]. To date, the majority of the μRD research has focused on developing new materials appropriate for deposition as well as decreasing the feature size. In order to make μRD a reliable and viable manufacturing process the number and severity of fabrication defects must be reduced. However, deposition reliability has received relatively little research attention. The work presented here fills this gap in the literature and will help facilitate the transition of μRD technology from the research bench to a manufacturing environment by developing general guidelines that maximize process reliability.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Colloidal Experiments"

Lozano, Paulo, i Manuel Martinez-Sanchez. Jets and Sprays Emitted from Colloid Thrusters-Experiments and Modeling. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, styczeń 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada411642.

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Reimus, Paul William. The use of synthetic colloids in tracer transport experiments in saturated rock fractures. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), sierpień 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/100238.

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James E. Saiers. Colloid Facilitated Transport of Radioactive Cations in the Vadose Zone: Field Experiments Oak Ridge. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), wrzesień 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1051102.

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P. Reimus. Colloid and Colloid-Facilitated Contaminant Transport Experiments and Models to Support Assessments of Radionuclide Migration at Yucca Mountain and the Nevada Test Site. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), czerwiec 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/837620.

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Dittrich, Timothy M., i Paul William Reimus. Colloid-Facilitated Transport of ¹³⁷Cs in Fracture-Fill Material. Experiments and Modeling. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), październik 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1225270.

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Reimus, Paul W. Interpretations of Colloid-Facilitated Transport Experiments at the Grimsel Test Site from 2008 through 2012. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), wrzesień 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1095208.

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Asenath-Smith, Emily, Emma Ambrogi, Eftihia Barnes i Jonathon Brame. CuO enhances the photocatalytic activity of Fe₂O₃ through synergistic reactive oxygen species interactions. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), wrzesień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42131.

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Iron oxide (α-Fe₂O₃, hematite) colloids were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and investigated as catalysts for the photodegradation of an organic dye under broad-spectrum illumination. To enhance photocatalytic performance, Fe₂O₃ was combined with other transition-metal oxide (TMO) colloids (e.g., CuO and ZnO), which are sensitive to different regions of the solar spectrum (far visible and ultraviolet, respectively), using a ternary blending approach for compositional mixtures. For a variety of ZnO/Fe₂O₃/CuO mole ratios, the pseudo-first-order rate constant for methyl orange degradation was at least double the sum of the individual Fe₂O₃ and CuO rate constants, indicating there is an underlying synergy governing the photocatalysis reaction with these combinations of TMOs. A full compositional study was carried out to map the interactions between the three TMOs. Additional experiments probed the identity and role of reactive oxygen species and elucidated the mechanism by which CuO enhanced Fe₂O₃ photodegradation while ZnO did not. The increased photocatalytic performance of Fe2O3 in the presence of CuO was associated with hydroxyl radical ROS, consistent with heterogeneous photo-Fenton mechanisms, which are not accessible by ZnO. These results imply that low-cost photocatalytic materials can be engineered for high performance under solar illumination by selective pairing of TMOs with compatible ROS.

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Kersting, A. B., P. W. Reimus, A. Abdel-Fattah, P. G. Allen, I. Anghel, F. C. Benedict, B. K. Esser i in. Colloid-Facilitated Transport of Low-Solubility Radionuclides: A Field, Experimental, and Modeling Investigation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), luty 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15006520.

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Toran, L. E., J. F. McCarthy i T. M. Williams. Design of a field experiment for injection of natural colloids in a sandy coastal plain aquifer, Belle W. Baruch Forest Science Institute, Georgetown, South Carolina. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), czerwiec 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6424186.

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Shomer, Ilan, Louise Wicker, Uzi Merin i William L. Kerr. Interactions of Cloud Proteins, Pectins and Pectinesterases in Flocculation of Citrus Cloud. United States Department of Agriculture, luty 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580669.bard.

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The overall objective was to understand the cloud flocculation of citrus juice by characterization of the interactions between proteins and pectins, and to determine the role of PE isozymes in catalyzing this phenomenon. Specific objectives were to: 1. identify/characterize cloud-proteins in relation to their coagulable properties and affinity to pectins; 2. to determine structural changes of PME and other proteins induced by cation/pectin interactions; 3. localize cloud proteins, PME and bound protein/pectates in unheated and pasteurized juices; 4. to create "sensitized" pectins and determine their effect on clarification. The original objectives were not changed but the methods and approach were modified due to specific research requirements. Two i postulates were: 1. there is a specific interaction of cloud proteins with de-esterified regions of ! pectin and this contributes to cloud loss; 2. isozymes of pectin-methyl-esterase (PME) vary in efficiency to create sensitized pectins. The appearance of citrus fruit juice is an important quality factor and is determined by the color and turbidity that .are conferred by the suspended particles, i.e., by the cloud and its homogeneity. Under some circumstances the cloud tend to flocculate and the juice clarifies. The accepted approach to explain the clarification is based on pectin demethoxylation by PME that promotes formation of Ca-pectate. Therefore, the juice includes immediate heat-inactivation upon ~ squeezing. Protein coagulation also promotes cloud instability of citrus fruit extracts. However, the clarification mechanism is not fully understood. Information accumulated from several laboratories indicates that clarification is a more complex process than can be explained by a single mechanism. The increasing trend to consume natural-fresh juice emphasizing the importance of the knowledge to assure homogeneity of fresh juice. The research included complementary directions: Conditions that induce cloud-instability of natural- juice [IL]. Evaluate purification schemes of protein [USA]. Identifications of proteins, pectin and neutral sugars ([IL]; Structure of the cloud components using light and electron microscopy and immuno-labeling of PME, high-methoxyl-pectin (HMP) and low-methoxyl-pectin (LMP); Molecular weight of calcium sensitized pectins [US]; Evaluation of the products of PME activity [US]. Fractions and size distribution and cloud components [IL-US]. The optimal pH activity of PME is 7 and the flocculation pH of the cloud is 3-4. Thus, the c roles of PME, proteins and pectins in the cloud instability, were studied in pH ranges of 2- 7. The experiments led to establish firstly repeatable simulate conditions for cloud instability [IL]. Thermostable PME (TS-PE) known to induce cloud instability, but also thermolabile forms of PME (TL-PE) caused clarification, most likely due to the formation and dissolution of inactive :. PE-pectin complexes and displacement of a protective colloid from the cloud surface [US]. Furthermore, elimination of non-PME protein increases TS-PE activity, indicating that non-PME proteins moderate PME activity [US]. Other experiments Concomitantly with the study of the PME activity but promotes the association of cloud-proteins to pectin. Adjusting of the juice pH to f 7 retains the cloud stability and re-adjusting of the pH to 40% DE reacts to immuno-labeling in the cloud fragments, whereas

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