Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Collisions

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Collisions”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 4 maja 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Collisions"

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Chatterjee, A., i A. Ruina. "A New Algebraic Rigid-Body Collision Law Based on Impulse Space Considerations". Journal of Applied Mechanics 65, nr 4 (1.12.1998): 939–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2791938.

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We present a geometric representation of the set of three-dimensional rigid-body collisional impulses that are reasonably permissible by the combination of non-negative post-collision separation rate, non-negative collisional compression impulse, non-negative energy dissipation and the Coulomb friction inequality. The construction is presented for a variety of special collisional situations involving special symmetry or extremes in the mass distribution, the friction coefficient, or the initial conditions. We review a variety of known friction laws and show how they do and do not fit in the permissible region in impulse space as well as comment on other attributes of these laws. We present a few parameterizations of the full permissible region of impulse space. We present a simple generalization to arbitrary three-dimensional point contact collisions of a simple law previously only applicable to objects with contact-inertia eigenvectors aligned with the surface normal and initial relative tangential velocity component (e.g., spheres and disks). This new algebraic collision law has two restitution parameters for general three-dimensional frictional single-point rigid-body collisions. The new law generates a collisional impulse that is a weighted sum of the impulses from a frictionless but nonrebounding collision and from a perfectly sticking, nonrebounding collision. We describe useful properties of our law; show geometrically the set of impulses it can predict for several collisional situations; and compare it with existing laws. For simultaneous collisions we propose that the new algebraic law be used by recursively breaking these collisions into a sequence ordered by the normal approach velocities of potential contact pairs.
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Li, Xiang-Yu, Axel Brandenburg, Gunilla Svensson, Nils E. L. Haugen, Bernhard Mehlig i Igor Rogachevskii. "Effect of Turbulence on Collisional Growth of Cloud Droplets". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 75, nr 10 (październik 2018): 3469–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-18-0081.1.

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We investigate the effect of turbulence on the collisional growth of micrometer-sized droplets through high-resolution numerical simulations with well-resolved Kolmogorov scales, assuming a collision and coalescence efficiency of unity. The droplet dynamics and collisions are approximated using a superparticle approach. In the absence of gravity, we show that the time evolution of the shape of the droplet-size distribution due to turbulence-induced collisions depends strongly on the turbulent energy-dissipation rate [Formula: see text], but only weakly on the Reynolds number. This can be explained through the [Formula: see text] dependence of the mean collision rate described by the Saffman–Turner collision model. Consistent with the Saffman–Turner collision model and its extensions, the collision rate increases as [Formula: see text] even when coalescence is invoked. The size distribution exhibits power-law behavior with a slope of −3.7 from a maximum at approximately 10 up to about 40 μm. When gravity is invoked, turbulence is found to dominate the time evolution of an initially monodisperse droplet distribution at early times. At later times, however, gravity takes over and dominates the collisional growth. We find that the formation of large droplets is very sensitive to the turbulent energy dissipation rate. This is because turbulence enhances the collisional growth between similar-sized droplets at the early stage of raindrop formation. The mean collision rate grows exponentially, which is consistent with the theoretical prediction of the continuous collisional growth even when turbulence-generated collisions are invoked. This consistency only reflects the mean effect of turbulence on collisional growth.
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Na, Sang-Chul, i Young-Dae Jung. "Screened Collision-Induced Quantum Interference in Collisional Plasmas". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 64, nr 3-4 (1.04.2009): 233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2009-3-410.

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Abstract The effects of neutral particle collisions on the quantum interference in electron-electron collisions are investigated in collisional plasmas. The effective potential model taking into account the electronneutral particle collision effects is employed in order to obtain the electron-electron collision cross section including the total spin states of the collision system. It is found that the collision effects significantly enhance the cross section. In addition, the collision-induced quantum interference effects are found to be significant in the singlet spin state. It is shown that the quantum interference effects decrease with increasing the thermal energy of the plasma. It is also shown that the quantum interference effects increase with an increase of the collision energy
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Arakawa, Sota, Hidekazu Tanaka i Eiichiro Kokubo. "Impacts of Viscous Dissipation on Collisional Growth and Fragmentation of Dust Aggregates". Astrophysical Journal 933, nr 2 (1.07.2022): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac7460.

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Abstract Understanding the collisional behavior of dust aggregates consisting of submicron-sized grains is essential to unveiling how planetesimals formed in protoplanetary disks. It is known that the collisional behavior of individual dust particles strongly depends on the strength of viscous dissipation force; however, impacts of viscous dissipation on the collisional behavior of dust aggregates have not been studied in detail, especially for the cases of oblique collisions. Here we investigated the impacts of viscous dissipation on the collisional behavior of dust aggregates. We performed numerical simulations of collisions between two equal-mass dust aggregates with various collision velocities and impact parameters. We also changed the strength of viscous dissipation force systematically. We found that the threshold collision velocity for the fragmentation of dust aggregates barely depends on the strength of viscous dissipation force when we consider oblique collisions. In contrast, the size distribution of fragments changes significantly when the viscous dissipation force is considered. We obtained the empirical fitting formulae for the size distribution of fragments for the case of strong dissipation, which would be useful to study the evolution of size and spatial distributions of dust aggregates in protoplanetary disks.
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ZENIT, R., M. L. HUNT i C. E. BRENNEN. "Collisional particle pressure measurements in solid–liquid flows". Journal of Fluid Mechanics 353 (25.12.1997): 261–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112097007647.

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Experiments were conducted to measure the collisional particle pressure in both cocurrent and countercurrent flows of liquid–solid mixtures. The collisional particle pressure, or granular pressure, is the additional pressure exerted on the containing walls of a particulate system due to the particle collisions. The present experiments involve both a liquid-fluidized bed using glass, plastic or steel spheres and a vertical gravity-driven flow using glass spheres. The particle pressure was measured using a high-frequency-response flush-mounted pressure transducer. Detailed recordings were made of many different particle collisions with the active face of this transducer. The solids fraction of the flowing mixtures was measured using an impedance volume fraction meter. Results show that the magnitude of the measured particle pressure increases from low concentrations (<10% solid volume fraction), reaches a maximum for intermediate values of solid fraction (30–40%), and decreases again for more concentrated mixtures (>40%). The measured collisional particle pressure appears to scale with the particle dynamic pressure based on the particle density and terminal velocity. Results were obtained and compared for a range of particle sizes, as well as for two different test section diameters.In addition, a detailed analysis of the collisions was performed that included the probability density functions for the collision duration and collision impulse. Two distinct contributions to the collisional particle pressure were identified: one contribution from direct contact of particles with the pressure transducer, and the second one resulting from particle collisions in the bulk that are transmitted through the liquid to the pressure transducer.
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Chen, Sisi, Man-Kong Yau, Peter Bartello i Lulin Xue. "Bridging the condensation–collision size gap: a direct numerical simulation of continuous droplet growth in turbulent clouds". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, nr 10 (25.05.2018): 7251–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-7251-2018.

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Abstract. In most previous direct numerical simulation (DNS) studies on droplet growth in turbulence, condensational growth and collisional growth were treated separately. Studies in recent decades have postulated that small-scale turbulence may accelerate droplet collisions when droplets are still small when condensational growth is effective. This implies that both processes should be considered simultaneously to unveil the full history of droplet growth and rain formation. This paper introduces the first direct numerical simulation approach to explicitly study the continuous droplet growth by condensation and collisions inside an adiabatic ascending cloud parcel. Results from the condensation-only, collision-only, and condensation–collision experiments are compared to examine the contribution to the broadening of droplet size distribution (DSD) by the individual process and by the combined processes. Simulations of different turbulent intensities are conducted to investigate the impact of turbulence on each process and on the condensation-induced collisions. The results show that the condensational process promotes the collisions in a turbulent environment and reduces the collisions when in still air, indicating a positive impact of condensation on turbulent collisions. This work suggests the necessity of including both processes simultaneously when studying droplet–turbulence interaction to quantify the turbulence effect on the evolution of cloud droplet spectrum and rain formation.
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Szabó, Dániel, Ágnes Gömöry, Krisztina Ludányi, Károly Vékey i László Drahos. "Very Low-Pressure CID Experiments: High Energy Transfer and Fragmentation Pattern at the Single Collision Regime". Molecules 29, nr 1 (30.12.2023): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29010211.

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We have performed CID experiments on a triple quadrupole instrument, lowering the collision gas pressure by 50 times compared to its conventional value. The results show that at very low-collision gas pressure, single collisions dominate the spectra. Indirectly, these results suggest that under conventional conditions, 20–50 collisions may be typical in CID experiments. The results show a marked difference between low- and high-pressure CID spectra, the latter being characterized in terms of ‘slow heating’ and predominance of consecutive reactions. The results indicate that under single collision conditions, the collisional energy transfer efficiency is very high: nearly 100% of the center of mass kinetic energy is converted to internal energy.
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Hasegawa, Yukihiko, Takeru K. Suzuki, Hidekazu Tanaka, Hiroshi Kobayashi i Koji Wada. "Collisional Growth and Fragmentation of Dust Aggregates. II. Mass Distribution of Icy Fragments". Astrophysical Journal 944, nr 1 (1.02.2023): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acadda.

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Abstract By performing N-body simulations, we investigated the fundamental processes of collisions between dust aggregates composed of submicron-sized icy dust monomers. We examined the mass distribution of fragments in the collisional outcomes in a wide range of the mass ratio and the collision velocity between colliding dust aggregates. We derived analytic expressions of the mass distribution of large remnants and small fragments by numerical fitting to the simulation results. Our analytic formulae for masses of the large remnants can reproduce the contribution of mass transfer from a large target to a small projectile, which occurs for a mass ratio of ≳3 and is shown in a previous study. We found that the power-law index of the cumulative mass distribution of the small fragments is independent of the mass ratio and only weakly dependent on the collision velocity. On the other hand, the mass fraction of fragments of individual dust monomers decreases with an increasing total mass of colliding aggregates for a fixed mass ratio. This tendency implies that multiple hierarchical disruptive collisions (i.e., collisions between fragments, and collisions between fragments of fragments) are required for producing a large number of individual dust monomers via collisional fragmentation. Our fragment model suggests that the total geometric cross section integrated over the fragments is estimated to be about the same order as the geometric cross section of the target.
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Mioc, V., i C. Blaga. "Binary collisions in popovici’s photogravitational model". Serbian Astronomical Journal, nr 165 (2002): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/saj0265009m.

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The dynamics of bodies under the combined action of the gravitational attraction and the radiative repelling force has large and deep implications in astronomy. In the 1920s, the Romanian astronomer Constantin Popovici proposed a modified photogravitational law (considered by other scientists too). This paper deals with the collisions of the two-body problem associated with Popovici?s model. Resorting to McGehee-type transformations of the second kind, we obtain regular equations of motion and define the collision manifold. The flow on this boundary manifold is wholly described. This allows to point out some important qualitative features of the collisional motion: existence of the black-hole effect, gradientlikeness of the flow on the collision manifold, regularizability of collisions under certain conditions. Some questions, coming from the comparison of Levi-Civita?s regularizing transformations and McGehee?s ones, are formulated.
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Chtab, Anna, i Mikhael Gorokhovski. "Large-Eddy Simulation With Simplified Collisional Microdynamics in a High Reynolds Number Particle-Laden Channel Flow". Journal of Fluids Engineering 129, nr 5 (25.10.2006): 613–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2717619.

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Computing high Reynolds number channel flows laden by heavy solid particles requires excessive CPU resources to calculate interparticle collisions. Since the frequency of these collisions is high, the kinematic details of each elementary collision may not be essential when calculating particle statistics. In this paper, the dynamics of a particle with a phase trajectory that is discontinuous (due to collisions) is simulated using a hypothetical “noncolliding” particle moving along a trajectory smoothed over interparticle collisions. The statistical temperature of this particle is assumed to be in equilibrium with the statistical “temperature” of the resolved turbulence. This simplified microdynamic is introduced into ballistic calculations of particles within the framework of the “two-way” LES approach. The simulation was conducted specifically to compare the velocity statistics of the hypothetical particle with statistics yielded by measurements in the gas∕particle channel flow and by the LES∕particle approach where binary collisions were simulated. This paper shows that, by assuming the universality of collisional microdynamics, one may predict the experimental observation and the results of detailed simulations without requiring supplementary CPU resources to compute the binary collisions.
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Collisions"

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Horton, Timothy Scott. "COLLISIONAL AND RADIATIVE RELAXATION IN SODIUM DIMER AND ARGON ATOM COLLISIONS". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1480693544113525.

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Kantak, Advait Ashok. "Wet particle collisions". Diss., Connect to online resource, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/colorado/fullcit?p3190381.

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Nesbitt, Brian. "Heavy-particle collisions". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301028.

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Harris, Allison Lynn. "Fully differential cross sections for four-body scattering processes". Diss., Rolla, Mo. : Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2009. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/pdf/Harris_09007dcc806c3b59.pdf.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2009.
Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed August 25, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 84-92).
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Planchette, Carole. "Collisions de gouttes asymétriques". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00647892.

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Dans cette thèse expérimentale, on s'intéresse aux collisions de gouttes mettant en jeu des interfaces asymétriques, soit deux gouttes constituées de liquide différent ou des gouttes de taille différente et recouvertes (ou non) d'une couche de particules hydrophobes. Dans une première partie, on étudie les collisions de gouttes de liquide immiscible. L'asymétrie de tels systèmes repose alors sur le contraste des propriétés des deux liquides : la tension de surface, la viscosité et la densité. Le résultat de ces collisions est une encapsulation totale d'un liquide par un autre ou une encapsulation suivie d'une fragmentation. On s'attache à décrire les régimes observés et à établir des lois permettant de prédire les limites de fragmentation de l'objet obtenu. La seconde partie est consacrée aux interfaces couvertes de particules hydrophobes. Pour ces systèmes, l'asymétrie réside à la fois dans la présence des particules sur une interface et pas sur l'autre et dans le contraste de taille entre les objets étudiés. Ainsi, on considère l'impact entre une petite goutte (recouverte ou non de particules) et une très grosse goutte (recouverte ou non de particules). On caractérise tout d'abord les propriétés mécaniques de ces interfaces via la propagation d'ondes de surface, notamment en terme de tension de surface effective et de module de courbure. Puis, on sonde, dans différentes situations d'impact, la robustesse de ces objets afin d'évaluer la capacité de ces couches particulaires à prévenir la coalescence
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McGuinness, Philip. "Electron-ion elastic collisions". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268236.

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Copeland, Fiona B. M. "Low energy rearrangement collisions". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318881.

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McAlinden, Mary Trea. "Atomic collisions involving positrons". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317480.

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Grishkevich, Sergey. "Ultracold collisions in traps". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16098.

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Die ultrakalte Atom- und Molekülephysik, zu welcher man zum Beispiel bei der Bose-Einstein-Kondensation von verdünnten Gasen Zugang hat, wurde untersucht. In solchen Systemen dominieren Zwei-Körper-Stöße und ihre detaillierte Untersuchung ist eines der zentralen Themen dieser Arbeit. Diese wurden durchgeführt unter Berücksichtigung von elementaren chemischen Reaktionen, Photoassoziation und magnetischen Feshbach-Resonanzen. Weiterhin wurden Untersuchungen von Atomen in optischen Gittern durchgeführt. Die Viel-Teilchen-Systeme wurden nicht nur mit dem üblichen mean-field Ansatz behandelt, sondern auch darüber hinausgehend, um die voll korrelierte Bewegung zu simulieren.
The ultracold atomic and molecular physics as it is accessible, e.g., in Bose-Einstein condensates of dilute gases was investigated. In such systems two-body collisions are dominant and their detailed study is one of the central topics of this work. They were done considering elementary chemical reactions as photoassociation, and magnetic Feshbach resonances. Additionally, studies of atoms in optical lattice sites were carried out. The many-body systems were not only considered within the usually adopted mean-field approach but also beyond that in order to simulate the fully correlated motion.
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O'Connor, Daryl John. "Atomic collisions with surfaces". Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/144473.

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Książki na temat "Collisions"

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Armstrong, Christopher D., red. Collision Reconstruction Methodologies Volume 10B: Pedestrian Collisions. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/0768092388.

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Benson, Michael. Crashes & collisions. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 1997.

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Struck, Curtis. Galaxy Collisions. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-85371-0.

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Christensen, Lars Lindberg, Raquel Yumi Shida i Davide De Martin, red. Cosmic Collisions. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-93855-4.

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Desonie, Dana. Cosmic collisions. New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1996.

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McDaniel, E. W. Atomic collisions. New York: Wiley, 1989.

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Usypchuk, Laurie Lillian. A study of reactive collisions in a quadrupole collision cell. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1991.

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Tobias, Gössling, Jansen R. J. G i Oerlemans L. A. G, red. Coalitions and collisions. Nijmegen: Willem-Jan van der Wolf, 2005.

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The Jupiter collisions. London: Faber and Faber, 2003.

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Blome, Kerstin, Andreas Fischer-Lescano, Hannah Franzki, Nora Markard i Stefan Oeter, red. Contested Regime Collisions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781316411230.

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Części książek na temat "Collisions"

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Potyka, Johanna, Johannes Kromer, Muyuan Liu, Kathrin Schulte i Dieter Bothe. "Modelling and Numerical Simulation of Binary Droplet Collisions Under Extreme Conditions". W Fluid Mechanics and Its Applications, 127–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09008-0_7.

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AbstractThe complexity of binary droplet collisions strongly increases in case of immiscible liquids with the occurrence of triple lines or for high energetic collisions, where strong rim instabilities lead to the spattering of satellite droplets. To cope with such cases, the Volume of Fluid method is extended by an efficient interface reconstruction, also applicable to multi-material cells of arbitrary configuration, as well as an enhanced continuous surface stress model for accurate surface force computations, also applicable to thin films. For collisions of fully wetting liquids, excellent agreement to experimental data is achieved in different collision regimes. High-resolution simulations predict droplet collisions in the spattering regime and provide detailed insights into the evolution of the rim instability. Another challenge is the numerical prediction of the collision outcome in the bouncing or coalescence region, where the rarefied gas dynamics in the thin gas film determines the collision result. To this end, an important step forward became possible by modelling the pressure in the gas film. With the introduction of an interior collision plane within the flow domain, it is now possible to simulate droplet collisions with gas film thickness reaching the physically relevant length scale.
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Chambers, R. G. "Collisions". W Electronics in Metals and Semiconductors, 107–19. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0423-1_8.

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Dyke, Philip, i Roger Whitworth. "Collisions". W Guide to Mechanics, 93–118. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11114-5_5.

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Meystre, Pierre. "Collisions". W Atom Optics, 95–115. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3526-0_6.

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Nixon, David. "Collisions". W Beginning Unreal Game Development, 191–207. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-5639-8_7.

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Ramtal, Dev, i Adrian Dobre. "Collisions". W The Essential Guide to Physics for Flash Games, Animation, and Simulations, 321–58. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-3675-7_11.

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Ramtal, Dev, i Adrian Dobre. "Collisions". W Physics for JavaScript Games, Animation, and Simulations, 267–99. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-6338-8_11.

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Tyers, Ben. "Collisions". W Practical GameMaker: Studio, 91–101. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-2373-4_11.

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Dyke, Phil, i Roger Whitworth. "Collisions". W Guide to Mechanics, 82–98. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4039-9035-8_4.

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Fitzpatrick, Richard. "Collisions". W Plasma Physics, 43–70. Wyd. 2. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003268253-3.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Collisions"

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De Lucia, Frank C. "Molecular collisions at very low temperature". W High Resolution Spectroscopy. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/hrs.1993.tua5.

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We have reported a number of investigations in which a newly developed collisional cooling method was used to investigate collisional processes between gas phase atoms and molecules at very low temperatures.1-7 In these studies the molecules are effectively in thermodynamic equilibrium with their collision partners, but at temperatures far below their freezing points. Used in conjunction with conventional equilibrium cells, measurements over the entire 1 - 1000 K region can be made. This range makes possible both the observation of new collision phenomena at low temperature and the study of collisions over a wide enough range to consider the collisions spectroscopically.
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Bussone, William R., Reza Koiler, Jamie Benda, Nicholas Carney, Andres Geffard i Samantha Sam. "Occupant Kinematics During Chain-Collisions: Discrete vs Combined Collisions". W WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2024-01-2489.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">There is little prior research into chain-collisions, despite their relatively large contribution to injury and harm in motor-vehicle collisions. This study conducted a series of rear-impact, front-impact, and chain-collision impacts using a bumper car ride at an active amusement park as a proxy for automobiles. The purpose was to begin to identify the threshold time range when separate, discrete collisions transition into a hybrid or combined chain-collision mode and provide bases for future analyses. The test series consisted of rear impacts into an occupied target vehicle from a driven bullet vehicle; frontal impacts into a perimeter barrier (wall); chain-collisions consisting of a driven bullet vehicle striking an occupied primary target vehicle, which then collided with a non-occupied secondary target vehicle; and chain-collisions consisting of a driven bullet vehicle striking an occupied primary target vehicle which then collided with a wall. Time between collisions was adjusted via spacing. Vehicle impact velocities, changes in velocity (delta-Vs), accelerations, and coefficients of restitution are reported. Head and extremity excursions of the restrained occupant of the primary target vehicle were also tracked using high-speed video recording. The results show that chain-collisions exhibited three phases: an early phase that occurs during the initial rearward occupant excursion, a middle phase that occurs during the forward rebound occupant excursion, and a late phase that occurs while the occupant is recovering back to the initial position. The first phase appears to last for approximately 150 ms, the middle phase for approximately 50 to 75 ms, and the late phase from thereafter until approximately 400 ms to 500 ms after the initial collision. The middle phase appears to be related to the timing of the occupant’s return to their original position and their maximum rebound velocity and the late phase to the remaining occupant displacement but not velocity. Overall, occupant and vehicle kinematics during a chain-collision were different from those of the individual component collisions and were different from a superposition of the component collisions. This is the first reporting of these phases in a chain-collision.</div></div>
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Chatterjee, Anindya, i Andy L. Ruina. "Two Interpretations of Rigidity in Rigid Body Collisions". W ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0522.

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Abstract We distinguish between, and discuss the applicability of, two levels of rigidity in rigid-body collision modeling. For rigidity in the strong, force-response, sense collisional contact deformations must be highly localized. The bodies then move according to 2nd order rigid-body mechanics during the collision. Incremental collision laws and most collision models using continuum mechanics for the contact region depend on force-response rigidity. For rigidity in the weaker, impulse-response, sense the deformations need not be localized but displacements during the collision need to be small everywhere. Only the time-integrated rigid-body equations, involving before-collision and after-collision velocities, then need apply. Although a force-response rigid body is also impulse-response rigid the converse is not true. Algebraic collision laws depend only on impulse-response rigidity. Elastic vibration models of collisions are also generally consistent with impulse-response rigidity.
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Bagnato, V., L. Marcassa, C. Tao, Y. Wang i J. Weiner. "Two-Color Photo-Associative Ionization Collisions between Sodium Atoms". W High Resolution Spectroscopy. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/hrs.1993.pd6.

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Collisions of ultracold trapped atoms ( T< 1mK) have opened a new field of atomic collisions with abundant opportunities for theory and experiments. Photo-associative ionization (PAI) in sodium atoms has been the first two-body collision Studied in optical traps3. In this process two ground state Na atoms absorb two photons during the course of the collisional encounter. The first absorption at long range put the colliding system on an attractive C3/R3 potential curve, and the two atoms begin to accelerate toward each other. A second absorption promotes the system to a doubly excited Na(3p)+Na(3p) potential curve from which the PAI process takes place at short range.
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Olberding, Joseph, Karla Petroskey i Tara Leipold. "Coefficient of Restitution and Collision Pulse Duration in Low-Speed Vehicle-to-Barrier Impacts". W WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-0624.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The coefficient of restitution is utilized in various methods for determining the change in velocity (delta-V) associated with a vehicle collision event. Additionally, for a given delta-V, the magnitude of vehicle acceleration varies with different collision pulse durations. Collision restitution and duration parameters are thus considered by both accident reconstructionists and biomechanists in the investigation of vehicle collision severity and occupant injury potential. Because of the uniqueness of individual vehicle designs, it is difficult to determine a collision’s specific coefficient of restitution and crash pulse duration. Accident reconstructionists often estimate the values of these parameters based on staged crash tests. Prior studies involving low-speed collisions have sought to determine correlations between restitution and collision characteristics and have established equations to assist in estimating restitution. Most of these equations are based around the correlation between restitution and vehicle closing speed. Furthermore, the previous work is largely based on pre-2000 model year vehicles. This study seeks to expand the restitution data for vehicle-to-barrier collisions to a more modern vehicle fleet and examine potential vehicle and collision characteristics that influence restitution and crash pulse duration. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) conducted a series of low-speed vehicle-to-barrier and vehicle-to-vehicle crash tests. The IIHS test series includes both front and rear collisions with a fixed bumper-like barrier in full-overlap and corner (offset) configurations. For this study, over 100 vehicle-to-barrier front and rear full-overlap collision videos were analyzed to compute the coefficient of restitution and crash pulse duration for each test. The relationships between vehicle weight, vehicle wheelbase, bumper engagement, and bumper construction with the coefficient of restitution and pulse duration were evaluated.</div></div>
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Yoshida, Hiroaki, Yoichi Miyajima i Sadami Tsutsumi. "Impact Analysis of Whiplash Injuries in Rear-End Collisions". W ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-0073.

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Abstract Neck injury by rear-end collision occurs frequently in automobile accidents, yet its pathomechanical process has not been investigated. We performed impact analysis using finite element model, and a new neck model in rear-end collisions to investigate whiplash injuries in rear-end collisions. Compressive stresses localized in soft tissues, reached its maximum value at 140ms after collision at a speed of 5.7km/h. It is clear that the new neck model in rear-end collision behaves closer to that of human neck than the dummy neck.
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Dimnet, Eric. "Theory, Experiments and Numerical Simulations of Instantaneous Collisions of Solids". W ASME 2001 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2001/vib-21771.

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Abstract We describe the collision of a point with a fixed plane and the simultaneous collisions of a collection of rigid bodies following the theory of collisions by M. Frémond. We then give some existence and uniqueness results for simultaneous collisions of a collection of rigid bodies, and we show some numerical simulations of the evolutions of collections of solids during which such collisions happen. We also modelize instantaneous collisions of deformable bodies. Then, considering the impact of a hammer with a deformable bar, we show the agreement between measurements and our modeling.
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Wang, Ge, i Preben Terndrup Pedersen. "A Literature Review of Risk Assessment of Ship-FPSO Collisions". W ASME 2007 26th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2007-29760.

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This paper reviews the latest research and analyses related to the risk assessment of ship-FPSO collision. The focus is placed on: existing criteria, FPSO collision accident, design scenarios for FPSO collision, mechanics of collision incidents, consequences and acceptance criteria. The research achievements of ships’ collision and grounding since 1990s are introduced. Issues specific to ship-FPSO collisions that deserve further development are addressed. The content of this paper is mainly drawn from the ISSC 2006 Specialist Committee V.1 on Collision and Grounding.
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Turla, Tejashree, Xiang Liu, Zhipeng Zhang i Zheyong Bian. "Analysis of Train Collision Risk in the United States: 2001 to 2015". W 2018 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2018-6157.

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Railways have a substantial contribution to the economy of the United States. However, a train accident can result in casualties and extensive damages to infrastructure and the environment. Most of the prior research focused on derailments or grade-crossing accidents rather than the study of train collisions. The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) identifies over 300 causes for all types of accidents, among which we aim to recognize the major factors that cause train collisions. Evaluating how collision frequency and severity vary with the accident cause is the key part of this research, in order to identify, evaluate and mitigate transportation risk. This paper presents a statistical analysis of passenger and freight train collisions in the United States from 2001 to 2015 to statistically analyze train collision frequency, severity, accident cause, and safety risk. The analysis finds that human errors and signal failures are among the most common causes of train collisions in U.S. in the 15-year study period. There is a significant decline in the overall train collision frequency by year. By observing these trends with respect to train collisions, possible accident prevention strategies could be developed and implemented accordingly.
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Chander, Subodh, Ayhan Akinturk i Bruce Colbourne. "Hydrodynamic Study of Submerged Ice Collisions". W ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2015-42079.

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Most of the research done on ice-structure interaction deals with the ice at the sea surface. Whereas majority of ice-strengthened regions of ships and offshore structures are well below the waterline. The aim of this research is to examine the mechanics of ice loads caused by submerged ice blocks colliding with the structure. The kinematics is an essential determinant of the energy that is available to drive the ice crushing process during the collision. The present research aims to develop a model to represent the mechanics of such collisions and set a direction for future work. This study includes experimental and numerical components. Various physical experiments have been conducted using a submerged ice model moving solely due to its buoyancy. Using high speed camera the experiments are recorded and analysed to determine the kinematics of collision. These include location, velocity and acceleration of the model ice as a function of time. In parallel, numerical simulations have being conducted using FLOW 3DTM software. The results of the experiments are used to validate the numerical model of the underwater collision. The results shows that added mass plays an important role during the underwater impact collisions. The paper presents some preliminary results obtained during this research.
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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Collisions"

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Gunson, Kari E., Anthony P. Clevenger i Adam T. Ford. A comparison of elk-vehicle collisions patterns with demographic and abundance data in the Central Canadian Rocky Mountains. Nevada Department of Transportation, wrzesień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/ndot2021.09.5.

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This study looks at the patterns and processes of elk-vehicle collisions in the Central Canadian Rocky Mountains and analyses the demographic structure of the wildlife involved in the collisions. Key findings included: males and subadults were more prone to elk-vehicle collisions; collisions occur more commonly in the fall season; all healthy elk are susceptible to vehicle collisions; the magnitude of elk collision was negatively correlated to traffic volumes, because abundance of elk greatly decreased during the study period; and elk abundance was the primary driver influencing occurrence of collisions over time. Collectively, these results will help inform the design of mitigation measures targeting the most vulnerable demographics of a population, i.e. subadults and male elk in the fall.
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Eyers, Victoria, Iwan Parry i Mohammed Zaid. In-Depth Investigation of E-Scooter Performance. TRL, grudzień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.58446/hkxd9791.

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E-scooter use is increasing, and with it, the number of collisions involving e-scooters. The rapid rate of uptake of devices has resulted in a gap in the reference data available for collision investigators to make use of in reconstructing collisions, data which is commonly available for other collision types. The main aim of this study was to consider the capabilities of privately owned devices likely to be encountered in ‘real world’ collision scenarios and examine whether manufacturer-published data is realistic. Common characteristics and observations relevant to collision investigations were also recorded. A sample of donated, used devices was tested to determine the acceleration, deceleration and peak speed characteristics of different types of device
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Clevenger, Anthony P., i Adam T. Ford. A before-after-control-impact study of wildlife fencing along a highway in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Nevada Department of Transportation, luty 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/ndot2022.02.

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Wildlife exclusion fencing has become a standard component of highway mitigation systems designing to reduce collisions with large mammals. Past work on the effectiveness of exclusion fencing has relied heavily on control-impact (i.e., space-for-time substitutions) and before-after study designs. These designs limit inference and may confound the effectiveness of mitigation with co-occurring process that also change the rate of collisions. We used a replicated before-after-control-impact study design to assess fencing effectiveness along the Trans-Canada Highway in the Rocky Mountains of Canada. We found that collisions declined for common ungulates species (elk, mule deer and white-tailed deer) by up to 96% but not for large carnivores. The weak response of carnivores is likely due to combination of fence intrusions and low sample sizes. When accounting for background changes in collision rates observed at control sites, naïve estimates of fencing effectiveness declined by 6% at one site to 90% and increased by 10% at another to a realized effectiveness of 82%. When factoring in the cost of ungulate collisions to society as a whole, fencing provided a net economic gain within 1 year of construction. Over a 10-year period, fencing would provide a net economic gain of >$500,000 per km in reduced collisions. In contrast, control site may take upwards of 90 years before the background rates of collisions decline to a break even point. Our study highlights the benefits of long-term monitoring of road mitigation projects and provides evidence of fencing effectiveness for reducing wildlife-vehicle collisions involving large mammals.
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Ekambaram, Karthikeyan, Bethany Frox, Niamh Bull i Emma Lyndon. Pedal Misapplication Study. TRL Limited, czerwiec 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.58446/omrt5829.

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Pedal misapplication is when the driver applies the wrong pedal of a vehicle, for example: accelerating instead of braking. When followed by the inability to regain control, this can result in collisions, causing damage to vehicles, infrastructure, and potentially, fatal injury. Current figures of pedal misapplication occurrences are potentially underestimated as depends heavily on driver statements, which are often unreliable. As a result, investigators are reliant on other data sources such as camera footage and examining the vehicle controls to determine the cause of the collision. This study examined the characteristics of collisions related to pedal misapplication. A systematic literature review was performed to explore the topic of pedal misapplication. Previous research found that pedal misapplication can occur throughout the entire driving cycle and can impact all drivers. However, certain risk factors were identified, including; old age, cognitive impairment, small stepover pedal configuration, incorrect foot positioning, hesitant braking, short stature, smaller shoe size and possibly being female. The review also presented countermeasures, including technologies that are available in the market, which have the potential to mitigate collisions caused by pedal misapplication. In addition, real-world collision data (RAIDS) from 2012 were interrogated to identify pedal misapplication related collisions for further analysis. The majority of the analysed collisions were caused by the driver accelerating instead of applying brakes and a high proportion occurred on smaller roads or car parks at low speed limits, with just under 50% occurring at initial start-up. Within the sample, similar contributing factors were identified to those found in the literature. Elderly drivers and female drivers were most commonly involved with impairments of driver distraction and illness reported. Vehicles fitted with automatic transmissions were more frequently associated with pedal misapplication cases. This study provides useful insights about crash characteristics and contributory factors of collisions related to pedal misapplication. As crash mitigation systems are growing in popularity amongst vehicle manufacturers, the development and fitment of a system that can detect and mitigate pedal misapplication should be encouraged. This can be achieved through rewarding points in consumer test programmes or by making fitment mandatory through relevant standards.
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Duffield, John, i Chris Neher. Incorporating deer and turtle total value in collision mitigation benefit-cost calculations. Nevada Department of Transportation, wrzesień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/ndot2021.09.1.

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This document is a task report for a larger Wildlife Vehicle Collision (WVC) Reduction and Habitat Connectivity pooled fund study. It addresses the potential use of passive use economic values for wildlife to inform the mitigation of wildlife-vehicle collisions. Passive use, also known as non-use values, are the values individuals place on the existence of a given animal species or population as well as the bequest value of knowing that future generations will also benefit from preserving the species. This report describes a pilot survey and study of willingness to pay by Minnesota households to pay for exclusionary fencing and passage structures to reduce vehicle/animal collisions in the state. The species of focus were deer and turtles. The study found strong support for fencing and passage structures, and statistically significant willingness to pay increased taxes to support their construction.
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Feldmeier, H. T. Dissipative heavy-ion collisions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), styczeń 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6073614.

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Hwa, R. C. (Relativistic heavy ion collisions). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), luty 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5367724.

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Fung, Sun-yiu. Central collisions of heavy ions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), październik 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7119246.

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Chou, T. T. High energy hadron-hadron collisions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), grudzień 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7206040.

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Richmond, Marshall C., Pedro DJ Romero Gomez i Cynthia L. Rakowski. Simulating Collisions for Hydrokinetic Turbines. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), październik 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1111566.

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