Artykuły w czasopismach: „Collectivisme – Psychologie”

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Dambrun, Michkaël, i Céline Darnon. "L'individualisme et le collectivisme dans les pratiques éducatives : le ying et le yang ?" Diversité 157, nr 1 (2009): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/diver.2009.3067.

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Parmi les principales valeurs culturelles qui façonnent le système scolaire et les pratiques éducatives, l’individualisme et le collectivisme sont deux variables centrales. Dans cet article, les auteurs proposent une articulation entre, d’une part, les connaissances sur l’individualisme et le collectivisme issues de la psychologie interculturelle et, d’autre part, les résultats des travaux en psychologie de l’éducation concernant l’impact des pratiques éducatives sur le vécu scolaire des élèves.

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Finkelstein, Marcia A. "Correlates of individualism and collectivism: Predicting volunteer activity". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 39, nr 5 (30.06.2011): 597–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2011.39.5.597.

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Differences in the factors that initiate volunteering in individualists versus collectivists were examined. In prior work it has been suggested that the two differ, not in how much service volunteers give, but in the reasons why. Individualist and collectivist tendencies were measured in a sample of long-term volunteers. Also assessed were respondents' attitudes about the responsibility of individuals and of society to help those in need, the individual's obligation to engage in social and political action, and the quality of social support available to participants. Collectivism was associated most strongly with personal responsibility and with a strong social support network, while individualism was related to a perceived responsibility to participate in social and political activism. Neither individualism nor collectivism was predictive of time spent volunteering. The findings suggest that rather than predicting who will, and will not, volunteer, the individualism/collectivism construct is useful in clarifying why people help. This knowledge, in turn, can be used to match the volunteer to the appropriate activity.

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Freeman, Mark A., i Prashant Bordia. "Assessing alternative models of individualism and collectivism: a confirmatory factor analysis". European Journal of Personality 15, nr 2 (marzec 2001): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.398.

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Six alternative structural models of individualism–collectivism are reviewed and empirically compared in a confirmatory factor analysis of questionnaire data from an Australian student sample (N = 340). Central to the debate about the structure of this broad social attitude are the issues of (1) polarity (are individualism and collectivism bipolar opposites, or orthogonal factors?) and (2) dimensionality (are individualism and collectivism themselves higher‐order constructs subsuming several more specific factors and, if so, what are they?). The data from this Australian sample support a model that represents individualism and collectivism as a higher‐order bipolar factor hierarchically subsuming several bipolar reference‐group‐specific individualisms and collectivisms. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Finkelstein, Marcia A. "Individualism/collectivism: ImplicatIons for the volunteer process". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 38, nr 4 (1.05.2010): 445–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2010.38.4.445.

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In the present study the constructs of individualism and collectivism were incorporated into a conceptual understanding of the volunteer process. The findings offer a broader perspective on volunteer antecedents and experiences and address an ongoing debate about the implications of individualism and collectivism for volunteering. Collectivism was found to be more strongly related than was individualism to altruistic motivations and the desire to strengthen social ties. Collectivism, but not individualism, was found to be associated with the development of a volunteer role identity. Individualism was most closely associated with career-related volunteer objectives. The results suggest that individualists and collectivists differ, not in their willingness to volunteer, but in why they choose to volunteer.

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Green, Eva G. T. "Successful or Friendly? Inferring Achievement and Relational Competence from Individualist and Collectivist Attitudes". Swiss Journal of Psychology 65, nr 1 (marzec 2006): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185.65.1.25.

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Two experiments investigated to what extent different types of individualist and collectivist attitudes are perceived as leading to achievement and relational competence. In Study 1, the degree of unique (horizontal individualism) and competitive (vertical individualism) attitudes of a fictitious target person were manipulated, whereas in Study 2 interdependent (horizontal collectivism) and group-dependent (vertical collectivism) attitudes were varied. The results showed that both horizontal individualism and collectivism were perceived as leading to achievement and relational competence. In turn, vertical individualism led to achievement, whereas vertical collectivism was perceived as inducing only modest relational competence and achievement. Overall, the findings demonstrate that horizontal attitudes were considered functional for a wider range of social outcomes than vertical attitudes.

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Janicˇic´, Sonja, Natalija Ignjatovic´ i Teodora Vuletic´. "How Much Collectivism Is There in Young Adults’ Collectivism? Vaccination Against COVID-19 in Serbia". YOUNG 31, nr 4 (31.08.2023): 379–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11033088231179556.

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Collectivism is consistently correlated with a positive attitude toward COVID-19 vaccination. Nevertheless, qualitative evidence on how collectivism benefits vaccination is scarce. Serbia has been transitioning from a socialist to a neoliberal country for decades now, and its unique ideological context provokes different forms of collectivism. Young adults are usually the ones who represent radical political, non-neoliberal opposition, embracing collectivistic ideas. We selected a group of self-declared collectivists from Serbia and encouraged them to express their attitude toward vaccination. The final sample consisted of 16 narratives (four female), written by 13 vaccinated and three unvaccinated participants. We conducted two types of thematic analyses, resulting in 12 semantic (five collectivistic and seven individualistic) and two latent themes. The results unambiguously showed the presence of individualism in the argumentation of self-declared collectivists, especially those unvaccinated. We proposed the term Neoliberal collectivism to reach a better understanding of young people’s perspectives in the specific socio-political context.

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Finkelstein, Marcia A. "Individualism/Collectivism and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: An Integrative Framework". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 40, nr 10 (1.11.2012): 1633–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2012.40.10.1633.

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In this study individualism and collectivism are, for the first time, incorporated into a conceptual model of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). I asked whether individualism and collectivism show systematic differences in their relationships with OCB, its motives, and the development of a citizen role identity. Collectivism most strongly correlated with OCB motivated by concern for coworkers. A concept of self as one who helps others at work was also associated with collectivism. Individualism was associated more with a commitment to the well-being of the institution per se rather than to its employees. Individualism and collectivism were related positively, suggesting that these seemingly opposing attributes are complementary; which of these traits predominates may depend on which citizenship behavior is needed at a given time. Overall, the findings suggest that it is not in amount of citizenship that individualists and collectivists differ, but in why they serve and how they perceive the experience.

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Neog, Bhaskarjit. "Metaphysics of Group Moral Responsibility". Journal of Human Values 26, nr 3 (22.05.2020): 238–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971685820923943.

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The concept of group moral responsibility is apparently problematic, in that it is unobvious in what sense a group, which is evidently not a conscious rational subject like an individual person, can be held morally accountable. It is unclear how a group can be said to have the ability to form beliefs and intentions needed for genuine group actions of moral assessment. Broadly speaking, there are two separate platforms from which one can investigate this problem: individualism and collectivism. Subscribing to the doctrinal position of methodological individualism, individualists suggest that individual members are the only capable entities, who can meaningfully bear the burden of moral responsibility, either individually or in a shared way. Collectivists, on the other hand look for an alternative position wherein they advocate the genuine possibility of attributing moral responsibility to groups qua groups. The collectivist approach has received substantial philosophical attention in recent years. However, most supporters of collectivism search for such possibility without strongly invoking the idea of group moral agency. In this article, I argue for an irreducible moral agential status of groups in terms of the intentional actions of their constituent individual members and their special conglomeration. I suggest that certain collective or group entities are capable of being identified as proper agents of moral assessment analogous to that of individual agents of similar assessment.

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Plusnin, Nicholas, Emiko S. Kashima, Yang Li, Ben C. P. Lam i Shihui Han. "Avoidant Attachment as a Panacea against Collective Mortality Concerns: A Cross-Cultural Comparison between Individualist and Collectivist Cultures". Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 52, nr 4 (2.04.2021): 354–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220221211005075.

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Despite the universality of cultural worldviews and self-esteem in providing people with general protection against death anxiety, recent empirical and anecdotal evidence suggests that death anxiety is more pronounced in East-Asian collectivist cultures than in Western individualist cultures. We propose that collectivists are encumbered by the additive concerns for the mortal well-being of close others in addition to their own, whereas individualists are primarily concerned with their own mortality, which would explain the reported differential death anxiety between cultures. Focusing on individual differences in attachment avoidance, we predicted that avoidant collectivists, with disinterest in interpersonal relationships and staunch independence despite living in a collectivist culture, would report less death anxiety on par with enculturated individualists. Results from our study support the contention that elevated levels of death anxiety among collectivists are explained by their cultural predilection toward interdependence, which attachment avoidance undermines, thus leading to reduced death anxiety.

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Dargan, Sereena, Kristi Baerg MacDonald i Julie Aitken Schermer. "Exploring Locus-of-Hope: Relational Tendencies, Self-Esteem, Attachment, and Gender". Behavioral Sciences 11, nr 9 (3.09.2021): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs11090120.

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Background: As little research has been devoted to examining associations between the four locus-of-hope dimensions (internal, external—peer, external—family, and external—spiritual) and individual differences, the current study explores the correlations with individual-level individualist and collectivist relational tendencies, self-esteem, insecure attachment, and gender within a culturally diverse sample of university undergraduate students. Methods: questionnaires were completed by a culturally diverse sample of undergraduate students measuring locus-of-hope, individualist and collectivist relational tendencies, self-esteem, insecure attachment, and gender. Results: State and trait locus-of-hope were significantly correlated. Individualism showed positive correlations with internal and external—family locus-of-hope. Collectivism positively correlated with internal locus-of-hope and the three external locus-of-hope dimensions. Internal locus-of-hope was significantly predicted by self-esteem, relational self-esteem, individualism, and collectivism. External—spiritual locus-of-hope was not significantly predicted by the variables. External—family locus-of-hope was significantly predicted by relational self-esteem and collectivism and external—peer locus-of hope was significantly predicted by relational self-esteem, collectivism, and avoidant attachment style. No significant gender differences in locus-of-hope were found. Conclusions: The results provide further understanding about the construct of locus-of-hope and provide a foundation for future research to continue exploring the role of locus-of-hope in the development and expression of self-esteem and attachment profiles.

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Sawitri, Dian R., i Peter A. Creed. "Collectivism and Perceived Congruence With Parents as Antecedents to Career Aspirations". Journal of Career Development 44, nr 6 (14.09.2016): 530–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894845316668576.

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Cultural orientation and perceived career congruence with parents are potentially important influences on adolescent career development in collectivist contexts, but few studies have integrated these variables in a social cognitive-based model. We surveyed 337 Grade 10 students (53% girls, mean age = 15.9 years) from Central Java, Indonesia, and examined a model that consisted of vertical collectivism (VC) and horizontal collectivism (HC), perceived congruence with parents, self-efficacy, and career aspirations. After controlling for socioeconomic status and school achievement, HC was more strongly associated with perceived congruence with parents than VC, and VC and HC were indirectly associated with aspirations via congruence and self-efficacy. These two patterns of collectivism were directly and indirectly associated with self-efficacy via congruence, and perceived congruence was indirectly associated with aspirations via self-efficacy. This study underlined the effects of VC, HC, and perceived adolescent–parent career congruence on career decision-making self-efficacy and aspirations of adolescents from a collectivistic country.

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Jiao, Jingjing, i Jun Zhao. "Individualism, Collectivism, and Allocation Behavior: Evidence from the Ultimatum Game and Dictator Game". Behavioral Sciences 13, nr 2 (14.02.2023): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs13020169.

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Studies have demonstrated the influence of the cultural values of individualism and collectivism on individuals’ economic behavior (e.g., competition and trade). By using individualistic and collectivistic texts to prime participants’ minds in a lab experiment, we investigated the impact of the cultural values of individualism and collectivism on allocation behavior in an ultimatum game (UG) and dictator game (DG). In the dictator game, we found that participants in the collectivism-priming condition reported a slightly higher mean offer than in the individualism-priming condition, and participants had an average higher acceptance rate of the proposers’ offer in the collectivism-priming (vs. individualism-priming) condition in the ultimatum game. Our findings suggest that participants exhibit more altruistic allocation behavior and are more tolerant of unfair allocation behavior after being primed by the collectivistic (vs. individualistic) texts. In comparison with participants who did not undergo initiation, we also found that Chinese participants who had been influenced by collectivist values for a long time remained unaffected after the initiation of collectivism, but shifted their allocation behavior (i.e., showed decreased altruistic allocation behavior and reduced tolerance of unfair allocation behavior) when individualism was primed.

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Huang, Yi-Hui, Olwen Bedford i Yin Zhang. "The relational orientation framework for examining culture in Chinese societies". Culture & Psychology 24, nr 4 (13.10.2017): 477–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354067x17729362.

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Individualist and collectivist cultural frameworks have been the dominant research paradigm in cross-cultural studies despite evidence of conceptual and measurement problems with collectivism. We propose a new theoretical framework of psychological functioning in Chinese societies that captures some of the useful elements of collectivism without its drawbacks. The relational orientation framework takes into account the variety of relations in an individual’s social and cultural environment. The model comprises a structural–relational factor grounded in sociological structuration theory and relational orientation characteristics, and a rational–relational factor that captures important aspects of agency based on social exchange theory. We discuss the framework’s role in providing an alternative to methodological individualism for research in Chinese societies.

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Santiago, Jose H., i Santo J. Tarantino. "Individualism and Collectivism: Cultural Orientation in Locus of Control and Moral Attribution under Conditions of Social Change". Psychological Reports 91, nr 3_suppl (grudzień 2002): 1155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.91.3f.1155.

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This study examined the validity of the view that the constructs of individualism and collectivism are coherent cultural manifestations necessarily reflected in an individual's attribution patterns. It was hypothesized that the attribution patterns of locus of control and moral accountability would show divergent individualistic and collectivistic influences in a culture during change from a collectivist culture to an individualist culture. 98 university students from the United States and Puerto Rico were administered the Singelis Individualism-Collectivism Scale, Rotter's Locus of Control Scale, and Miller and Luthar's justice-related moral accountability vignettes. Contrary to expectation, the Puerto Rican sample scored less external in locus of control than the United States sample. No cultural differences in moral accountability were found. No strong correlations were found among the variables at the individual level of analysis. Accounting for these results included the lack of representativeness of the samples, the independence of relation between variables at different levels of analysis, and social change.

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Jasielska, Dorota, Maciej Stolarski i Michał Bilewicz. "Biased, Therefore Unhappy: Disentangling the Collectivism-Happiness Relationship Globally". Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 49, nr 8 (2.07.2018): 1227–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022118784204.

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A relationship between individualism and happiness has been observed in many studies, with collectivist cultures having lower indices of happiness. It is often argued that this effect arises because people in individualist countries have greater independence and more freedom to pursue personal goals. It appears, however, that the association is much more complex than this as many collectivist countries suffer from more basic problems, such as social conflicts, discrimination, and prejudice. We hypothesized that global differences in happiness could be the result of ingroup bias and its consequences, rather than of collectivism itself. To test our hypotheses, we applied a country-level design, where a country is considered a unit of analysis. We found that individualism predicted various aspects of a country’s aggregated level of happiness, but was only a marginal predictor of happiness when ingroup favoritism and group-focused enmity were controlled for. We discuss the implications of these findings from evolutionary and social psychological perspectives.

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French, Doran C., Sri Pidada i Andrea Victor. "Friendships of Indonesian and United States youth". International Journal of Behavioral Development 29, nr 4 (lipiec 2005): 304–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01650250544000080.

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Issues in the study of friendship across cultures were explored by reviewing a set of studies focusing on the friendships of Indonesian and United States youth. Four topics are considered: similarity of friendships across cultures, dimensions of friendships that vary across cultures, the utility of the individualism/collectivism dimension for explaining cultural differences in friendship, and methodological issues in the study of culture and friendship. Two studies are presented that address some of these issues. Although friendships of US and Indonesian youth are similar across many dimensions, the friendships of Indonesian youth appear somewhat less close, more centred on instrumental aid, less focused on enhancement of worth, and more extensive and less exclusive than those of US youth. These patterns are opposite to those that have emerged in the comparison of those in the US and other collectivist cultures, suggesting the need to modify models of collectivism and friendship. Finally, the authors advocate the use of multimethod and multiagent assessments, addressing issues of social class in cross-cultural comparison, and using a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches to study culture and friendship.

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Kruczek, Agnieszka, Izabela Grzankowska i Małgorzata A. Basińska. "The role of cultural psychological orientations for flexibility in coping with stress in Polish adolescents". Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna 21, nr 2 (30.07.2021): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15557/pipk.2021.0009.

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Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the dominant cultural psychological orientation among Polish youth, the role of individualism and collectivism for flexibility in coping, and the assessment of the modifying role of gender and age of the studied youth for the relationship between the included cultural psychological orientations and the flexibility in coping with stress. Materials and methods: A total of 367 adolescents (131 boys and 236 girls) aged between 13 and 20 participated in the study. The following methods were used: the Individualism–Collectivist Questionnaire by Harry Triandis and Michele Gelfand, Flexibility in Coping with Stress Questionnaire by Basińska et al., and a personal survey. Results: Polish adolescents obtained the highest average score in the psychological orientation of vertical collectivism. There were statistically significant positive correlations between horizontal individualism, horizontal collectivism, vertical collectivism and flexibility in coping and its dimensions. Moreover, Polish adolescents’ psychological orientation – horizontal individualism – was a predictor of flexibility in coping with stress and its dimensions. The analysis revealed that the model for the relationship between horizontal individualism and coping competences with the modifying role of age was statistically significant. Younger adolescents (from 13 to 17 years of age) were more individually oriented horizontally, and had higher coping competences, whereas in the group of older adolescents (>17.4) this effect was not observed. Conclusions: The results of the study are an important contribution to the recognition of flexibility in coping, but also answer numerous questions about its relationships with cultural psychological orientation.

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Hsiao, Hsinyi. "A Cross-Cultural Study of Organizational Work–Family Initiatives, Work Demands and Conflict, and Job-Related Outcomes among Working Parents across 24 Countries". Cross-Cultural Research 56, nr 2-3 (24.02.2022): 268–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10693971221075208.

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To examine applicability of the work–family interface consisting of work–family initiatives, work demands, work–family conflict, and job-related outcomes developed in Western societies across countries with individualist and collectivist cultures, the present study used data collected by the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) in 2005 from 6878 parents in 24 countries through random sampling. Results from multigroup structural equation modeling analyses showed that parental work–family experiences are highly susceptible to cultural values and gender roles. These relationships among variables differed by gender across four groups ranging from high-individualism to high-collectivism. Fathers in highly individualist countries (e.g., Great Britain and the United States) were most affected by the work–family model, whereas mothers in highly collectivist countries (e.g., Mexico and the Philippines) were most influenced by the model. Findings of the present study highlight the importance of general and culture-specific practices for multinational organizations to help their employees address work–family issues.

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Zhao, Lifang, Jiman Lee i Sungok Moon. "Employee response to CSR in China: the moderating effect of collectivism". Personnel Review 48, nr 3 (1.04.2019): 839–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pr-05-2017-0146.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between employees’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) perception and their organizational identification in a Chinese context. The moderating effect of employees’ collectivist orientation on the relationship between CSR perception and organizational identification is also examined. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from 308 employees of 7 firms in Zhejiang Province, located in southeast China. Hierarchical regression analyses were utilized to test the hypotheses. Findings The results indicate that all three dimensions of CSR perception in this study, specifically, economic, philanthropic and strategic CSR perception, are strongly and positively related to the organizational identification of employees. Employees’ collectivist orientation positively influences the relationship between strategic CSR perception and organizational identification. In contrast, collectivist orientation negatively influences the relationship between economic CSR perception and organizational identification. However, no moderating effect of collectivism on the relationship between philanthropic CSR perception and organizational identification was found. Research limitations/implications The findings highlight the positive relationship between employees’ CSR perception and their workplace attitudes, shedding particular light on how employees’ personal values influence their responses to CSR in Chinese organizations. Originality/value This study extends the current understanding on the relationship between CSR and organizational identification. Particularly, the authors include multiple dimensions of CSR (economic, philanthropic and strategic CSR) in the research model, demonstrating that the link between CSR perception and organizational identification is influenced by employees’ collectivist orientation.

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Fang, Zhuotao, i Shun-Chi Yu. "Cross-Level Influence of Group-Focused Transformational Leadership on Organizational Citizenship Behavior among Chinese Secondary School Teachers". Behavioral Sciences 13, nr 10 (16.10.2023): 848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs13100848.

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The organizational citizenship behavior of teachers holds paramount significance in elevating school organizational effectiveness and sustaining competitive advantage. To address this, this study examines the cross-level influence of group-focused transformational leadership on organizational citizenship behavior among secondary school teachers. This exploration includes investigating the mediating role of individual-level psychological contract fulfillment and the moderating impact of group-level collectivism. An empirical investigation involving 1162 secondary school teachers in China was designed for this purpose. The results demonstrate that group-focused transformational leadership significantly positively impacts teachers’ organizational citizenship behavior. Moreover, this relationship is positively moderated by collectivism at the group level, suggesting a stronger effect of transformational leadership on organizational citizenship behavior in more collective-oriented groups. Additionally, the findings reveal that psychological contract fulfillment at the individual level mediates this cross-level relationship, providing evidence for its role in translating leadership’s influence to organizational citizenship behavior. The findings underscore the significance of concentrating on group-focused transformational leadership, cultivating a collectivist atmosphere, and guaranteeing the fulfillment of psychological contracts as pivotal strategies for bolstering organizational citizenship behavior among teachers.

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Clay, Russ, John A. Terrizzi i Natalie J. Shook. "Individual Differences in the Behavioral Immune System and the Emergence of Cultural Systems". Social Psychology 43, nr 4 (styczeń 2012): 174–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000118.

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Cultural variation may be evoked through the interaction between domain-specific psychological mechanisms and environmental conditions (Gangestad, Haselton, & Buss, 2006 ). One such constellation of mechanisms is the behavioral immune system, a cluster of psychological processes evolved to promote disease-avoidance ( Schaller, 2006 ). Previous research demonstrated that higher levels of both historic and contemporary pathogen prevalence are predictive of collectivism across geopolitical regions ( Fincher, Thornhill, Murray, & Schaller, 2008 ). Across two studies, we demonstrate that individual differences in behavioral immune system reactivity (e.g., disgust sensitivity, germ aversion) are associated with variable endorsement of a vertical collectivist cultural orientation and differential value priorities, which are indicative of cultural differences. These findings provide support at an individual level for the proposition of evoked culture.

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Fjneman, Yvonne A., Madde E. Willemsen, Ype H. Poortinga, Fatos G. Erelcin, James Georgas, C. Harry Hui, Kwok Leung i Roy S. Malpass. "Individualism-Collectivism". Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 27, nr 4 (lipiec 1996): 381–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022196274001.

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Eysenck, H. J. "Individualism and collectivism". Personality and Individual Differences 20, nr 1 (styczeń 1996): 127–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(96)90045-8.

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Schwarz, Norbert. "Individualism and Collectivism". Journal of Consumer Psychology 16, nr 4 (styczeń 2006): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327663jcp1604_2.

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Bradford, Elisabeth EF, Ines Jentzsch, Juan-Carlos Gomez, Yulu Chen, Da Zhang i Yanjie Su. "Cross-cultural differences in adult Theory of Mind abilities: A comparison of native-English speakers and native-Chinese speakers on the Self/Other Differentiation task". Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, nr 12 (10.02.2018): 2665–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818757170.

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Theory of Mind (ToM) refers to the ability to compute and attribute mental states to ourselves and other people. It is currently unclear whether ToM abilities are universal or whether they can be culturally influenced. To address this question, this research explored potential differences in engagement of ToM processes between two different cultures, Western (individualist) and Chinese (collectivist), using a sample of healthy adults. Participants completed a computerised false-belief task, in which they attributed beliefs to either themselves or another person, in a matched design, allowing direct comparison between “Self”- and “Other”-oriented conditions. Results revealed that both native-English speakers and native-Chinese individuals responded significantly faster to self-oriented than other-oriented questions. Results also showed that when a trial required a “perspective-shift,” participants from both cultures were slower to shift from Self-to-Other than from Other-to-Self. Results indicate that despite differences in collectivism scores, culture does not influence task performance, with similar results found for both Western and non-Western participants, suggesting core and potentially universal similarities in the ToM mechanism across these two cultures.

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Wang, Zheng, i Aitao Lu. "Collectivism and commitment in Chinese people: Romantic attachment in vertical collectivism". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 45, nr 8 (13.09.2017): 1365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.6272.

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We investigated the relationships between vertical and horizontal collectivism and commitment to a dating relationship, and the mediating effect of romantic attachment styles (i.e., anxiety and avoidance) on these proposed direct associations. Participants were 191 mainland Chinese university students, of whom 94 were men and 97 were women. They completed anonymous questionnaires regarding their degree of vertical and horizontal collectivism, commitment to a dating relationship, and romantic attachment style. Results showed that vertical collectivism, romantic attachment, and commitment to a dating relationship were significantly associated, but no similar correlations were found for horizontal collectivism. As predicted, romantic attachment mediated the effect of vertical collectivism on commitment to a dating relationship. Implications of the present findings for future research are discussed, as well as potential interventions for improving the quality of romantic relationships.

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Ji, Chang-Ho C. "Collectivism in Moral Development". Psychological Reports 80, nr 3 (czerwiec 1997): 967–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1997.80.3.967.

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This study investigated the relations among ethnicity, moral reasoning, and collectivism by administering the Defining Issues Test and the Individualism-Collectivism Scale to 165 Euro-American and Asian graduate students. To the data were applied analyses of variance, correlation, t test, and regression analyses. The analysis indicated that the Asian subjects had lower P scores on the Defining Issues Test so Kohlberg's model may not incorporate the concerns and experience of Asian people. The study also showed that scores on collectivism were not necessarily associated with low P scores.

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Kim, Moonjoo. "Effects of collectivism and individualism on performance: Dynamic collectivism in Korean firms". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 47, nr 7 (18.07.2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.7397.

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In order to understand cultural value orientations of Korean employees, in the study I adopted the concept of dynamic collectivism, defined as the tendency of showing high on both collectivism and individualism at the individual level. I hypothesized that employees with collective dynamism would show organizational commitment and creativity in performance. I tested the hypothesis with 384 employees of Korean firms representing different industries. As predicted, dynamic collectivism increased both organizational commitment and creativity in performance. Beyond this finding, the results indicated that collectivism increased organizational commitment but decreased creativity, and individualism dampened organizational commitment and increased creativity. I concluded that dynamic collectivism is key to understanding organizational dynamics and employees' orientations in Korean firms.

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Shulruf, Boaz, Marianna Alesi, Laura Ciochină, Luisa Faria, John Hattie, Fu Hong, Anna-Maria Pepi i David Watkins. "Measuring Collectivism and Individualism in the Third Millennium". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 39, nr 2 (1.03.2011): 173–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2011.39.2.173.

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The aim in this study was to validate the Auckland Individualism-Collectivism Scale (AICS) across populations from 5 different countries and identify better ways to interpret the scores. Data were collected from New Zealand, Portugal, China, Italy, and Romania. The results indicate that the AICS is not only valid but also highly reliable (α > .70). Cluster analysis identified 4 clusters: low collectivism – high individualism; high collectivism – midlevel individualism; high collectivism – high individualism; and low collectivism – low individualism. Each group included individuals from all 4 clusters. The advantages of the AICS, the use of cluster analysis in cross-cultural measures, and the importance of these measures within the psychoeducational context are discussed.

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Mann, Stephen K. F., i Viviana Cheng. "Responding to Moral Dilemmas: The Roles of Empathy and Collectivist Values among the Chinese". Psychological Reports 113, nr 1 (sierpień 2013): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/17.21.pr0.113x14z6.

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The present study assessed how empathy and vertical collectivism are related to moral competency in a sample of Hong Kong Chinese university students ( N = 153; 70 men, 83 women). The Emotional Tendency Scale, Individualism-Collectivism Scale, and Moral Judgment Test were used to quantify empathy, vertical collectivism, and moral competency, respectively. Results showed that empathy was not statistically significantly correlated with moral judgment. The interaction of vertical collectivism and empathy predicted a theoretically important portion of the variance in moral competency. The role of culture in moral development was discussed.

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Realo, Anu, Jüri Allik i Maaja Vadi. "The Hierarchical Structure of Collectivism". Journal of Research in Personality 31, nr 1 (marzec 1997): 93–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1997.2170.

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Niles, F. Sushila. "Individualism-Collectivism Revisited". Cross-Cultural Research 32, nr 4 (listopad 1998): 315–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106939719803200401.

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Moy, Jason H., Angelina Van Dyne i Kate Hattrup. "An Investigation of the Moderating Effects of National Culture Values on the Interaction Between Job Insecurity and Employability on Employee Outcomes". Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 54, nr 1 (5.12.2022): 114–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220221221119720.

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This study investigated the combined effects of national culture and perceptions of employability on relationships between job insecurity and work and non-work outcomes for individual employees. Data from 28,674 participants in 35 nations were obtained from the 2015 European Working Conditions Survey. Results showed that nation-level differences in individualism/collectivism (I/C), uncertainty avoidance (UA), and masculinity/femininity (M/F) accounted for variation in the degree to which perceptions of employability buffered the negative effects of job insecurity on job satisfaction, work engagement, and subjective well-being. Among more collectivist cultures, employability did less to minimize the effects of job insecurity on job satisfaction than in more individualistic cultures. Employability also had a weaker effect on buffering the consequences of job insecurity for job satisfaction and work engagement when cultural uncertainty avoidance was higher. And across all three outcome measures, higher levels of job insecurity combined with lower perceptions of employability were consistently more detrimental to individuals in more masculine cultures. Results support the prevailing theory regarding the mechanisms underlying the effects of job insecurity on individuals and suggest several important practical implications for managing a global workforce.

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Heu, Luzia C., Martijn van Zomeren i Nina Hansen. "Lonely Alone or Lonely Together? A Cultural-Psychological Examination of Individualism–Collectivism and Loneliness in Five European Countries". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 45, nr 5 (28.09.2018): 780–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167218796793.

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Average levels of loneliness have been suggested to differ between collectivistic and individualistic countries. However, we know little about how individual-level collectivism (i.e., perceiving the self or one’s social environment as collectivistic) is related to loneliness. As individualism and collectivism imply different ideals about how individuals should be embedded in social relationships, they may imply distinct risks for loneliness. Specifically, less demanding ideals in individualism should imply the risk of lower actual social embeddedness; more demanding ideals in collectivism should imply the risk of higher perceived discrepancies from such ideals. Two cross-sectional survey studies in five European countries (Study 1: Austria, N = 239; Study 2: Italy, Portugal, Sweden, The Netherlands, total N = 860) revealed that higher collectivism was related to lower loneliness. Individualism indeed implied lower social embeddedness, but collectivism did not imply higher discrepancies from ideal embeddedness. We discuss implications for reducing loneliness in different cultural contexts.

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Oishi, Shigehiro, i Asuka Komiya. "Natural Disaster Risk and Collectivism". Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 48, nr 8 (12.07.2017): 1263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022117719496.

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Previous research found that low levels of national wealth and high levels of historical pathogen prevalence are associated with collectivism. The main idea is that harsh economic and physical environments present a psychological threat, which evokes collectivism or the priority of protecting in-group members. To the extent that natural disasters pose a major threat, we hypothesized that natural disaster risk is also associated with collectivism. Consistent with our hypothesis, nations with higher levels of natural disaster risk were more collectivistic than those with lower risk using both Hofstede’s individualism–collectivism scores and Taras, Steel, and Kirkman’s meta-analytic individualism–collectivism scores from 1970 to 2010, and Taras et al.’s meta-analytic individualism–collectivism scores from the 2000s. This association remained significant when controlling for other climatic factors such as historical pathogen prevalence, climatic harshness, and distance from the equator, respectively, when Hofstede’s individualism–collectivism scores and Taras et al.’s scores from 1970 to 2010 were used. The association became marginal when Taras et al.’s scores from the 2000s were used. A multiple regression analysis showed that natural disaster risk was not a predictor of collectivism, above and beyond gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, pathogen prevalence, climatic harshness, and distance from the equator simultaneously. Finally, we found the interaction between GDP per capita and natural disaster such that the link between natural disaster risk and collectivism was present among wealthy but not among poorer nations.

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Tuchina, O. D., A. B. Kholmogorova, T. V. Agibalova, D. I. Shustov, M. S. Zastrozhin i O. V. Rychkova. "Priming Future Cultural Identities in Self-Defining Future Projections: Findings of a Pilot Online Cross-Sectional Study". Cultural-Historical Psychology 17, nr 3 (2021): 104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/chp.2021170314.

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A pilot cross-sectional online study attempts to clarify the role of implicit sociocultural attitudes in future thinking and tests a hypothesis that the implicit activation of Individualism / Collectivism concepts changes the content and other characteristics of self-relevant images of the future — self-defining future projections (SDFPs). The study performed in 2019-2020 involved 191 people, mean age — M = 36.9 (SD = 10.4) years. Group 1 underwent Individualism priming: 108 people (11.2% of males), mean age — M = 37.6 (SD = 1.04) years. Group 2 underwent Collectivism priming: 83 people (22.9% of males), age — M = 36 years (SD = 1.13). No significant sociodemographic between-group differences were found (p<0.05). Two versions of the online survey (one with an Individualism priming task and another with a Collectivism priming task) were randomly sent to students and teachers of Russian higher education institutions. After completing the priming task, the respondents constructed SDFPs in line with the definition provided and evaluated their quality. Experts rated SDFP thematic content, integration of meaning and specificity in accordance with valid coding pro¬cedures. Collectivism / Individualism levels were assessed using the INDCOL test. The priming procedure had a small significant effect on SDFP thematic content, interpersonal orientation, and specificity. It was more prominent in the Collectivism priming, although expected correlations between the Individualism and feelings of the Autonomy and Competence need satisfaction in SDFPs were also found. Collectivism seemed to strengthen future thinking overgenerality and to hinder the capacity to reflect on one’s own future. On the contrary, Individualism involves taking personal responsibility, but it seemed to enhance the need for Relatedness and social support (a protective factor in depressive conditions) in a compensatory manner. The data contributes to a further understanding of implicit influences on future thinking and suggest that it is the balance of the Collectivism and Individualism values that is crucial for mental health.

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Hook, Joshua N., Everett L. Worthington i Shawn O. Utsey. "Collectivism, Forgiveness, and Social Harmony". Counseling Psychologist 37, nr 6 (10.11.2008): 821–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000008326546.

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Existing models of forgiveness and the strategies to promote forgiveness that draw from them are predominantly individualistic. As the United States becomes more diverse and counseling psychology becomes a more global field, counseling psychologists are increasingly likely to encounter clients who have a collectivistic worldview. The authors propose a theoretical model that clarifies the relationship between collectivism and forgiveness. The importance of maintaining social harmony in collectivistic cultures is central to this relationship. The model has two propositions. First, collectivistic for- giveness occurs within the broad context of social harmony, reconciliation, and relational repair. Second, collectivistic forgiveness is understood as pri- marily a decision to forgive but is motivated largely to promote and maintain group harmony rather than inner peace (as is more often the case in individ- ualistically motivated forgiveness). Finally, the authors suggest a research agenda to study collectivistic forgiveness and provide guidelines for address- ing forgiveness with collectivistic clients.

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38

Chen, Guo-Hai. "Evaluating the Individualism and Collectivism Scale for Use in Mainland China". Psychological Reports 101, nr 1 (sierpień 2007): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.101.1.93-99.

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A Chinese translation of the 27-item Individualism and Collectivism Scale was administered in southern mainland China to 626 Chinese university students (210 men and 416 women) with a mean age of 19.9 yr. ( SD= 1.5). From analysis of the responses to these items, the prior four factors, Horizontal Individualism, Vertical Individualism, Horizontal Collectivism, and Vertical Collectivism, did not clearly emerge in the Chinese sample. Further research on the viability of the scale and conceptualization of the horizontal and vertical distinction in the Chinese context is recommended.

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Chen, Xinguang, Jie Gong, Bin Yu, Shiyue Li, Catherine Striley, Niannian Yang i Fang Li. "Constructs, Concept Mapping, and Psychometric Assessment of the Concise Scale of Individualism–Collectivism". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 43, nr 4 (24.05.2015): 667–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2015.43.4.667.

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We developed and psychometrically evaluated the Concise Scale of Individualism–Collectivism (CSIC) to support the growing need for cross-cultural research to better understand the relationship between culture and health. To construct the scale, we used the concept mapping technique. The CSIC contains 18 paired items, 9 of which are used to assess respondents' level of individualism and 9 to assess collectivism, rated using a 5-point Likert scale. We evaluated the instrument using a diverse sample (N = 249, Mage = 29.64, SD = 7.81) consisting of rural-to-urban migrants and nonmigrant rural and urban residents in the city of Wuhan, China. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were .91, .83, and .86 for the total CSIC scale, and for the collectivism and individualism subscales, respectively. A 2-factor model fit the data well, showing that both individualism and collectivism scores significantly differed according to level of education and area of residence, and significantly predicted levels of social capital, social support, resilience, and stress of respondents. We determined that the CSIC has adequate reliability and validity for use in research to quantify cultural beliefs about individualism and collectivism among Chinese adults.

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40

Francesco, Anne Marie, i Zhen Xiong Chen. "Collectivism in Action". Group & Organization Management 29, nr 4 (sierpień 2004): 425–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059601103257423.

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Ren, Xiaopeng, Xiaohui Cang i Andrew G. Ryder. "An Integrated Ecological Approach to Mapping Variations in Collectivism Within China: Introducing the Triple-Line Framework". Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology 15 (styczeń 2021): 183449092199143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1834490921991436.

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Measurable regional variations in collectivism have been found across the Chinese mainland, challenging the simple classification of China as a “collectivistic society” in cross-national studies. In previous studies, a small number of distal or proximal ecological factors have been used to explain these regional variations of collectivism. However, there has been little consensus on which ecological factors best predict regional collectivism. In this article, the authors propose the “triple-line framework,” an integrated perspective on regional variations in collectivism. This framework divides China into four regions using three lines—the Hu Huanyong Line, the Great Wall Line, and the Qinling–Huaihe Line—according to their ecological, historical, and social characteristics. A growing body of empirical research is largely consistent with this framework. The authors conclude by discussing the potential for this framework to generate new, testable hypotheses and consider some ways in which this approach to intranational variation could be used by cultural psychologists working in other parts of the world.

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Xu, Xiaofeng, Ho Kwong Kwan i Miaomiao Li. "Experiencing workplace ostracism with loss of engagement". Journal of Managerial Psychology 35, nr 7/8 (14.09.2020): 617–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmp-03-2020-0144.

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PurposeDrawing on social exchange theory and a cultural perspective, this study examines the relationship between workplace ostracism and job engagement by focusing on the mediating role of felt obligation and the moderating role of collectivism.Design/methodology/approachA two-wave survey was conducted over four months in a private service business in China. The participants comprised 108 Chinese employees.FindingsThe results indicate that workplace ostracism has a negative relationship with job engagement through a reduced sense of felt obligation. Collectivism strengthens the main effect of workplace ostracism on felt obligation and its indirect effect on job engagement via felt obligation.Research limitations/implicationsThis study contributes to understanding of the internal mechanism of the workplace ostracism–job engagement model by identifying the mediating role of felt obligation. It also emphasizes that collectivist cultures can enhance the effects of workplace ostracism. However, the generalizability of our findings may be limited due to this cultural factor.Practical implicationsOur findings show that workplace ostracism plays a significant role in reducing job engagement. Therefore, it is essential to reduce the incidence of ostracism in the workplace.Originality/valueBy addressing the previously unexplored mechanism that mediates the relationship between workplace ostracism and job engagement, this study provides new directions for research on workplace ostracism and job engagement.

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Feinberg, Matthew, Ray Fang, Shi Liu i Kaiping Peng. "A World of Blame to Go Around: Cross-Cultural Determinants of Responsibility and Punishment Judgments". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 45, nr 4 (18.09.2018): 634–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167218794631.

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Research finds collectivists make external attributions for others’ behavior, whereas individualists make internal attributions. By focusing on external causes, collectivists should be less punitive toward those who harm others. Yet, many collectivistic cultures are known for strict retributive justice systems. How can collectivists simultaneously make external attributions and punish so harshly? We hypothesized that unlike individualists whose analytic tendencies engender a focus on mental states where judgments of accountability stem from perceptions of a harm-doer’s agency, collectivists’ holistic cognitive tendencies engender a focus on social harmony where judgments of accountability stem from perceived social consequences of the harmful act. Thus, what leads collectivists to make external attributions for behavior also leads to harsh punishment of those harming the collective welfare. Four cross-cultural studies found evidence that perceptions of a target’s agency more strongly predicted responsibility and punishment judgments for individualists, whereas perceived severity of the harm was stronger for collectivists.

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Segall, Marshall H. "Individualism and Collectivism: Descriptions or Explanations?" Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 41, nr 6 (czerwiec 1996): 540–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/002937.

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Watson, P. J., Jan Sherbak i Ronald J. Morris. "Irrational beliefs, individualism-collectivism, and adjustment". Personality and Individual Differences 24, nr 2 (luty 1998): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(97)00168-2.

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Kitayama, Shinobu. "Individualism and Collectivism as Social Representation". Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 37, nr 12 (grudzień 1992): 1322–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/031731.

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GELFAND, MICHELE J., HARRY C. TRIANDIS i DARIUS K.-S. CHAN. "Individualism versus collectivism or versus authoritarianism?" European Journal of Social Psychology 26, nr 3 (maj 1996): 397–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0992(199605)26:3<397::aid-ejsp763>3.0.co;2-j.

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Kim, Min Young, i Kyueun Han. "Social Motivation to Comply with COVID-19 Guidelines in Daily Life in South Korea and the United States". Behavioral Sciences 12, nr 7 (27.06.2022): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs12070213.

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Collectivism assessed at the national level has been suggested as a psychological factor that affects compliance with COVID-19 guidelines in daily life. The level of assessment and conceptual construct of collectivism, however, vary across studies, which calls for the need to clarify the power of collectivism in explaining individuals’ compliance behaviour. With this aim, we investigated individual-level collectivism, the unique variance and other relevant factors, such as altruism (e.g., for the family, community, and humanity) and impression management (e.g., what others would think of me) in explaining compliance with COVID-19 guidelines in US and South Korean participants. The results of hierarchical regression analysis showed that collectivism was a significant factor that explained compliance only in the US participants, whereas impression management was significant and explained the additional variance over collectivism in compliance in both the US and South Korean participants. The findings suggest the importance of elucidating the overlap between collectivism and impression management in studies exploring COVID-19 guideline adherence in daily life.

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Nishikawa, Aki, Chad G. Balz i Joseph R. Ferrari. "Age-Related Comparisons for Ethnic Identity by Japanese and Americans". Psychological Reports 84, nr 3 (czerwiec 1999): 862–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.3.862.

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131 young and 93 older Japanese and 121 young Americans completed measures of cultural individualism–collectivism and locus of control Men reported a higher mean score on internal locus of control than women. Americans had a higher mean on individualism and Japanese on collectivism. There was no effect for age-related differences in cultural identity or locus of control.

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50

Hui, C. Harry, i Marcelo J. Villareal. "Individualism-Collectivism and Pyschological Needs". Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 20, nr 3 (wrzesień 1989): 310–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022189203005.

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