Artykuły w czasopismach: „Cognitive schemata”

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Dutton, Mary Ann, Kimberly J. Burghardt, Sean G. Perrin, Kelly R. Chrestman i Pauline M. Halle. "Battered women's cognitive schemata". Journal of Traumatic Stress 7, nr 2 (kwiecień 1994): 237–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490070206.

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Halkias, Georgios. "Mental representation of brands: a schema-based approach to consumers’ organization of market knowledge". Journal of Product & Brand Management 24, nr 5 (17.08.2015): 438–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-02-2015-0818.

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Purpose – This paper aims to review the notion of schemata in consumer behavior, placing particular emphasis on the conceptualization of brand knowledge, and illustrate how schema theory may act as a unifying conceptual framework to study what consumers know about products and brands. Extant research on how consumers conceptualize brands lacks a single, coherent theoretical framework. The literature is fragmented into different approaches that may prevent comparisons across studies and make it difficult to draw conclusive results. Design/methodology/approach – The paper discusses the central tenets of schema theory and then presents the structure of schematic knowledge and the main typology of consumer schemata. It focuses on the brand schema, delineating its internal properties and drawing analogies with other approaches used to describe consumers’ mental representation of brands. Findings – Schema theory can provide a comprehensive framework to analyze how consumers perceive brand information. A cognitive schema specifies the parameters of knowledge content, discriminates between different types of information and indicates how various pieces of information relate to one another. Importantly, the internal structure of schemata remains stable across conceptual domains, allowing to investigate brand-specific knowledge in different contexts and in conjunction with superordinate and subordinate knowledge structures. Originality/value – This is the first systematic review of the notion of schemata in consumer behavior. It thoroughly describes how schema theory from psychology has been applied in marketing research to describe the organization of market knowledge and illustrates how it may function as an analytical tool.

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Winiarska, Justyna. "Czy idąc prosto przed siebie, nie można zajść daleko?" LingVaria 16, nr 2(32) (18.11.2021): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/lv.16.2021.32.07.

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Is It True that “If You Run Ahead of Yourself, You Cannot Go Very Far”? Image Schemata and Aphorisms The author uses a cognitive tool called image schemata to analyse aphorisms. The schemata originate from early bodily experience and are enable to ground the phenomenon of linguistic meaning there. The aphorism is defined not only as a linguistic fact but as a conceptual structure based on an axiological clash. The clash results from profiling opposite values in the used schemata. Considering the language-values relationship, the article adopts a cognitive linguistics approach which claims that valuation is an immanent part of symbolic language units and it mustn’t be relegated to the area of pragmatics. Following Krzeszowski’s concept, the author assumes that preconceptual schemata interact with the SCALE schema. The hearer/reader of the self-contradictory expression must reinterpret it using metaphorical meanings. These are easily available thanks to conceptual metaphors which include image schemata in their source domains.

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Camilo, Cláudia, Margarida Vaz Garrido, Mário B. Ferreira i Maria Manuela Calheiros. "How Does Mothering Look Like: A Multidimensional Approach to Maternal Cognitive Representations". Journal of Family Issues 40, nr 17 (5.07.2019): 2528–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x19860171.

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From a cognitive information processing perspective, parents’ cognitive schemas strongly influence the way they perceive and act toward their children. In order to explore how maternal cognitive representations about parenting are organized in a multidimensional space, mothers referred to child protection services and mothers with no such reference completed a free description task of maternal attributes and a sorting task of those attributes according to their probability of co-occurrence in the same mother. Overall, the results suggest that maladaptive parenting seems to be associated with less positive parental schemata, higher schemata rigidity, and higher external attributions regarding parenting. Using multidimensional scaling to represent the structure and content of maternal schemata constitutes an innovative contribution to the parenting domain with potential applications. These conceptual maps representing maternal schemata that shape parental responses in child-rearing situations can be used as theoretical frameworks to develop empirically based guidelines for intervention work with maltreating parents.

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Moussavi, Farzad, i Dorla A. Evans. "Emergence of Organizational Attributions: The Role of a Shared Cognitive Schema". Journal of Management 19, nr 1 (luty 1993): 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014920639301900106.

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Daft and Weick (1984) suggest that individual-level interpretations of top strategic managers can be expected to converge into an organizational interpretation because managers use identical cognitive schemata when making their personal interpretations. The primary purpose of this paper is to adapt the well-accepted interpersonal attribution schema to an organizational context to determine whether Daft and Weick's convergence argument is plausible. We conclude that the common phenomena of informational equivocality and bias make the existence of shared schemata a necessary but not sufficient condition for the convergence of interpretations. Therefore, studies in the organizational literature which rely on the convergence argument fail to sufficiently establish a linkage between individual cognition and organizational action.

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Abdul-Sada Atia, Alya'a, i Ali Muhsin Gharab. "A Cognitive Linguistic Study of Image Schemata in Selected English Proverbs". Journal of Education College Wasit University 1, nr 39 (28.05.2020): 717–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/eduj.vol1.iss39.1358.

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This study intends to examine image schemata in English proverbs based on the Johnson's image schemata types in a cognitive semantic approach. Thus, the present study considers firstly some theories concerning cognitive linguistics, cognitive semantics, image schemata and its types. Then it examines the three categories of the Johnson's (1987) image schemata, namely, container, force, and path image schemata. The fundamental aim of the study is to answer a set of questions such as (1) what are the main types of Johnson's image schemata in English proverbs? (2) How do image schemata play a dynamic role in structuring human physical experiences even before learning a language? (3) In which way does the use of certain linguistic items redound on deciding the type of image schemata? However, the consequences of the current study show that (1) Some of English proverbs contain Johnson's types of image schemata, namely, container, force, and path schemata, (2) image schemata have an experiential basis, and (3) the meaning of most of image schemata in English proverbs is associated with using certain linguistic items.

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Pazy, Asya. "Cognitive Schemata of Professional Obsolescence". Human Relations 47, nr 10 (październik 1994): 1167–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001872679404701002.

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Sholl, M. Jeanne. "Cognitive maps as orienting schemata." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 13, nr 4 (1987): 615–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.13.4.615.

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Friedmann, Roberto, i Richard Fox. "On the Internal Organization of Consumers' Cognitive Schemata". Psychological Reports 65, nr 1 (sierpień 1989): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1989.65.1.115.

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An operational definition for internal-based versus external-based schema variables via the tangible versus intangible dichotomy is provided. Using strings of one-word associations made in response to a verbal stimulus, the stochastic structure associated with the use of these variables is investigated. Analysis shows that a first-order Markov chain model which allows for dependence between two consecutive schema variables is more appropriate than a Bernoulli model in the description of the internal organization of cognitive schemata. The phenomena of “chunking” and tangible versus intangible dominance are expressed in the context of the parameters associated with a first-order Markov chain.

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Simmons, Jane, Myra J. Cooper, Jonquil Drinkwater i Anne Stewart. "Cognitive Schemata in Depressed Adolescent Girls and Their Mothers". Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 34, nr 2 (9.02.2006): 219–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465805002766.

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Schemata (and other cognitions) were investigated in depressed adolescent girls and their mothers and were compared to those in a control group. Links between adolescent and maternal cognitions were also examined. There were 14 girls and mothers in the clinical group and 15 in the control group. The depressed adolescents had higher total scores on a measure of schemata than the control adolescents, and higher scores on several of its sub-scales. They also scored more highly on two other measures of cognition (dysfunctional attitudes and negative automatic thoughts). The mothers of the depressed adolescents were more depressed than mothers of control adolescents. However, the two groups of mothers did not differ on the measures of cognition, including schemata. Depression and schemata in adolescents were related to these variables in their mothers but only in the depressed group. Possible explanations for the findings, including the nature of the link between mood and cognition in the groups studied, are considered. Implications for cognitive theory and therapy in depressed adolescents are briefly discussed.

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Jind, Lise. "Do traumatic events influence cognitive schemata?" Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 42, nr 2 (kwiecień 2001): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9450.00220.

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Walsh, Yvonne, i Alan Frankland. "Cognitive Relational Therapy". Counselling Psychology Review 26, nr 2 (czerwiec 2011): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpscpr.2011.26.2.49.

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Content and FocusThis paper describes the development of Cognitive Relational Therapy (CRT), a method of working therapeutically at the intersection between Beck’s Cognitive Therapy and Rogers’ Person-Centred Approach (PCA).ConclusionsSeven arguments are suggested as to how Cognitive Therapy and the Person-Centred Approach intersect. It is posited that: (1) both are meta-theories; (2) there are similarities between the concepts of schema and conditions of worth; (3) the aim or process of therapy in both orientations is to shift the schemata/conditions of worth; (4) both work through the relationship; (5) it is argued that both include a phenomenological focus on client experience; (6) both models are developmental; and (7) both are social constructivist.

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Williams, Lawrence H. "Thinking through death and employment: The automatic yet temporary use of schemata in everyday reasoning". European Journal of Cultural Studies 22, nr 1 (10.08.2017): 110–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367549417719061.

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Over the past two decades, the word schema has become increasingly used by scholars studying culture. Viewed largely as a kind of mental shortcut that individuals internalize by means of their various experiences, the concept enables researchers to study how societal-level factors such as norms and values impact individual action by way of shaping individuals’ cognitive structures. However, little attention is given to how and why particular schemata are used in particular situations. Through comparative analysis of two sets of in-depth interviews on the topics of dying and careers, I find that individuals alternate through various schemata as they attempt to answer questions posed to them. I argue that the presence of this alternation weakens assumptions regarding the automaticity of the deployment of schemata in the decision-making process by signaling that schemata may be triggered automatically but used temporarily. In extension, this argument supports the work of cultural scholars and discursive psychologists who both implicitly and explicitly see schemata as flexible, personalized heuristics rather than impersonal, statically shared determinants of thought and action.

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Farsi, Roghayeh. "Experimentalism and cognition". English Text Construction 12, nr 1 (27.05.2019): 29–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/etc.00017.far.

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Abstract This study approaches experimental literary texts from a cognitive perspective. It investigates if a constructivist modeling of cognition can be applied to such texts, and contends that there is a two-way relation between memory and literary experimentations. It suggests a fresh look at literary experimentalism – from the perspective of the cognitive processes involved in challenging (text, language, and world) schemata to varying degrees. There exists a vast body of knowledge on experimental texts, but the study of cognitive processing of such texts has until now been a less studied area of cognitive research. This study defines two main types of experimental texts based on their closeness to or divergence from the schematic parameters of world, text, and language: proximal and distal. The study shows how distal experimentations are conventionalized over the course of time and call for re-innovation.

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Kendzierski, Deborah. "Exercise self-schemata: Cognitive and behavioral correlates." Health Psychology 9, nr 1 (1990): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.9.1.69.

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Thomsen, Knud. "The Ouroboros Model Embraces Its Sensory-Motoric Foundations And Learns To Talk". Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 41, nr 1 (1.06.2015): 105–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slgr-2015-0023.

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Abstract The Ouroboros Model proposes a brain inspired cognitive architecture including detailed suggestions for the main processing steps in an overall conceptualization of cognition as embodied and embedded computing. All memories are structured into schemata, which are firmly grounded in the body of an actor. A cyclic and iterative data-acquisition and -processing loop forms the backbone of all cognitive activity. Ever more sophisticated schemata are built up incrementally from the wide combination of neural activity, concurrent at the point in time when the memory is established; i.e., distinct representations are accrued. Later on, an entire schema can be reinstated from diverse subsets of its constituent features. In order to decode or compile ever more elaborate constructions, extant building blocks are concatenated. They are serially linked via common or “connection-attributes” of different representations and symbols, and they are employed for serial perception, processing and action, in particular, also for language production. At various levels, commonalities between different schemata lead to a similar preferred use of their respective tokens and subsequently shared categorizations. Rules, for the concatenation of words, akin to the ones governing chemical reactions, can be abstracted. As special kinds of symbols, words and word-classes along with the whole grammar of a language can thus be seen as a direct consequence of the processes outlined in the Ouroboros Model. Strong emphasis is put on the dimension of time over short intervals during active experience and performance, and, in particular, during interactions with other agents.

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Goodman, Lisa A., i Mary A. Dutton. "The Relationship Between Victimization and Cognitive Schemata Among Episodically Homeless, Seriously Mentally Ill Women". Violence and Victims 11, nr 2 (styczeń 1996): 159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.11.2.159.

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This study explored the extent to which specific aspects of violent victimization are associated with cognitive schemata in the context of ongoing, often lifelong, trauma and negative life events. Specifically, we examined the relationships between cognitive schemata (safety, self- and other esteem, intimacy, and trust) and three dimensions of physical and sexual assault histories (recentness, frequency, and variety) among 91 predominantly African American, episodically homeless, seriously mentally ill women. Findings indicated that even in the context of pervasive violence, more frequent, recent, and varied abuse was associated with more negative cognitive schemata. We discuss these findings in the context of research and practice with disenfranchised populations at high risk for violent victimization.

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Morales-, Guadalupe Elizabeth, Janneth Trejo-Quintana, David Jose Charles-Cavazos, Yanko Norberto Mezquita-Hoyos i Miriam Sanchez-Monroy. "Chronometric Constructive Cognitive Learning Evaluation Model: Measuring the Construction of the Human Cognition Schema of Psychology Students". International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research 20, nr 2 (28.02.2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.20.2.1.

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This study measured the structural and organizational changes in the knowledge schema of human cognition in response to the learning achieved by 48 students enrolled in the second year of a psychology degree. Two studies were carried out based on the Chronometric Constructive Cognitive Learning Evaluation Model. This article deals only with the first one, which consisted of a conceptual definition task designed in line with the Natural Semantic Network technique. Participants defined ten target concepts with verbs, nouns, or adjectives (definers), and then weighed the grade of the semantic relationship between the definers and the target concepts. The data indicate that the initial knowledge structures had been modified towards the end of the course. The participants’ human cognition schema presented changes in terms of content, organization, and structure. This evidence supports the idea that the acquisition and transformation of the schemata learned in academic environments may be observed through cognitive science indicators.

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Ranta, Michael. "(Re-)Creating Order: Narrativity and Implied World Views in Pictures". Tekstualia 4, nr 43 (1.04.2015): 57–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.4245.

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The philosophical debate on the nature of narrative has been mainly concerned with literary narratives, whereas forms of non-literary and especially pictorial narrativity have been rather neglected. Within traditional art history, however, the narrative potential of the visual arts has usually been taken for granted, though rarely by attempting to elucidate any deeper cognitive, semiotic, and philosophical aspects involved. Now, generally speaking, narratives contribute to the human endeavour to reduce the unpredictability of worldly changes, and human existence in particular, attempting to establish order in our experiences of transitoriness and existential vulnerability. The paper discusses some possible criteria of narrativity with regard to their applicability to pictorial objects. It demonstrates thatpictorial works may express or imply high- -level narrative structures or, put in another way, wider world views or schemata, and that our comprehension of and need for these schemata can be explained by taking recent research within cognitive psychology, schema theory, and narratology into account.

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Chadwick, Paul. "TWO CHAIRS, SELF-SCHEMATA AND A PERSON BASED APPROACH TO PSYCHOSIS". Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 31, nr 4 (październik 2003): 439–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465803004053.

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Greenberg, Rice and Elliott (1993) elaborate in detail different applications of the two-chair method within an experiential therapy framework. In the present paper we present an adapted two-chair method for use in cognitive therapy. The principal aims of the adapted method are to elaborate a positive self-schema that has an emotional (“lived”) quality, and to use this experience to create a new model of self as emotionally and cognitively varied and changing. Procedurally, the first two steps are to (1) summarize the negative self-schema (Chair 1) and (2) draw out a positive self-schema (Chair 2). In Steps 3 and 4 the client remains in Chair 2 and is encouraged to accept the two self-schemata, and to integrate them both within a broader, more diverse metacognitive model of self. We present key themes from analysis of two clients' reflections on the method, which highlight issues of generalization and the process of change, and conclude with clinical and research implications.

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Yin, Zenong, i Michael P. Boyd. "Behavioral and Cognitive Correlates of Exercise Self-Schemata". Journal of Psychology 134, nr 3 (maj 2000): 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223980009600867.

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Lewis, Penelope A., i Simon J. Durrant. "Overlapping memory replay during sleep builds cognitive schemata". Trends in Cognitive Sciences 15, nr 8 (sierpień 2011): 343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2011.06.004.

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Bicchieri, Cristina, i Peter McNally. "SHRIEKING SIRENS: SCHEMATA, SCRIPTS, AND SOCIAL NORMS. HOW CHANGE OCCURS". Social Philosophy and Policy 35, nr 1 (2018): 23–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052518000079.

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Abstract:This essay investigates the relationships among scripts, schemata, and social norms. The authors examine how social norms are triggered by particular schemata and are grounded in scripts. Just as schemata are embedded in a network, so too are social norms, and they can be primed through spreading activation. Moreover, the expectations that allow a social norm’s existence are inherently grounded in particular scripts and schemata. Using interventions that have targeted gender norms, open defecation, female genital cutting, and other collective issues as examples, the authors argue that ignoring the cognitive underpinnings of a social norm can hamper the effectiveness of behavioral interventions.

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Zhuo, Jing-Schmidt, i Th Gries Stefan. "Schematic meaning and pragmatic inference: the Mandarin adverbs hai, you and zai". Corpora 4, nr 1 (maj 2009): 33–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e1749503209000215.

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In this study, we provide a unitary account for three functionally complementary adverbs in Mandarin Chinese: hai, you and zai. Contrastive schematic meanings are proposed as core semantic input from which various pragmatic inferences are derived in context. A multifactorial analysis based on corpus data reveals collocation patterns both in terms of discourse type and linguistic structure. The quantitative findings confirm semantic coherences predicted on the basis of the proposed schematic meanings. The study demonstrates the analytical strengths of cognitive semantic schemata over the fractional view of meaning.

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Rabinowitz, Aaron, i Zamira Eldan. "Social Schemata and Aggression". Perceptual and Motor Skills 68, nr 3 (czerwiec 1989): 820. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1989.68.3.820.

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Hanson, Catherine, i Stephen José Hanson. "Development of Schemata during Event Parsing: Neisser's Perceptual Cycle as a Recurrent Connectionist Network". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 8, nr 2 (kwiecień 1996): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1996.8.2.119.

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Neural net simulations of human event parsing are described. A recurrent net was used to simulate data collected from human subjects watching short videotaped event sequences. In one simulation, the net was trained on one-half of a taped sequence with the other half of the sequence being used to test transfer performance. In another simulation, the net was trained on one complete event sequence and transfer to a different event sequence was tested. Neural net simulations provide a unique means of observing the interrelation of top-down and bottom-up processing in a basic cognitive task. Examination of computational patterns of the net and cluster analysis of the hidden units revealed two factors that may be central to event perception: (1) similarity between a current input and an activated schema and (2) expected duration of a given event. Although the importance of similarity between input and activated schemata during event perception has been acknowledged previously (e.g., Neisser, 1976; Schank, 1982), the present study provides specific instantiation of how similarity judgments can be made using both top-down and bottom-up processing. Moreover, unlike other work on event perception, this approach provides a potential mechanism for how schemata develop.

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Narduzzi, Karen J., Robert P. Nolan, Kenneth Reesor, Todd Jackson, Nicholas P. Spaños, Amber A. Hayward i Heather A. Scott. "Preliminary Investigation of Associations of Illness Schemata and Treatment-Induced Reduction in Headaches". Psychological Reports 82, nr 1 (luty 1998): 299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.82.1.299.

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This study examined how illness schemata—ways people organize information about illness—change over the course of cognitive-behavioral treatment of chronic headache and the extent to which such changes predict reduction of headache. 73 subjects with chronic migraine, mixed migraine and tension, or tension headache were classified on the basis of outcome from imagery-based treatment as Treatment-responders ( n = 24), Treatment-nonresponders ( n = 27), and Monitoring Controls ( n = 22). Self-reported illness schemata related to the seriousness and changeability of headache were assessed at pretreatment and 8-wk. follow-up. While groups did not differ on pretreatment measures of illness schemata, at follow-up the Treatment-responder group reported higher Changeability scores than Treatment-nonresponders and Control subjects and lower Seriousness scores than Control subjects. Headache reduction at follow-up was related to follow-up Changeability scores, in-session changes in systolic blood pressure and reported posttreatment expectations of headache activity, but not pretreatment measures of illness schemata. Findings indicate that improvements in headache activity are not influenced by the severity of headaches and may change prior to cognitive-behavioral treatment. Rather, among individuals who show decreases in headache activity, changes in beliefs about illness and headache reduction may have reciprocal relations both of which result from cognitive-behavioral treatment.

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Semino, Elena. "Schema theory and the analysis of text worlds in poetry". Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 4, nr 2 (maj 1995): 79–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096394709500400201.

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This article demonstrates an approach to the study of text worlds in poetry based on the theory of background knowledge and comprehension generally known as schema theory. It is argued that such an approach constitutes a useful alternative to the possible-world models which have traditionally been applied to the description of fictional worlds. From a cognitive point of view, text worlds can be seen as resulting from the application of certain portions of the reader's background knowledge (schemata) to the interpretation of texts. The reader's perception of a particular text world will depend on the extent to which his or her existing schemata are confirmed or challenged during the process of interpretation. Following Cook (1990 and forthcoming), I describe the former outcome as 'schema reinforcement' and the latter as 'schema refreshment'. Two contemporary poems (Seamus Heaney's 'A Pillowed Head' and Sylvia Plath's 'The Applicant') are analysed in detail, in order to: i. show the possibility of combining linguistic description and schema theory in the analysis of texts, and ii. demonstrate the usefulness of the notions of schema reinforcement and schema refreshment in accounting for the differences between the worlds projected by different texts. A partial redefinition of the notion of schema refreshment is suggested in the light of the analyses.

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Kinderman, Peter, i Gerry Humphris. "Clinical communication skills teaching: the role of cognitive schemata". Medical Education 29, nr 6 (listopad 1995): 436–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.1995.tb02868.x.

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Shrirk, Stephen R. "Interpersonal schemata in child psychotherapy: A cognitive-interpersonal perspective". Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 27, nr 1 (marzec 1998): 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp2701_1.

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FOWLER, DAVID, DANIEL FREEMAN, BEN SMITH, ELIZABETH KUIPERS, PAUL BEBBINGTON, HANNAH BASHFORTH, SIAN COKER i in. "The Brief Core Schema Scales (BCSS): psychometric properties and associations with paranoia and grandiosity in non-clinical and psychosis samples". Psychological Medicine 36, nr 6 (27.03.2006): 749–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291706007355.

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Background. Traditional instruments that measure self-esteem may not relate directly to the schema construct as outlined in recent cognitive models. The Brief Core Schema Scales (BCSS) aim to provide a theoretically coherent self-report assessment of schemata concerning self and others in psychosis. The scales assess four dimensions of self and other evaluation: negative-self, positive-self, negative-other, positive-other.Method. We analysed the psychometric properties of the BCSS using a sample of 754 students recruited by email and 252 people with psychosis recruited as part of a trial of cognitive therapy. We report the internal consistency, stability and the factor structure of the scale, and the association of the BCSS with measures of self-esteem and with symptoms of paranoia and grandiosity.Results. The BCSS have good psychometric properties and have more independence from mood than the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Schedule. People with chronic psychosis reported extreme negative evaluations of both self and others on these scales, but their levels of self-esteem and positive evaluations of self and others were similar to the student sample.Conclusions. Extreme negative evaluations of self and others appear to be characteristic of the appraisals of people with chronic psychosis, and are associated with symptoms of grandiosity and paranoia in the non-clinical population. The BCSS may provide a more useful measure of schemata about self and others than traditional measures of self-esteem.

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Patel, V. L., i J. F. Arocha. "Cognitive Models of Clinical Reasoning and Conceptual Representation". Methods of Information in Medicine 34, nr 01/02 (1995): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1634571.

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Abstract:This paper presents an approach to conceptual representation, informed by theories and methods from cognitive psychology. Our investigation of clinical case comprehension and reasoning from textual information has shifted from instantiation models in which text processing is carried out through schema fitting to more dynamic models that account for how schemata are constructed by a process of construction and integration of meaning, which depends on specific situations. We give an example involving doctor-patient dialogue to illustrate this point. Nonetheless, our main approach has been propositionally-based. As we conduct research into more specific aspects of medical understanding, such as understanding of physiological systems, we have included alternative approaches, such as qualitative functional graphs. We present examples of their use in our research. These representational formalisms allow us better to capture reasoning and understanding in dynamic systems.

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Durrant, Simon J., i Jennifer M. Johnson. "Sleep’s Role in Schema Learning and Creative Insights". Current Sleep Medicine Reports 7, nr 1 (23.01.2021): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40675-021-00202-5.

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Abstract Purpose of Review A recent resurgence of interest in schema theory has influenced research on sleep-dependent memory consolidation and led to a new understanding of how schemata might be activated during sleep and play a role in the reorganisation of memories. This review is aimed at synthesising recent findings into a coherent narrative and draw overall conclusions. Recent Findings Rapid consolidation of schematic memories has been shown to benefit from an interval containing sleep. These memories have shown reduced reliance on the hippocampus following consolidation in both humans and rodents. Using a variety of methodologies, notably including the DRM paradigm, it has been shown that activation of a schema can increase the rate of false memory as a result of activation of semantic associates during slow wave sleep (SWS). Memories making use of a schema have shown increased activity in the medial prefrontal cortex, which may reflect both the schematic activation itself and a cognitive control component selecting an appropriate schema to use. SWS seems to be involved in assimilation of new memories within existing semantic frameworks and in making memories more explicit, while REM sleep may be more associated with creating entirely novel associations while keeping memories implicit. Summary Sleep plays an important role in schematic memory consolidation, with more rapid consolidation, reduced hippocampal involvement, and increased prefrontal involvement as the key characteristics. Both SWS and REM sleep may have a role to play.

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Šmajdek, Anamarija, i Jurij Selan. "The Impact of Active Visualisation of High School Students on the Ability to Memorise Verbal Definitions". Center for Educational Policy Studies Journal 6, nr 4 (31.12.2016): 163–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.26529/cepsj.58.

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The era of visual communication influences the cognitive strategies of the individual. Education, too, must adjust to these changes, which raises questions regarding the use of visualisation in teaching. In the present study, we examine the impact of visualisation on the ability of high school students to memorise text. In the theoretical part of the research, we first clarify the concept of visualisation. We define the concept of active visualisation and visualisation as a means of acquiring and conveying knowledge, and we describe the different kinds of visualisation (appearance-based analogies and form-based analogies), specifically defining appearance-based schemata visualisations (where imagery is articulated in a typical culturally trained manner). In the empirical part of the research, we perform an experiment in which we evaluate the effects of visualisation on students’ ability to memorise a difficult written definition. According to the theoretical findings, we establish two hypotheses. In the first, we assume that the majority of the visualisations that students form will be appearance-based schemata visualisations. This hypothesis is based on the assumption that, in visualisation, people spontaneously use analogies based on imagery and schemas that are typical of their society. In the second hypothesis, we assume that active visualisation will contribute to the students’ ability to memorise text in a statistically significant way. This hypothesis is based on the assumption that the combination of verbal and visual experiences enhances cognitive learning. Both hypotheses were confirmed in the research. As our study only dealt with the impact of the most spontaneous type of appearancebased schemata visualisations, we see further possibilities in researching the influence of visualisations that are more complex formally.

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Aksnes, Hallgjerd, i Even Ruud. "Body-based schemata in receptive music therapy". Musicae Scientiae 12, nr 1 (marzec 2008): 49–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102986490801200104.

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In the receptive music-therapeutical method BMGIM (The Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music) the client listens to a specifically selected program of classical music in a deeply relaxed state, whilst reporting his/her concomitant musical imagery to the music therapist. The imagery (or travel) reported by the client (traveler) serves as point of departure for the therapeutic process, as mediated by the therapist (guide). The purpose of this study is to investigate possible relations between structural features of the musical selections, and the imagery that may arise during a BMGIM session. It was assumed that such an investigation might also contribute to our general understanding of musical meaning −1 more precisely, how meaning is produced through our interaction with specific musical structures. Furthermore, if it is possible to trace any relations between structural features and concomitant images, a deeper understanding of these relations might also be helpful in the programming (selection) of musical pieces for the BMGIM session. In the research project to which we refer in this article, a new program, Soundscapes, was designed. The program has several aims: Firstly, we wished to create a BMGIM program based upon more local traditions within the European classical canon; in this case, Norwegian music with a distinctly “national” flavor (see Aksnes and Ruud, 2006). Secondly, we wished to investigate whether it was possible to demonstrate a link between musical structures and the musical images resulting from the embodied perceptions of these structures. Here we will focus upon the first piece of the program, which was analyzed in cognitive semantic terms, the analysis being subsequently compared with the transcriptions of nine BMGIM sessions. In the analysis the well-balanced and “floating” character of the music was understood in terms of amodal, body-based schemata that are operative within music cognition. In the subsequent comparison with the reported travels, it was concluded that the schemata evoked by the music afforded a sensation of being held and carried by the music.

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Belayachi, Sanaâ, i Martial Van der Linden. "The Relationship Between Internal Encoding Style and Obsessive–Compulsive Symptoms in a Subclinical Sample". Behaviour Change 27, nr 2 (1.06.2010): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.27.2.104.

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AbstractThis study examined the relationships between obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCs) and encoding style in a subclinical sample, by using a questionnaire that evaluates the extent to which preexisting schemata (versus cues from the outside world) affect encoding processes (Lewicki, 2005). Research on encoding style has revealed on one hand the existence of individual differences in the tendency to impose interpretive schemata in the process of encoding, and on the other hand the fact that an extremely internal mode of encoding has been found to be related to an increased propensity to self-perpetuate preexisting schemata. Furthermore, internal encoding may contribute to the development of psychopathological symptoms, through the self-perpetuation of dysfunctional schemata. The results confirmed that OCs are connected with an internal encoding style; specific relationships between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) dimensions and internal encoding style were also found. These results are discussed in terms of the role of encoding style in the perpetuation of OCs, and its relationship to the dysfunctional beliefs characterising OCD.

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Herrmann, Richard K., James F. Voss, Tonya Y. E. Schooler i Joseph Ciarrochi. "Images in International Relations: An Experimental Test of Cognitive Schemata". International Studies Quarterly 41, nr 3 (wrzesień 1997): 403–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0020-8833.00050.

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Simeon, Daphne, Orna Guralnik, Margaret Knutelska i James Schmeidler. "Personality Factors Associated With Dissociation: Temperament, Defenses, and Cognitive Schemata". American Journal of Psychiatry 159, nr 3 (marzec 2002): 489–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3.489.

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Jind, Lise, Ask Elklit i Dorte Christiansen. "Cognitive Schemata and Processing Among Parents Bereaved by Infant Death". Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings 17, nr 4 (26.11.2010): 366–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10880-010-9216-1.

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Carbon, Claus-Christian, i Sabine Albrecht. "Bartlett's schema theory: The unreplicated “portrait d'homme” series from 1932". Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 65, nr 11 (listopad 2012): 2258–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2012.696121.

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In 1932, Frederic Bartlett laid the foundation for the later schema theory. His key assumption of previous knowledge affecting the processing of new stimuli was illustrated in the famous “portrait d'homme” series. Sequenced reproductions of ambiguous stimuli showed progressive object-likeness. As Bartlett pointed out, activation of specific schemata, for instance “the face schema”, biases memory retrieval towards such schemata. In five experiments (Experiment 1, n = 53; Experiment 2, n = 177; Experiment 3, n = 36; Experiment 4, n = 6; Experiment 5, n = 2), we tested several factors potentially influencing retrieval biases—for example, by varying the general procedure of reproduction (repeated vs. serial) and by omitting versus providing visual or semantic cues for activating face schemata. Participants inspected face-like stimuli with the caption “portrait of the human” and reproduced them repeatedly under specific conditions. None of the experiments revealed a systematic tendency towards Bartlett's described case, even when the participants were explicitly instructed to draw “a face” like the previously inspected one. In one of the “serial reproduction” experiments, we even obtained contrary effects with decreasing face-likeness over the reproduction generations. A close analysis of the original findings raises questions about the replicability of Bartlett's findings, qualifying the “portrait d'homme” series more or less as an illustrative example of the main idea of reconstructive memory.

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Bormanaki, Hamidreza Babaee, i Yasin Khoshhal. "The Role of Equilibration in Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development and Its Implication for Receptive Skills: A Theoretical Study". Journal of Language Teaching and Research 8, nr 5 (1.09.2017): 996. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0805.22.

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Piaget’s theory, which is at the center of cognitive approaches to psychology and learning, gave a significant importance to the construct of equilibration. This construct plays a paramount role in cognitive adaptation. It is the unifying factor, and thus the sufficient condition of cognitive development. An attempt was made in this paper to revisit the construct of equilibrium in the realm of cognitive development and relate it to the two receptive language skills, namely; listening and reading comprehension. Topics analyzed included, overview of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, assimilation and accommodation in the process of equilibration and their role in cognitive adaptation, kinds of equilibration, schema theory, Rutherford’s neo-Piagetian view of assimilation and accommodation. Then the process of equilibration was related to the practical contexts and its implications and contributions to the listening and reading comprehension was described. It’s also described how critical thinking, schemata, assimilation, accommodation, and reading comprehension are interrelated to each other in implication section. Finally, Rutherford’s neo- Piagetian view is contributed to reading comprehension from socio-cultural perspective.

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Aitken, S. C. "Households Moving within the Rental Sector: Mental Schemata and Search Spaces". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 19, nr 3 (marzec 1987): 369–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a190369.

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This paper is a report on a simultaneous study of renter movers' mental schemata, their overt search behaviour, and the structure of a housing submarket. Past research suggests that the pattern of intraurban migration can be rationalised using a model based upon an individual's mental image of the city. The mental image both facilitates search, and acts as a behavioural constraint upon the resident when he or she is searching for new accommodation. However, cognitive mapping per se has been less than exemplary in exposing the elusive bond between urban images and housing search behaviour. It is suggested that mental schemata are more appropriate than mental maps in delineating behaviour, as they represent cognitive structures and coding systems which enable the individual to respond to the shifting patterns of environmental stimuli. Personal construct theory is used to investigate the mental schemata of relocating renter households in London, Ontario. A strong correspondence between the respondents' mental construction of their environment and their overt behaviour (that is, where and how they searched) is reported. Several observations are made concerning the characteristics of renters, housing search, and the suburban–downtown split in the rental housing market of London.

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Knight, Mike, i Howard Harris. "EPISODIC REFABRICATION OF BIOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT INFORMATION IN SCRIPT RECALL". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 21, nr 1 (1.01.1993): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1993.21.1.75.

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Recent theoretical attention in the study of memory processes has shifted from the perspective of cognitive architecture to an adaptionist view. This has resulted in the formulation of questions pertaining to the brain's innate capacity to organize informat ion and build scenarios using genetic schemata to enhance the meaningfulness of material. Our study used the episodic refabrication methodology of Owens, Bower, and Black (1979) to test the evolutionary hypothesis of gender specific cognitive mechanisms which are differentially sensitive to biologically salient information. The results replicate and support the findings of others concerning the effect of scripts and schemata on episodic refabrication and also revealed significantly shorter free recall latencies for males when the to-be-recalled material was given biological relevance. These differences are interpreted in support of the adaptionist perspective.

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Lamyaa Othman Hussien Al-Jubori i Rana H. Al-Bahrani. "A Cognitive Linguistic Study of Battered Woman in Selected Iraqi Caricatures". Journal of the College of Education for Women 33, nr 3 (28.09.2022): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36231/coedw.v33i3.1617.

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The present paper is a qualitative descriptive study. It aims to examine the macro-cultural schemata addressing the concept of violence against women in Iraq from a cognitive linguistic point of view. To meet this objective, a number of Iraqi social caricatures have been selected from two popular and active Iraqi caricaturists, Odeh Al-Fahdawi and Nasser Ibrahim. The selection and the analysis of data have been achieved following the validity and reliability procedures and the ethical considerations. To meet this objective, Sharifian’s Model (2011) of Cultural Schemata has been adopted in data analysis. The study has concluded that the macro-cultural schemata regarding the concept of violence in the selected panels reveals that violence against women does exist in the Iraqi society, and that woman and children are the major victims of that phenomenon. Moreover, the major cause of such a phenomenon is due to the patriarchal nature of the society that leads to have an unbalanced power between the two parties man vs. woman/children; in addition to other reasons related to the unfair social traditions and customs. The mismatch in power has been conceptualized creatively and differently by these two caricaturists. Speaking from the cognitive linguistic point of view, the researchers have also found that the panels are symbolic rather than iconic, as they involve culture-proper figures. Finally, both caricaturists invested the conceptual metaphors and figurative devices when depicting the concept of violence against women; that is, the concept of violence against women is universal in their panels; however, the way it is depicted is subjective and cultural-proper at the micro-cultural level.

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Jensen, Jeppe Sinding. "Doing it the Other Way Round: Religion as a Basic Case of ‘Normative Cognition’". Method & Theory in the Study of Religion 22, nr 4 (2010): 322–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006810x531102.

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AbstractReligious traditions abundantly demonstrate how norms, rules, constraints and models are installed and transmitted in multiple media: myth, dogma, ritual, institutions, etc. These abound in cosmologies, classification systems, morality, and purity and they influence individual and collective human practice. The term ‘normative cognition’ is introduced here as a covering term for such enculturated and socio-culturally governed cognition. The ‘normative cognition’ approach deals with ‘cognitive governance’ effects of higher-order cognitive products on those of lower levels. Higher-order cognitive products range from religious purity rules, over highway codes to normative scripts, schemata and frames for all kinds of behavior. In short: socio-cultural products allow individual biological brains to interact and act on the world and thereby facilitate the existence of human society. I suggest that research on normative cognition not only casts new light on religion but that it contributes to a general understanding of the complex relations between cognition and culture.

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Gilhooly, Kenneth J., Michael Wood, Paul R. Kinnear i Caroline Green. "Skill in Map Reading and Memory for Maps". Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 40, nr 1 (luty 1988): 87–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640748808402284.

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Studies of expertise have typically shown that experts have better memory for materials from their fields than do novices. However, previous research on memory for maps has not shown the expected effect of expertise. The present study differed from previous studies by using contour maps as well as planimetric maps. In Experiment 1 the expected superiority in memory performance was found for skilled map readers when contour maps were used, but not when planimetric maps were used. In Experiment 2, the main results of Experiment 1 were replicated, and, in addition, process tracing data were obtained during both study and test phases of contour map learning. Objective measures of attentional and retrieval focussing revealed almost no differences between the skilled and unskilled subjects. However, analyses of verbal protocols showed that the skilled subjects made more use of specialist schemata, whereas the unskilled subjects spent more time in reading place names. During recall, the skilled subjects made more use of both specialist and “lay” schemata, whereas the unskilled retrieved more place-name information. The results are interpreted in terms of a schema-based approach to expertise.

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Hegedűs, Irén, i Gábor Győri. "Uncovering historical semantic connections with the help of image schemata". Cognitive Linguistic Studies 6, nr 1 (12.07.2019): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.00028.heg.

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Abstract Standard etymological dictionaries agree that Modern English some, same and their Old English cognate sam- ‘half’ descend from the same etymon. However, while explaining their phonological development from the same proto-form is unproblematic, their divergent meanings make the reconstruction of their semantic evolution more challenging. The paper examines the historical semantic connection between these three morphemes from a cognitive perspective and attempts to provide an explanation of how they are conceptually linked to each other. Based on a cognitive semantic analysis of the meanings of these forms, we propose that all three concepts are understood on the basis of and embedded in one and the same image schematic domain – comprised by the general unity/multiplicity schema – and derive from entailments of its subschemata. Such an image schematic account of the conceptual connections between these meanings provides an explanation for the various paths of semantic development from the original etymon leading to the established later meanings. This approach will also facilitate the semantic reconstruction of the ancestral Proto-Indo-European form and help identify the exact cognate relationships between some, same and sam-.

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Andreetta, Sara, Oleksandra Soldatkina, Vezha Boboeva i Alessandro Treves. "In poetry, if meter has to help memory, it takes its time". Open Research Europe 1 (28.05.2021): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.13663.1.

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To test the idea that poetic meter emerged as a cognitive schema to aid verbal memory, we focused on classical Italian poetry and on three components of meter: rhyme, accent, and verse length. Meaningless poems were generated by introducing prosody-invariant non-words into passages from Dante’s Divina Commedia and Ariosto’s Orlando Furioso. We then ablated rhymes, modified accent patterns, or altered the number of syllables. The resulting versions of each non-poem were presented to Italian native speakers, who were then asked to retrieve three target non-words. Surprisingly, we found that the integrity of Dante’s meter has no significant effect on memory performance. With Ariosto, instead, removing each component downgrades memory proportionally to its contribution to perceived metric plausibility. Counterintuitively, the fully metric versions required longer reaction times, implying that activating metric schemata involves a cognitive cost. Within schema theories, this finding provides evidence for high-level interactions between procedural and episodic memory.

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Αγγελόπουλος, Στέργιος, i Ιωάννης Αγαλιώτης. "Αποτελεσματική διδασκαλία γνωστικού σχήματος προβλημάτων αφαίρεσης σε μαθητές με ειδικές μαθησιακές δυσκολίες με τη χρήση πολλαπλών τρόπων αναπαράστασης της γνώσης". Psychology: the Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society 26, nr 1 (24.03.2021): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/psy_hps.26235.

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The present research examines the construction and activation of cognitive schemata corresponding to subtraction-compare and subtraction-equalize math word problems by primary school students with specific learning disabilities. In order to facilitate the participants in developing their cognitive schemata, we utilized multiple ways of knowledge representation (manipulatives, pictures, and arithmetic symbols) in the context of an intervention based on the principles of effective instruction. In order to evaluate the results, assessments were conducted prior and immediately after the implementation of the intervention, as well as three weeks after its completion. It was found that participants performed significantly better in problem solving both after the intervention and at follow-up, proving that they benefited from the instruction they had received. Results are discussed in regard to organizing appropriate instruction for students with mathematical difficulties and disabilities.

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Ionaș, Anda. "Cognitive Schemata and Meaningful Strategies in Adapting Ian McEwan’s Novel, Atonement". Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Dramatica 64, nr 2 (15.12.2019): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbdrama.2019.2.10.

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