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Toms, Margaret K. A. "Cognitive processing in fault-finding". Thesis, Cardiff University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340790.
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Stoddart, Samuel David Ruddock. "Cognitive processing in affective illness". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.420246.
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Hollis, Jarrod. "Cognitive processing of proper names". Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.396025.
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Houlihan, Michael Edward. "P300 and cognitive ability: Processing demands, equivocation, and speed of processing during simple cognitive tasks". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6801.
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The hypothesis that individual differences in mental ability depend, in part, on the speed or efficiency of performing elementary cognitive tasks was examined. Performance and event-related potential measures were determined during the performance of a Sternberg memory scanning task with three levels of difficulty, a category matching task, and a synonym-antonym task. In each task two stimuli were presented sequentially on each trial. In the Sternberg task, the first stimulus was one, three, or five letters and is called the memory set. The second stimulus was a probe stimulus. A category name and a category exemplar were presented in each trial of the category matching task. The two stimulus words presented in each trial of the synonym-antonym task were either synonyms or antonyms. Reaction time, movement time, and reaction time standard deviation were all negatively correlated with intelligence at levels consistent with previous research. In the Sternberg task, P300 amplitude to the first stimulus increased as the number of items in the memory set increased, affirming that P300 amplitude is sensitive to demands for processing resources. P300 amplitude to the first stimulus was smaller for higher ability than lower ability subjects. This is consistent with the idea that lower ability subjects require greater processing resources than higher ability subjects. The ERP differences between higher and lower ability subjects to the first stimulus were greater at fronto-central electrode sites than at Pz where P300 is maximal. P300 amplitude to the target stimulus decreased as set size increased. This is consistent with the view that P300 amplitude is sensitive to changes in task difficulty. P300 amplitude to the second stimulus tended to be larger for the higher ability group, an effect that can be understood in terms of equivocation. P300 latency to both the first and second stimulus increased as the set size increased, affirming that P300 latency is a measure of the time required for stimulus evaluation and classification. Higher ability subjects displayed longer P300 latency to the first stimulus than lower ability subjects. The longer P300 latency to the first stimulus suggests that higher ability subjects devote more time to stimulus analysis and planning than lower ability subjects. The performance of higher ability subjects on these tasks was characterised by the more efficient deployment of processing resources and less equivocation than lower ability subjects. Speed of processing and speed of motor response were faster for higher ability than lower ability subjects.
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Stockton, Hannah. "Cognitive processing and growth following trauma". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/28063/.
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The possibility of positive psychological change following traumatic life experiences has now been well documented in the literature. This phenomenon is most commonly referred to as posttraumatic growth. Several theoretical models have sought to explain the development of posttraumatic growth, many of which have emphasised the important role of cognitive processing (Calhoun, Cann & Tedeschi, 2010; Tedeschi & Calhoun, 2004a). This thesis sought to further our understanding of the nature of posttraumatic cognitive processing and its association with psychological growth following trauma and adversity. A narrative review of the existing literature on cognitive processing and posttraumatic growth was conducted (Chapter 2) and suggested that cognitive processing might be best understood as comprising intrusive, deliberate and ruminative subtypes. Two cross-sectional studies and one longitudinal study were then conducted to develop and test this conceptualisation using samples of survivors of sexually traumatic experiences (Study 1; n = 123), trauma-exposed individuals recruited from trauma-focused websites and support forums (Study 2; n = 254), and trauma-exposed students from the University of Nottingham (Study 3; n = 174). The influence of these three subtypes of cognitive processing on levels of growth following adversity were also tested using the expressive writing intervention (Study 4; n = 24). Taken together, findings from the four studies supported the conceptualisation of cognitive processing as multidimensional, comprising intrusive, deliberate and ruminative subtypes that are differentially associated with posttraumatic growth. Results also provided consistent evidence to suggest that deliberate processing is especially important in the occurrence of growth following trauma and adversity. Unexpectedly, intrusive processing was not found to positively influence posttraumatic growth in the ways hypothesised by existing theoretical models. Implications of these findings with respect to both further research and clinical work with trauma survivors were reviewed in the final chapter.
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Le, Gal Patricia Margaret. "Cognitive aspects of emotional expression processing". Thesis, University of Stirling, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/1772.
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This thesis investigates the hypothesis that emotions play an influential role in cognition. Interference between facial emotional expression processing and selected tasks is measured using a variety of experimental methods. Prior to the main experimental chapters, the collection and assessment (Chapter 2, Exp. 1) of stimulus materials is described. Experiments 2-11 then concentrate on the likelihood of interference with other types of information from the face. Findings using a Garner design suggest that, although identity processing may be independent of expression variation, expression processing may be influenced by variation in identity (Exps. 2-4). Continued use of this design with sex (Exps. 6-7) and gaze direction (Exps. 9-10) information appears to support the (mutual) independence of these facial dimensions from expression. This is, however, in contrast to studies that indicate the modification of masculinity judgements by expression (Exp. 5), and the interaction of gaze direction and expression when participants rate how interesting they find a face (Exp. 8). Further to this, a search task (Exp. 11) shows that slower responses to an angry (cf. happy) face looking at us, may be due to the presence of an aversive mouth. Experiments 12-15 test for interference in the field of time perception: complex interactions between expression and encoder and decoder sex are indicated. Finally, Experiments 16-17 find that exposure to a sequence in which the majority of faces are angry depresses probability learning, and that prior exposure to varying quantities of angry and happy faces affects our later memory for them. Overall, there is evidence that exposure to emotional expressions may affect other (selected)c ognitive processesd ependingu pon which expressionsa re used and which experimental methods are chosen. It is suggested that future investigations would benefit from techniques that describe the temporal profile of an emotional response.
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McLean, Andrew. "Cognitive-affective processing in unipolar depression". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.619668.
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Noone, Eleanor K. "Cognitive processing pathways to posttraumatic growth". Thesis, Canterbury Christ Church University, 2015. http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/13868/.
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This study investigated the relationship between unsupportive stressor-specific reactions to the disclosure of HIV and posttraumatic growth (PTG). Thirty-eight participants were recruited online and via non-statutory organisations. The sample was predominantly young, white, male, gay and HIV was well controlled with medication. Results showed that unsupportive reactions were not correlated with PTG. However, there was a significant indirect effect through total cognitive processing. This was broken down into a two-mediator model which was also significant. It showed that unsupportive reactions trigger intrusive rumination which, in turn, prompts deliberate rumination eventually leading to PTG. Further analysis showed that models using individual subscales of the unsupportive social interactions inventory (distancing, and bumbling subscales) also produced a significant indirect effect in, both one and two, mediator models. When the indirect effects of cognitive processing were accounted for, the negative direct effect of unsupportive interactions on PTG became significant. The findings suggest that unsupportive reactions to the disclosure of HIV may act as another ‘traumatic event’ and shows similar cognitive consequences. They also suggest that there is an alternative path to PTG, other than cognitive processing, which has not yet been identified in the literature and requires further investigation.
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Appelman, Alyssa Bolls Paul David. "Grammar and cognitive processing of news articles exploring dual-processing theories /". Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6459.
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Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on Feb 17, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Thesis advisor: Dr. Paul Bolls. Includes bibliographical references.
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Nieuwenhuis, Sander Tjalling. "Control failures, error processing, and cognitive aging". [Amsterdam : Amsterdam : EPOS, experimenteel-psychologische onderzoekschool] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2001. http://dare.uva.nl/document/58548.
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Moore, Richard Graham. "Cognitive processing of social support in depression". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329291.
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Leyland, Louise-Ann. "Visual and cognitive processing in hemispatial neglect". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/370405/.
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A number of theoretical issues can be investigated by examining patterns of eye movements in hemispatial neglect. For example, how the brain codes spatial information, how oculomotor behaviour relates to perception and awareness and what affects the allocation of spatial attention. These interesting questions will be outlined and discussed in a literature review presented in Chapter 1. Experiment 1 involved collection of behavioural and eye movement data obtained from a chronic neglect patient (SS), stroke controls and older adult controls during completion of the three cancellation tasks from the Behavioural Inattention Test (Wilson, Cockburn, & Halligan, 1987). This revealed underlying deficits that were contributing to neglect. Not only was SS’s visual sampling of the neglected information limited, she also exhibited deficient and delayed processing of contralesional information when it was sampled. Experiments 2 and 3, through newly developed cancellation tasks, examined whether different frames of reference for the coding of spatial information operate in neglect. The findings indicated that an allocentric (object-based) reference frame was not exhibited by patients with neglect when searching for specific targets letters, or clocks displaying specific times. Importantly, an egocentric reference frame based upon the position of gaze was able to account for the neglect behaviour exhibited. This suggests that many findings interpreted as evidence for allocentric neglect may be explained by the left side of the object falling to the left of the point of fixation, and therefore results from egocentric neglect. Experiment 4 determined that the reference frame operating in neglect could be affected by task demands. As a processing deficit for contralesional information was shown in all the previous experiments reported in this thesis, Experiment 4 also aimed to investigate the stages of visual and cognitive processing that may be disrupted in neglect for contralesional information. The final chapter summarises the main findings and discussion of the main theoretical questions that have been outlined is presented. Conclusions are drawn with regards to these issues, which have previously been considered elusive functions of the brain (Buxbaum, 2006).
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Aholt, Erin C. Carney Jamie S. "Cognitive processing themes for smoking among lesbians". Auburn, Ala., 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1552.
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Mitchell, Heather Lynn 1968. "Cognitive-linguistic processing demands and speech breathing". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278341.
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This investigation examined the influence of cognitive-linguistic processing demands on speech breathing. Twenty women were studied during performance of two speaking activities designed to differ in cognitive-linguistic planning requirements. Speech breathing was monitored with respiratory magnetometers from which recordings were made of anteroposterior diameter changes of the rib cage and abdomen. Results indicated that speech breathing was highly similar across speaking conditions, with the exception that the average lung volume expended per syllable was greater during performance of the more demanding speaking activity. Further analyses suggested that greater lung volume expenditures were associated with longer expiratory pause times. In conclusion, it appears that general speech breathing performance is essentially unaffected by variations in cognitive-linguistic demands, however, certain fluency-related breathing behaviors are highly sensitive to such demands.
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Mento, Giovanni. "Cognitive processing in preterm newborns: electrophysiological evidence". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3425649.
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This thesis was aimed at investigating the presence of cognitive processing related to pitch detection and discrimination in preterm newborns.
By means of the recording of auditory event-related potentials (AERPs) we explored the presence of functional asymmetries between hemispheres as well as the influence of the sleep state (Active vs. Quiet sleep) and the gestational age (< 30 weeks vs. >30 weeks) on cortical functioningL'obbiettivo della presente tesi è stato quello di indagare la presenza di abilità cognitive associate alla detezione e discriminazione di stimoli tonali in neonati prematuri. Attraverso la registrazione di potenziali evento-correlati uditivi abbiamo esplorato la presenza di asimmetrie funzionali precoci e l'influenza del tipo di sonno (Attivo vs. Quieto) e dell'età (< 30 settimane vs. > 30 settimane) sul funzionamento corticale.
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MacGillivray, Richard G. "The influence of cognitive processing style on cognitive distortions in clinical depression". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5286.
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Gokcesu, Bahriye Selin. "Metaphor processing and polysemy". [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3297104.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, 2007.Title from dissertation home page (viewed Sept. 29, 2008). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-02, Section: B, page: 1354. Adviser: Robert Goldstone.
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Bouhali, Florence. "Processing symbols in the ventral visual cortex : functional architecture and anatomical constraints". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB080.
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Le cortex visuel ventral chez l’homme se compose d’une mosaïque de régions spécialisées dans la reconnaissance de différentes catégories d’objets. Selon une organisation reproductible, certaines régions répondent préférentiellement aux visages, alors que d’autres sont plus activées par les maisons et les lieux, par les outils, ou encore par les parties du corps. Plusieurs facteurs ont été invoqués pour expliquer la préférence d’une région pour une catégorie donnée, tels que des biais pour le traitement de certaines caractéristiques visuelles (préférence pour la position fovéale ou périphérique des stimuli, pour leur fréquence spatiale haute ou basse), le degré d’exposition et d’expertise (expertise pour les voitures par exemple), ou la connectivité anatomique vers des réseaux cérébraux spécialisés dans le traitement d’un domaine particulier. Chez les enfants, l’apprentissage de la lecture de mots ou d’autres systèmes symboliques culturels provoque le développement de régions corticales dédiées, telles que l’aire de la forme visuelle des mots (VWFA), au sein d’une voie ventrale en partie déjà stabilisée. Ce développement ontologique tardif pour la reconnaissance de symboles, indépendamment de contraintes phylogénétiques propres à la lecture, facilite l’étude de ce qui façonne la spécialisation fonctionnelle au sein de la voie ventrale. Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié la représentation des mots et des partitions de musique au sein du cortex visuel ventral en combinant des méthodes d’imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle et de diffusion, à des taches comportementales. D’abord, nous montrons que la localisation de la VWFA chez les adultes correspond, en comparaison à des régions voisines du cortex ventral, à une région connectée de manière optimale à celles du langage qui traitent le contenu sémantique et phonologique. Ensuite, nous montrons que les régions ventrales qui sous-tendent le décodage orthographique sont fonctionnellement hétérogènes selon un axe latero-médial. Les régions médianes semblent encoder les graphèmes de façon sérielle, sous le contrôle de régions pariétales, pour les convertir en phonèmes. A l’inverse, les régions latérales traitent les mots de façon plus flexible pour accéder au lexique. Ces études mettent en évidence le rôle majeur de la connectivité anatomique dans le développement d’une spécialisation fonctionnelle pour les mots, avec la contribution de connectivités diverses qui participent à l’hétérogénéité fonctionnelle du système de la forme visuelle des mots. Enfin, nous observons que la maîtrise de la lecture musicale a d’importantes conséquences sur la latéralisation ventrale d’autres catégories. D’une part, la latéralisation à gauche augmente dans des régions latérales ventrales pour toutes les catégories. D’autre part, la latéralisation à droite augmente dans des régions fusiformes postérieures, notamment pour le traitement des visages et des maisons. Ces conséquences, similaires à celles provoquées par l’apprentissage de la lecture de mots, révèlent des processus à la fois de compétition et de transfert entre catégories. Ainsi, nos résultats suggèrent que des mécanismes communs pourraient expliquer comment une expertise culturelle peut recycler et modifier le cortex visuelThe human ventral visual cortex hosts a mosaic of areas specialized in the recognition of different categories of objects. According to a reproducible pattern, some areas respond preferentially to faces, while others are more activated by places and buildings, by tools, or by body parts. Several factors have been proposed as major determinants of the preferred category of a given region, such as visual feature biases (preference for peripheral vs. foveal stimuli, or for high vs. low spatial frequencies), experience (e.g., car expertise) and white-matter connectivity to domain-specific brain networks. In children, learning to read words and other cultural symbols triggers the emergence of dedicated cortical areas, such as the visual word form area (VWFA), within a partially settled ventral pathway. This late ontological development for symbol recognition, free from reading-specific evolutionary constraints, facilitates the investigation of what shapes functional specialization in the ventral pathway. In the current work, we studied in particular the representation of words and musical scores in the ventral visual cortex, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), diffusion-weighted imaging and behavioral tasks. First, we show that the location of the VWFA in adults corresponds to a region optimally connected to language regions supporting semantics and phonology, as compared to adjacent ventral cortex regions. Second, we demonstrate that ventral regions supporting orthographic decoding are heterogeneous along a medial-to-lateral axis. Medial regions seem to encode graphemes serially for phonological decoding, under the control of parietal regions. In contrast, lateral regions process words more flexibly for lexical access. These studies reveal a major role of white-matter connectivity in shaping functional specialization for words, with differential connections participating in the functional heterogeneity of the VWFA. Third, we observe that musical literacy has a large impact on lateralization patterns in the ventral stream. A domain general enhancement of leftward lateralization takes place in lateral ventral regions, together with a rightward shift in fusiform regions notably for the processing of faces and houses. These consequences probably reflect both competition between visual categories and transfer across them, and resemble the impact of reading acquisition. Together, our results show that common processes may explain how cultural expertise recycles and modifies the visual cortex
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O'Leary, Emily. "Cognitive processing characteristics in obsessive-compulsive disorder subtypes". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1359.
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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is classified as an anxiety disorder characterized by distressing persistent unwanted ideas or impulses (obsessions) and urges and/or compulsion to do something to relieve the associated anxiety caused by the obsession. The thematic content of the obsessions are highly variable, ranging from symmetry, contamination to aggressive concerns. Compulsions tend to be linked to the obsessions, but can also be idiosyncratic to the intrusive thought. According to the cognitive model, Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is maintained by various belief factors such as an inflated sense of responsibility, overestimation of threat and the over-control of thoughts. Despite much support for this hypothesis, there is a lack of specificity. This series of studies sought to determine the relationship between a number of cognitive beliefs and appraisal processes and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. This thesis presents the results of three studies. The first study was designed to investigate the hypothesis that certain beliefs are more prevalent in OCD, compared with other anxiety disorders. The second study expands on earlier findings by examining whether the six metacognitive beliefs proposed by the Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group, (OCCWG; 1997, 2001, & 2003) correlate with specific symptom-based OCD subtypes. The final study addresses some of the methodological weaknesses inherent in retrospective self-report measures by replicating the study using experimental techniques. Most importantly, this research was conducted from within the theoretical framework of Rachman (1993) and Salkovskis (1989) models which emphasise the misinterpretation of significance of the intrusive thoughts. The first study explored the relationship between thought-action fusion (TAF) and inflated responsibility beliefs across individuals diagnosed with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), an anxiety disorder other than OCD (anxious controls; AC), and a non-anxious control group (NAC). It was hypothesized that the OCD group would evidence significantly higher inflated responsibility and TAF scores, compared to the AC and NAC groups. In this study, non-clinical and clinical participants were recruited for research. The non-clinical group was comprised of undergraduate students (n = 22: mean age = 26.8; SD = 9.2). The clinical groups included 20 participants with OCD as their primary diagnosis (mean age = 32.1; SD = 11.9) and 21 individuals diagnosed with another anxiety disorder (mean age = 32.2; SD = 10.9). To measure inflated responsibility beliefs and thought action fusion, self-report questionnaires were administered to the participants. The results of this study demonstrated that inflated responsibility beliefs, while present in other anxiety disorders, were significantly higher in participants with OCD, even after controlling for depressed mood and TAF levels. No group differences emerged between the OCD and anxious groups on measures of TAF. Thus, it can be tentatively concluded that inflated responsibility beliefs may have a more robust relationship with OCD than TAF beliefs, which appear to act as a general vulnerability factor occurring along a continuum of anxiety disorders. The second study examined the associations between the six OCD-related beliefs: control of thoughts, importance of thoughts, responsibility, intolerance of uncertainty, overestimation of threat and perfectionism and five empirically derived OCD subgroups. Clinical participants with a primary diagnosis with OCD (n = 67: mean age = 38.0; SD = 11.7) were recruited over a period of two years from the Anxiety Disorders Unit. Participant responses were cluster analysed to form five stable groups: aggressive obsessions-checking compulsions (n = 22: mean age = 26.8; SD = 9.2); contamination obsessions-cleaning compulsions (n = 22: mean age = 26.8; SD = 9.2); symmetry concerns-ordering/arranging compulsions (n = 22: mean age = 26.8; SD = 9.2); hoarding obsessions-hoarding compulsions (n = 22: mean age = 26.8; SD = 9.2); and miscellaneous obsessions -miscellaneous compulsions (n = 22: mean age = 26.8; SD = 9.2). The second found that intolerance of uncertainty was significantly related to the contamination subgroup. While responsibility and threat estimation beliefs were higher in the aggressive-checking subgroup, these differences did not reach statistical significance. No other significant results were found, however, there was a non-significant trend for perfectionism beliefs to be higher in symmetry-ordering and hoarding subgroup. Following the results of this study, questions remained about whether the lack of significant findings reflected the generality of these beliefs or were due to methodological differences. This led to the development of the final study presented in this thesis. The purpose of the final study was to investigate whether the second study was limited by the method of assessment (e.g. self-report questionnaires). This study was unique, as it was the first of its kind to experimentally manipulate all six beliefs in empirically derived OCD subtypes. Twenty participants (mean age = 45.0; SD = 11.0) were chosen from the second study to form the following priori groups: contamination (n = 4: mean age = 44.5; SD = 9.5); aggressive (n = 6: mean age = 46.5; SD = 7.2); hoarding (n = 4: mean age = 47.2; SD = 6.9); and symmetry (n = 6: mean age = 41.8; SD = 17.4). Six behavioural experiments designed to reflect one of the six OCCWG beliefs were specifically developed and administered to the groups. Baseline scores were obtained using self-report questionnaires. The study found strong support for the use of experimental paradigms over self-report measures, as several significant interactions between cognitive beliefs and OCD symptom-based subtypes were found. Specifically, the hoarding subgroup evidenced significantly higher overall thought action fusion scores compared to those in the contamination group. The symmetry subgroup exhibited significantly higher anxiety than the aggressive group during the perfectionism task and demonstrated significantly higher scores on several items measuring perfectionism compared to the contamination group. Finally, over-estimation of threat beliefs was significantly higher in the contamination thoughts. No statistically significant group differences were found for controllability of thoughts, responsibility and intolerance of uncertainty. In conclusion, these studies collectively showed that in some cases of OCD certain beliefs appear highly applicable, whereas in others they are not. This finding may explain why some OCD patients have poor treatment outcomes as the beliefs and appraisals were highly variable across groups. These findings are of both theoretical and clinical significance because they add to the growing understanding that OCD may consist of distinct clusters of symptoms with different underlying motivations and beliefs. This finding is of clinical significance because treatment guidelines for OCD can become more specific, factoring into the therapy situation these underlying beliefs and appraisal processes. Lastly, the findings regarding inflated responsibility deserve special mention, given the significance of this construct in contemporary cognitive models. The results of the present studies were mixed with regard to responsibility as only the first study found a significant result. It appears that, like the other belief domains proposed by the OCCWG, responsibility may not be specific to all types of OCD and current cognitive models may benefit was shifting the emphasis to other belief domains.
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Dault, Mylène Claude. "Cognitive processing influences postural control during quiet standing". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ65230.pdf.
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Baldock, Matthew R. J. "The processing resources deficit model of cognitive aging /". Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARPS/09arpsb178.pdf.
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Gironde, Stephanie. "Affective and Cognitive Processing in Nonsuicidal Self-Injury". Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11286.
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Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a behavior recently added to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) as a condition for further study. In this dissertation, I present findings from three studies that inform the clinical description of NSSI as well as some of the cognitive and emotional aspects of NSSI. In Study 1, I examined data from a community sample of adult women who met proposed DSM-5 criteria for NSSI or subthreshold NSSI. The findings show that any experience with NSSI is associated with significant impairment. Further, they suggest that greater self-criticism may be a key variable capable of distinguishing between people who engage in more versus less frequent NSSI. In Study 2, I examined the extent to which cognitive deficits in inhibiting emotional information may characterize people who engage in NSSI. Although NSSI participants endorsed greater difficulty with negative thoughts relative to controls, the groups demonstrated no differences on a directed forgetting task. These findings are consistent with previous research on emotional reactivity and impulsivity in NSSI that shows a similar dissociation between self-report and behavioral-based results. In Study 3, I examined how people process NSSI images. Results suggest that people who engage in NSSI view NSSI stimuli as relatively non-aversive. This is in sharp contrast to healthy controls, who consider NSSI images as highly aversive. These finding are consistent with models of NSSI that regard self-injury as providing reinforcement (positive and negative). Overall, the findings from these studies add to the clinical description of NSSI and support its diagnostic validity. Our examination of the clinical characteristics of the NSSI as described in DSM-5 highlights the importance of assessing the presence of any NSSI behavior as well as highly self-critical thoughts. Importantly, we found no evidence of memory deficits in NSSI. Of great clinical concern, however, is the extent to which engaging in NSSI appears to erode the aversive nature of NSSI stimuli. Taken together, our findings support a model in which self-criticism may reduce the initial barriers to engaging in NSSI, with the mood benefits associated with NSSI subsequently serving to maintain it.Psychology
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John, C. "Subliminal perception and the cognitive processing of emotion". Thesis, University of Reading, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233155.
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Wilson, Paul Andrew. "Processing effective stimuli : cognitive processes and emotional responses". Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.393693.
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Jones, Robin Michael. "Linguistic and Cognitive Processing in Adults Who Stutter". The Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1396286306.
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Porter, James F. (James Franklin). "Cognitive Processing Bias in Sexually Aggressive College Men". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1992. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278729/.
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The study of cognitive factors in sexual aggression has, for the most part, been limited to beliefs and attitudes. The present study sought to detect a rape-supportive schema of sexual relationships that organizes and guides information processing in several cognitive domains: cognitions arising in the context of a simulated sexual situation, memory, person perception, and social reasoning.
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Bonner, Karri. "Relationships among spirituality, cognitive processing, and personal control". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2002. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2636.
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Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2002.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains iv, 69 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 48-54).
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McGhee, Jeremiah Lane. "Using a Cognitive Architecture in Incremental Sentence Processing". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3499.
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XNL-Soar is a specialized implementation of the Soar cognitive architecture. The version of XNL-Soar described in this thesis builds upon and extends prior research (Lewis, 1993; Rytting,2000) using Soar for natural language processing. This thesis describes the updates made to operators creating syntactic structure and the improved coverage of syntactic phenomena. It describes the addition of semantic structure building capability. This thesis also details the implementation of semantic memory and describes two experiments utilizing semantic memory in structural disambiguation. This thesis shows that XNL-Soar, as currently instantiated, resolves ambiguities common in language using strategies and resources including: reanalysis via snip operators, use of data-driven techniques with annotated corpora, and complex part-of-speech and word sense processing based on WordNet.
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Tang, Deborah. "Neurobiological processing of food and smoking cues". Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=123056.
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Cues are stimuli that precede, and through conditioning, eventually predict rewards. Cues associated with reward are an instrumental and motivating force behind learned behaviours, such as smoking a cigarette, or even eating. Much of this conditioning process takes place in the brain.Research suggests that the brain processes food and smoking cues in similar ways. It also shows that biological influences such as genetics and hormones can shape the way we process drugs and foods. For example, the gene CYP2A6, has been linked to increased smoking activity and decreased smoking cessation rates, which may be due to differences in smoking cue conditioning. In addition, acute administration of the hunger signaling hormone, ghrelin, has been linked to increased response to food cues in the brain. Despite the current research, details of the brain network involved in processing rewarding cues is not known, and there is still much to learn about the biological influences of reward cue signaling in the brain. In this thesis, we test the hypothesis that food and smoking cues elicit the same network in the brain by carrying out a meta-analysis of food and smoking brain imaging studies. We also test the hypothesis that individual differences in responding to cues is shaped by biological mechanisms, such as nicotine metabolism and hormonal signaling, by looking at the influence of nicotine metabolism and the CYP2A6 gene when processing smoking cues in the brain, and also by exploring the effect of ghrelin and the consequences of changes in cue sensitivity on active decision making and value when processing food cues in the brain. This thesis outlines the importance of cues that are associated with reward by summarizing what parts of the brain consistently responds to food and smoking cues, and demonstrating how biology can shape the brain's processing of cues, as measured using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging.Les signaux déclencheurs sont des stimuli qui précèdent et peuvent éventuellement par le conditionnement prévoir des récompenses. Ces signaux associés à la récompense sont une force instrumentale et motivante derrière les comportements appris, comme fumer, ou même manger. Une grande partie de ce processus de conditionnement a lieu dans le cerveau.Les données de la litérature suggèrent que le cerveau traite les signaux déclanchant l'alimentation et le comportement tabagique de la même façon. Il a également était montré que certaines influences biologiques, tels que la génétique et les hormones,, peuvent modifier notre rapport aux drogues et aux aliments. Par exemple, le gène CYP2A6, est lié à une augmentation de la consommation de tabac ainsi qu'à une diminution du taux de sevrage tabagique, qui peuvent être dues à des différences de conditionnement face aux signaux déclencheurs. En outre, l'administration aiguë de l'hormone de signalisation de la faim, la ghréline, est liée à une augmentation de la réponse aux signaux alimentaires dans le cerveau.Malgré les recherches en cours, le détail des réseaux neuronaux impliqués dans le traitement des signaux déclencheurs n'est pas connu, et il y a encore beaucoup à apprendre sur les facteurs biologiques influençant ces signaux de récompense dans le cerveau. Dans cette thèse, nous avons testé l'hypothèse que les signaux déclenchant l'alimentation et le comportement tabagique impliquent le même réseau neuronal, et ce par la réalisation d'une méta-analyse des études en imagerie cérébrale sur l'alimentation et le tabagisme. Nous avons également testé l'hypothèse que les différences interindividuelles dans la réponse à ces signaux est sous-tendue par des mécanismes biologiques, tels que le métabolisme de la nicotine et la signalisation hormonale, et ce en examinant l'influence du métabolisme de la nicotine et du gène CYP2A6 lors du traitement cérébral des signaux déclenchant le comportement tabagique, et en explorant l'effet de la ghréline et les conséquences des changements de sensibilité aux signaux déclencheurs sur la prise de décision active et la valence lors du traitement de signaux alimentaires dans le cerveau.Cette thèse souligne l'importance des signaux déclencheurs associés à la récompense en montrant les parties du cerveau répondant systématiquement aux signaux déclenchant l'alimentation et le comportement tabagique, et en démontrant comment la biologie peut façonner le traitement neuronal de ces signaux, mesurés à l'aide de l'imagerie par résonance magnétique.
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Bailey, Kira Marie. "Individual differences in video game experience cognitive control, affective processing, and visuospatial processing /". [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1473177.
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Hale, Gregory (Gregory John). "Timing and hippocampal information processing". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/100872.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, 2015.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 88-100).
Timing is a key component in hippocampal encoding of space. I will discuss three lines of work related to this theme. First, I will describe the fine-timescale characteristics of single neurons in hippocampal subregion CAl, where theta oscillations organize groups of neurons into orderly sequences. While theta was once thought to be synchronized throughout CAl, it was recently shown instead to be offset in time along the long axis of the hippocampus. Considering distant pairs of neurons, our fundamental sequence spiking property may instead be systematically staggered by these offsets in the rhythms that pace them. I tested the impact of theta wave time offsets by recording place cell spike sequences from groups of neurons in distant parts of CAl, and found that place cell sequences more closely coordinate with each other than the underlying theta oscillations do. In regions that differ from one another by 13 milliseconds of theta delay, place cell sequences are typically aligned to within 5 milliseconds. This raises the possibility that theta wave offsets serve another purpose, perhaps timing the communication with brain areas connected to different parts of CAl, while compensatory mechanisms are in place to preserve the fine temporal alignment of place cell spatial information. Second, I will describe a tool for closed-loop experiments using information decoded from hippocampal ensembles. Place cell activity is typically extracted and analyzed only after an experiment has ended. But interrogating the timing of hippocampal information, enhancing or interfering with it, requires decoding that information immediately. I will discuss some of the difficulties and the eventual implementation of a system capable of sequence time-scale position decoding and then survey the future experimental applications.
by Gregory Hale.
Ph. D.
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Troyer, Melissa L. "Individual differences in sentence processing". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70388.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, 2012.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 117-122).
This thesis aims to elucidate shared mechanisms between retrieval in sentence processing and memory retrieval processes in nonlinguistic domains using an individual differences approach. Prior research in individual differences in sentence processing has provided conflicting evidence as to whether the same memory mechanisms operate in linguistic processing, potentially a quite specialized cognitive domain, and in other, more general areas of cognition (Just & Carpenter, 1992; Caplan & Waters, 1999). This question has been primarily addressed from the point of view of capacity-based theories of working memory (Baddeley, 1986). Under these theories, verbal working memory is either comprised of multiple components including separate components for syntactic and non-syntactic verbal processing, or is dependent on a unitary pool of resources shared across all verbal domains. However, recent memory research has suggested that the capacity-theory architecture may be incorrect. Instead of a three-part memory system composed of focal attention, working memory, and long-term memory, a better model of the memory system may be bipartite, comprising focal attention and long-term memory. In the bipartite theory, working memory is viewed as a set of mechanisms mediating between these two stores, and accurately describes empirical data (McElree, 2006). If the latter hypothesis is correct, then it follows that the bipartite system underlying sentence processing should rely on the same set of working memory mechanisms as in general memory processes. In particular, a number of empirical studies have shown that both general memory and sentence processing are subject to interference from contextually-relevant intervening elements. Such interference is thought to occur at retrieval (as opposed to encoding) both for general memory tasks (e.g., retrieving items from a list) and in sentence processing (e.g., retrieving elements in long-distance syntactic dependencies). However, no systematic attempts have been made to investigate whether this interference results from the same processing limitations. In Study 1, performance on a battery of memory and cognitive tasks is compared to performance on sentence processing tasks. One of the sentence processing tasks correlated with multiple measures likely to rely on general memory mechanisms involved in resolution of retrieval interference. However, low internal reliability of the language tasks in the first study was observed. In Study 2, a series of sentence processing tasks is examined in order to determine which tasks exhibit the highest internal reliability. The results indicate that syntactic complexity manipulations presented in null (isolated) contexts exhibit highest internal reliability and are good candidates for future studies investigating individual differences in sentence processing. Suggestions for future studies investigating shared resources between sentence processing tasks and general memory mechanism are then discussed, informed by the results from these studies.
by Melissa L. Troyer.
S.M.
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Hansson, Andreas. "Sequence Processing from A Connectionist View". Thesis, University of Skövde, Department of Computer Science, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-481.
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In this work we explore how close the artificial intelligence community has come to model the human mind regarding representation and processing of sequences. We analyse results produced by cognitive psychologists, who explore real minds, for features exhibited by human short- and long-term memory when representing and processing sequences. We compare these features with theories and models from the AI community divided into two types of theories: intrinsic and extrinsic theories. We conclude that the intrinsic theories have managed to explain most of the features, whereas the extrinsic theories still have a lot to do before exhibiting all features. We also present several suggestions for continued research to the AI community within the area of sequence representation and processing in the human mind.
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Sporle, Diana Maria. "Cognitive processing of threat information in female eating disorder patients : the role of attentional bias and cognitive avoidance". Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/1601.
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This study considers and explores the relationship between eating disorders and the cognitive processes of attentional bias and cognitive avoidance. These processes are also considered in terms of their contribution to the current theoretical conceptualisations of eating disorders and how this may potentially inform treatment. Previous research in the field is limited yet indicates that attentional biases exist in eating disorders, at least for disorder-specific stimuli using well recognised experimental paradigms. The research into cognitive avoidance is scarce yet has indicated that those with bulimic tendencies may use this cognitive strategy. A modified emotional Stroop task and an anagram solution task were used to evaluate experimental hypotheses postulating that attentional bias to and cognitive avoidance of disorder relevant and self-esteem threat stimuli would be present in a group of patients with an eating disorder (N=23) in comparison with a control group (N=34). Using the emotional Stroop, the results showed limited support for the presence of attentional biases in eating disorders. For the anagram solution task, some limited evidence was found for the presence of cognitive avoidance in the clinical eating disorder sample. The limitations of the study were considered and discussed, with an emphasis on improvements for future research using these experimental paradigms. The findings of the study were also discussed in relation to the implications for eating disorder theory and treatment.
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Libben, Maya. "The role of context in bilingual language processing". Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=86797.
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This thesis investigates the linguistic factors that mediate lexical access in bilinguals. A fundamental question regarding bilingualism is whether the bilingual lexicon has a language-specific organization (having independent or modular memory stores for each known language) or a language-non-specific organization (having an integrated memory store containing all known words in both languages). Previous studies have largely demonstrated that bilinguals simultaneously access representations from both languages during comprehension, thus adhering to the non-selective activation approach. However, the degree to which activation spreads across language representations has been found to depend on several mitigating factors, which are the focus of this research.The three studies presented in this dissertation investigate access to words that exist across languages such as interlingual homographs (e.g., chat - casual talk in English, cat in French) and cognates (e.g., film and piano, which are identical in English and French). In Chapter 2 (Libben & Titone, 2009), we investigate the effect of sentence context and semantic constraint on non-selective access for bilinguals reading in their second language, using eye-movement methodology. French-English bilinguals read English sentences containing cognates, interlingual homographs, or matched control words. Sentences provided low or high semantic constraint for target-language meanings. Results suggested that bilinguals, reading in their second language, show non-selective access to cross-linguistically ambiguous words during sentence reading, but that this activation is attenuated in high constraint contexts during later stages of processing.
Chapter 3 (Libben et al., under revision) presents two experiments that use a similar sentence reading paradigm as that employed in Chapter 2, but tested English dominant English-French bilinguals reading in their native language. In Experiment 1, participants were presented only with English sentences while in Experiment 2, French filler sentences were also included. Results suggested that, when bilinguals read in their native language they are able to selectively access the context-appropriate language. However, in the presence of second language cues, non-selective spreading of activation occurs. The three experiments presented in Chapter 4 use behavioural techniques to test the generalizability of the findings reported in the previous two studies and investigate specific participant- and lexical-features that contribute to non-selective access patterns.
Together these studies argue for an integrated and context-sensitive bilingual language processing system where the semantic framework that is constructed during reading provides important top-down influences on lexical access of words that are cross-linguistically ambiguous. The theoretical and applied implications of these findings, as well as avenues for future research are discussed.
Cette thèse de doctorat explore les facteurs linguistiques qui affectent l'accès lexical chez les individus bilingues. Une question fondamentale ayant trait au bilinguisme est de déterminer si le lexique bilingue possède une organisation spécifique à chaque langue (comportant des recueils de mots en mémoire qui sont indépendants ou modulaires pour chaque langue connue) ou une organisation intégrée non-spécifique (comportant un seul recueil pour les mots connus dans les deux langues). Des études récentes ont démontré que les bilingues accèdent simultanément aux représentations mentales de mots provenant des deux langues durant la compréhension, supportant ainsi la notion d'accès non-sélectif à un lexique intégré. Cependant, la mesure dans laquelle l'activation lexicale se propage d'une langue à l'autre dépend de plusieurs facteurs mitigeant, et ceux-ci représentent le focus des travaux de recherches présentés ici.
Les trois études présentées dans cette thèse de doctorat explorent l'accès à des mots existant dans deux langues tels que des homographes interlinguales (chat, par exemple, signifie une conversation légère en anglais et un chat en français) et des mots « cognats » (film et piano, par exemple, sont identiques en anglais et en français). Dans le chapitre 2 (Libben & Titone, 2009), nous utilisons la méthode de traçage oculaire pour investiguer les effets que le niveau de contrainte sémantique créé par des phrases a sur l'accès non-sélectif des mots chez des individus bilingues lisant dans leur langue seconde. Dans le cadre de cette étude, des individus bilingues français-anglais lisaient des phrases anglaises contenant des mots cognats, des homographes interlinguales ou des mots contrôles. Les résultats suggèrent que des individus bilingues lisant dans leur langue seconde accèdent de façon non-sélective à des mots pouvant être qualifiés comme ambigus de par leur existence dans les deux langues, mais que cette activation est atténuée à des étapes plus avancées du traitement lexical lorsque les mots rencontrés sont contenus dans des phrases créant un contexte sémantique fort.
Le chapitre 3 (Libben et al., en révision) présente deux expériences utilisant un paradigme de lecture de phrases similaire à celui employé dans le chapitre 2, mais chez des individus bilingues anglais-français dont la langue maternelle est l'anglais lisant dans leur langue maternelle. Dans la première expérience, les participants lisaient une liste de phrases présentées uniquement en anglais, alors que dans la seconde expérience les listes contenaient aussi des phrases françaises. Les résultats suggèrent que les individus bilingues peuvent accéder à leur lexique de manière sélective lorsqu'ils lisent dans leur langue maternelle, activant uniquement les représentations propres à la langue appropriée dans le contexte. Cependant, lorsque mis en présence d'indices provenant de la langue seconde, l'activation lexicale se propage de façon non-sélective. Finalement, les trois expériences présentées dans le chapitre 4 utilisent des techniques comportementales afin de tester la généralisabilité des résultats obtenus dans les deux études précédentes et explorent les facteurs spécifiques aux participants ou aux caractéristiques lexicales qui contribuent aux patrons d'accès non-sélectifs obtenus.
Les résultats de ces études plaident en faveur d'un système de traitement lexical intégré mais sensible au contexte chez les individus bilingues, où le cadre sémantique élaboré durant la lecture procure d'importantes influences de haut en bas sur l'accès lexical de mots dont l'appartenance linguistique est ambigüe. Les implications théoriques et appliquées de ces résultats ainsi que des avenues à explorer dans le futur sont discutées.
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Harris, Anthony R. "Electrophysiological indices of syntactic processing difficulty". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/47655.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, 1998.Includes bibliographical references (leaves [135]-[136]).
Two types of processing difficulty are examined by means of electrical recordings taken from the scalp. One type of difficulty seems to be related to syntactic structural anomalies and another is related with memory load due to syntactic complexity. An experiment dealing with structural difficulty reveals the sensitivity of the parser with the argument status of the elements being processed. Memory constraints come into play when processing complex but structurally sound text strings. A number of experiments in this thesis examine a purported metric of complexity, namely, a left anterior negativity. It is argued that the predictive aspects of the parser is responsible for the complexity metric.
by Anthony R. Harris.
Ph.D.
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Loring-Meier, Susan. "Sex differences in visual-spatial ability: Components of cognitive processing". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1997. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1490.
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Friede, Elizabeth T. "Googling to Forget: The Cognitive Processing of Internet Search". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/699.
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Technology is currently extremely integrated with everyday life. Popular media has made bold claims that the internet is making us “dumber” and people struggle to remember information more now than they ever have in the past. Scientific research on the effect of internet search on cognition and memory is still in its infancy. This research will analyze the literature and theories discussing memory and the internet. Based on an original experiment by Sparrow, Liu, and Wegner. 20 participants (10 young adults and 10 older adults) performed a typing task with twenty trivia statements, followed by a recall and recognition memory test to look for the effects of directed forgetting and transactive memory. This experiment did not replicate the effect found in the original experiment. It calls to question if the effect of transactive memory is applicable to social relationships that only include a person and a computer.
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Park, Jongmin. "CMOS analog spectrum processing techniques for cognitive radio applications". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/37230.
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The objective of the research is to develop analog spectrum processing techniques for cognitive radio (CR) applications in CMOS technology. CR systems aim to use the unoccupied spectrum allocations without any license when the primary users are not present. Therefore, the successful deployment of CR systems relies on their ability to accurately sense the spectrum usage status over a wide frequency range serving various wireless communication standards. Meanwhile, to maximize the utilization of the available spectrum segments, the bandwidth of the signal has to be highly flexible, so that even a small fraction of spectrum resources can be fully utilized by CR users. One of the key enabling technologies of variable bandwidth communication is a tunable baseband filter.
In this research, a reconfigurable CR testbed system is presented as groundwork for the researches related with CR systems. With the feasibility study on the multi-resolution spectrum sensing (MRSS) functionality, a method for determining sensing threshold for MRSS functionality is presented, and a fully integrated MRSS receiver in CMOS technology is demonstrated. On the other hand, a reconfigurable CMOS analog baseband filter which can change its bandwidth, type and order with high resolution for CR applications is presented. In sum, an analog spectrum sensing method as well as a highly flexible analog baseband filter architecture is established and implemented in CMOS technology. Both designs are targeting the utilization of the analog signal processing capability with the aid of the digital circuits.
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König, Julia. "Cognitive Processing Therapy in der Behandlung der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung". Diss., lmu, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-140933.
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Ahem, Amy Louise. "Cognitive processing and eating disorder symptoms : examining motivational ambivalence". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.490795.
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Purpose: To use experimental methodology to develop a more comprehensive understanding of cognitive processing biases associated with eating disorder symptoms, in a non-clinical population of young women, Background: Research examining the cognitive processing model of body image and eating disorders (Williamson et aI., 1999) is limited by reliance on self-report questionnaires, which only measure attitudes and behaviours that participants are willing and able to report. In addition, many processes and associations included in the model are taken for granted and remain relatively untested. The current thesis used new experimental methods, which access attitudes outside of cognitive control, to examine hypotheses arising from the cognitive processing model, in a non-clinical population of young women aged 16-25. Key Findings: Idealisation ofthinness: A distinction was identified between immediate (implicit) and deliberative (explicit) attitudes to the thin-ideal. Three studies used implicit attitude measures to examine idealisation of thinness. Implicit preference for thin (over fat) did not differentiate between participants. However, there were individual differences in the level of thinness idealised by young women. Implicit preference for underweight images was associated with elevated drive for thinness, a key construct within eating disorders. Attitude Importance: This thesis examined two types of attitude importance: appearance salience and the importance of societal standards of appearance. The importance of societal appearance standards to the individual moderated the relationship between IAT scores and drive for thinness (i.e. stronger for those for whom the attitude was important). Participants who scored high on appearance salience demonstrated bias to attend to underweight images. Cognitive Control: Use of secondary control strategies in older women protects their self concept from negative effects of body dissatisfaction (\Vebster & Tiggemann, 2003) but is relatively unexplored in younger women. This research showed that use of secondary control strategies is associated with lower drive for thinness in young women. Motivational Ambivalence: Drive for thinness is in direct conflict with desire for food, which is thought to be higher in dieters. This research showed that dieters only differed from non-dieters in self-reported food wanting, not increased attention to food (VP), implicit approach to food (SRC) or working harder for food rewards (Reinforcement Task). Dieters also scored higher than non-dieters on behavioural approach and inhibition constructs. This combination is characteristic of eating disorders, suggesting that motivational ambivalence is associated with eating disorder risk. Implications: This thesis increases understanding of appearance schemas and the way information is processed in relation to them. Methodological innovations captured the complexity of thin-ideal schemas by illustrating the role of motivational ambivalence and secondary control over body-related cognitions.
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Butler, Stephen M. "Dream development and cognitive processing in reading disabled children". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5094.
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Hayiou-Thomas, Marianna. "Perceptual and cognitive processing limitations in specific language impairment". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0a3c8903-a93a-4473-9fc5-fe1ef87656c9.
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The experiments presented in this thesis explored the possibility that an underlying cause of specific language impairment (SLI) may be a deficit in perceptual or cognitive information processing. The first three studies tested the hypothesis that children with SLI have impaired perception of the dynamic elements of visual and auditory stimuli, as proposed in the magnocellular hypothesis for developmental dyslexia. The experimental predictions were that a) children with SLI would have poor sensitivity to coherent motion (but not coherent form) stimuli relative to chronological-age matched controls; b) children with SLI would have poorer sensitivity than controls to slow (but not fast) rates of frequency modulation in a tone; c) sensitivity to slow rates of frequency modulation (FM) would correlate with children's performance on a set of tests of phonological skill. Overall, these predictions were not corroborated by the results, and the conclusion drawn from this set of studies is that a magnocellular impairment of the type reported in dyslexia is unlikely to be a causal factor in SLI. The second three studies used a grammaticality judgement task to focus on inflectional morphology, an area of language which poses particularly marked difficulty for many children with SLI. The findings from Study 4 suggested that children's performance on the grammaticality judgement task overall was strongly related to phonological discrimination ability, but was unaffected by the specific inflectional allomorph tested. The final two studies manipulated the information processing load of the grammaticality judgement task, in Study 5 to simulate (successfully) SLI-like performance in a group of typically developing children, and in Study 6 to attempt (unsuccessfully) to improve performance in a group of children with SLI. These results are compatible with the idea that the profile of language difficulties experienced by many children with SLI is due to a processing deficit in the early stages of language acquisition which interrupts the establishment of robust linguistic representations. The nature of this processing deficit is as yet unclear, though the current findings do not support the suggestion of a central auditory impairment. It is possible that a number of distinct deficits, such as poor phonological memory or reduced speed of processing, may produce a broadly similar linguistic profile in different individuals.
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Cobain, Marilyn Jeanette, i mikewood@deakin edu au. "Life events and cognitive processing in sexually dysfunctional individuals". Deakin University, 1996. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20050825.151625.
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The aim of this study was to make an assessment of the role of the cognitive component in the development of sexual dysfunction.
Past studies have largely focused on the impact of particular events on sexual dysfunction and have not assessed the role of the perception of these events. A number of theories on sexual dysfunction have been developed to explain the influence of cognitions, but these have not been empirically tested.
This study investigated the role of the cognitive evaluation of sexual experiences among 30 sexually dysfunctional participants and 30 control participants who were matched on age, marital status and biological sex.
The Cognitive Aspects of Sexual Dysfunction Measure (CASDM) was constructed to evaluate sexual dysfunction. This measure was designed to tap into the major events in participants lives and, more importantly, the participants perceptions of these events.
The components assessed were the intergenerational (family of origin), individual, current life and relationship aspects of the persons life. These factors were measured from the responses to questions regarding the participant's cognitions about past experiences, the effect of the past experience on the participant at the lime it occurred and the influence this experience had on the participant's sense of self now, their relationship now and sexual functioning now.
The main findings in the intergenerational area were that past experiences were perceived by the sexually dysfunctional group to be having an impact on the self, relationships and their sexual functioning although there were no actual differences between the sexually functional and the sexual dysfunctional participants in the occurrence of the event.
For the individual factors, there were differences between the sexually functional and sexually dysfunctional participants in both values and lifestyle, although these were not perceived to be having an impact on the self, relationship and sexual functioning.
In the relationship area, anger was the major factor separating the sexually functional and sexually dysfunctional groups. Anger was high among the sexually dysfunctional participants and was perceived to be having an impact on self, the couples relationship and their sexual functioning. The importance of all these variables in providing a better understanding of the cognitive factors in sexual dysfunction was discussed. The findings demonstrate the importance of cognitions in influencing sexual functioning.
Clinicians should not simply deal with the life experiences of sexually dysfunctional people when attempting to change their behaviour, but should focus on changing cognitions about the behaviours in relation to sexual functioning.
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Shah, Kunal Deepak. "Image Processing for Cognitive Models in Dynamic Gaming Environments". NCSU, 2003. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07072003-105757/.
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Cognitive models have typically dealt with environments that are either artificial or real but too simplistic. This stems from the fact that the process of describing the environment to the cognitive model is a complex vision problem. In order to realize the full potential of cognitive models, it is imperative that they be able to operate in natural domains. We attempt to overcome this limitation by providing a perceptual component to a cognitive model that interacts with more realistic environments. This perceptual component is an image processing substrate that has been customized for two different gaming environments. The substrate formerly worked only for the static environments we associate with conventional graphical user interfaces; the work we describe here extends its functionality to a more general class of interfaces, as represented by the driving game and Mars rover game. A cognitive model built on the ACT-R cognitive architecture has been developed that demonstrates the use of the image processing substrate in performing the driving task.
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Martin-Kratzer, Renee. "The emotional and cognitive processing of negative news photographs". Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4181.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on October 18, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Doares, Lesli Michelle Wilcox. "Sex differences in creative achievement : a cognitive processing approach". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29824.
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Onslow, Angela C. E. "Modelling coupled oscillations in neural populations during cognitive processing". Thesis, University of Bristol, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.566811.
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Oscillatory neural activity is a pervasive feature of both invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems. There is a growing body of evidence demonstrating that oscillatory activity at various scales is correlated with behavior in a task-dependent manner. This has led to the hypothesis that oscillatory neural activity is produced and dynamically modulated by the nervous system in order to execute various functions. Oscillations provide the ability to filter information based on its frequency content and therefore can facilitate closed channels of communication and provide protection to a signal from intrinsic noise and distracting inputs. This filtering capacity is investigated in two computational models of decision making. Predictions of the models are investigated in local field and spike train data recorded from rodent prefrontal cortex and hippocampus during a spatial working memory based T-maze task. These two structures exhibit transient increases in theta frequency coupling at time points relevant to the decision, consistent with theta frequency oscillations being used to communicate task relevant information. An example of a prefrontal interneuron that fires rhythmically at theta frequency, as predicted by one of the models, is found. Hippocampus and prefrontal cortex have also been shown to demonstrate coupling of oscillatory activity occurring at two different frequencies, specifically theta (4-12 Hz) and gamma (30-100 Hz). A non linear firing rate model of neural populations, which produces gamma frequency oscillations with amplitude modulated by the phase of a theta frequency input, is presented. This system demonstrates both a Hopf and a Saddle-Node-on-Invariant-Circle (SNIC) bifurcation. To look for evidence of this type of coupling in the rodent data, three published algorithms for detecting such coupling are compared; the Envelope-to-signal Correlation (ESC), Modulation Index (MI) and Cross-frequency Coherence (CFC). Each measure shows superior performance on one particular type of simulated data. Analysis of data from the T-maze task shows evidence of coupling of hippocampal gamma to both hippocampal and prefrontal theta activity. This activity appears to differentiate between correct and error trials and between choice and forced trials on the task.
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Brett, Caroline. "Anomalous experiences, cognitive processing and the development of psychosis". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2004. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/anomalous-experiences-cognitive-processing-and-the-development-of-psychosis(d49c8a5d-85e1-4d81-bf66-e64bf5031211).html.
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Papitsch, Andrea. "Cognitive processing biases in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome". Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.413690.
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