Artykuły w czasopismach: „Cognitive Factors”

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Ziv, Ido, David Leiser, and Joseph Levine. "Social cognition in schizophrenia: Cognitive and affective factors." Cognitive Neuropsychiatry 16, no. 1 (January 2011): 71–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2010.492693.

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Mettke-Hofmann, Claudia. "Cognitive ecology: ecological factors, life-styles, and cognition." Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science 5, no. 3 (April 1, 2014): 345–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcs.1289.

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Cheung, Ethan Siu Leung, and Ada Mui. "The Association between Environmental Factors, Race, and Cognitive Status." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.3296.

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Abstract Based on the data from National Social Life, Health and Aging Project, Wave 3, this study examined two research questions: what is the role of race in predicting cognitive status? and what are predictors of cognitive status between white and black older adults? Cognitive status was assessed using the 18-item survey-adapted Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Using the ecological framework, correlates of cognitive status were conceptualized in three levels of environments: micro- (personal health), meso- (social relationship), and macro-environments (community characteristics). Hierarchical regressions analyses were employed. Findings indicated that 83% of the sample (n= 2,829) were whites and the mean age was 72.95. Bivariate analyses suggested significant racial differences in cognitive status, marital status, income, education, health, social relationship, and community characteristics. Additive and interactive models showed that race had an independent effect as well as joint effects with the three levels of environments in explaining cognitive status. Parallel regression analyses for each racial group were undertaken and models were significant (P &lt; .0001). In two separate models, common predictors for better cognition included being younger, more educated, fewer IADL impairments, and less depression. For older whites, unique correlates for better cognition were being female, higher income, sense of control in life, safer community, and neighbor relations. The only unique correlate for older blacks to have better cognition was community cohesion. Results provided insights on racial differences in cognition experienced among community-dwelling older Americans, and emphasized the need for social programs that promote race-sensitive, age-friendly communities to protect against cognitive decline.

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李, 代钦. "Depression Affects Cognitive Factors." Advances in Clinical Medicine 12, no. 05 (2022): 4105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/acm.2022.125594.

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Neighbors, Clayton, Mary M. Tomkins, Jordanna Lembo Riggs, Joanne Angosta, and Andrew P. Weinstein. "Cognitive factors and addiction." Current Opinion in Psychology 30 (December 2019): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.05.004.

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Mora Simón, Sara, M. ª. Victoria Perea Bartolomé, Valentina Ladera Fernández, Ricardo García García, Jaime Unzueta Arce, María C. Patino Alonso, and Emiliano Rodríguez Sánchez. "Cognitive impairment and associated factors. DERIVA study." Alzheimer. Realidades e investigación en demencia, no. 58 (September 1, 2014): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5538/1137-1242.2014.58.20.

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Mohamad Rodi Isa, Siti Munira Yasin, Mariam Mohamad, Zaliha Ismail, and Zahir izuan Azhar. "THE COGNITIVE IMPPAIRMENT AND ITS RELATED FACTORS AMONG FACTORS AMONG ELDERLY HYPERTENSIVE IN TWO RURAL DISTRICTS AREAS, MALAYSIA." Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine 20, Special1 (August 1, 2020): 282–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.37268/mjphm/vol.20/no.special1/art.732.

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As cognition declines with age, cognitive impairment rates are expected to increase ranging from 100% to 300% in this region. It could be higher among elderly who had any chronic diseases. The aim of the present work was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of cognitive impairment among elderly with hypertension. A clinic-based, cross-sectional study was conducted at several community clinics in Sabak Bernam and Hilir Perak districts from July to December 2015. A total of 480 patients were recruited. The prevalence of cognitive impairment was 13.13% (95%CI: 13.11, 13.15). Factors associated with cognitive impairment among elderly hypertensive were no formal educational level [OR: 3.95 (95%CI: 1.80, 8.67)]; history of high cholesterol [OR: 3.24 (95%CI: 1.15, 9.16)]; underweight [adj. OR: 4.88 (95%CI: 1.34, 17.67)]; and increasing age [OR: 1.03 (95%CI: 1.01, 1.06)]. Public health policy makers and geriatric practitioners should emphasise on early cognitive function assessment among elderlies who are hypertensive, unemployed, poor educational background, males, high cholesterol level and underweight to enhance the quality of geriatric services. Earlier establishment of diagnosis may prevent from greater rate of decline in cognitive functioning among this vulnerable group.

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Hill, Nikki, and Mindy Katz. "FACTORS INFLUENCING SELF-REPORTED COGNITION OVER TIME." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.804.

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Abstract Self-reported cognitive problems among cognitively intact older adults are often associated with an increased risk of future cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, cross-sectional evidence suggests that self-reported cognition may be more influenced by factors such as personality or affective symptoms than concurrent objective cognitive performance. Furthermore, self-reported cognition is measured using a variety of items that assess different constructs (e.g., current memory performance, perceived decline over time), which may be differentially influenced by individual characteristics or item interpretation. The purpose of this symposium is to present findings from multiple analyses that examined the influence of individual characteristics (i.e., personality, perceived stress, and family history of dementia) on self-reported cognitive problems, and to further describe how item type influences older adults’ responses to questions about their memory. First, we present the results of an investigation that examined the influence of personality on three types self-reported memory, with a specific focus on how these associations may differ in Black and White older adults. Second, we extend this discussion with results of an examination of associations among personality, family history of AD, and memory self-report. Our third presentation explores bidirectional associations between perceived stress and memory complaints over time. And finally, we present the results of a factor analysis of self-reported cognition items that distinguishes those that tend to travel together over time from those that are better at discriminating between individuals.

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Martin, Kristy, Julien Périard, Ben Rattray, and David B. Pyne. "Physiological Factors Which Influence Cognitive Performance in Military Personnel." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 62, no. 1 (April 22, 2019): 93–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720819841757.

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Objective: To identify and detail physiological factors that influence cognition in military personnel. Background: Maintenance of cognitive and task performance is important under several scenarios, none more so than in a military context. Personnel are prepared for and trained to tolerate many of the stressors they encounter; however, consideration of stressors typically extends only as far as the physical, psychological, and environmental requirements of a given task. While considering these factors certainly characterizes the broader picture, several physiological states and traits can influence cognition and thus, should also be considered. Method: A systematic review of the electronic databases Medline (PubMed), EMBASE (Scopus), PsycINFO, and Web of Science was conducted from inception up to January 2019. Eligibility criteria included current military personnel, an outcome of cognition, and the assessment of a physiological factor. Results: The search returned 60,564 records, of which 60 were included in the review. Eleven studies examined the impact of demographic factors on cognition, 16 examined fatigue, 10 investigated nutrition, and 24 the impact of biological factors on cognitive performance. Conclusion: Factors identified as having a positive impact on cognition include aerobic fitness, nutritional supplementation, and visual acuity. In contrast, factors identified as having a negative impact include fatigue arising from sustained operations, dehydration, undernutrition, and an exaggerated physiological stress response to a cognitive task or a stressor. A further subset of these factors was considered modifiable. Application: The modifiable factors identified provide avenues for training and preparation to enhance cognition in ways previously unconsidered.

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Cui, Huixia, Xusheng Shi, Xiaoxiu Song, and Wenlu Zhang. "Changes and Influencing Factors of Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Breast Cancer." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2021 (October 28, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7278853.

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Objective. To investigate the changes in cognitive function and its influencing factors in patients with breast cancer after chemotherapy, to provide a scientific basis for further cognitive correction therapy. Methods. In this study, general information on age, marital status, and chemotherapy regimen was collected from 172 breast cancer chemotherapy patients. 172 patients with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy were investigated by convenience sampling method, and the subjects were tested one-on-one using the Chinese version of the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) computer system. Results. The mean value of standardized t-value of cognitive function and its abnormal dimensions in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy were MCCB total cognition (66.3%, 36.99 ± 13.06, abnormal), working memory (73.3%, 36.84 ± 10.25), attention and alertness (70.3%, 37.20 ± 12.50), social cognition (65.1%, 39.54 ± 10.17), and visual memory (61.6%, 42.19 ± 9.38). A comparison of cognitive function among breast cancer chemotherapy patients with different demographic characteristics showed that differences in place of residence, educational level, monthly income, timing of chemotherapy, chemotherapy regimen, and chemotherapy times may be associated with abnormal cognitive function. Further multiple linear regression analysis was performed and the results showed that there was a linear regression between literacy, number of chemotherapy sessions, monthly personal income, and cognitive function. Conclusion. Cognitive impairment is common in patients with breast cancer after chemotherapy. Nurses should pay attention to the cognitive function changes and intervention of patients with breast cancer after chemotherapy, to prevent the changes of cognitive function and promote the rehabilitation of patients.

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Nowell, April. "Coincidental factors of handaxe morphology." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25, no. 3 (June 2002): 413–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x02330073.

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Handaxe morphology is thought to be the first example of the imposition of arbitrary form. Handaxes may thus inform researchers about shared mental templates and evolving cognitive abilities. However, many factors, not related to changes in cognition (e.g., material type, function, resharpening processes), influence handaxe shape over time and space. Archaeologists must control for these factors before making inferences concerning cognition.

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Zahodne, Laura B., Cindy J. Nowinski, Richard C. Gershon, and Jennifer J. Manly. "Which Psychosocial Factors Best Predict Cognitive Performance in Older Adults?" Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 20, no. 5 (March 31, 2014): 487–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617714000186.

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AbstractNegative affect (e.g., depression) is associated with accelerated age-related cognitive decline and heightened dementia risk. Fewer studies examine positive psychosocial factors (e.g., emotional support, self-efficacy) in cognitive aging. Preliminary reports suggest that these variables predict slower cognitive decline independent of negative affect. No reports have examined these factors in a single model to determine which best relate to cognition. Data from 482 individuals 55 and older came from the normative sample for the NIH Toolbox for the Assessment of Neurological and Behavioral Function. Negative and positive psychosocial factors, executive functioning, working memory, processing speed, and episodic memory were measured with the NIH Toolbox Emotion and Cognition modules. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling characterized independent relations between psychosocial factors and cognition. Psychosocial variables loaded onto negative and positive factors. Independent of education, negative affect and health status, greater emotional support was associated with better task-switching and processing speed. Greater self-efficacy was associated with better working memory. Negative affect was not independently associated with any cognitive variables. Findings support the conceptual distinctness of negative and positive psychosocial factors in older adults. Emotional support and self-efficacy may be more closely tied to cognition than other psychosocial variables. (JINS, 2014, 20, 1–9)

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Rhodes, Emma, Kathryn N. Devlin, Laurence Steinberg, and Tania Giovannetti. "Grit in adolescence is protective of late-life cognition: non-cognitive factors and cognitive reserve." Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition 24, no. 3 (July 18, 2016): 321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2016.1210079.

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Salmon, David, and John R. Hodges. "Introduction: Mild cognitive impairment—cognitive, behavioral, and biological factors." Neurocase 11, no. 1 (February 26, 2005): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13554790590927464.

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Cadden, Margaret, and Peter Arnett. "Factors Associated with Employment Status in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis." International Journal of MS Care 17, no. 6 (November 1, 2015): 284–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7224/1537-2073.2014-057.

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Background: Unemployment is common in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) and is associated with substantial socioeconomic burden. Several MS-related factors have been found to be associated with employment status, including fatigue, depression, cognitive problems, and motor difficulties. However, few studies have examined these factors collectively in predicting employment. The present study aimed to explore these variables together in predicting employment status in MS. Methods: Fifty-three individuals with MS participating in a research study of cognitive, emotional, and social factors related to MS were examined. Composite scores were created using factor analysis that represented cognition, fatigue, depression, and motor function. These composite scores, along with the Expanded Disability Status Scale score, were explored as predictors of employment status (working, not working) via logistic regression. Models of mediation were also investigated. Results: A model including composite scores of motor function, cognition, depression, and fatigue significantly distinguished those who are unemployed versus employed. However, only the cognitive, motor, and fatigue composite scores were found to be significantly associated with unemployment individually. Results of a mediation analysis using 1000 bootstrap samples indicated that the cognitive and fatigue composite scores significantly mediated the effect of disability on work status. Conclusions: Cognitive function and fatigue mediate the effect of MS disability on employment status. Interventions targeting cognitive difficulties and fatigue in MS may be effective in helping individuals maintain employment.

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McLaughlin, Anne Collins, and Vicky E. Byrne. "A Fundamental Cognitive Taxonomy for Cognition Aids." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 62, no. 6 (May 21, 2020): 865–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720820920099.

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Objective This study aimed to organize the literature on cognitive aids to allow comparison of findings across studies and link the applied work of aid development to psychological constructs and theories of cognition. Background Numerous taxonomies have been developed, all of which label cognitive aids via their surface characteristics. This complicates integration of the literature, as a type of aid, such as a checklist, can provide many different forms of support (cf. prospective memory for steps and decision support for alternative diagnoses). Method In this synthesis of the literature, we address the disparate findings and organize them at their most basic level: Which cognitive processes does the aid need to support? Which processes do they support? Such processes include attention, perception, decision making, memory, and declarative knowledge. Results Cognitive aids can be classified into the processes they support. Some studies focused on how an aid supports the cognitive processes demanded by the task (aid function). Other studies focused on supporting the processes needed to utilize the aid (aid usability). Conclusion Classifying cognitive aids according to the processes they support allows comparison across studies in the literature and a formalized way of planning the design of new cognitive aids. Once the literature is organized, theory-based guidelines and applied examples can be used by cognitive aid researchers and designers. Application Aids can be designed according to the cognitive processes they need to support. Designers can be clear about their focus, either examining how to support specific cognitive processes or improving the usability of the aid.

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Pinzon, Rizaldy Taslim, Rosa De Lima Sanyasi, and Satrianti Totting. "The prevalence and determinant factors of post-stroke cognitive impairment." Asian Pacific Journal of Health Sciences 5, no. 1 (March 2018): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/apjhs.2018.5.1.17.

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Mohd Zulkifly, Mohd Faizal, Shazli Ezzat Ghazali, Normah Che Din, Devinder Kaur Ajit Singh, and Ponnusamy Subramaniam. "A Review of Risk Factors for Cognitive Impairment in Stroke Survivors." Scientific World Journal 2016 (2016): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3456943.

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In this review, we aimed to identify the risk factors that may influence cognitive impairment among stroke survivors, namely, demographic, clinical, psychological, and physical determinants. A search from Medline, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science databases was conducted for papers published from year 2004 to 2015 related to risk factors of cognitive impairment among adult stroke survivors. A total of 1931 articles were retrieved, but only 27 articles met the criteria and were reviewed. In more than half of the articles it was found that demographical variables that include age, education level, and history of stroke were significant risk factors of cognitive impairment among stroke survivors. The review also indicated that diabetes mellitus, hypertension, types of stroke and affected region of brain, and stroke characteristics (e.g., size and location of infarctions) were clinical determinants that affected cognitive status. In addition, the presence of emotional disturbances mainly depressive symptoms showed significant effects on cognition. Independent relationships between cognition and functional impairment were also identified as determinants in a few studies. This review provided information on the possible risk factors of cognitive impairment in stroke survivors. This information may be beneficial in the prevention and management strategy of cognitive impairments among stroke survivors.

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Reser, Maree P., Reneta Slikboer, and Susan L. Rossell. "A systematic review of factors that influence the efficacy of cognitive remediation therapy in schizophrenia." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 53, no. 7 (June 10, 2019): 624–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867419853348.

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Objective: Cognitive remediation therapy is a moderately effective intervention for ameliorating cognitive deficits in individuals with schizophrenia-related disorders. With reports of considerable variability in individual response to cognitive remediation therapy, we need to better understand factors that influence cognitive remediation therapy efficacy to realise its potential. A systematic review was conducted to identify and evaluate predictors of cognitive outcome. Methods: An electronic database search was conducted identifying peer-reviewed articles examining predictors of cognitive response to cognitive remediation therapy. Results: A total of 40 articles accounting for 1681 cognitive remediation therapy participants were included; 81 distinct predictors of cognitive response were identified. Data synthesis and discussion focused on 20 predictors examined a minimum three times in different studies. Few of the examined predictors of cognitive outcome following cognitive remediation therapy were significant when examined through systematic review. A strong trend was found for baseline cognition, with reasoning and problem solving and working memory being strongly predictive of within-domain improvement. Training task progress was the most notable cross-domain predictor of cognitive outcome. Conclusion: It remains unclear why a large proportion of participants fail to realise cognitive benefit from cognitive remediation therapy. However, when considering only those variables where a majority of articles reported a statistically significant association with cognitive response to cognitive remediation therapy, three stand out: premorbid IQ, baseline cognition and training task progress. Each of these relates in some way to an individual’s capacity or potential for change. There is a need to consolidate investigation of potential predictors of response to cognitive remediation therapy, strengthening the evidence base through replication and collaboration.

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Götestam, K. Gunnar, and Tore C. Stiles. "Cognitive controlling factors for mood." Nordisk Psykiatrisk Tidsskrift 42, no. 6 (January 1988): 523–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08039488809103239.

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Saracho, Olivia N. "Cognitive styles and classroom factors." Early Child Development and Care 47, no. 1 (January 1989): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0300443890470108.

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Nemire, Kenneth. "Cognitive Human Factors in Litigation." Ergonomics in Design: The Quarterly of Human Factors Applications 19, no. 1 (January 2011): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1064804611400988.

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Seemingly simple acts can go terribly wrong. Sometimes they result in litigation. Forensic human factors based in cognitive science can reveal some limitations in human perception, decision making, and action and how the design of things can fail to accommodate our limitations. The case studies indicate how design or maintenance could have prevented the injury incidents.

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Glass, Carol R., and Luanne A. Knight. "Cognitive factors in computer anxiety." Cognitive Therapy and Research 12, no. 4 (August 1988): 351–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01173303.

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Lang, Sherman Y. T., John Dickinson, and Ralph O. Buchal. "Cognitive factors in distributed design." Computers in Industry 48, no. 1 (May 2002): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-3615(02)00012-x.

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Carroll, John B. "Cognitive abilities, factors, and processes." Intelligence 12, no. 2 (April 1988): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-2896(88)90010-4.

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Yu, Junhong, Simon L. Collinson, Tau Ming Liew, Tze-Pin Ng, Rathi Mahendran, Ee-Heok Kua, and Lei Feng. "Super-cognition in aging: Cognitive profiles and associated lifestyle factors." Applied Neuropsychology: Adult 27, no. 6 (February 22, 2019): 497–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2019.1570928.

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Wu, Zimu, Robyn Woods, Elsdon Storey, Trevor Chong, Raj Shah, Suzanne Orchard, Anne Murray, and Joanne Ryan. "Trajectories of cognitive function and associated factors in community-dwelling older adults: a prospective study." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2452.

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Abstract There is variability in cognitive aging between individuals. This study aimed to investigate cognitive aging trajectories, the associated modifiable factors, and the association of these trajectories with dementia. Community-dwelling older adults (n=19,114) without dementia or major cognitive impairment at inclusion were followed for up to 7 years, with regular standardized cognitive assessments. Group-based (multi-) trajectory modeling identified distinct cognitive trajectories. Structural equation modeling (n=16,018) was used to analyze the associated predictors. Four to seven trajectories were identified per cognitive domain, with generally stable trajectories. Improvement in verbal fluency and minor psychomotor slowing were common. Substantial decline in global cognition and episodic memory were observed in a small proportion of individuals. The highest proportions of dementia cases were in trajectories with major decline in global cognition (56.9%) and memory (33.2%). A number of sociodemographic characteristics, health behaviors and chronic conditions were either directly or indirectly associated with cognitive change in older adults. This study found that some individuals appear resilient to cognitive decline even with advancing age, and that factors that promote healthy cognitive aging are not simply the absence of factors which confer risk for decline.

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Li, Yutong. "Cognitive and Emotional Factors in Moral Decision-Making." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 22 (November 26, 2023): 774–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v22i.13390.

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Moral decision-making happens in every individual’s life on a daily basis. It is having people to decide which is the right action when people have spotted an ethical issue. A lot of studies have been conducted focusing on cognition, emotion and moral decision making. Numerous studies are carried out to explore how moral decision-making is affected. This paper will be looking at the role cognitive and emotional factors play in moral decision-making in several aspects. First, the paper will focus on the role of emotional factors and cognitive factors separately, so to investigate the relationship between emotional and cognitive traits and moral decision making. Finally, the paper will look at how moral choices are affected when cognitive and emotional factors begin to be manipulated. Some limitations of previous studies were also analyzed and discussed. Directions of future research were demonstrated as well. This paper can provide some suggestions for the design of prevention and intervention courses for moral decision-making.

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Wilhelm, Oliver, Michael Witthöft, and Stefan Schipolowski. "Self-Reported Cognitive Failures." Journal of Individual Differences 31, no. 1 (January 2010): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000001.

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The Cognitive Failure Questionnaire (CFQ) is a well-known and frequently used self-report measure of cognitive lapses and slips, for example, throwing away the candy bar and keeping the wrapping. Measurement models of individual differences in cognitive failures have failed to produce consistent results so far. In this article we establish a measurement model distinguishing three factors of self-reported cognitive failures labeled Clumsiness, Retrieval, and Intention forgotten. The relationships of the CFQ factors with a variety of self-report instruments are investigated. Measures of minor lapses, neuroticism, functional and dysfunctional self-consciousness, cognitive interference, and memory complaints provide evidence across several studies for the interpretation of self-reported cognitive failures as an aspect of neuroticism that primarily reflects general subjective complaints about cognition. We conclude that self-report measures about cognition ought to be interpreted as expressing worries about one’s cognition rather than measuring cognitive abilities themselves.

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Guty, Erin, and Peter Arnett. "Post-concussion Symptom Factors and Neuropsychological Outcomes in Collegiate Athletes." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 24, no. 7 (June 21, 2018): 684–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135561771800036x.

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AbstractObjectives:Research indicates that symptoms following a concussion are related to cognitive dysfunction; however, less is known about how different types of symptoms may be related to cognitive outcomes or how specific domains of cognition are affected. The present study explored the relationship between specific types of symptoms and these various cognitive outcomes following a concussion.Methods:One-hundred twenty-two student-athletes with sports-related concussion were tested with a battery that included a symptom report measure and various cognitive tests. Symptoms factors were: Physical, Sleep, Cognitive, Affective and Headache. Participants were grouped into “symptom” and “no symptom” groups for each factor. Cognitive outcomes included both overall performance as well as impairment scores in which individuals were grouped into impaired and not impaired based on a cutoff of 2 or more tests at the impaired level (<80 in standard scores). These cognitive outcomes were examined for all the tests combined and then specifically for the memory tests and attention/processing speed tests. A Bonferroni correction was used, and the results were considered significant at a level ofp<.008.Results:Headache symptoms were significantly (p<.008) associated with overall cognitive impairment as well as memory and attention/processing speed impairment. Sleep symptoms were related to memory impairments.Conclusions:The symptom specific relationships to cognitive outcomes demonstrated by our study can help guide treatment and accommodations for athletes following concussion. (JINS, 2018,24, 1–9)

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Kim, Jennifer (Jeehyun), and Bada Kang. "RISK FACTORS OF OSTEOARTHRITIS AMONG OLDER ADULTS WITH COGNITIVE DECLINE IN SOUTH KOREA." Innovation in Aging 7, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2023): 919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.2954.

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Abstract Individuals with cognitive decline are vulnerable to developing osteoarthritis owing to reduced physical activity and impaired communicational ability. While the cross-sectional relationship between cognitive decline and chronic diseases has been previously studied, longitudinal studies are needed to identify determinants associated with the onset of osteoarthritis among older adults with cognitive decline. This study was aimed at elucidating the risk factors of osteoarthritis based on cognitive status. 1,142 older adults, including 334 cognitive decline and 808 normal cognition individuals, were selected from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging. Kaplan-Meier curves were plotted to estimate the probability of osteoarthritis based on the participants’ sex and cognitive status. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was performed to determine factors associated with the risk of osteoarthritis after the participants were stratified by cognitive status. Female sex and advanced age were associated with a greater risk of osteoarthritis in both the participants with and without cognitive decline. Furthermore, the risk of osteoarthritis was significant among older adults with cognitive decline if they lived alone, were depressed, had social engagement fewer than once per week, or had a high dependency on others for completing activities of daily living. However, there was an increased risk of osteoarthritis among older adults with normal cognition who had a high body mass index and a chronic medical condition. Therefore, comprehensive coping strategies focusing on the socio-environmental characteristics and clinical symptoms of older adults with cognitive decline should be considered to prevent a further increase in the healthcare burden associated with osteoarthritis.

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Poonam, Ahlawat, Maheshwari Sushil Kumar, and Sharma Preksha. "Strategies for Cognitive Impairment Prevention." JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 15, no. 1 (March 25, 2025): 3–9. https://doi.org/10.58739/jcbs/v15i1.117.

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With the ageing of the population, the prevention and treatment of cognitive impairment in the elderly have become increasingly important. This article reviews and evaluates the most recent research on therapies that may be useful in preventing cognitive impairment. Specifically, we address tactics that aim to address modifiable risk factors that may act prior to the onset of the disease. The cognitive reserve of healthy individuals can be enhanced, leading to a delay in the onset of neuropathological changes linked to dementia. Early preventative techniques include managing major depressive disorder (MDD), improving vascular risk factors including hypertension and diabetes mellitus, and changing lifestyle factors like diet, exercise, and stress reduction. Keywords: Cognitive decline, Dementia, Cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, Modifiable risk factors

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Roberts, Ruby Clyde, Rhona Flin, Jennifer Cleland, and Jim Urquhart. "Drillers’ Cognitive Skills Monitoring Task." Ergonomics in Design: The Quarterly of Human Factors Applications 27, no. 2 (May 10, 2018): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1064804617744713.

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Drilling incidents have emphasized that offshore drillers require a high level of cognitive skills, including situation awareness and decision making, to maintain safe and efficient well control. Although a number of tools for supporting operators’ cognition are available in other high-risk industries, there is no specific tool for drilling. We developed a prototype monitoring task simulating drilling scenarios, Drillers’ Situation Awareness Task, with drilling experts and piloted with 14 drilling personnel. Preliminary results suggest that it is viable as a tool for examining drillers’ cognition and has the potential for training and formatively assessing cognitive skills in drilling.

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Xu, Hanzhang, and Bei Wu. "SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS AND COGNITIVE FUNCTION: FINDINGS FROM INTERNATIONAL SURVEYS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S204—S205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.741.

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Abstract This symposium examines how social and psychological factors including formal schooling, subjective memory, and neuropsychological symptoms impact cognitive function among older adults in China and the U.S. The first paper used the WHO’s Study on global AGEing and adult health Wave-1 data to examine the relationship between subjective cognitive function, perceived memory decline, and objective cognitive function among older adults in China. The results showed worse subjective cognitive function was associated with poorer working memory and verbal fluency, whereas greater perceived memory decline was associated only with poorer working memory. Furthermore, using data from the Health and Retirement Study, the second paper applied group-based trajectory modeling to assess dual trajectories of subjective memory impairment and objective cognitive decline. Four distinct dual-trajectory typologies were identified, suggesting complex co-occurring changes in subjective memory and objective cognition in older adults. The third paper characterized the trajectories of three neuropsychological symptoms (pain, insomnia, and depression) prior to dementia onset. Using data from the National Health and Aging Trends Study, the study found older adults with dementia exhibit distinct trajectory of depression before dementia onset than those without dementia. Trajectories of pain and insomnia did not differ before dementia onset. The last paper examined the effect of education on cognitive decline among lower educated older adults using data from the Longitudinal Study of Older Adults in Anhui Province, China. Results suggest that older adults with some formal schooling had slower cognitive decline; the gap in cognition between the literate and illiterate widened with age.

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Tirre, William C. "Dimensionality and Determinants of Self-Reported Cognitive Failures." International Journal of Psychological Research 11, no. 1 (February 9, 2018): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21500/20112084.3213.

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This research examined the dimensionality and the correlates of self-reported cognitive failures. The first goal was to determine what factors, in addition to a general one, are needed to explain self-reported cognitive failures. To explore this issue, both Rasch measurement and confirmatory factor analysis were employed. The second goal was to determine if cognitive failures might be predicted with personality factors, general cognitive ability, and the need for cognition. A sample of 552 USAF airmen responded to the Broadbent Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ), a Big-Five personality inventory, the Abstract Reasoning Test, the Speeded Cognitive Ability Test, and the Need for Cognition survey. Both Rasch modeling and confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a single factor dominated CFQ responses. Regression analysis showed that CFQ responses were predicted well by personality factors (R = .60).

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Fonseca, Jose Andres Saez, Rhiannon Ducksbury, Joanne Rodda, Timothy Whitfield, Chitra Nagaraj, Kallur Suresh, Tim Stevens, and Zuzana Walker. "Factors that predict cognitive decline in patients with subjective cognitive impairment." International Psychogeriatrics 27, no. 10 (March 27, 2015): 1671–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610215000356.

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ABSTRACTBackground:Current evidence supports the concept of a preclinical phase of Alzheimer's disease (AD) where pathological and imaging changes are present in asymptomatic individuals. Subjective cognitive impairment (SCI) may represent the earliest point on the continuum of AD. A better understanding of the baseline characteristics of this group of patients that later decline in cognition will enhance our knowledge of the very early disease processes, facilitate preventive strategies, early diagnosis, timely follow-up and treatment.Methods:An observational exploratory study which followed up 62 consecutive patients with SCI presenting to a memory clinic and compared baseline characteristics of SCI patients who declined cognitively with those who did not. Cognitive decline was defined as a progression to a diagnosis of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) or dementia at follow-up.Results:Patients were followed up for a mean of 44 months (range 12–112 months). At the time of follow up, 24% of patients had declined. Patients that declined were significantly older at onset of symptoms and first presentation to memory clinic, and took significantly more medications for physical illnesses. Patients that declined also performed significantly worse on Trail Making Test (TMT) B and Cambridge Cognitive Examination – Revised (CAMCOG-R) at baseline. Survival analysis identified key variables that predicted decline (later age of onset and later age at first assessment).Conclusions:Patients who present with subjective memory complaints and are over the age of 61 years are at high risk of cognitive decline and warrant an in-depth assessment and follow-up.

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Vicario, Augusto, Mildren Del Sueldo, Ruth A. Fernández, Julio Enders, Judith Zilberman, and Gustavo H. Cerezo. "Cognition and Vascular Risk Factors: An Epidemiological Study." International Journal of Hypertension 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/783696.

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We conducted an epidemiological approach to identify the negative impact of the vascular risk factors (such as hypertension, diabetes and hypercholesterolemia) over cognition. The interesting aspect of this study was that the survey was conducted in all age groups through a voluntary call (n=1365; ≥18 years old, both sexes; age 49 ± 15 y, female 75.7%). Thus, we demonstrated that the use of a Minimum Cognitive Examination (MCE), a brief, simple, and easy managed neuropsychological evaluation, detected a greater number of people with cognitive decline surpassing to the Minimal Mental Statement Examination alone (14.5% of the participants showed MMSE ≤24, 34,6% showed dys-executive function, and 45,8% memory impairment. Out of the 4 studied RF, the only one that was not related to cognitive impairment was dyslipemia. Finally, we noted the importance of cognitive state early detection in all age groups, even in the youngest group. Acting in the middle of the life stages, we can prevent or delay the onset of a disease in adults, nowadays incurable: dementia.

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Yaffe, Kristine, Amber L. Bahorik, Tina D. Hoang, Sarah Forrester, David R. Jacobs, Cora E. Lewis, Donald M. Lloyd-Jones, Stephen Sidney, and Jared P. Reis. "Cardiovascular risk factors and accelerated cognitive decline in midlife." Neurology 95, no. 7 (July 15, 2020): e839-e846. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000010078.

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ObjectiveIncreasing evidence supports an association between midlife cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) and risk of dementia, but less is known about whether CVRFs influence cognition in midlife. We examined the relationship between CVRFs and midlife cognitive decline.MethodsIn 2,675 black and white middle-aged adults (mean age 50.2 ± 3.6 years, 57% female, 45% black), we measured CVRFs at baseline: hypertension (31%), diabetes mellitus (11%), obesity (43%), high cholesterol (9%), and current cigarette smoking (15%). We administered cognitive tests of memory, executive function, and processing speed at baseline and 5 years later. Using logistic regression, we estimated the association of CVRFs with accelerated cognitive decline (race-specific decline ≥1.5 SD from the mean change) on a composite cognitive score.ResultsFive percent (n = 143) of participants had accelerated cognitive decline over 5 years. Smoking, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus were associated with an increased likelihood of accelerated decline after multivariable adjustment (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.65, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00–2.71; AOR 1.87, 95% CI 1.26–2.75; AOR 2.45, 95% CI 1.54–3.88, respectively), while obesity and high cholesterol were not associated with risk of decline. These results were similar when stratified by race. The likelihood of accelerated decline also increased with greater number of CVRFs (1–2 CVRFs: AOR 1.77, 95% CI 1.02–3.05; ≥3 CVRFs: AOR 2.94, 95% CI 1.64–5.28) and with Framingham Coronary Heart Disease Risk Score ≥10 (AOR 2.29, 95% CI 1.21–4.34).ConclusionsMidlife CVRFs, especially hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and smoking, are common and associated with accelerated cognitive decline at midlife. These results identify potential modifiable targets to prevent midlife cognitive decline and highlight the need for a life course approach to cognitive function and aging.

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Yorgason, Jeremy B., Melanie S. Hill, Hailey Wellar, Lance Erickson, and Shawn Gale. "DO PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL FACTORS MODERATE LINKS BETWEEN CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH AND COGNITION IN LATER LIFE?" Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S647—S648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2404.

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Abstract Cardiovascular health is related to cognition in later life (Samieri, 2018). Psychological factors, such as depressive symptoms, have been linked with cardiovascular health (Thomas, Kalaria, & O’Brien, 2004). Marital quality, an important indicator of social connection, has been linked with cardiovascular response (Seider et al., 2009), and both depression and marital satisfaction are linked with a quicker recovery from heart attacks (Keller, 1998). Depressive symptoms and marital quality may buffer links between cardiovascular health and cognitive functioning. The purpose of this study was to examine cardiovascular links with cognition, in connection with depressive symptoms and marital quality. Using data from 864 participants of the Life and Family Legacy study (Mean age = 61.78), we examined predictors from 2010 in relation to cognition measured in 2017/2018. Word recall and computation subscales of the Minnesota Cognitive Acuity Screen (MCAS) were used to assess cognitive functioning. Results from multiple regression models indicated that after controlling for age, gender, education, income, and marital status, having hypertension and higher depressive symptoms were predictive of word recall. Lower depressive symptoms were also predictive of higher computation scores. Depression did not moderate links between cardiovascular health and cognitive functioning. Among married participants (n=632), positive marital quality had no main effect nor moderating association with cardiovascular health predicting cognitive functioning. Further research is needed to better understand how biological, psychological, and social factors interact to affect cognition in later life. Longitudinal work should track these associations in context of cognitive changes with aging.

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McCleery, A., M. F. Green, G. S. Hellemann, L. E. Baade, J. M. Gold, R. S. E. Keefe, R. S. Kern, et al. "Latent structure of cognition in schizophrenia: a confirmatory factor analysis of the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)." Psychological Medicine 45, no. 12 (April 28, 2015): 2657–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715000641.

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BackgroundThe number of separable cognitive dimensions in schizophrenia has been debated. Guided by the extant factor analytic literature, the NIMH Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) initiative selected seven cognitive domains relevant to treatment studies in schizophrenia: speed of processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, and social cognition. These domains are assessed in the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). The aim of this study was to conduct a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the beta battery of the MCCB to compare the fit of the MATRICS consensus seven-domain model to other models in the current literature on cognition in schizophrenia.MethodUsing data from 281 schizophrenia outpatients, we compared the seven correlated factors model with alternative models. Specifically, we compared the 7-factor model to (a) a single-factor model, (b) a three correlated factors model including speed of processing, working memory, and general cognition, and (c) a hierarchical model in which seven first-order factors loaded onto a second-order general cognitive factor.ResultsMultiple fit indices indicated the seven correlated factors model was the best fit for the data and provided significant improvement in model fit beyond the comparison models.ConclusionsThese results support the assessment of these seven cognitive dimensions in clinical trials of interventions to improve cognition in schizophrenia. Because these cognitive factors are separable to some degree, it is plausible that specific interventions may have differential effects on the domains.

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CHIESI, FRANCESCA, and CATERINA PRIMI. "COGNITIVE AND NON-COGNITIVE FACTORS RELATED TO STUDENTS’ STATISTICS ACHIEVEMENT." STATISTICS EDUCATION RESEARCH JOURNAL 9, no. 1 (May 30, 2010): 6–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.52041/serj.v9i1.385.

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The aim of this study was to investigate students’ achievement in introductory statistics courses taking into account the relationships between cognitive and non-cognitive factors. It was hypothesised that achievement was related to background in mathematics (a cognitive variable), as well as to attitudes toward statistics and anxiety (non-cognitive variables). Students were presented with measures assessing their attitudes, mathematical competence, and anxiety toward courses and examinations at the beginning and at the end of their statistics course. Achievement was assessed by tasks assigned during the course, as well as by students’ final grades and the number of exam failures. The results reveal the reationships between cognitive and non-cognitive factors, their changes during the course, and how both interact in predicting achievement. First published May 2010 at Statistics Education Research Journal: Archives

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Privado, Jesús, Miren Pérez-Eizaguirre, Marta Martínez-Rodríguez, and Luis Ponce-de-León. "Cognitive and non-cognitive factors as predictors of academic performance." Learning and Individual Differences 116 (December 2024): 102536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2024.102536.

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Owen, Bradford, and Matt Riggs. "Transportation, need for cognition, and affective disposition as factors in enjoyment of film narratives." Scientific Study of Literature 2, no. 1 (August 13, 2012): 128–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ssol.2.1.08owe.

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This article proposes and empirically tests a theoretical model in which need for cognition and affective disposition influence viewers’ transportation (absorption in a narrative) which in turn influences enjoyment of the narrative. Using two re-edited versions of the feature film Memento (Nolan, 2000) and the original film as treatments intended to produce varying levels of cognitive challenge, the researchers conducted an experiment with 91 participants. Structural equation modeling analysis results strongly support the model overall; strongly support need for cognition and affective disposition as significant influences on transportation; and strongly support for transportation influencing enjoyment. No significant support was found for the proposed moderating influence of cognitive challenge presented by the narrative on need for cognition or for cognitive challenge as a main influence on transportation.

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Jeon, So Yeon, and Jeong Lan Kim. "Caregiving for a Spouse with Cognitive Impairment: Effects on Nutrition and Other Lifestyle Factors." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 84, no. 3 (November 23, 2021): 995–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-210694.

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Background: Being a spousal caregiver (SCG) for a patient with cognitive impairment is well known to be associated with increased risk for dementia and cognitive decline. Objective: This study examined the impact of the care-recipient’s cognitive status on lifestyle factors influencing cognitive decline in SCGs, focusing on nutritional status and blood biomarkers. Methods: Fifty-one SCGs participated (mean age 73.5±7.0 years) in this study. All participants underwent clinical assessment including the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), Geriatric Depression Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and International Physical Activity Questionnaire to evaluate lifestyle factors, and the Mini-Mental State Examination to assess global cognition. Also, nutritional blood biomarkers were measured. Results: SCGs caring for a demented spouse showed significantly higher depression scores (t = –3.608, p = 0.001) and malnutrition risk (t = 2.894, p = 0.006) compared to those caring for a non-demented spouse. Decreased care recipients’ cognition was significantly correlated with higher GDS (β= –0.593, t = –4.471, p < 0.001) and higher MNA scores (β= 0.315, t = 2.225, p = 0.031) and lower level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (β= 0.383, t = 2.613, p = 0.012) in their SCGs. Gender had moderating effects on association of care-recipients’ cognition with sleep quality (B[SE] = 0.400[0.189], p = 0.041) and HDL cholesterol (B[SE] = –1.137[0.500], p = 0.028) among SCGs. Poorer care-recipient’s cognition was associated with worse sleep quality and low HDL cholesterol among wives but not husband caregivers. Conclusion: This study provides substantial evidence that SCGs are at risk for depression and malnutrition, which can further affect cognitive decline. As such, these factors should be well assessed and monitored among SCGs for patient with cognitive impairment.

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Alosaimi, Fahad D., Alaa AlMulhem, Mario Moscovici, Hanan AlShalan, Mohammad Alqazlan, Abdulgader Aldaif, and Sanjeev Sockalingam. "The Relationship between Psychosocial Factors and Cognition in Multiple Sclerosis." Behavioural Neurology 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6847070.

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Introduction. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common disorder in some regions of the world, with over 2.3 million people diagnosed worldwide. Cognitive impairment is one of the earliest symptoms to present in the course of the disease and can cause significant morbidity. We proposed a study to explore the psychosocial predictors of cognitive impairment in MS patients in Saudi Arabia, a previously unexplored patient population. Methods. Demographic data, depression scale (PHQ9), symptom burden (PHQ15), anxiety (GAD7), disease duration, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) scores were collected from 195 patients in a neurology clinic in Ryiadh, Saudi Arabia. Univariate and multiple regression analyses were conducted to identify variables that are significantly associated with cognitive impairment. Results. Variables that were identified to be significantly associated with cognition, p<0.05, were education level, disease duration, and family history. Discussion. Both education level and disease duration were variables identified in previous studies. We showed family history to be a significant variable, and no association was found with depression or anxiety, which is unique to our study population. Conclusions. We identified several psychosocial predictors that are associated with cognition in our patient population. It was also noted that a difference exists between patient populations, highlighting the need for further studies in specific geographical regions.

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Cheung, Ethan Siu Leung, and Ada Mui. "Does Cognitive Status Moderate the Relationship between Environmental Factors and Self-Reported Health?" Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2662.

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Abstract Using data from NHATS Round 9, the present study examines the relationships between environmental factors and self-reported health among older adults with dementia, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and normal cognition. Based on neighborhood stress process theory, we investigate the following questions: 1) Are there associations between dwelling safety hazards and neighborhood environments and self-reported health? 2) Is cognitive status a moderator between the relationship? 3) How do these associations differ between older adults with varying cognitive status (i.e., dementia, MCI, and normal cognition)? A hierarchical linear regression analyses are conducted. Results indicate that better quality of sidewalk surface and neighborhood social cohesion are associated with better self-reported health, after taking into account sociodemographic, health, and social factors. Interaction terms are then used to examine the moderating effects of cognitive status on the associations; four interactions terms are found to be statistically significant. Lastly, separate linear regression analyses are implemented for the dementia, MCI, and normal cognition groups. Findings show that the predicting power of environmental factors vary by cognitive status of older adults. For individuals with dementia, tripping hazards, cluttered home, and community disconnectedness are associated with poor self-reported health. However, no significant relationship was found for older adults with MCI. For older adults with normal cognition, better quality of sidewalk surface and neighborhood social cohesion predict better self-rated health scores. Findings of this study illuminate the important role of a hazard-free home, community walkability, and socially cohesive neighborhood environments in predicting better health status of older adults.

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Satti, Raja Rizwan Ul haq, Syed Abdul Rasheed, Rubab Gul, and Muhammad Hammad Athar. "Frequency of Cognitive Decline in Asthma Patients and Associated Socio-Demographic Factors." Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal 72, SUPPL-2 (May 31, 2022): S114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.51253/pafmj.v72isuppl-2.2447.

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Objective: To look for the relationship of various factors along with frequency of decline in cognition among the patients suffering from asthma. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Medicine department, Pak Emirates Military Hospital Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Aug to Oct 2018. Methodology: One hundred and thirty-five asthma patients with duration of illness for more than a year evaluated by classified medical specialist or pulmonologist were recruited in this study. Decline in the cognition was recorded by the help of the British Columbia Cognitive Complaints Inventory (BC-CCI). Various socio-demographic factors were also correlated with the decline in cognition among these patients suffering from asthma. Results: Out of 135 patients of asthma, 68 (50.4%) patients did not show any decline in cognition, 45 (33.3%) patients showed mild decline, 16 (11.8%) patients had moderate while 06 (4.4%) patients had severe cognitive decline on this screening instrument. Mean age of the patients participating in this study was 40.64 ± 3.12 years. Mean duration of illness among these patients of asthma was 5.29 ± 3.58 years. Use of more than one pharmacological agent for control of asthma and longer duration of asthma were significantly correlated with the presence of decline in cognition among the patients suffering from asthma (p-value <0.05). Conclusion: High risk patients for cognitive decline in our study were patients with long standing asthma or those using multiple medications for the control of asthma. Decline in cognitive ability emerged as a significant problem in the asthmatics who have .........

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Md., Shamsuzzaman, Ridwanul Huq, Muhammad Ziaulhaq Mamun, and Mushtaque Ahmed. "Developing Country Teenagers’ Consumption Related Cognition Through Involvement in Television Commercial (Tvc): A Multi-item Measurement Scale." Journal of Business and Economics 10, no. 5 (May 20, 2019): 438–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15341/jbe(2155-7950)/05.10.2019/006.

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The core intention of the researchers is to develop and confirm a multi-item measurement scale for consumption related cognition through teenagers’ involvement in Television Commercial (TVC) of developing country like Bangladesh. Another important purpose of this research is to understand the influence of TV advertisements on consumption related cognition of developing countries’ teenagers. Very limited research has been conducted on consumption related cognition through involvement of TVC, even though it is the fundamental step which activates any consumers’ — especially teenagers’ — buying stimuli. Among the limited ones conducted, most of the research work has focused on scale items, such as product knowledge, consumer perception, purchasing intention, brand perception and product usage without providing any importance to complex variable or factors of consumption related cognition from which the scale items derive. Hence, an elaborated multi step research method has been used to find out and refine both the complex and simple variables of consumption related cognition through TVC involvement. Research findings have been statistically verified using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis techniques. This research has revealed six main complex variables or factors namely consumption related- cognitive awareness, cognitive knowledge, cognitive mapping, cognitive linkage, cognitive complexity and cognitive skills. Four to five multi item measurement scales have been derived from each of the six factors.

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Sarter, Nadine, and Martin Sarter. "Neuroergonomics: Opportunities and challenges of merging cognitive neuroscience with cognitive ergonomics." Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science 4, no. 1-2 (January 2003): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1463922021000020882.

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Papantonopoulos, S., and G. Salvendy. "Analytic Cognitive Task Allocation: a decision model for cognitive task allocation." Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science 9, no. 2 (November 13, 2007): 155–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14639220600765386.

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