Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Cognitive discrepancy”

Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.
Thesis research directed by: Communication. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

Many studies have investigated problems with the ability achievement discrepancy (AAD) method of diagnosing specific learning disabilities (SLDs). The definition of an SLD includes the presence of a deficit in one or more cognitive processing systems. Researchers in other studies found that the AAD method overdiagnoses English language learners and students from low socioeconomic backgrounds, and underdiagnoses students with cognitive processing deficits. Although SLD diagnostic methods have been widely researched, much less information is available regarding SLD diagnostic methods that predict important student outcomes, such as high school completion. The General Abilities Index (GAI) is an SLD diagnostic method that can identify cognitive processing deficits. This study examined the relationships between cognitive processing deficits and the GAI method, high school completion status, performance on state standards assessments, and SLD eligibility. Using a multivariate, nonexperimental design, this study analyzed 149 datasets from records of students tested for an SLD between 1996 to 2013. A GLM analysis found that several types of cognitive processing deficits predicted math and writing performance on the state standards assessment and predicted not being diagnosed with an SLD, while the GAI method failed to predict any relationship with the dependent variables. Positive social changes from this study may include improved SLD diagnostic practices and improved educational interventions that target the cognitive processing deficits. Improved educational outcomes for SLD persons may reduce the high rates of unemployment, substance abuse, and incarceration experienced by the adult SLD population.

Les employés sont confrontés à plusieurs situations où ils ressentent le décalage entre leurs croyances et leurs comportements, ce qui crée un sentiment de détresse, impactant leur prise de décision et leurs comportements au travail. Cette étude visait à acquérir des connaissances approfondies sur la dissonance cognitive du point de vue de divers employés. La première qualitative explique les antécédents et les effets possibles de la dissonance cognitive, en analysant 30 semi-entretiens d'employés d'universités, de banques et de multinationales. La deuxième étude a examiné les relations entre la dissonance cognitive et la satisfaction au travail, l'intention de départ, la performance au travail et le comportement voice des employés. Il a analysé l'effet médiateur de l'éthique du travail dans ces relations, analysant 304 réponses du Pakistan. Les résultats ont également révélé que l'éthique du travail était un médiateur important dans les relations hypothétiques. La troisième étude a analysé les relations entre la dissonance cognitive sur le comportement au travail des employés et les attitudes dans les deux cultures nationales. Les données ont été recueillies auprès de 538 répondants de divers secteurs. Les résultats de l'analyse de régression hiérarchique ont trouvé des relations significatives. Une analyse plus poussée a montré que les salariés français étaient plus enclins à l'intention de départ. Leurs comportements voice ont eu un effet moins négatif dans les situations dissonantes que ceux des employés pakistanais. Cependant, deux hypothèses concernant l'effet modérateur de la culture sur la satisfaction au travail et le rendement au travail n'ont pas été acceptées
Employees face several situations where they feel the discrepancy between their beliefs and behaviors, which create a distressful feeling, impacting their decision-making and work behaviors. This study focused on gaining in-depth knowledge about cognitive dissonance from various employees’ viewpoints. The first qualitative part explains antecedents and effects of cognitive dissonance, analyzing 30 semi-interviews of employees of universities, banks, and MNCs. The second study investigated the relationships between Cognitive dissonance and job satisfaction, turnover intention, job performance, and employee voice behavior. It analyzed the mediating effect of work ethics in these relationships, analyzing 304 responses from Pakistan. Regression analysis results found significant associations between cognitive dissonance and the dependent variables. Results also found work ethics to be a significant mediator in the hypothesized relationships. The third study analyzed the relationships between Cognitive dissonance on employees’ work behavior and attitudes in two national cultures. The data were collected from 538 respondents from various sectors in France and Pakistan. Hierarchical regression analysis results found significant relationships between cognitive dissonance and employee voice behavior, job satisfaction, job performance, and turnover intention. Further analysis showed that the French employees were more prone to turnover intention. Their voice behaviors had a less negative effect in dissonant situations than those of Pakistani employees. However, two hypotheses regarding the moderating effect of culture on job satisfaction and job performance were not accepted

Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD) have historically been difficult to define and measure which has led to uncertainty and controversy. The current study explored the practices of identifying specific learning disabilities in Kentucky by surveying school psychologist practitioners in the state. Information was obtained about current practices with regard to RTI implementation and methods and data used for SLD identification as well as the roles that school psychologists take in the response to intervention (RTI) process. The sample consisted of 97 current or recently (within the past year) practicing school psychologists from 45 districts across the state. It was predicted that the use of RTI data for SLD identification would be associated with the length of time a district had been implementing RTI. The data did not support such a relationship. The majority of the districts represented by respondents were noted to be beyond an initial implementation of RTI practices. Responses to questions regarding the implementation of core features of RTI were grouped into High Implementation (HI; n = 45) and Low Implementation (LI; n = 41) groups. An independent samples t-test found a significant difference between the HI and LI groups for the quality of implementation. The HI group evidenced higher quality ratings than the LI. The use of RTI data as the most frequent method for SLD determination was noted for 30.9% of respondents as opposed to 0% prior to 2007. However, severe discrepancy was the most preferred method (59.3%) used for determining placement followed by RTI (28.4%) and a pattern of strengths and weaknesses (4.9%). Districts were also not likely to utilize non-preferred types of data if a student transferred into their district with that non-preferred data. Finally, the roles of school psychologists in the RTI process were explored. Great variability was found across practitioners with regard to the roles they actively have in the RTI process; however, practitioners in the HI group generally were more involved in the RTI process than those in the LI group. The findings are discussed with regard to the current national SLD identification practices and the limitations of the current findings.

In this thesis I explore the social construction of sexuality and sexual dysfunction. Interviews were undertaken with 20 sex therapists practising in Aotearoa/New Zealand in order to elicit accounts of contemporary sex therapy practice in the local context. Using a feminist poststructuralist lens, I explicate and critically examine the dominant discourses informing the construction of sex therapy, and heterosexual sexual relations, and what these discourses enable and constrain. I draw attention to some of the assumptions embedded in the construction of the sexual dysfunctions in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR, APA, 2000), and in accounts of sex therapy practice, examining the ways in which these are based on taken-for-granted norms of (hetero)sexuality and highlighting the differently enabled gendered sexual subjectivities they (re)produce. Although there are nine sexual dysfunctions identified in the DSM-IV-TR, all of which I briefly outline in Chapter Four, I restrict my focus in the analytical chapters to the conceptualisation and treatment of vaginismus, orgasm difficulties in women, discrepancies in desire and, relatedly, the gendering of desire through powerful sociocultural discourses and representations. I pay particular attention to the implications of these for heterosexual women’s sexuality. I also explore some of the generic concepts that dominate the construction of therapy at a broader level than that of sex therapy alone, arguing that while these offer some useful ways of framing therapy they also constrain therapy practice in important ways. Through a critical review of the sex therapy literature and accounts of practice from those interviewed, I contend that contemporary sex therapy tends to reify dominant cultural and sexological norms rather than challenge them. My analyses show that the dominant discourses informing constructions of sex therapy and heterosexual sexual relations produce particular types of sex as normal whilst marginalizing sexual acts or practices that fall outside of such restrictive parameters. In particular, I argue that the genital-coital-orgasm construct that is hegemonic within sex therapy restricts possibilities for alternative erotic pleasures and possibilities amongst heterosexuals whilst contributing to the invisibilization of sexual identities other than heterosexual. Accounts of sex therapy practice that were able to contest such framings are also highlighted. Because these came from sex therapists drawing on radical feminist or feminist poststructuralist discourses, I suggest that these discourses offer important possibilities for a deconstructive (sex) therapy practice that is able to challenge an often inequitable sexual status quo. Attention is also drawn to the significant constraints which act to restrict clients’ choices and possibilities for sex therapists to practise in more critically questioning ways. I conclude this thesis with an ‘invitation to reflection’ where I briefly discuss some deconstructive approaches that I have found useful for developing ongoing reflexive analysis of my own taken-for-granted assumptions in the area of sexuality, and for aiding my thinking about therapeutic practices that support my political and theoretical commitments and that attend to some of the issues outlined in this thesis.
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碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
設計研究所
98
Toy product is an interesting product type whose design initiation is based upon play, fun and interests. More interesting situation is that the purchaser (e.g., parents and other adults) and user (child) is different. Toy product design needs to meet both purchaser and user’s requests, not only purchasers usually do not know the users’ needs and favorite, but also users could not express their opinions clearly. This causes the communication block between purchaser, user, and product itself. Mexico has a population of 107 million, and 35 million children were under 12 ages and parents dote on their children too much. Mexico has 2 billion US dollar toy market size which is the second large market in the South America and is the door to enter the North America market. This study analyzes the culture cognitive discrepancy between Taiwan and Mexico regarding their habitual behavior in order to design ride-on products that can meet the requirements of the local market. The first stage of this study summarized current situations by using questions, infor-mation gathering, and cognitive discrepancy from the market and the consumers. The sec-ond stage was proceeded by a pilot study to compare culture cognitive discrepancy be-tween these two markets. The 3rd stage of this study integrated both the first and the second study stages and referred to related literature to create three cross-culture ride-on products for the experimental purpose. This study adopted a mixed factorial design, i.e., a two (Tai-wan and Mexico) by three (3 ride-on products) design. The results generated from this study revealed that: (1) Ride-on product design needs to have not only the difference on the appearance, but also should be equipped with interesting design topics or features; (2) The evaluation criteria should consider racial characteristics; (3) The designed should pro-vide the user with more than they want; (4) Living style and environment will decide the playing location and style; (5) Product quality and features should be maintained; (6) Pub-lic security is important. The design of ride-on toys needs to consider both indoor and other usage conditions, not just the general environment; (7) Price is a primary factor in Mexico market; (8) Mexico survey candidates show preference on model style which is the same as Taiwanese.

The impact of body image-related variables in eating psychopathology may be influenced by different emotion regulation processes. This study aims to clarify the distinct effect of cognitive fusion and body appreciation, in the relationship between body image discrepancy and disordered eating, while controlling the effect of BMI in a sample of 369 women. The model explained 67% of eating psychopathology’s variance and results, tested via path analysis, indicated that women who perceived their body as significantly discrepant from the social and culturally ideal thin figure, have a greater tendency to engage in disordered eating behaviours. This association is partially carried by distinct emotion regulation processes, namely body image-related cognitive fusion and body appreciation. Furthermore, results offer relevant contributions for research and clinical practice in the field of body image and eating difficulties providing empirical support for targeting cognitive defusion and self-compassionate attitude as protective emotion regulation strategies against eating psychopathology.

博士
義守大學
管理研究所博士班
98
Under the condition of economic distress, such as East Asia financial crisis in 1997, Internet bubble in 2001, and the world economic crisis in 2008, it is very common to cut cost for firms to ensure short-term survival. Do firms still increase their R&D intensity to sustain competitive advantage for long-term survival? This research introduces cognition into the relationship between performance feedback and innovation. The organizational and managerial cognition perspection is used to complement problem search and slack search theories in examining how strategic cognition affect firm’s innovation decision when firms experience poor experience. To facilitate firms'' decisions and actions, mental models act as filtering information and interpretation based on existing knowledge structure. The interpretation influences future decision making and action. For my opinion, other than main effects on strategic decision making, ie, R&D investment, the shifts of attention focus may be on their aspiration level and function of available slacks, and, then, moderate the relationships between problemistic/slack search and R&D intensity. I examine this framework using financial reports of public corporations in Taiwan semiconductor industry from 1997 to 2009 to test the predictions of performance feedback model. In order to empirically test main effect and moderate effects of CEO’s attention focus, content analysis of Letters to shareholders (LTS) is used to capture firm’s relative cognitive strategic types, drawing from Miles & Snow (1978). The empirical results of panel regression model suggest that TMT’ cognition has distinctive effects on the performance feedback model.

Tese de doutoramento em Psicologia (Psicologia Social), apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa através da Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, 1993
Even with the benefit of hindsight and after more than 10 years, Hastie and Kumar's results (Hastie & Kumar, 1979) can still strike us as unexpected. And given the state of the art in cognitive and social psychology at that time, they must have seemed then even more surprising. It is little wonder, thus, the sheer amount of relevant research and ideas they triggered. The above mentioned results are, of course, the "incongruency effect," that is, information incongruent with an expectancy is better recalled than congruent information. The reasons for the unexpectedness of this effect lie in the convergent support that had been accumulating for the view of the social perceiver as someone with a very distinct aversion for dissonance (Festinger, 1957; but see also Pina Prata, 1976), belief or stereotype change (Allport, 1954; Hamilton & Rose, 1980), impression revision (Anderson & Hubert, 1963; Asch, 1946), hypothesis disconfirmation (Bruner & Potter, 1964; Mynatt, Doherty & Tweeney, 1977; Wason & Johnson-Laird, 1972) or information unrelated to an activated schema (Rummelhart & Ortony, 1977) . Nevertheless, expected or not, the incongruency effect is now quite respectable, robust, reasonably well documented and delimited (for reviews see Higgins & Bargh, 1987; Rojahn & Pettigrew, 1992; Srull & Wyer, 1989; Stangor & McMillan, 1992; Wyer, 1989; Wyer & Srull, 1986, 1989). This fact alone made conceptual attempts to reconcile the incongruency effect with the several "congruency biases" just referred to (e.g., belief perseverance, confirmation bias or schema filter) almost unavoidable. Unfortunately there are reasons to believe that these efforts have not been completely successful in achieving the desired reconciliation. A more detailed discussion of them will be provided in a later section. In this dissertation a new attempt to develop a satisfactory solution for the dilemma at hand will be made. The solution will be specifically targeted at one of the effects apparently incompatible with the incongruency effect - the expectancy-based illusory correlation, that is, the tendency to overestimate the frequency of occurrences that are congruent with a previously held expectancy (Hamilton & Rose, 1980; see also Chapman & Chapman, 1967, 1969, 1971). The reasons for focusing on a specific effect and for choosing this particular one, are: i) the fact the illusory correlation effect, like the incongruency effect, is very robust; ii) the similarity of the Hamilton and Rose (1980) experimental paradigm with the one used by Hastie and Kumar (1979) ; and iii) the belief that attempting the integration will provide a deeper understanding of both effects. This introduction will first briefly present the Hastie-Srull experimental paradigm, the typical pattern of results and the basic characteristics of the Hastie-Srull model.Then, a section of the dissertation will deal with previous attempts to reconcile the incongruency effect with discrepant results and another section to the related topic of the interconnections between memory and judgment. Next, the illusory correlation effect will be presented succinctly, a new conceptual integration will be attempted and finally four experiments targeted at this integration will be reported.