Rozprawy doktorskie: „Cognitive-Behavioural Theory”

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Raylu, Namrata N. "Testing a cognitive behavioural theory and treatment of problem gambling /". [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18390.pdf.

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Baker, David. "Developing a theory of psychopathological perfectionism within a cognitive behavioural framework". Thesis, University of Derby, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10545/325046.

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Background: Psychological perfectionism, from a clinical perspective, started to be a topic of interest for cognitive behavioural clinicians at the beginning of the 1950s. Whilst many studies have identified perfectionism as a pivotal motivator in different conditions of neurosis, the exact nature of its interactions remains unclear. In the research community there is still a debate as to whether there is such a thing as good perfectionism, and there remains no consensual theory of psychopathological perfectionism. Aims: The aim of the study was to investigate why the nature of the phenomena remains a contentious issue, and to develop a robust theory of psychopathological perfectionism, within a cognitive behavioural framework, which will find general acceptance. From the literature review this appears to be the first qualitative study to develop such a theory. Method: Substantive grounded theory was developed within a framework of methodical hermeneutics which, it is argued, is capable of generating formative theory. 20 volunteers who came forward in response to advertisements became participants in semi-structured interviews using a post classic qualitative methodology, from which emerging data became the basis of categories leading to the development of the theory, and functions of the phenomena. Results and Conclusions: The study sets out reasons why there remains an impasse amongst researchers and clinicians about the condition of psychopathological perfectionism. A parsimonious theory of pathological perfectionism has been developed, the constructs of which are just necessary and sufficient to describe the condition. The developed theory makes a contribution to theories proposed prior to 1990 and to contemporary research. However as with all theories it is necessarily provisional, so that its usefulness is in need of further research and development. Psychopathological perfectionism has only two constructs, namely a demand to achieve perfectionism in at least one idiosyncratic sphere, which is in response to a core schema of conditional worth. A number of symptoms or functions of psychopathological perfectionism have also been identified, and there are suggestions as to how the condition develops and is maintained to the detriment of the sufferer. The study synthesizes over fifty years of theory and research into the phenomena. The developed theory and its symptoms or functions have important implications for clinical interventions, training, and for further psychological and psychosocial research. These implications are discussed.

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Frzina, Jasmina. "Clients' experiences of relational depth within Cognitive Behavioural Therapy". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.632306.

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Background: Relational depth (RD) is gaining empirical attention as a well-articulated phenomenon within therapeutic relationship literature. Despite this, with the exception of a small number of client-focused studies, research of this issue is relatively sparse and predominantly reflects upon therapeutic work from a person-centred orientation. Aims and Methods: The aim of this research was to explore clients’ experiences of RD within individual Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. Eight clients, who had self-identified at least one helpful relational moment with their therapist, were interviewed about their experience. The interviews were transcribed and analysed employing Grounded Theory methods. Findings and Discussion: Four core categories emerged from the analysis. These were: (1) the experience of the therapist, (2) the experience of self, (3) the experience of the therapy relationship, and (4) the perceived impact/effects of the moment of RD. Each core category and the corresponding subordinate codes are described by illustrative quotes from the participants. Following this, each finding is discussed in relation to RD research and beyond. Conclusions: This research project ultimately demonstrates that clients who have worked with a cognitive behavioural therapist can and do experience RD during their individual therapy. The like-by-like comparison of the findings with previous RD research indicated a high degree of convergence. Nevertheless, when differences are present, clients’ RD experience is influenced and to some extent contained by dissimilarity in experience between therapist and non-therapist clients. This is also manifested through theoretical differences of the given therapeutic approach. No negative impact or effect was described by the clients as a result of their experience of a moment of RD. The implications of the findings are highlighted and future research is suggested.

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Newey, Ian. "Evaluating cognitive therapy for young men with Asperger's syndrome : targeting secondary anxiety through the teaching of theory of mind". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246965.

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Burgess, Moser Melissa. "The Cognitive-affective and Behavioural Impact of Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy". Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23175.

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Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy (EFT; Johnson, 2004) addresses relationship distress by facilitating the development of new patterns of interaction between partners. These new patterns of interaction are based on partners' vulnerable acknowledgement and expression of attachment needs. Partners' engagement in these new patterns of interaction is thought to improve their relationship-specific attachment bond. Although previous studies have shown EFT to result in excellent relationship satisfaction outcomes (Johnson, Hunsley, Greenberg & Schindler, 1999), research had yet clearly to demonstrate if and how EFT facilitates increases in partners' relationship-specific models attachment security over the course of therapy. To address this research gap, the current study employed Hierarchical Linear Modelling (HLM; Singer & Willet, 2003) to investigate the pattern of change in couples' (n=32) self-reported relationship satisfaction and relationship-specific attachment over the course of EFT. Couples reported significant linear increases in their relationship satisfaction and significant linear decreases in their relationship-specific attachment avoidance over the course of therapy. Couples who completed the blamer-softening therapeutic change event (n=16) demonstrated significant linear decreases in their relationship-specific attachment anxiety after completing this event. Decreases in relationship-specific attachment anxiety predicted increases in couples' relationship satisfaction over the course of therapy. Couples also demonstrated significant increases in the security of their pre-post-therapy relationship-specific attachment behaviour, as coded Secure Base Scoring System (Crowell, Treboux, Gao, Fyffe, Pan & Waters, 2002). The current study also used HLM (Singer & Willet, 2003) to examine how the completion of blamer-softening impacted softened couples' relationship-specific attachment anxiety, and whether the completion of blamer-softening had a similar impact on softened couples' relationship-specific attachment avoidance and relationship satisfaction. Softened couples reported an immediate increase in relationship satisfaction and immediate decrease relationship-specific attachment avoidance at the softening session. Further, softened couples' post-softening decreases in relationship-specific attachment anxiety were initially preceded by an increase at the softening session. These results provided an understanding of how EFT leads to increases in couples' relationship-specific attachment security. These results provide support for the use of attachment theory in the treatment of relationship distress, and also provide an illustration of how attachment can shift over the course of a therapeutic intervention.

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Strachan, Shaelyn. "An Identity Theory and Social Cognitive Theory Examination of the Role of Identity in Health Behaviour and Behavioural Regulation". Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/729.

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The self has been identified as the ?psychological apparatus that allows individuals to think consciously about themselves? (Leary & Price Tangney, 2003, p. 8). Further, the self has been identified as a worthwhile construct of investigation in relation to health behaviour (Contrada & Ashmore, 1999). Two self-related variables that have been useful in the study of health behaviour are identity (e. g. Anderson, Cychosz, & Franke, 1998; Petosa, Suminski & Hortz, 2003; Storer, Cychosz, & Anderson, 1997) and self-efficacy (Maddux, Brawley & Boykin, 1995). Identity Theory posits that individuals regulate their behaviour in a manner that is consistent with their goal identity (Gecas & Burke, 2003). Social Cognitive Theory provides a means of measuring social cognitions that may be important in behavioural regulation relative to identity. Further, self-efficacy beliefs may influence individuals? persistence at aligning their identity and behaviour. Research to date has investigated the link between identity and exercise (e. g. Anderson, Cychosz & Franke, 1998; Petosa, et al. , 2003). Further, researchers are beginning to investigate the link between identity and other health behaviours (e. g. Armitage & Conner, 1999; Kendzierski and Costello, 2004; Storer, Cychosz, & Andersen, 1997). However, research has not utilized the predictive frameworks offered by Identity Theory and Social Cognitive Theory to investigate the relationships between identity, behaviour and behavioural regulation.

Study One investigated the role of identity and self-efficacy beliefs in the maintenance of vigorous physical activity. Results were consistent with both Identity Theory and Social Cognitive Theory. Individuals who strongly identified with the runner identity expressed stronger task and self-regulatory efficacy beliefs. They also exercised more frequently and for longer durations than did those who only moderately identified with running.

Study Two further explored the relationship between exercise identity, exercise behaviour and the self-regulatory processes involved in behavioural regulation. Identity Theory and Social Cognitive Theory were used as guiding frameworks for this investigation. High and moderate exercise identity groups were compared in term of their affective and cognitive reactions to a hypothetical behavioural challenge to exercise identity. Consistent with Identity Theory, results indicated that participants appeared to be regulating their behaviour in a manner that was consistent with their exercise identity. Specifically, in response to the behavioural challenge to identity, high exercise identity participants, in contrast to their moderate counterparts, showed (a) less positive and (b) greater negative affect about the challenge, (c) higher self-regulatory efficacy for future exercise under the same challenging conditions, (d) stronger intentions for this future exercise, as well as for (e) using self-regulatory strategies to manage the challenging conditions and (f) intending to exercise more frequently under those conditions.

Study Three investigated whether identity with healthy eating could also be useful in understanding behaviour and behavioural regulation. Similar to Study Two, extreme healthy-eater identity groups? reactions to a hypothetical behavioural challenge to identity were compared. Results were similar to Study Two. Participants responded in a manner that suggested that they would regulate their future behaviour relative to their healthy-eater identity. In response to the behavioural challenge to identity, individuals who highly identified as healthy-eaters expressed less (a) positive affect, greater (b) negative affect, (c) self-regulatory efficacy for managing their healthy eating in the future challenging weeks, (d) intentions to eat a healthy diet, (e) generated more self-regulatory strategies and had (f) stronger intentions to use those strategies in future weeks under the same challenging conditions than did individuals who moderately identified themselves as healthy-eaters. Further, prospective relationships between healthy-eater identity and social cognitive variables, and healthy eating outcomes were examined. As was found in Study One in the context of exercise, healthy-eater identity and social cognitions predicted healthy eating outcomes.

Taken together, the three studies suggest that identity may be important in understanding health behaviours and the regulation of these behaviours. Also, the present findings support the compatible use of Identity Theory and Social Cognitive Theory in the investigation of identity and health behaviour.

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Carroll, Amy. "Cognitive behavioural therapy skills in children : the role of executive function, empathy and theory of mind". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2013. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/48090/.

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Background and Research Aims: Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) has become an increasingly popular frontline treatment in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (Benjamin et al., 2011) and treatment efficacy with children has received significant empirical attention (Graham & Reynolds, 2013). The adaptation of CBT for children has led to the development of tasks intended to assess core CBT skills (such as distinguishing between and linking thoughts, feelings and behaviours, Quakley, 2002). The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between three developmental modalities (executive functioning, empathy and theory of mind) and performance on tasks assessing CBT skill. The developmental modalities were hypothesised to be related to both the demands placed on children by the CBT skills tasks, and to children’s ability to engage in CBT. Method: A quasi-experimental correlational design was employed. Eighty-eight normally developing children between five and eight years old were assessed. Individual assessment with each child included three measures of CBT skill (Quakley, 2002), the Tower of London assessment (Shallice, 1982), age appropriate first and second order theory of mind tasks (Liddle and Nettle, 2006) and a brief measure of IQ (Wechsler, 1999; 2003). In addition one parent of each child was asked to provide parent-report data on their child. This included measures assessing empathy, executive functioning and their child’s overall strengths and weaknesses. Results: Initial exploration of potential confounding variables identified significant effects of age and general intelligence on performance on the both CBT skills tasks and measures of executive functioning, empathy and theory of mind. Through investigation of the research hypotheses, small but significant findings were identified between superior performance on the CBT skills tasks and higher child assessed executive functioning and theory of mind ability. However these results were not maintained when age and IQ were controlled for. No significant relationships were identified between performance of the CBT skills tasks and parent-rated executive functioning or empathy. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that children’s ability to demonstrate CBT skill is not related to executive functioning, empathy or theory of mind, however CBT skill was significantly influenced by children’s age and IQ. A number of methodological considerations are discussed that suggest that these findings should be interpreted cautiously. Future research should seek to address identified methodological limitations and investigate the validity of the CBT skills tasks employed.

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Reinhardt, Stefanie. "A grounded theory of the conceptualisation of the therapeutic relationship by practitioners of cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT)". Thesis, University of East London, 2011. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/3552/.

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The concept of the therapeutic relationship has been emphasised by different therapeutic traditions. In Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT) the therapeutic relationship has received more attention in recent years after being considered less important than the application of cognitivebehavioural techniques to outcome. Qualitatively the therapeutic relationship in cognitive-behavioural therapy has generally been described as the working alliance. This study has sought to explore how practitioners of CBT conceptualise the therapeutic relationship in their work. Data were collected in the form of audio recorded semi-structured interviews with eight psychologists, some of whom were also CBT therapists. A constructivist version of grounded theory was chosen to analyse the data, which reflected epistemological and methodological considerations. The core dynamic suggests that the therapeutic relationship in CBT is an individual, ever-changing concept shaped by each therapist's training, experience, ongoing practice and reflection. The participants' practice of CBT was influenced by, and influential to the personal meaning they attributed to the therapeutic relationship. The therapists' prior training and experience provided the conceptual basis for the understanding of the therapeutic relationship. This conceptualisation was adapted to fit the participants' work contexts. A process of reflection enabled the clinicians to incorporate ideas they held about CBT and the therapeutic relationship into their work, and allowed for the continual adaptation and refinement of the concept of the therapeutic relationship. Suggestions for further research are made considering that practitioners of CBT come from diverse professional backgrounds and there are implications for the training and practice of this range of practitioners.

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Xanidis, Nikos. "Exploring the implementation of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for psychosis (CBTp) using the Normalisation Process Theory (NPT) framework". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/30812/.

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Objective: Evidence suggests that only a minority of service users experiencing psychosis have access to Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for psychosis (CBTp). Normalisation Process Theory (NPT) is a theoretical framework which focuses on processes by which interventions are implemented and normalised in clinical practice. This study explored the views and experiences of mental health professionals regarding the implementation of CBTp. Barriers and facilitators to implementation were explored using the NPT framework. Design: A qualitative methodology was adopted involving semi-structured focus groups and individual interviews. Methods: A total of 14 members of staff working in the community and crisis mental health teams were recruited. Thematic analysis was used to generate initial themes. The Framework approach was utilised to map initial themes to the NPT framework. Results: Inductive coding generated five overarching themes consisting of 15 individual subthemes which captured the perceived barriers to engagement; contextual barriers to implementation; optimisation of implementation; positive attitudes towards implementation; and expectations of implementing CBTp. All but two subthemes mapped on to the NPT framework. The deductive analysis suggested that difficulties in making sense of CBTp among professionals were reflected as service level barriers which impeded wider implementation. Conclusion: The results of this study suggested a mixture of barriers and facilitators to CBTp implementation. Interpreting our findings within an NPT framework indicates the importance of strong clinical leadership to address difficulties in sense-making and service investment in CBTp.

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Gibbard, Isabel Mary. "Clients' experiences of change in cognitive behavioural therapy and person-centred therapy in primary care : a qualitative analysis". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/clients-experiences-of-change-in-cognitive-behavioural-therapy-and-personcentred-therapy-in-primary-care-a-qualitative-analysis(f8d68779-0119-45da-8e89-50a48a61fccc).html.

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The aim of this qualitative research project was to investigate the experiences of clients who had received Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and Person Centred Therapy (PCT) in primary care. The rationale for the investigation was to inform the assessment and referral process whereby prospective clients are assigned to the two different therapies. A total of 16 clients responded to an invitation to attend an unstructured interview (PCT = 9; CBT = 7) to talk about their experiences of therapy. The resulting transcripts were analysed using Grounded Theory methodology. Transcripts were broken down into meaning units and conceptualised as categories, using the constant comparison method. The categories were integrated, a core category conceptualised and a theory generated. A comparison of the accounts revealed similar and contrasting experiences. The main categories (eg Accessing therapy, Engaging with the therapy) could be organised in the chronological order of the client`s journey through therapy. All participants entered therapy with a particular view of reality. In successful therapy this view changed and they went on to manage their lives in a more constructive way. Participants attributed this change to different elements of the therapy (categorised as It did the trick) which brought about a new understanding (categorised as The key). Where therapy was unsuccessful this did not occur. The mechanism of change was personal to the individual and did not appear to be specific to either therapy. Some of the mechanisms appeared to be consistent with the therapy received (eg. Carrying out tasks, in the CBT group). Others appeared counterintuitive (eg. Putting me straight, in the PCT group). The differences and similarities in the participant`s experiences appeared to be due to the therapist and client`s capacity to respond to each other in order to make the therapy “work.” The Core Category, Reciprocal Responsiveness, was chosen to explain this. The findings also suggest that the ability of the therapist and client to respond to each other will affect the outcome of therapy. The theory was constructed that the outcome of therapy is determined by the occurrence of a sufficient degree of Reciprocal Responsiveness. This study has implications for the assessment process as the findings suggests that, when making a referral, it may be helpful, to take into account the potential client`s activity and responsiveness rather than relying solely on diagnosis. It also contributes to the growing body of literature emphasising the importance of therapist responsiveness to the individual needs of the client, rather than strict adherence to one therapeutic approach. The study is limited to two therapies within primary care. Future studies may consider clients experiences within other settings and with other therapeutic approaches.

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Devantier, Line. "Exploring the processes of change in individual cognitive behavioural therapy for bulimia nervosa from the patients' perspectives : a grounded theory study". Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 2018. http://repository.londonmet.ac.uk/1558/.

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The aim of this study is to explore how individuals with bulimia nervosa (BN) understand processes of change in individual cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). The treatment of individuals with BN remains a major challenge and research suggests that treatment only helps a modest number of individuals. The rationale for this investigation is to learn more about the factors that influence change, which might contribute to or shed further light on the body of research that already exists in this area. A qualitative research method is chosen and used from a critical realist framework. The in-depth interviews of eight participants’ experiences of change in CBT for BN are analysed using a grounded theory methodology. The data analysis includes initial open coding, categorisation and linking the categories to construct a theory that is grounded in the data. The findings indicate that healing from BN is a complex and painful continual process of personal transition, which involves ‘a journey towards de-fusion of the sense of self and the BN’. Participants described how BN gradually became part of self and how bodily sensations and attributes affected cognitions and emotions. The overall finding demonstrates an immediate connection between the participants’ physical and psychological realities. This symbolic communication via the body, however, was not experienced as metaphors but rather as actual reality, which affected the change processes in several ways. The processes of de-fusion of the sense of self and therapeutic change in the BN seemed to have an interactional relationship that was central to the experiences of change at all stages of CBT for BN. The main findings are linked to the wider context and the possible implications are discussed. A critical evaluation of the study is offered followed by recommendations for future research and practice in the field of counselling psychology and beyond. In particular, mentalization-based therapy is explored as a possible framework for conceptualising BN, which might help grasp some basic limitations and difficulties in psychotherapy and treatment in general.

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Carr, Steven, i steven carr@rmit edu au. "Retrospective Reporting of Childhood Experiences and Borderline Personality Disorder Features in a Non-Clinical Sample: A Cognitive-Behavioural Perspective". RMIT University. Health Sciences, 2006. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080205.101748.

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The purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationship between Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) symptoms and childhood experiences, and to explore the role of Early Maladaptive Schemas and core beliefs as variables possibly mediating this relationship. Previous research with clinical samples has established a strong link between childhood maltreatment and adult BPD (& other PD) symptoms in clinical samples. However, difficulties with these studies limit the specificity of results. For example, BPD has been shown to be highly comorbid with other axis I and axis II psychiatric conditions. Given that studies examining the relationship between BPD and childhood maltreatment generally fail to control for these comorbid conditions, the specificity of their results must be questioned. Furthermore, it has been well established that childhood familial environment is strongly related to childhood maltreatment. Again studies examining the relationship between BPD and childhood maltreatment have generally failed to concurrently assess childhood familial environments, hence opening the possibility that the relationship between BPD and childhood maltreatment may be due to family functioning rather than childhood maltreatment per se. Finally, studies linking childhood maltreatment with adult BPD have primarily utilized clinical samples. However, the primary use of clinical samples to examine the aetiology of disorders in this context ignores the vast literature showing adequate psychological functio ning for the majority of individuals exposed to childhood maltreatment. Hence, the primary aim of the current study was to examine the relationship between childhood maltreatment and adult BPD symptoms in a primarily non-clinical sample whilst statistically controlling for commonly comorbid axis I and axis II symptomatology and concurrently measuring childhood familial functioning. It was a secondary aim of the current study to examine the mediating effects of beliefs on the relationship between childhood factors (i.e., childhood maltreatment & childhood familial functioning) and adult BPD symptomatology. That is, cognitive-behavioural theorists argue that personality disorders may be triggered by adverse childhood experiences leading to maladaptive beliefs (or schemas) related to the self, others, and the world, and it is these beliefs which lead to the behavioural disturbances evident in personality disorders. One hundred and eighty-five primarily non-clinical participants completed questionnaires measuring a variety of axis I and axis II symptoms, early maladaptive schemas and core beliefs, as well as retrospective reports of family functioning and childhood maltreatment. Results showed a significant relationship between childhood factors and adult BPD symptomatology. For example, the largest correlation between BPD symptoms and a childhood factor was .27 (for childhood emotional abuse). Furthermore, early maladaptive schemas and core beliefs were found to mediate the relationship between childhood factors and adult BPD symptomatology thus supporting cognitive-behavioural theories of personality disorders. However, early maladaptive schemas and core beliefs were also found to mediate the relationship between childhood factors and other Axis I and Axis II symptoms. Hence, it was concluded that while there was some support for a cognitive mediation hypothesis for BPD symptoms, future research is needed in exploring the specificity of the cognitive mediation hypothesis for BPD.

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Matoti, S. N., i K. E. Junquiera. "Assessing the academic behavioural confidence (ABC) of first-year students at the Central University of Technology, Free State". Interim : Interdisciplinary Journal, Vol 8, Issue 2: Central University of Technology Free State Bloemfontein, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/369.

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Published Article
First-year university students make judgements about their capabilities in mathematics which mainly stem from their past school experiences. It is against this background that the researchers decided to conduct a study with the aim of assessing the academic behavioural confidence of first-year students enrolled in the B.Ed. (FET): Natural Sciences programme and the B.Ed. (FET): Economic and Management Sciences programme offered by the School of Teacher Education at the Central University of Technology, Free State. Bandura's (1986) Social Cognitive Theory is the overarching theoretical framework of the self-efficacy construct and therefore also for this study. A quantitative approach was followed and the Academic Behavioural Confidence scale (ABC) designed by Sander and Sanders (2006), was adopted for use in the study. The study sought to first of all determine whether a significant difference in the academic behavioural confidence of the first-year students within the Natural Sciences and Economic and Management Sciences programmes does exist. It furthermore wanted to determine if a significant difference in the academic behavioural confidence between male and female students within these two programmes exists. The results indicated that there is a significant difference in the academic behavioural confidence of the NS and EMS groups. There is, however, no significant difference between male and female students within and between the two groups. Based on the findings some recommendations on dealing with first-year students have been made.

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Rosval, Lindsay. "Utilizing the Theory of Planned Behaviour to Examine the Cognitive and Social Determinants of Behavioural Responses to Bully/Victim Problems in Middle and Secondary School Students". Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/24039.

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Researchers have found that youths react in a variety of ways when faced with a bullying incident in their schools (Kochenderfer-Ladd, 2004). Despite being aware of the negative consequences of being victimized and holding generally negative attitudes towards bullying, youths tend to show reluctance to seek help from an adult or to intervene in defense of their victimized peer (Hawkins, Pepler, & Craig, 2001; Newman, Murray, & Lussier, 2001). Given the importance of the aforementioned behaviours in reducing bullying in schools, two studies were designed to examine the determinants of victim help seeking and bystander intervening behaviours in young people using Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB: Ajzen, 1991). In Study 1, I examined the full TPB model using short-term longitudinal data collected from a sample of 609 secondary school students. To further examine the utility of the TPB model and to determine the impact of school climate on the model, in Study 2 I examined cross-sectional data collected from 113 middle school students. In Study 1, multiple regression analyses and path analyses indicated that the TPB model significantly predicted student’s intentions to intervene on behalf a bullied peer and their actual self-reported intervention behaviour. The results for help seeking intentions and behaviours were mixed, with the TPB variables significantly predicting victim help seeking intentions but not self-reported behaviour. In Study 2, the TPB model significantly predicted both help seeking and intervention intentions. Additionally, the TPB variables of attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control significantly mediated the relationship between school climate and victim help seeking and bystander intervention intentions. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for methodology, theory, and policy.

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Martin, Stephen. "How nurses and other healthcare professionals training in cognitive behavioural therapy experience the challenge of applying new learning in their clinical practice : a grounded theory study". Thesis, Abertay University, 2007. https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/1837ff86-9b84-44ef-9d96-f189124bd52e.

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In this qualitative study, three cohorts comprising mainly registered mental nurses and one of graduate occupational therapists were interviewed concerning their experiences of attempting to apply recently delivered cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) training in their routine clinical practice. Additionally, four respondents from nursing, medical, clinical psychology and occupational therapy backgrounds undertaking an award-bearing diploma level course in CBT were interviewed for the purpose of enhancing the depth and completeness of the study. The training consisted of four series of six half-day workshops covering the basics of the theory and application of CBT. The research participants, who comprised the subset of the total from the cohorts sampled for the research, plus the additional four respondents, worked in a variety of mainly mental health hospital, in-patient, community and day clinic settings. The main aim of the study was to gain understanding of how the research participants experienced the challenge of applying the training to their clinical practice. The interviews were audiotaped then transcribed providing a basis for a grounded theory analysis of the research data. The analysis was cumulative in that the findings from the analysis of each new cohort was integrated into that from the previous findings. The findings from the occupational therapist cohort were analysed separately. Five main categories were identified: the core category of ‘on the threshold' along with other four other categories: ‘negative thinking’, ‘overcoming difficulties ‘identity and relevance issues’, and finally, ‘understanding and cognitive change’. The results of the study confirmed findings from the existing literature that external, environmental deficiencies in the workplace could act as a barrier to training transfer. The results also however offered fresh insight into how internal, cognitive factors with their origins in role identity dissonance could equally act as a barrier to training transfer. There was also evidence that some research participants were able to devise and utilize implicit strategies to overcome such barriers. These internal barriers to training transfer, their cognitive origins and behavioural consequences along with a description of the strategies some participants used to overcome them, were conceptualised using a cognitive-behavioural framework. The study concludes by suggesting that there are grounds to believe that these findings might be used to illuminate and address internal barriers to the transfer of training during, and as part of a self-reflective component of future training interventions, facilitating the application of the teaching to the clinical domain.

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Bradley, Kristina Louise. "Integration of the Cognitive-Behavioural Model and Theory of Planned Behaviour in the Understanding of the Process of Changing Thinking Patterns: Exploring Mechanisms of Change in a Depression Prevention Workshop". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35010.

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Despite the growing need for depression prevention programming for university students, few programs exist and those that do are too resource-intensive for broad dissemination. Furthermore, limited research has been conducted on mechanisms of change in CBT-based prevention programs and similar research conducted on CBT for depression demonstrates mixed findings. Therefore, there is a need to incorporate a formal model of health-behaviour change in prevention (and intervention) programs to clarify mechanisms of change and improve outcomes, such as the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). This series of studies developed and tested a formal CBT-TPB “hybrid” model to predict intention to change thinking patterns and a brief depression prevention program for university students and to examine the program’s potential to change the hypothesized constructs in the hybrid model. Results indicated support for the hybrid model, in that TPB factors predict intention to change thinking patterns. In addition, across an open and randomized control trial, my “Start Making a Change” intervention promotes change in TPB factors, as well as improvement in relevant CBT and well-being outcomes. The implication of this work is that brief, easy-to-disseminate, programs, based on a formal model of change, can effectively, at least in the short term, target and change important risk factors for depression onset in university students.

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Laoudi, Marietta. "Understanding the factors that contribute to the outcome of cognitive behavioural therapy as adjunct to medical treatment in a sample of individuals with psoriasis : a constructivist grounded theory study". Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 2017. http://repository.londonmet.ac.uk/1219/.

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Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune skin condition that can impair psychological, social, and physical functioning. The psychological implications of psoriasis can be highly disturbing and a significant number of patients with psoriasis live with considerable and enduring psychological distress. An accumulating body of evidence suggests that Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) may be the most effective in ameliorating the psychological distress resulting from living with psoriasis. CBT has been effective in reducing the emotional distress, the quality of life impairment associated with psoriasis and as a result the clinical severity of it. The mechanisms behind these changes are not known, however. Outcome studies in CBT have shown that common factors (i.e., therapeutic relationship) and/or technical ones (i.e., CBT techniques) account for therapeutic change. The aim of this study is to identify the factors that influence the treatment process and the outcome of CBT for individuals with psoriasis and develop a model of it. This study adopted a constructivist Grounded Theory approach. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine patients who had completed a course of CBT within the Psychodermatology Clinic of a hospital in England. From the analysis emerged the model of “Guided Therapeutic Growth” which was the core conceptual framework that subsumed the factors that influence the patients’ experiences of their therapeutic processes in CBT. These factors were: (a) “feeling engaged with the therapeutic process”; (b) “establishing a trusting therapeutic relationship”; (c) “legitimising the expression of distress associated with psoriasis”; and (d) “guided cognitive restructuring of the meanings attached to psoriasis”. The integration of these four interrelated factors forms a tentative model that was found to impact the therapeutic growth by reducing distress, alleviating emotional pain and helping individuals with psoriasis to become more self-compassionate, all of which were found to motivate and empower them to move forward and achieve positive changes in their adjustment to their psoriasis. Conversely, the absence of these factors or the presence of certain hindering conditions could compromise the therapeutic experience of CBT and jeopardise progress. In this context, the following hindering conditions were reported: (a) negative preconceived notions about homework; (b) too much or too little directiveness by the therapist; and (c) externalisation process of emotional release experienced by the patient as too revealing.

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Tassell, Natasha Ann. "Motivation and well-being in humanitarian health workers: relating self-determination theory to hedonic vs eudaimonic well-being, vitality and burnout : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand". Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1138.

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This research examined the effects of motivation on the well-being of humanitarian health workers. Using Self-Determination Theory, I argued introjected and identified motivations were applicable to this occupational domain, and have differential effects on well-being. Introjected motivation would be positively related to hedonic well-being and burnout, while identified motivation would be positively related to eudaimonic well-being and vitality. Orientations to happiness and passion were proposed as mediating these relationships. An online quantitative questionnaire was used in the first phase of data collection. Respondents were N = 82 humanitarian health workers. A semi-structured interview methodology was used in the second phase. Participants were N = 5 humanitarian health workers. Path analyses revealed neither introjected nor identified motivation was significantly related to vitality or hedonic vs. eudaimonic well-being. Both motivations had significant direct effects on burnout, albeit in the opposite direction to hypotheses. Passion moderated the relationship between motivation and burnout. Additional path analyses showed obsessive passion mediated the path between introjected motivation and emotional exhaustion. Harmonious passion mediated the path between identified motivation and diminished personal accomplishment. Both obsessive and harmonious passion mediated the paths between each motivation and depersonalisation, although identified motivation had the strongest relationship with this aspect of burnout. Interview data supported the majority of quantitative findings. The results suggest the motivations underlying engagement in humanitarian work, are related to the development of burnout. The mediational effect of passion determines which aspect of burnout will be most prevalent. The findings have applicability to the design and implementation of recruitment strategies, and programs aimed at the treatment and prevention of burnout in workers, both pre- and post-deployment to humanitarian situations.

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Hjalmarsson, Sara. "Att klistra fast humöret : En kvalitativ studie av Aggression Replacement Training och dess upplevda behandlingseffekter". Thesis, Örebro University, School of Law, Psychology and Social Work, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-9835.

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Under 1990-talet implementerades i Sverige en metod för behandling av aggressivitethos barn och unga, som kallas Aggression Replacement Training (ART). Metoden ärutvecklad i USA av Arnold P. Goldstein och hans kollegor. Metoden har sin teoretiskagrund inom den sociala inlärningsteorin och bygger till stor del på behandlingsprinciperinspirerade av kognitiv beteendeterapi. ART som behandlingsmetod för aggressiva barnoch unga har fått stor spridning i Sverige och en av de kommuner som erbjuder ARTsom öppenvårdsinsats inom socialtjänsten är Västerås. Denna uppsats utgår från ettuppdrag från familjebehandlingen i Västerås Stad, som önskar belysa vilka eventuellaupplevda effekter deras variant av ART har gett. Förutom detta syftar uppsatsen ocksåtill att teoretiskt beskriva ART med avseende på teoretiskt ursprung och praktiskttillämpning. Studien, som har en kvalitativ ansats, utgår från en specifikbehandlingsgrupp om fem barn, vars föräldrar har intervjuats om vilka eventuellaeffekter de upplever att behandlingen gett. Resultaten är inte helt entydiga, då vissaföräldrar väldigt tydligt upplevt stora förbättringar när det gäller ilska och aggressivitethos sitt barn, medan andra föräldrar inte tycker sig se några större förändringar.Genomgående är dock föräldrarna nöjda med metoden och dess genomförande somsådant, men efterfrågar t.ex. intensivare och mer långvariga insatser för att ökamöjligheten för deras barn att ta till sig behandlingen fullt ut.

During the 1990’s a method of treatment for aggression and anger problems in childrenand youth was introduced in Sweden, witch is called Aggression Replacement Training(ART). ART was first developed in the United States, by Arnold P. Goldstein andcolleagues. The method has its theoretical foundation in the social learning theory and isinspired by the treatment principles found in cognitive behavioural therapy. ART as atreatment method for aggressive children and youth has been widely spread in Swedenand one of the cities that offers ART within their social services are Västerås. This essayis a mission from the unit of family treatment in Västerås Stad, who has an interest inelucidate possible treatment outcomes from their work with ART. In addition to that, thepurpose of this essay is to describe the theoretical foundations and practical appliancesof ART. This study, which has a qualitative approach, emanate from a specific treatmentgroup of five children, whose parents has been interviewed about what, if any, outcomethey experience that the treatment has resulted in. The results are not really univocal.Some of the parents experience very significant improvements in their child’sexpression of anger and aggressiveness, whereas some other parents don’t experienceany improvement at all. Consistently though, all of the parents are very pleased with themethod itself and its implementation, but some of them ask for more intensive and farreachinginterventions, to increase the possibilities for their children to fully ingest thetreatment.Key

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Curtis, Bryony. "The effects of exposure to domestic abuse on adolescents' relationship attitudes and reasoning of abusive behaviour, and an evaluation of an intervention programme for those who are displaying perpetrator behaviours". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/117753.

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Paper one: The attitudes and reasoning of abusive behaviour in adolescents who have been exposed to domestic abuse Exposure to domestic abuse in childhood can go on to negatively affect every aspect of that individual’s life. During adolescence, the impact of exposure to domestic abuse may go beyond the borders of the family and the individual, and affect the development of intimate relationships. This study explores the attitudes and reasoning of eleven young people who have been exposed to domestic abuse and are displaying perpetrator behaviours. Results reveal a complex interaction between experiences and skill deficits at a crucial time of identity formation, resulting in the formation and maintenance of destructive attitudes and contradictory reasoning about abusive behaviour. The direct implications of this study, suggestions for further research, and for Educational Psychology Services are discussed. Paper two: An evaluation of an intervention for adolescents who have been exposed to domestic abuse and are displaying perpetrator behaviours Where domestic violence occurs, children and young people are likely to have been exposed to such abuse. Evidence suggests that this is likely to have a detrimental impact on them. There is an acute gap in provision for such individuals, despite evidence suggesting a link between exposure to domestic abuse in childhood, and involvement in abusive dating relationships in late adolescence and adulthood. There has been little research testing the effectiveness of intervention programmes which aim to reduce this risk. In this study a before and after design was used to evaluate a cognitive-behavioural intervention programme for young people who have been exposed to domestic abuse and are displaying abusive behaviours. This evaluation was based on the views of the young people on this programme. Results indicate that certain elements of the programme were more successful in achieving the programme aims. Considerations for the development of further programmes which target this client group are discussed.

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Birgersson, Johan, i Theodor Nilsson. "Upplevelser av rehabiliterande träning under COVID-19 pandemin för personer med reumatoid artrit : En kvalitativ intervjustudie". Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hälsa, vård och välfärd, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-54038.

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Bakgrund: Personer med Reumatoid Artrit (RA) lider av en kronisk inflammatorisk sjukdom och behöver vara fysiskt aktiva genom hela livet för att minimera symptomen. COVID-19 pandemin kan ha förändrat hur träningen planeras och genomförs, samt hur fysioterapeuter planerar träningen. Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka hur patienter med RA och fysioterapeuter vid reumatologisk klinik upplever att COVID-19 pandemin har påverkat patienters träning i rehabiliterande syfte. Metod: I en kvalitativ intervjustudie intervjuades två fysioterapeuter och fyra personer med RA vid en reumatologisk klinik. Intervjuerna genomfördes via telefon eller videolänk, utifrån en semistrukturerad intervjuguide. Analys av data genomfördes genom manifest kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Sju kategorier framkom som beskriver faktorer som påverkar rehabiliterande träning för patienter med RA: betydelsen av träningsutrustning, följsamhet till träning, reaktioner på förändrade förutsättningar för träning, alternativa lösningar för att möjliggöra träning, träningslokalens tillgänglighet och betydelse, vädrets inverkan på upplevd möjlighet till träning och upplevda effekter av restriktioner för riskgrupper. Slutsats: Deltagarna var överlag positiva till träning under COVID-19 pandemin. Genomgående påtalades vikten av omgivningsfaktorer, som platsen där träning utförs och tillgänglig utrustning. Resultatet indikerar att oron för konsekvenserna av bristande träning var större än oron för att smittas av COVID-19
Background: Individuals with rheumatoid arthritis suffers from a chronic inflammatory disease. It is important that they incorporate physical activity throughout their life to minimize symptoms. The COVID-19 pandemic may have changed how they maintain physical activity, as well as how physiotherapist plan exercise. Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate how individuals with RA and physiotherapists at a rheumatologic clinic experience that COVID-19 has impacted patients’ rehabilitation exercise. Method: In a qualitative interview study two physiotherapists and four individuals with RA at a rheumatologic clinic was interviewed. Interviews were carried out by phone or videolink using a semistructured interviewguide. Data analysis was a manifest qualitative analysis. Result: Seven categories describe factors that impacted individuals with RA’s rehabilitation exercise: the importance of training equipment, compliance with training, reaction to changing conditions for training, alternative solutions enabling training, the importance of locations for exercise and its availability, the impact of weather in relations to exercise, experiences of restrictions for individuals at risk. Conclusion: Participants were positively inclined towards exercise during the COVID-19 pandemic. The importance of environmental factors and the equipment availability was recurring. The results indicate that concern regarding the consequences of reduced exercise was greater than contracting COVID-19.

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Whittle, Joanne K. "'Your place and mine' : heritage management and a sense of place". Lincoln University, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1701.

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This study presents an analysis of human encounter with place. It examines the personal and cultural importance of an attachment to place, focusing on the reciprocal relationship between cultural heritage and a sense of place. Place is constructed out of mutual meanings between people and their environment. The study begins with an indepth look at the theory of place. In a series of heritage management case studies, the theory is applied in order to illustrate how meanings of place may be expressed. Place as a normative concept provides a role for resource managers in finding the meanings people associate with places, and in nurturing and enhancing these meanings. This involves the recognition of different values and 'stories' that are associated with place. Recognising these differences helps shift resource management away from the simplicity of grand narratives and totalizing discourses, towards a respect for intangible and multiple meanings in place. To a certain extent an understanding of place is already informing both natural and cultural management decisions in New Zealand, although this may not be explicitly recognised. To approach cultural heritage management from the perspective of place, however, challenges the current directions that heritage management is taking in this country. The study proposes a way of taking up that challenge, and concludes that the importance of place should not be overlooked.

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Whetter, Lindsay. "Faith inside : an ethnographic exploration of Kainos Community, HMP The Verne". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/22974.

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In April 1997 Kainos Community in HMP The Verne, Dorset, England became the first faith-based prison unit to be established in the Western world. The foundations and ethos of Kainos are based on Christian concepts of ‘loving your neighbour’ and forgiveness. The community operates as a hybrid therapeutic community (TC) and cognitive behavioural programme (CBP). It is open to and inclusive of prisoners of all faiths and none. The aim of this study is to explore the Kainos community ethnographically, guided by the principles of grounded theory and thematic analysis, in order to investigate whether or not Kainos ameliorates some of the de-humanising aspects of prison, and if so, how it rehumanises the prison space. Theoretically, this study highlights the dehumanisation of imprisonment, and illuminates the role that a holistic, Christian-based approach can play in terms of making the prison environment ‘more human’. My findings reveal that on Kainos there are physical, liminal and spiritual spatial mechanisms, in which a family of sub-themes interact to enable flourishing to occur. Kainos has created a physical space in which spaces of architecture and design; sensory experience; movement; and home interact to enable flourishing, whereby prisoners feel ‘more homely’, ‘free’, safe, and calm. Kainos has created a liminal space in which spaces of atmosphere; identity; home; and creativity interact to enable flourishing, empowering prisoners in their self-expression; as a cathartic tool; and as a means of regaining or creating a new identity. Kainos has created a spiritual space in which spaces of Christian activism, love, and forgiveness enable self-worth, healing, transformation, and meaningful change. The implication is that Kainos has created spaces of flourishing, safety and peace within an otherwise dehumanising carceral space, and this plays an important role in the process of transformational change imperative in the desistance process. If society must have prisons, this study concludes that Kainos provides a model for how they should be.

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Spence, Meagan. "A prospective investigation of cognitive-behavioural models of irritable bowel and chronic fatigue syndromes: implications for theory, classification and treatment". 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/616.

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The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate the application of the cognitivebehavioural model to two common functional somatic syndromes: irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). A range of predisposing, precipitating and perpetuating variables operationalised from this model were assessed in two acutely ill samples. The significance and relative importance of these variables with regard to the development of post-infectious IBS and CFS were then examined. At the same time, information was gathered to assess the appropriateness of an overall conceptualisation for the functional somatic syndromes. Similarities and differences between the two syndromes were investigated, and the impact of differing thresholds and disability criteria were compared to determine the utility of current diagnostic criteria. Patients with a positive laboratory test result for Campylobacter gastroenteritis or glandular fever were recruited through general practitioners. A total of 1018 participants completed a baseline questionnaire at the time of infection which included measures of anxiety, depression, perfectionism, somatisation, perceived stress, acute illness perceptions and illness related behaviours. Those previously diagnosed with CFS or IBS were excluded, along with participants experiencing any medical condition known to impact on fatigue levels or bowel function (n=183). Participants completed follow-up questionnaires at three (93% response rate) and six months (90% response rate) post-infection. At each point, cases of IBS and CFS were identified using published diagnostic criteria. Results indicated that a range of cognitive, behavioural, physiological and emotional variables were significantly related to the development of both IBS and CFS. Whilst there were some similarities between the two conditions, there were also some key differences. Depression and somatisation were significant predisposing variables in the development of CFS, but not IBS, for which anxiety was a key predictor. Perceived stress and the type of acute infection were more important as precipitants of IBS than CFS. Campylobacter was a significant predictor of IBS at both timepoints, whilst the presence of this illness type also strengthened the association between IBS and the psychological variables. In contrast, glandular fever was a significant predictor of CFS at three months only, and this iii association was outweighed by the inclusion of the psychological variables. With regard to perpetuating factors, negative illness perceptions at the time of acute infection were significantly related to both conditions, and all-or-nothing behaviour was also associated with IBS. When CFS and IBS cases at six month follow-up were compared, CFS cases had higher levels of disability, but not health care utilisation. Finally, when subthreshold cases of IBS and CFS were compared to their diagnosed counterparts, on the whole they did not differ with regard to the psychological risk factors, disability or health care utilisation. These results support the application of the cognitive-behavioural model to IBS and CFS as a useful explanatory tool and guide for treatment. The results provide a degree of empirical detail that has previously been lacking with regard to these models. Comparing the application of the model to two separate conditions has demonstrated subtle but important differences between the development of post-infectious IBS and CFS. These findings suggest that an overall conceptualisation for the functional somatic syndromes may not be capable of determining and addressing such differences for individual conditions. With regard to the diagnostic criteria for IBS and CFS, results suggest that the current criteria may be unnecessarily restrictive and complex. Simplification or the formalised addition of subthreshold conditions may result in more widespread usage and clinical applicability of these criteria.

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Towers, Andrew James. "Consolidating mistakes of the heart and mind : toward a dual process theory of regret : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand". 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1226.

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There are many idiosyncrasies in the emotion of regret that we do not fully comprehend and our traditional reliance on economic theories of human decision-making, which view regret as stemming from illogical and explicit decision-making processes, may be the cause. This thesis explores the development and testing of the Dual Process Theory of Regret (DPTR) which claims that individuals use both implicit ‘orientation’ and explicit ‘justification’ systems of thought to guide their daily decision-making and the differential use of these systems should be reflected in the intensity of regret felt for a poor outcome. To assess its utility in predicting variation in regret intensity the DPTR was tested in conjunction with two popular theories of regret; one focussing on the distinction between actions and inaction, and the other focussing on decision justification. Three thousand adults were randomly selected from the New Zealand electoral roll and invited to participate in a postal survey of short and long-term life regrets. Of this initial sample 653 participants returned questionnaires with usable data, a response rate of approximately 23% which, while a relatively low response rate, was expected given the sensitive topic and provided more than enough respondents for the present analysis. Results showed that the DPTR had greater utility in predicting trends in short and long-term regret intensity than either of the current regret theories. Results also illustrated that changes in justification strength had little effect on regret intensity and that explicit justifications only influenced regret in the long-term. In contrast results supported the conceptualisation of the implicit orientation and showed that it was a key source of influence on regret intensity in both the short and long-term. This research concludes that the DPTR’s focus on both implicit and explicit cognitive systems provides greater insight into the nature of regret than the reliance on explicit cognitive analysis alone. Implicit feelings of right and wrong are a better indicator of eventual regret than our ability to justify our decision. These results help resolve past anomalies in regret research, clarify conflicting trends in regret highlighted in the current media, and have application for understanding criminal recidivism.

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Williams, Mei Wah. "Testing and extending self-control theory of crime : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology at Massey University". 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1427.

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Self-control theory of crime has had considerable impact on mainstream criminology since it was first published in 1990 by Gottfredson and Hirschi. It is regarded as the most parsimonious criminological theory currently available and has been empirically tested across diverse populations and behaviours. Considerable empirical evidence supports the generality of self-control in predicting crime and analogous behaviours, with low self-control ranked as one of the strongest risk factors for crime. Of substantive concern however is a lack of explanatory power in the theory, a problem that besets criminological theorising in general. This study attempted to integrate self-control theory with theory of planned behaviour (TPB). Whilst self-control provides a stable-dispositional explanation for propensity to crime, TPB is interested in the decision-making processes related to involvement in crime. As such, the study examined the relationship between time-stable self-control and the mediating role of situational-specific factors in the causation of crime. The purpose of the study is twofold. Firstly to investigate the underlying mechanism by which a person with low self-control may have greater propensity to crime and secondly to increase the explanatory value of self-control theory. Three disparate groups were used to explore the single theories and the integrated theory; female students, male students, and prison inmates. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling were conducted to examine the sufficiency of the theories to explain intention to commit crime across three groups. Low self-control was unable to explain behavioural intentions for students but was successful in explaining intentions to do crime in a prison population. The motivational elements of TPB, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control, were shown to exert considerable influence on intention to do crime across the three samples but not attitude. The integrated theory increased the explanatory value of self-control theory for prison inmates over and above its constituent theories. These findings were not replicated with male and female students, raising questions about the generality of self-control theory. Implications for self-control theory are discussed, especially the need to include significant others and behavioural control variables in understanding the causes of crime

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Love, Catherine Maarie Amohia. "Maori voices in the construction of indigenous models of counselling theory and practice : a thesis completed in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology at Massey University". 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1682.

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Irregular pagination: Page numbers 572 to 582 & 755 missing, 754 is not numbered
This thesis explores the stories of four Maori counsellors who are employed in Western style organisations. Two 'readings' of participants' narratives are provided. The 'readings' are constructed from two distinct discursive frames, identified as ENGLISH-Maori and MAORI-English. It is proposed that participants' conceptions of self and other are constructed through narratives based in a MAORI-English discursive frame, and that their models of counselling are developed within this discursive frame. It is further proposed that meanings made within this discursive frame are not readily available to 'others' whose constructions of self and other are based in an ENGLISH-Maori or Western discursive frame. This mismatch leads to misunderstandings which impact negatively on the credibility and status of Maori counsellors and Maori models of counselling when viewed from the perspective of Western models of counselling theory, practice and organisation. It is also posited in this thesis that a form of 'sub-textual' communication exists within which Maori meanings are made and conveyed in the English language

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Mhlungu, Sabelo Albert. "Exploring the perceived effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy as a treatment model for substance use disorders with co-occurring disorders at substance abuse rehabilitation centres in Gauteng". Diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/24942.

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Text in English
Against the background of high prevalence of substance abuse in the globe generally and South Africa in particular, research has shown an association between substance abuse and other mental disorders or vice-versa. With most rehabilitation centres offering separate diagnosis and treatment for the two disorders, the problem of relapse has been significant. The purpose of this study is to explore the perceived effectiveness of CBT as a treatment model for substance use disorders with co-occurring disorders. Subsequently, the research will add to the already existing research evidence. The study was conducted in five rehabilitation centres in Gauteng Province. The qualitative descriptive research approach was used to conduct the study. Both purposive and snowball sampling were used to recruit participants in this study. The sample consisted of CBT specialist participants from diverse race, gender, ethnicity, and age ranging from 30 to 65 years, with at least a minimum of five years’ experience. A pilot study with two specialist participants was conducted, and this enhanced trustworthiness and authenticity of the study. The primary method of qualitative data collection employed in this study was semi-structured individual interviews for specialist participants. Grounded theory analysis was employed to analyse data. The findings of the study emphasised a need to not separate treatment of substance use disorders and psychiatric pathologies. More importantly, the effectiveness of CBT in treating both disorders was established by the study. The study further encourages more time in therapy as the way to increase effective results accompanied by less relapse rate. Accordingly, the findings of this study encourage more research and use of CBT treatment for substance use disorders with co-occurring disorders in South Africa. This study found that the most used substances are both legal and illegal, and they are further classified as depressants, stimulants, opioids, and new psychoactive substances. A vulnerable population to abuse substances includes adolescent and young adults, individuals with co-occurring disorders, and low socio-economic status. The disorders that normally co-exist with substance use disorder ranges from depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, sleeping disorder, impulsivity, antisocial behaviour, borderline disorder, paranoia, panic disorder, and suicide behaviour. The study found that genetic predisposition, depression, parental neglect and financial problems, experimentation with substances for relaxation, peer group pressure, and co-occurring disorders are high risk causes for substance abuse. The experience of participants in treating substance use disorder with co-occurring disorders involves which disorders get treated first, and the mental state of patients for effective treatment. The various substance abuse treatment models includes person centred approach, bio-psychosocial approach, holistic approach, eclectic therapy, integrated approach, resilient approach, rational emotive behavioural therapy, family therapy, motivational interviewing, 12-step programme, and cognitive behavioural therapy. The participants’ experience with CBT entails its usability in both individual and group therapy, the use of CBT skills after therapy, and CBT effectiveness in relapse prevention. Accessibility and affordability of CBT treatment is influenced by access to rehabilitation centres and cost of rehabilitation centres. Lastly, individual factors, family factors, and environmental factors are part of the contributing factors towards high relapse rates.
Psychology
M.A. (Psychology)

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Leeson, Heidi Vanessa. "Maximizing Information: Applications of Ideal Point Modeling and Innovative Item Design to Personality Measurement". 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/3405.

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Recent research has challenged the way in which personality and attitude constructs are measured. Alternatives have been offered as to how non-cognitive responses are modeled, the mode of delivery used when administrating such scales, and the impact of technology in measuring personality. Thus, the major purpose of the studies in this thesis concerns two interrelated issues of personality research, namely the way personality responses are best modeled, and the most optimal mode by which personality items are presented and associated modal issues. Three studies are presented. First, recent developments using an ideal point approach to scale construction are outlined, and an empirical study compares modeling personality items based on an ideal point approach (generalized graded unfolding model; GGUM) and a dominance approach (graded response model: GRM). Second, an extensive review of literature pertaining to the mode effect when transferring paper-and-pencil measures to screen was conducted, in addition to a review of the various types of computerized and innovative items and their associated psychometric information. Finally, nine innovative items were developed using various multimedia features (e.g., video, graphics, and audio) to ascertain the advantages of these methods to present items constructed to elicit response behavior underlying ideal point approaches, namely, typical response behavior. It was found that the dominance IRT model continued to produce superior model-data fit for most items, more attention needs to be placed on developing principles for constructing ideal point type items, the web-based version supplied 20% more construct information than the paper version, and innovative items seem to provide more data-model fit for students with lower personality attributes. While the innovative items may require more initial outlay in terms of time and development costs, they have the capacity to provide more information regarding test-takers’ personality levels, potentially using fewer items.

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Malo, Marie. "La santé psychologique au travail : une modélisation ancrée dans la théorie de la conservation des ressources". Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11980.

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Si la santé psychologique au travail retient de plus en plus l’attention de la communauté scientifique et des milieux de pratique, certains aspects du phénomène restent néanmoins à explorer. Notamment, les études se sont peu attardées au fonctionnement de l’individu dans l’organisation, focalisant plutôt sur les expériences subjectives associées au bien-être et à la détresse psychologiques. En outre, l’état des connaissances sur les mécanismes sous-jacents à la santé psychologique au travail demeure embryonnaire. Faute d’écrits sur la question, la compréhension du construit s’avère partielle. Devant ce constat, la présente thèse vise à modéliser la santé psychologique au travail en y intégrant des indicateurs du fonctionnement de l’employé. Dans cette optique, cinq études, regroupées en deux articles, ont été menées auprès de quatre échantillons indépendants (Article 1 : NA = 296, NB = 350, NC = 139; Article 2 : NB = 330, NC = 128; ND = 389). Le premier article a pour objet de développer une conceptualisation et une mesure du fonctionnement de l’individu dans l’organisation. Prenant appui sur les travaux en socialisation organisationnelle et sur la théorie de la conservation des ressources (Hobfoll, 1989, 2001), l’ajustement cognitif au travail est proposé à titre d’indicateur additionnel de la santé psychologique au travail. Des analyses factorielles exploratoires et confirmatoires, de même que des analyses de cohérence interne, d’invariance temporelle et de régression, confirment les qualités psychométriques de l’instrumentation et étayent la validité de l’ajustement cognitif au travail comme indicateur de la santé psychologique au travail. Le second article s’appuie sur la conceptualisation du fonctionnement de l’employé présentée dans le premier article pour tester une modélisation de la santé psychologique au travail. Se fondant sur la théorie de la conservation des ressources (Hobfoll, 1989, 2001), la santé psychologique au travail est modélisée comme un processus incluant quatre indicateurs, soit le bien-être psychologique, la détresse psychologique, l’ajustement cognitif et les réponses comportementales de stress au travail. Deux mécanismes distincts sont mis de l’avant pour expliquer les relations unissant les indicateurs positifs de santé psychologique au travail (c.-à-d., le bien-être psychologique et l’ajustement cognitif) et celles caractérisant les indicateurs négatifs (c.-à-d., la détresse psychologique et les réponses comportementales de stress). Des analyses acheminatoires et d’invariance transculturelle révèlent la présence des deux mécanismes et montrent que, au-delà de l’influence des demandes en emploi, le bien-être psychologique exerce un effet médiateur sur la relation positive entre des ressources personnelles (c.-à-d., optimisme et résilience) et organisationnelle (c.-à-d., climat de travail) et l’ajustement cognitif au travail. Les résultats mettent également en exergue le rôle médiateur de la détresse psychologique sur la relation négative entre les mêmes ressources et les réponses comportementales de stress au travail. Une discussion générale précise la portée des résultats présentés dans le cadre des deux articles.
While psychological health at work is gaining attention from academics and practitioners, certain aspects of the phenomenon need deeper exploration. Notably, scant research has examined individual functioning in the workplace; the majority of studies focused on subjective experiences related to psychological well-being and distress instead. Moreover, little is known about the mechanisms underlying psychological health at work. These shortcomings result in a partial understanding of the construct. In light of these observations, the present thesis aims to develop a model of psychological health at work, integrating indicators of employee functioning. To achieve this goal, five studies divided into two articles were conducted using four independent samples (Article 1: NA = 296, NB = 350, NC = 139; Article 2: NB = 330, NC = 128; ND = 389). The first article proposes a conceptualization and a measurement of individual functioning at work. Building on organizational socialization literature and on conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989, 2001), we conceptualize cognitive adjustment as a psychological health indicator. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, as well as reliability, temporal invariance and regression analyses, confirm the psychometric qualities of the instrument and support the validity of cognitive adjustment at work as, indeed, an indicator of psychological health. Drawing from the conceptualization of employee functioning reported in the first article, the second article tests a model of psychological health at work. Based on conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989, 2001), psychological health at work is conceptualized as a process, which includes four indicators, namely psychological well-being, psychological distress, cognitive adjustment, and behavioural stress responses at work. Two distinct mechanisms are put forward explaining the relations between positive indicators (i.e., psychological well-being and cognitive adjustment), and the relations between negative indicators (i.e., psychological distress and behavioural stress responses). Path and cross-cultural invariance analyses acknowledge both mechanisms, and demonstrate that, beyond the impact of job demands, psychological well-being exercises a mediating effect on the positive relations between personal (i.e., optimism and resilience) and organizational (i.e., work climate) resources, and cognitive adjustment at work. Results also highlight that psychological distress mediates the negative relations between the same resources and behavioural stress responses at work. A general discussion covers in deeper details the implications of the findings emanating from both articles.

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Van, der Walt Corneli. "Meaning in work : the development, implementation and evaluation of a logotherapy intervention in a higher education institution". Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/25577.

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Over the past five decades, universities across the globe have been subjected to powerful forces of change that have impacted their definition, governance and funding structures, and managerial practices. In South Africa, the reform process was amplified by the country’s apartheid legacy and the political and socio-economic realities. Consequently, the transformation has resulted in the corporatisation of universities and the re-engineering of the academic profession into a managed profession that brought about a changed work environment with less secure conditions of employment, more expectations and increased work pressure, with diminished autonomy. The changed and changing South African higher education environment has had and continues to have its effects on academic employees’ well-being, health and morale. Limited research has investigated the sense of purpose and meaning and psychological health of academic employees. Moreover, there is an absence of empirical studies that have reported on the development and evaluation of a brief group-based meaning-centred intervention that focuses on both the sense of purpose and meaning, and psychological health of academic employees. The primary aim of the study was to first explore the meaning and/or meaning frustration embedded in the academic employee experience, in order to develop and empirically assess a brief group-based meaning-centred intervention in a higher education setting. The intervention was articulated from a logotherapy perspective of Viktor Frankl’s system of psychotherapy. An intervention mixed methods design, consisting of four interdependent phases, was used to pursue the aim of the study. The phase one qualitative single case study was used to explore and describe the sense of meaning and/or meaning frustration embedded in academic employees’ experiences. This was used as a means of developing and supporting the intervention that was implemented in the phase three quantitative quasi- experimental single-group pre/post test study. Phase two was thus an applied phase where the intentional mixing of the qualitative and quantitative phases took place. Likewise, phase four was an applied phase since it was used to draw conclusions based on the integration of the phase one findings and the phase three results. The results of the quantitative study indicated that the majority of academic employees who participated in the study had a sense of definite purpose and meaning (MPIL-post = 114.59, SDPIL-post = 18.04) and psychological health, despite the changed and changing HE landscape. The main finding suggests that a logotherapy brief group-based intervention, with a strong cognitive restructuring component, may have a positive impact on the sense of purpose and meaning of academic employees, whilst reducing the presence of symptoms of depression, post traumatic stress, binge eating and panic. The experience of purpose and meaning in work, and adaptive psychological coping, was related to academic employees’ sense of making a difference in students’ development, the appreciation they have received from students, their freedom of choice, their view of work as a calling, the unique benefits of working in HE, meaning beyond the meaning in the moment (ultimate meaning) and making a difference in colleagues’ (staffs’) lives. Llimitations in the study are noted and recommendations are made to formalise existential analysis as a research method of meaning informed organisational assessment.
Psychology
Ph. D. (Counselling Psychology)

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