Artykuły w czasopismach: „Cognition in old age”

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Ghisletta, Paolo, John J. McArdle i Ulman Lindenberger. "Longitudinal Cognition-Survival Relations in Old and Very Old Age". European Psychologist 11, nr 3 (styczeń 2006): 204–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.11.3.204.

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We use a statistical model that combines longitudinal and survival analyses to estimate the influence of level and change in cognition on age at death in old and very old individuals. Data are from the Berlin Aging Study, in which an initial sample of 516 elderly individuals with an age range of 70 to 103 years was assessed up to 11 times across a period of up to 13 years. Four cognitive ability domains were assessed by two variables each: perceptual speed (Digit Letter and Identical Pictures), episodic memory (Paired Associates and Memory for Text), fluency (Categories and Word Beginnings), and verbal knowledge (Vocabulary and Spot-a-Word). Longitudinal models on cognition controlled for dementia diagnosis and retest effects, while survival models on age at death controlled for age, sex, socioeconomic status, sensory and motor performance, and broad personality characteristics. Results indicate: (1) Individual differences in the level of and in the linear change in performance are present for all cognitive variables; (2) when analyzed independently of cognitive performance, all covariates, except broad personality factors, predict survival; (3) when cognitive performance is accounted for, age, sex, and motor performance do predict survival, while socioeconomic status and broad personality factors do not, and sensory performance does only at times; (4) when cognitive variables are analyzed independently of each other, both level and change in speed and fluency, as well as level in memory and knowledge predict survival; (5) when all cognitive variables are analyzed simultaneously using a two-stage procedure, none of them is significantly associated to survival. In agreement with others, our findings suggest that survival is related to cognitive development in old and very old age in a relatively global, rather than ability-specific, manner.

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Aguila, E., i M. Casanova. "COGNITION AND INCOME IN OLD AGE". Innovation in Aging 2, suppl_1 (1.11.2018): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igy023.295.

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Sharma, Shabnam, Vinay Kumari, Jyoti Phougat i Jyoti Sarin. "Cognitive Rehabilitation Programme (CRP): An Effective Tool Against Mild Cognitive Impairment Among Elderly". Neurology India 72, nr 3 (maj 2024): 561–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/neuroindia.ni_1436_20.

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Background: With a steady increase in life expectancy seen worldwide, age-associated cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment in old age are major public health challenges. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of the Cognitive Rehabilitation Program on cognition parameters in old age people with mild cognitive impairment. Materials and Methods: Design: This study was a quasi-experimental design using a non-equivalent control group pretest post-test design. Setting/Location: Mullana and Adhoya villages of Ambala, Haryana. Subjects: Eighty old age people with mild cognitive impairment. Intervention: The pre- and post-interventional cognition parameters were assessed using Addenbrooke’s cognitive examination on Day 1 and Day 29. The cognitive Rehabilitation Program was administered in the experimental group once a day for 28 days. Outcome Measures: Dependent variables were cognition parameters. Results and Conclusion: In the experimental group, a significant increase in cognition parameters score was observed from Day 1 (62.28 ± 6.23) to Day 29 (63.25 ± 5.10) after administration of the Cognitive Rehabilitation Program. In the comparison group, there was a non-significant decrease in cognition parameters score from Day 1 (56.73 ± 8.24) to Day 29 (55.85 ± 8.90). The post-implementation cognition parameters score of old age people in the experimental group (mean = 63.25) was significantly higher than in the comparison group (mean = 55.85). The mean gain in cognition scores was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the comparison group with a moderate effect size. It is concluded that the cognitive rehabilitation program is an effective tool in improving cognition parameters score among old age people with mild cognitive impairment.

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Wettstein, Markus, Hans-Werner Wahl i Vera Heyl. "Cognition–Well-Being Relations in Old Age". GeroPsych 28, nr 3 (styczeń 2015): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000131.

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Abstract. We examine whether sensory impairment moderates the association between cognitive performance and well-being and, if so, whether such a moderation effect is due to a mediating mechanism via everyday competence in sensory-impaired individuals. Our sample consisted of visually-impaired (VI, n = 121), hearing-impaired (HI, n = 116), and sensory-unimpaired older adults (UI, n = 150), with a mean age of 82.50 years (SD = 4.71 years). Multiple measures of well-being (life satisfaction, affect, loneliness) as well as several established tests of cognitive performance were included. We found stronger relationships between cognitive performance and well-being in the HI and VI group than in UI individuals. Furthermore, the relationship was mostly mediated by everyday competence both in VI and HI older adults.

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Lautenschlager, Nicola T., i Osvaldo P. Almeida. "Physical activity and cognition in old age". Current Opinion in Psychiatry 19, nr 2 (marzec 2006): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.yco.0000214347.38787.37.

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Sabatini, Serena, Obioha C. Ukoumunne, Clive Ballard, Rachel Collins, Kaarin J. Anstey, Manfred Diehl, Allyson Brothers i in. "Cross-sectional association between objective cognitive performance and perceived age-related gains and losses in cognition". International Psychogeriatrics 33, nr 7 (14.04.2021): 727–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610221000375.

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ABSTRACTObjectives:Evidence linking subjective concerns about cognition with poorer objective cognitive performance is limited by reliance on unidimensional measures of self-perceptions of aging (SPA). We used the awareness of age-related change (AARC) construct to assess self-perception of both positive and negative age-related changes (AARC gains and losses). We tested whether AARC has greater utility in linking self-perceptions to objective cognition compared to well-established measures of self-perceptions of cognition and aging. We examined the associations of AARC with objective cognition, several psychological variables, and engagement in cognitive training.Design:Cross-sectional observational study.Participants:The sample comprised 6056 cognitively healthy participants (mean [SD] age = 66.0 [7.0] years); divided into subgroups representing middle, early old, and advanced old age.Measurements:We used an online cognitive battery and measures of global AARC, AARC specific to the cognitive domain, subjective cognitive change, attitudes toward own aging (ATOA), subjective age (SA), depression, anxiety, self-rated health (SRH).Results:Scores on the AARC measures showed stronger associations with objective cognition compared to other measures of self-perceptions of cognition and aging. Higher AARC gains were associated with poorer cognition in middle and early old age. Higher AARC losses and poorer cognition were associated across all subgroups. Higher AARC losses were associated with greater depression and anxiety, more negative SPA, poorer SRH, but not with engagement in cognitive training.Conclusions:Assessing both positive and negative self-perceptions of cognition and aging is important when linking self-perceptions to cognitive functioning. Objective cognition is one of the many variables – alongside psychological variables – related to perceived cognitive losses.

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Praetorius, Marcus, Valgeir Thorvaldsson, Boo Johansson i Linda B. Hassing. "Gender Differences in Cognitive Performance in Old Age". GeroPsych 27, nr 3 (styczeń 2014): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000111.

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Objective: To examine gender differences in level and change of cognitive performance in the oldest old while accounting for gender differences in longevity. Method: 574 individuals, aged 80 years and older, from the OCTO Twin Study. Five cognitive domains were administered at five occasions at 2-year intervals. Results: There were no cognitive differences between men and women, with the exception that men showed a steeper rate of decline in semantic memory. This effect was driven by men who had developed dementia and declined at a faster rate than women. Conclusion: Our results support previous findings showing minor to nonexisting gender differences in cognition among nondemented individuals in very old age when taking gender differences in longevity into account.

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Brockmann, Austin, Carolyn Aldwin i Avron Spiro. "Does HbA1c Influence the Relationship between Stress and Cognition? Findings from the VA Normative Aging Study". Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (1.12.2021): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2621.

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Abstract Type 2 diabetes has increased in prevalence globally, with potential adverse effects on cognition. Both high levels of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and stressful life events (SLEs) are associated with impaired cognitive performance, but few studies have examined their synergistic effects. The present study examined direct effects of stress and HbA1c on several cognitive outcomes, and whether HbA1c moderated the relationship between SLEs and cognition. Utilizing a sample of 527 older men from the VA Normative Aging Study (Mage = 74.3, SD = 6.5), stress was inversely related to MMSE, verbal fluency, and pattern recognition; HbA1c was only inversely associated with MMSE. The moderation model was supported only for pattern recognition (β = 1.64, p < .05), with stress having worse effects in those high in HbA1c. Stratifying analyses by age group (<75, 75+) showed that stress predicted cognition only in the young-old, while HbA1c was inversely related to cognition only in old-old participants. Further, these age-group analyses yielded different effects of demographics on cognition. In the young-old, age was consistently inversely related to all cognitive outcomes, but in the old-old only with MMSE and word list recall. Among the young-old, education was associated with only word list recall but improved performance for most scales among the old-old. Finally, HbA1c intensified the effect of stress moderation on verbal fluency only in old-old (β = 2.78, p < .05). In summary, stress was more important for cognition in the young-old, while education and health status were more important in the old-old.

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Melehin, A. I. "The trajectory change of theory of mind in the elderly". Консультативная психология и психотерапия 24, nr 1 (2016): 24–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2016240103.

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Theory of mind is viewed as a cognitive mechanism of social cognition. Features of social cognition and theory of mind are differentiated. Studies of cognitive and affective components of theory of mind in old age are summarized. Heterogeneous changes of theory of mind show that the deficit in the ability to understand the mind of another is not total, but selective. Factors (neuroanatomical, cognitive, psychosocial, etc.) influencing the theory of mind in old age are systematized. Strategies of enhancing theory of mind in old age are described.

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Amer, Tarek, Jordana S. Wynn i Lynn Hasher. "Cluttered memory representations shape cognition in old age". Trends in Cognitive Sciences 26, nr 3 (marzec 2022): 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2021.12.002.

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Dellenbach, Myriam, i Daniel Zimprich. "Typical Intellectual Engagement and Cognition in Old Age". Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition 15, nr 2 (3.03.2008): 208–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13825580701338094.

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Olivera, Javier, Francesco Andreoli, Anja K. Leist i Louis Chauvel. "Inequality in old age cognition across the world". Economics & Human Biology 29 (maj 2018): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2018.03.002.

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Wilson, Robert S., Lei Yu, Melissa Lamar, Julie A. Schneider, Patricia A. Boyle i David A. Bennett. "Education and cognitive reserve in old age". Neurology 92, nr 10 (6.02.2019): e1041-e1050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000007036.

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ObjectiveTo assess the contribution of education to cognitive reserve.MethodsAnalyses are based on older participants in a longitudinal clinical-pathologic cohort study who had annual cognitive testing (n = 2,899) and subgroups that developed incident dementia (n = 696), died, and underwent a neuropathologic examination from which 10 neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular markers were derived (n = 752), or both (n = 405). Cognitive test scores were converted to a standard scale and averaged to yield composite measures of cognition.ResultsParticipants had a mean of 16.3 years of education (SD = 3.7, range 0–30). In all participants, education was associated with initial level of global cognition but not rate of cognitive change. In those who developed dementia, rate of global cognitive decline accelerated a mean of 1.8 years before the diagnosis, but education was not related to the onset or rate of accelerated decline. In the deceased, rate of global cognitive decline accelerated a mean of 3.4 years before death, but higher educational attainment was related to earlier (not later) onset of accelerated decline and unrelated to rate of acceleration. Higher education was associated with lower likelihood of gross and microscopic cerebral infarcts but not with other neuropathologic markers. Education was not related to global cognitive change not attributable to neuropathologic burden and did not decrease the association of higher neuropathologic burden with more rapid cognitive decline.ConclusionThe results suggest that the contribution of education to cognitive reserve is limited to its association with level of cognitive function before old age.

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Zhang, Jieting, Liye Zou, Can Jiao, Minqiang Zhang, Lina Wang, Wook Song, Qian Yu i in. "Cognitive Benefits of Activity Engagement among 12,093 Adults Aged over 65 Years". Brain Sciences 10, nr 12 (10.12.2020): 967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10120967.

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Objective: The present study includes two aims: (1) to understand patterns of activity engagement among older Chinese adults; (2) to further investigate associations between activity engagement and cognitive abilities in this population. Methods: Latent class analysis was applied to answer the aforementioned research questions across different age ranges while controlling for confounding variables (age, health, socioeconomic status (SES), and living alone). Specifically, five latent classes (non-active, working-active, comprehensive-active, physical-active, and less-active) were identified. Furthermore, associations between the classes of activity engagement and cognition were examined separately in three age groups: less than 80 years (young-old group), 80–99.5 years (old-old group) and more than 100 years (oldest-old group) of age. Results: Compared with Non-active older individuals, the other classes with a higher probability of engagement in various activities generally showed higher cognitive abilities (including general cognition, orientation, calculation, recall, and language), but not all patterns of active engagement in daily life were positively associated with better cognitive status across different age ranges. In particular, differences in the individuals’ cognitive abilities across the four active latent classes were especially obvious in the old-old group as follows: the Comprehensive-active class had higher general cognitive and recall abilities than the other three active classes and higher calculation and language abilities than the Working-active class. In addition, significant sex differences were observed in activity patterns, cognition, and their associations in the young-old and old-old groups. Culture-specific programs should be customized to subgroups of different ages and genders by providing different training or activity modules based on their related dimensions of cognitive decline.

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Alonso-Alonso, Miguel. "Cocoa flavanols and cognition: regaining chocolate in old age?" American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 101, nr 3 (28.01.2015): 423–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.106146.

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Dik, Miranda G., Dorly J. H. Deeg, Marjolein Visser i Cees Jonker. "Early Life Physical Activity and Cognition at Old Age". Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 25, nr 5 (1.08.2003): 643–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/jcen.25.5.643.14583.

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Sharashkina, Natalia V., Valentina S. Ostapenko i Nadezda K. Runikhina. "Features of cognitive disorders in elderly and old patients with hypertension". Russian Family Doctor 22, nr 1 (15.03.2018): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rfd2018136-40.

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Aim. To assess cognitive status of the elderly and old patients with arterial hypertension, in outpatient setting. Material and methods. Totally, 356 patients included, age 74,9 ± 6,1 y., 80,4% females. For cognition assessment before and after the treatment, neuropsychological test was done, with MMSE - short scale of psychic status assessment, drawing test; literal and categoric associations test. Results. In the group <80 y. o. The prominence of MMSE disorders correlated with blood pressure values (BP): for systolic BP (r = -0,22, p = 0,0003), for diastolic BP (r = -0,13, p = 0,03), i.e. in higher BP patients there were lower points in cognition scale by Spearman correlation. In the group ≥80 y. both correlations were non-significant, for systolic BP (r = -0,05, p = 0,64), and for diastolic BP (r = -0,13, p = 0,25). Conclusion. In older age and senile patients with arterial hypertension there should be differential approach to BP management according to the age and cognition disorders, complex approach to treatment in these patients might prevent further worsening of cognitive decline. (For citation: Sharashkina NV, Ostapenko VS, Runikhina NK. Features of cognitive disorders in elderly and old patients with hypertension. Russian Family Doctor. 2018;22(1):36-40. doi 10.17816/RFD2018136-40).

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Schmeidler, James, Cecilia N. Mastrogiacomo, Michal S. Beeri, Clive Rosendorff i Jeremy M. Silverman. "Distinct age-related associations for body mass index and cognition in cognitively healthy very old veterans". International Psychogeriatrics 31, nr 06 (5.02.2019): 895–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610218001412.

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ABSTRACTAssociations between high body mass index (BMI) and subsequent cognitive decline, reported in elderly averaging below age 75, become less consistent at older ages. We compared the associations of BMI with cognition in moderately old (ages 75–84, N = 154) and oldest-old (85+, N = 93) samples. BMI and cognition were assessed cross-sectionally in cognitively intact elderly (mean age = 84.5, SD = 4.4) male veterans. Regression analyses of three cognitive domains — executive functions/language, attention, and memory—compared relationship with BMI between the moderately old and oldest-old. Higher BMI was associated with relatively poorer executive functions/language performance in the moderately old, while the opposite relationship, higher BMI associated with relatively better performance, was found in the oldest-old. Associations for the other two cognitive domains did not differ significantly between age groups. The reversal of association direction for executive functions/language performance with higher BMI is consistent with the protected survivor model. This model posits a minority subpopulation with a protective factor—genetic or otherwise—against both mortality and cognitive decline associated with risk factor status. The very old who remain cognitively intact despite the presence of risk factors are more likely to possess protection.

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Lee, Sun-Hee, Jungran Han i Enkhtuva Batselenge. "The Effect of Active Aging on Depression and Cognition in Old Age". Korean Society of Educational Gerontology 10, nr 1 (30.05.2024): 150–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31748/kseg.2024.10.1.150.

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The purpose of this study was to analyze how active aging affects depression and cognition in old age. For this purpose, the raw data from the 『2020 Survey on the Status of the Elderly』 were reanalyzed using descriptive statistics, t-Test, Pearson correlation analysis, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis. The main results were as follows : 1) The average depression score of the subjects was 3.37, the average cognition score was 24.32, and the average active aging score was 2.01. 2) The participating group in social activities had lower depression and higher cognitive function than the non-participating group. 3) As a result of hierarchical multiple regression analysis of depression, in Model 1, gender, education, health status, household income, and marital status were significant factors affecting depression, and the explanatory power of the model was 19.4%. In Model 2, gender, education, health status, household income, marital status, and active aging were significant factors of depression in old age, and the explanatory power of Model 2 was 19.8%, 0.4% more than Model 1. 4) In the hierarchical multiple regression analysis of cognition, age, education, health status, household income, and household type were significant factors affecting cognition in Model 1, and the explanatory power of the model was 17.4%. In Model 2, age, education, health status, household income, household type, and active aging were significant factors, and the explanatory power was 18.9%, 1.5% higher than Model 1. Based on the above results, several suggestions were added for elderly welfare policies and practices.

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Lee, Sun-Hee, Jungran Han i Batselenge Enkhtuva Batselenge. "The Effect of Active Aging on Depression and Cognition in Old Age". Korean Society of Educational Gerontology 10, nr 1 (30.05.2024): 151–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31748/kseg.2024.10.1.151.

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The purpose of this study was to analyze how active aging affects depression and cognition in old age. For this purpose, the raw data from the 『2020 Survey on the Status of the Elderly』 were reanalyzed using descriptive statistics, t-Test, Pearson correlation analysis, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis. The main results were as follows : 1) The average depression score of the subjects was 3.37, the average cognition score was 24.32, and the average active aging score was 2.01. 2) The participating group in social activities had lower depression and higher cognitive function than the non-participating group. 3) As a result of hierarchical multiple regression analysis of depression, in Model 1, gender, education, health status, household income, and marital status were significant factors affecting depression, and the explanatory power of the model was 19.4%. In Model 2, gender, education, health status, household income, marital status, and active aging were significant factors of depression in old age, and the explanatory power of Model 2 was 19.8%, 0.4% more than Model 1. 4) In the hierarchical multiple regression analysis of cognition, age, education, health status, household income, and household type were significant factors affecting cognition in Model 1, and the explanatory power of the model was 17.4%. In Model 2, age, education, health status, household income, household type, and active aging were significant factors, and the explanatory power was 18.9%, 1.5% higher than Model 1. Based on the above results, several suggestions were added for elderly welfare policies and practices.

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Wang, Kun, Hee Yun Lee i Jessica Neese. "The Moderating Role of Age on Cognition Among Old Cancer Survivors: Comparison With Older Adults Without Cancer". Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (1.12.2020): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.484.

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Abstract Considering that 64% of cancer survivors are older adults, it is plausible that the overlap of cancer and old age may worsen older cancer survivors’ cognitive functioning. The current study aimed to test the effect of cancer history on cognition in comparison with older adults without cancer history and examine how age groups moderated the association between cancer and cognition. A subsample of 9197 participants drawn from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) Wave13 were included in this cross-sectional study. Total word recall (score range: 0-20), mental status (0-15), and total cognition (0-35) were the three continuous dependent variables. Multilinear regressions were conducted with and without the interaction term (cancer history * age group). Findings showed cancer survivors tended to be older, Non-Hispanic white males, and higher educational attainment. Cancer history (B= .14, p< .05) was significant only for mental status. Cancer survivors had higher mental status scores than older adults without cancer history. The moderation effects of age groups on total word recall (p< .05), mental status (p< .01) and total cognition (p< .01) were significant only in the 85+ group. After adjusting for other variables, cancer survivors in the 85+ age group had significantly higher mental status and total cognition scores than their non-cancer counterparts. Posttraumatic growth can potentially explain the surprising result that older cancer survivors had higher cognition scores. Another possible explanation is that high cognitive functioning lengthened survival, and not cancer increased cognition. More experimental studies are needed to explore the current study’s findings further.

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Speh, Andreja, Rui Wang, Bengt Winblad, Milica G. Kramberger, Lars Bäckman, Chengxuan Qiu i Erika J. Laukka. "The Relationship Between Cardiovascular Health and Rate of Cognitive Decline in Young-Old and Old-Old Adults: A Population-Based Study". Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 84, nr 4 (7.12.2021): 1523–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-210280.

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Background: Modifiable vascular risk factors have been associated with late-life cognitive impairment. The Life Simple 7 (LS7) score comprises seven cardiovascular health metrics: smoking, diet, physical activity, body mass index, plasma glucose, total serum cholesterol, and blood pressure. Objective: To investigate the association between individual and composite LS7 metrics and rate of cognitive decline, and potential differences in these associations between young-old and old-old individuals. Methods: This cohort study included 1,950 participants aged≥60 years (M = 70.7 years) from the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care-Kungsholmen (SNAC-K), who underwent repeated neuropsychological testing (episodic and semantic memory, verbal fluency, processing speed, global cognition) across 12 years. The LS7 score was assessed at baseline and categorized as poor, intermediate, or optimal. Level and change in cognitive performance as a function of LS7 categories were estimated using linear mixed-effects models. Results: Having an optimal LS7 total score was associated with better performance (expressed in standard deviation units) at baseline for perceptual speed (β= 0.21, 95%CI 0.12–0.29), verbal fluency (β= 0.08, 0.00–0.16), and global cognition (β= 0.06, 0.00–0.12) compared to the poor group. Age-stratified analyses revealed associations for cognitive level and change only in the young-old (< 78 years) group. For the specific metrics, diverging patterns were observed for young-old and old-old individuals. Conclusion: Meeting the LS7 criteria for ideal cardiovascular health in younger old age is associated with slower rate of cognitive decline. However, the LS7 criteria may have a different meaning for cognitive function in very old adults.

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Voelcker-Rehage, Claudia. "“Sport knowledge creates value” Old age on the move: physical activity to promote physical and cognitive health in old age". Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS) 8, nr 2 (14.02.2023): 003. http://dx.doi.org/10.36950/2023.2ciss003.

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Against the background of demographic change, health in old age is an important topic. This applies not solely to healthy older adults living independently but also to residents of nursing homes. Physical activity and exercise are essential determinants of maintaining health throughout the entire life span. In this regard, physical activity and exercise are central to physical as well as cognitive health. However, not all exercise programs are universally effective. There are differential effects on different bodily systems and interindividual differences in responses to physical activity or exercise. Therefore, tailored exercise programs that meet the individual needs of older adults are increasingly in focus. This talk will review research on physical activity in older adults concerning various dependent variables, such as physical fitness, motor function, cognition, and dual-tasking. Additionally, findings for different target groups will be presented, from healthy older adults to the very old and multimorbid in long-term care settings. The aim is to highlight how physical activity and exercise can contribute to physical and cognitive health in old age. Particular emphasis will be placed on individualization and studies conducted in scenarios close to everyday life.

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Ihle, A., A. Ihle, M. Oris, D. Fagot, C. Chicherio, B. W. van der Linden, J. Sauter i M. Kliegel. "COGNITIVE RESERVE AND COGNITION IN OLD AGE: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF CHRONIC DISEASES". Innovation in Aging 1, suppl_1 (30.06.2017): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igx004.2102.

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Kronschnabl, Judith M., Thorsten Kneip, Luzia M. Weiss i Michael Bergmann. "Bodyweight change and cognitive performance in the older population". PLOS ONE 16, nr 4 (21.04.2021): e0249651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249651.

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Preservation of cognitive function is one of the major concerns in contemporary ageing societies. At the same time, overweight and obesity, which have been identified as risk factors for poor health development, have been increasing in many countries all over the world. This study examines the relationship between bodyweight change and cognitive decline in old age and it aims to determine whether and how changes in body mass index (BMI) affect the development of cognitive functioning in old age. Using longitudinal data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), covering four waves between 2006 and 2016 with 58,389 participants from 15 countries aged 50+, we estimated asymmetric fixed effects models by gender, adding possible confounding variables such as age, grip strength, health conditions, and physical activity. Additionally, we investigated possible heterogeneity in the BMI-cognition relation. We found a positive association between BMI change and change in cognitive performance, which was dominantly driven by BMI decrease. Weight loss was typically negatively related to cognition, particularly at low levels of BMI and mainly due to health conditions affecting both bodyweight and cognitive performance. Weight gain was, on average, not significantly related to cognitive performance; only respondents with preceding weight loss profited from small increases in BMI. Our analyses provide no support for an “obesity paradox” in cognition, according to which higher weight preserves cognition in old age. The association between weight change and cognitive performance in older age is based on weight changes being related to illness and recovery.

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WILSON, ROBERT S., LISA L. BARNES, KRISTIN R. KRUEGER, GEORGE HOGANSON, JULIA L. BIENIAS i DAVID A. BENNETT. "Early and late life cognitive activity and cognitive systems in old age". Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 11, nr 4 (lipiec 2005): 400–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617705050459.

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Little is known about the relative benefits of cognitively stimulating activities at different points in the lifespan. In a cohort of 576 older persons without dementia, we assessed current and past (childhood, young adulthood, middle age) frequency of cognitive activity; availability of cognitively stimulating resources in the home in childhood and middle age; and 5 domains of cognitive function. Past cognitive activity and cognitive resources were positively correlated with both current cognitive activity and current cognitive function. The association with cognitive function was reduced after controlling for current cognitive activity, however. Current cognitive activity was associated with better cognitive function, especially semantic memory and perceptual speed, even after controlling for past activity. The results suggest that past cognitive activity contributes to current cognition principally through its association with cognitive activity in old age. (JINS, 2005,11, 400–407.)

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Ahmed, Tamer, i Helen-Maria Vasiliadis. "Global Cognition Modified the Longitudinal Relationship Between Anemia and Depression in Old Age: The IMIAS Study". Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (1.12.2020): 168–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.546.

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Abstract Background: We examined the longitudinal relationships between hemoglobin concentrations or the severity of anemia and depression and whether baseline cognitive function modifies these longitudinal relationships over 4 years of follow-up. Methods: A total of 1608 community-dwelling older adults from the International Mobility in Aging Study (IMIAS) aged 65 to 74 years were recruited in Natal (Brazil), Manizales (Colombia), Kingston (Ontario, Canada), and Saint-Hyacinthe (Quebec, Canada). The study outcome was depression, defined by a score of 16 or over in the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Longitudinal associations over four years follow-up were examined using generalized estimating equations. Models reported were either unadjusted and adjusted for research sites, alcohol drinking status, body mass index, chronic conditions, activities of daily life disabilities, and polypharmacy. Results: Longuitinal relationships suggested an evidence of multiplicative interaction by baseline global cognition in which 1g/dL increase in hemoglobin concentrations there was a significant reduction in the risk of depression with a stronger effect among participants with good cognitive function (Odds Ratio (OR)=0.85, 95% CI: 0.78-0.92) compared to those with poor cognition (OR=0.89, 95% CI: 0.80-0.97). Anemia and poor cognition at baseline were associated with an increased risk of depression over 4 years of follow-up (OR=5.80, 95% CI: 1.84-18.23). Global cognition was an effect modifier of the longitudinal association between the severity of anemia and depression. Conclusion: In international samples of older adults, hemoglobin concentrations, as well as the severity of anemia, were independent risk factors for depression and these associations differed by global cognitive function.

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James, Bryan D., Robert S. Wilson, Lisa L. Barnes i David A. Bennett. "Late-Life Social Activity and Cognitive Decline in Old Age". Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 17, nr 6 (8.04.2011): 998–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617711000531.

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AbstractWe examined the association of social activity with cognitive decline in 1138 persons without dementia at baseline with a mean age of 79.6 (SD = 7.5) who were followed for up to 12 years (mean = 5.2; SD = 2.8). Using mixed models adjusted for age, sex, education, race, social network size, depression, chronic conditions, disability, neuroticism, extraversion, cognitive activity, and physical activity, more social activity was associated with less cognitive decline during average follow-up of 5.2 years (SD = 2.7). A one point increase in social activity score (range = 1–4.2; mean = 2.6; SD = 0.6) was associated with a 47% decrease in the rate of decline in global cognitive function (p < .001). The rate of global cognitive decline was reduced by an average of 70% in persons who were frequently socially active (score = 3.33, 90th percentile) compared to persons who were infrequently socially active (score = 1.83, 10th percentile). This association was similar across five domains of cognitive function. Sensitivity analyses revealed that individuals with the lowest levels of cognition or with mild cognitive impairment at baseline did not drive this relationship. These results confirm that more socially active older adults experience less cognitive decline in old age. (JINS, 2011, 17, 998–1005)

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Holmen, Karin, Lars Andersson, Kjerstin Ericsson, Lennart Rydberg i Bengt Winblad. "Visual Impairment Related to Cognition and Loneliness in Old Age". Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences 8, nr 2 (czerwiec 1994): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6712.1994.tb00236.x.

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Deary, I. J., i J. M. Starr. "Health and Cognition in Old Age: Separating Cause and Effect". Public Policy & Aging Report 23, nr 2 (1.03.2013): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ppar/23.2.16.

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van den Kommer, Tessa N., Hannie C. Comijs, Marja J. Aartsen, Martijn Huisman, Dorly J. H. Deeg i Aartjan T. F. Beekman. "Depression and Cognition: How Do They Interrelate in Old Age?" American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 21, nr 4 (kwiecień 2013): 398–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2012.12.015.

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Deary, I. J., M. E. Bastin, A. Pattie, J. D. Clayden, L. J. Whalley, J. M. Starr i J. M. Wardlaw. "White matter integrity and cognition in childhood and old age". Neurology 66, nr 4 (27.02.2006): 505–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000199954.81900.e2.

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Wilson, Robert S., Ana W. Capuano, David A. Bennett, Julie A. Schneider i Patricia A. Boyle. "Temporal course of neurodegenerative effects on cognition in old age." Neuropsychology 30, nr 5 (lipiec 2016): 591–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/neu0000282.

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Graham, Lyndsey, i Shevaun Neupert. "WITHIN-PERSON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MINDFULNESS AND COGNITION IS MEDIATED BY SUBJECTIVE AGE". Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (1.11.2022): 86–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.345.

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Abstract Cognitive functioning fluctuates daily throughout adulthood. Lapses in mindfulness can have cognitive consequences, which may be impacted by how old a person feels each day. Subjective age was examined as a mediator in the within-person relationship between mindfulness and cognition. 107 younger adults (aged 18-36, M = 19.96) and 116 older adults (aged 60-90, M = 64.71) completed reports of mindfulness and subjective age and tests of inductive reasoning and episodic memory for 8 consecutive days. Within-person multilevel mediation models indicated that daily subjective age mediated the relationship between daily mindfulness lapses and both indicators of daily cognition across ages. However, the mediation effect was stronger for younger adults on inductive reasoning but was stronger for older adults on episodic memory. These results show that daily changes in subjective aging are an important mechanism for daily cognition, with differential impact based on age and cognitive component.

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Cole, Rachel, Arturo Espinoza, Brooke Yeager i Nandakumar Narayanan. "COGNITIVE INTERFERENCE ACROSS THE LIFESPAN". Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (1.11.2022): 821–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2955.

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Abstract Mental processes that facilitate goal-directed behavior can be negatively affected by age-related biological and physiological changes. Such cognitive changes impact daily activities like driving and using the computer, which can in turn influence social relationships and capacity to work. Previous research has shown that older adults are more affected by interference than young adults. It is critical to understand how cognition changes across the adult lifespan, as cognition during middle age may be predictive of cognitive decline in older age. We evaluated performance on the MultiSource Interference Task (MSIT). The MSIT draws on Stroop, Flanker, and Simon-type tasks; it taxes interference resolution and typically results in interference-related slowing. We studied 60 individuals (32 adults 18–39 years old, 17 adults 40–59 years old, and 11 adults 60–99 years old). As expected, age had a significant effect on accuracy interference (difference in errors between interference and control trials). Surprisingly, however, young adults demonstrated the highest (worst) accuracy interference cost, while middle-aged and older adults had similar interference cost. Replicating previous findings, age group did not have an effect on reaction time interference cost (slowing of response between interference and control trials). It is notable that, in this study, older adults did not fare worse than middle-aged adults. These surprising findings challenge long-held theories that age negatively impacts interference resolution. Understanding differences (and similarities) between cognition in middle-age and older age will be critical for promoting healthy cognition throughout the lifespan, which benefits daily activities and quality of life.

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Eronen, Johanna, Mikaela von Bonsdorff, Merja Rantakokko, Erja Portegijs, Anne Viljanen i Taina Rantanen. "Socioeconomic Status and Life-Space Mobility in Old Age". Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 24, nr 4 (październik 2016): 617–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.2015-0196.

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Life-space mobility describes the extent of community mobility of older persons. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and life-space mobility and to investigate whether associations might be explained by SES-related disparities in health and functioning. The participants (n = 848) were community-dwelling adults aged 75–90. Education and occupation were used to indicate SES. Life-space assessment (range 0–120) was used to indicate distance and frequency of moving and assistance needed in moving. People with low education had lower life-space mobility scores than those with intermediate or high education: marginal means 63.5, 64.8, and 70.0 (p = .003), respectively. SES-related health disparities, i.e., higher body mass index, poorer cognitive capacity, and poorer physical performance explained the association, rendering it nonsignificant (marginal means 65.2, 65.3, and 67.5, p = .390). Low SES and restricted life-space mobility often coexist with overweight, reduced cognition, and poorer physical performance.

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Haller, Sven, Marie-Louise Montandon, Cristelle Rodriguez, François Herrmann i Panteleimon Giannakopoulos. "Impact of Coffee, Wine, and Chocolate Consumption on Cognitive Outcome and MRI Parameters in Old Age". Nutrients 10, nr 10 (1.10.2018): 1391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10101391.

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Coffee, wine and chocolate are three frequently consumed substances with a significant impact on cognition. In order to define the structural and cerebral blood flow correlates of self-reported consumption of coffee, wine and chocolate in old age, we assessed cognition and brain MRI measures in 145 community-based elderly individuals with preserved cognition (69 to 86 years). Based on two neuropsychological assessments during a 3-year follow-up, individuals were classified into stable-stable (52 sCON), intermediate (61 iCON) and deteriorating-deteriorating (32 dCON). MR imaging included voxel-based morphometry (VBM), tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) and arterial spin labelling (ASL). Concerning behavior, moderate consumption of caffeine was related to better cognitive outcome. In contrast, increased consumption of wine was related to an unfavorable cognitive evolution. Concerning MRI, we observed a negative correlation of wine and VBM in bilateral deep white matter (WM) regions across all individuals, indicating less WM lesions. Only in sCON individuals, we observed a similar yet weaker association with caffeine. Moreover, again only in sCON individuals, we observed a significant positive correlation between ASL and wine in overlapping left parietal WM indicating better baseline brain perfusion. In conclusion, the present observations demonstrate an inverse association of wine and coffee consumption with cognitive performances. Moreover, low consumption of wine but also moderate to heavy coffee drinking was associated with better WM preservation and cerebral blood-flow notably in cognitively stable elders.

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Shi, Xiaojuan, Xiaoxue He, Degong Pan, Hui Qiao i Jiangping Li. "Happiness, depression, physical activity and cognition among the middle and old-aged population in China: a conditional process analysis". PeerJ 10 (28.06.2022): e13673. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13673.

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Background Happiness is one variable of subjective well-being, which has been increasingly shown to have protective effects on health. Although the association between happiness and cognition has been established, the mechanism by which happiness leads to cognition remains unclear. Since happiness, depression, and physical activity may all be related to cognition, and happiness is related to depression and physical activity, this study explored the effect of depression and physical activity on the relationship between happiness and cognition among middle and old-aged individuals in China. Methods Data on 14,344 participants above 45 years of age were obtained from the 2018 China Family Panel Studies survey. A multiple linear regression analysis was performed to identify the correlation factors of cognition. The conditional process analysis was used to assess the mediatory effect of depression and physical activity on the relationship between happiness and cognition. Results Residence, age, sex, income level, social status, smoking, napping, reading, education, exercise times, satisfaction, happiness, and depression had associations with cognition. When other variables were held constant, cognition score increased by 0.029 standard deviation(SD) for every 1 SD increased in happiness. Mediation analysis showed that happiness had a significant positive total effect on cognition. The direct effect of happiness was significant and accounted for 57.86% of the total effect. The mediatory effect of depression (path of happiness→depression→cognition) accounted for 38.31% of the total effect, whereas that of physical activity (path of happiness→exercise times→cognition) accounted for 3.02% of the total effect. Conclusion Happiness has a positive correlation with cognitive function, and depression and physical activity play mediatory roles in this association. Effective interventions to improve happiness levels of middle and old-aged population will not only improve their subjective well-being but also improve their cognitive function, which carries great potential for reducing public health burdens related to cognitive aging.

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Ahmed, Tamer, i Helen-Maria Vasiliadis. "331 - Global cognition modified the relationship between Anemia and Depression in old age: longitudinal analysis from The IMIAS Study". International Psychogeriatrics 32, S1 (październik 2020): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610220002318.

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Running head:role of global cognition in the association between Anemia and depression.Background:We examined the longitudinal relationships between hemoglobin concentrations or Anemia and depression and whether baseline cognitive function modifies these longitudinal relationships over 4 years of follow-up.Methods:A total of 1608 community-dwelling older adults from the International Mobility in Aging Study (IMIAS) aged 65 to 74 years were recruited in Natal (Brazil), Manizales (Colombia), Kingston (Ontario, Canada), and Saint-Hyacinthe (Quebec, Canada). The study outcome was depression, defined by a score of 16 or over in the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Longitudinal associations over four years follow-up were examined using generalized estimating equations. Models reported were either unadjusted and adjusted for research sites, alcohol drinking status, body mass index, chronic conditions, activities of daily life disabilities, and polypharmacy.Results:Longuitinal relationships suggested an evidence of multiplicative interaction by baseline global cognition in which 1g/dL increase in hemoglobin concentrations there was a significant reduction in the risk of depression with a stronger effect among participants with good cognitive function (Odds Ratio (OR)=0.85, 95% CI: 0.78-0.92) compared to those with poor cognition (OR=0.89, 95% CI: 0.80-0.97). Anemia and poor cognition at baseline were associated with an increased risk of depression over four years of follow-up (OR=5.80, 95% CI: 1.84-18.23). Global cognition was also an effect modifier of the longitudinal association between the severity of Anemia and depression.Conclusion:In international samples of older adults, hemoglobin concentrations, as well as the severity of Anemia, were independent risk factors for depression, and these associations differed by global cognitive function.

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Chen, Meiping, Ting Fang, Lu Chen, Rongrong Huang i Yangfang Tang. "Investigation and Analysis of the Cognition of Menopause in Women Over 40 Years Old". Journal of Clinical and Nursing Research 6, nr 6 (25.11.2022): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/jcnr.v6i6.4521.

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Objective: To investigate and analyze the cognition of menopause in women over 40 years old. Methods: Using the stratified sampling method, 224 females, age ranging from 40 to 60, from our university staff (Xi’an Medical University) and the surrounding communities were selected, and both online and offline questionnaires were distributed. Results: (1) 224 questionnaires were recovered, with 204 valid questionnaires, among which 100 questionnaires were from our university staff (aged 42–60 years old) and 104 questionnaires from the surrounding communities (aged 40–60 years old); (2) the cognition of menopause among the surveyed population was found to be related to occupation and education level; the cognition of menopause among university staff (76%) was significantly higher than that of the surrounding communities (45.19%); (3) most people were able to accept menopausal hormone therapy; the degree of acceptance among the university staff (80%) was found to be higher than that among the surrounding communities (60.58%). Conclusion: According to the recovered data, women over the age of 40 have less than ideal cognition of menopause, and although the cognitive level of the university staff on menopause was found to be significantly higher than that of the surrounding communities, their cognitive level still requires improvement.

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Luszcz, Mary A. "Predictors of Memory in Young-old and Old-old Adults". International Journal of Behavioral Development 15, nr 1 (marzec 1992): 147–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016502549201500108.

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A contextualist approach was adopted to assess cognitive functioning and psychological well-being in a representative sample of young-old (60-74 years, n = 107) and old-old (75-92 years, n = 58) women and men in an effort to: (1) delineate age and gender similarities and differences within this elderly cohort; and (2) identify individual differences predictive of remembering. Measures of subjective well-being included morale, depression, and perceived control. Cognitive measures included intentional story recall and incidental symbol memory, rate of information processing, and cognitive flexibility. Health status, gender, and education were also investigated. Decrements were observed in intentional and incidental memory, rate of information processing, solution of Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices, and Mini-Mental Status Examination, but not on accuracy of information processing, estimates of intelligence, well-being measures, education, or health status. The intentional story memory of women was more accurate than that of men. Education and gender, along with processing speed and mental ability, as indexed by the Raven coloured matrices, predicted story memory. These results of a representative sample validate recurrent trends seen in previous convenience samples. They extend the understanding of the relationship between ageing and cognition by identifying the role of processing resource, psychosocial, and demographic factors in modulating memory performance and highlighting methodological factors which must temper interpretation of these relationships.

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Dong, Gabriella. "Traumatic Events and Cognitive Function: Does Time When Traumatic Events Happen Matter?" Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (1.12.2021): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.1653.

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Abstract People at different life stage may respond differently to traumatic events and result in different cognitive health. This study aims to examine the relationship between life stage at which one experiences traumatic events and cognitive function. The data were drawn from the 2017-2019 PINE study (N = 3,125). The time of life events happened was evaluated by childhood (<20), adulthood (20-59), and old age (60 and above). Cognition was measured through global cognition, episodic memory, working memory, processing speed, and MMSE. Linear regression was used. Individuals with the latest exposure to traumatic events at adulthood or old age have higher cognitive function than those without traumatic events over the life course. Exposure to traumatic events in middle or later life stimulates cognition, while trauma exposure in earlier life stage does not. Future research to understand the impact of traumatic events on health could consider the time when traumatic events happen

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Lorena, Fernanda B., Juliana M. Sato, Beatriz Martin Coviello, Alexandre J. T. Arnold, Alice Batistuzzo, Laís M. Yamanouchi, Eduardo Dias Junior i in. "Age Worsens the Cognitive Phenotype in Mice Carrying the Thr92Ala-DIO2 Polymorphism". Metabolites 12, nr 7 (8.07.2022): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12070629.

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The Thr92Ala-Dio2 polymorphism has been associated with reduced cognition in 2-month-old male mice and increased risk for cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease in African Americans. This has been attributed to reduced thyroid hormone (TH) signaling and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the brain. Here we studied the Thr92Ala-Dio2 mouse model and saw that older male mice (7–8-month-old) exhibited a more severe cognition impairment, which extended to different aspects of declarative and working memories. A similar phenotype was observed in 4–5-month-old female mice. There were no structural alterations in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus of the Thr92Ala-Dio2 mouse. Nonetheless, in both male and female PFC, there was an enrichment in genes associated with TH-dependent processes, ER stress, and Golgi apparatus, while in the hippocampus there was additional enrichment in genes associated with inflammation and apoptosis. Reduced TH signaling remains a key mechanism of disease given that short-term treatment with L-T3 rescued the cognitive phenotype observed in males and females. We conclude that in mice, age is an additional risk factor for cognitive impairment associated with the Thr92Ala-Dio2 polymorphism. In addition to reduced TH signaling, ER-stress, and involvement of the Golgi apparatus, hippocampal inflammation and apoptosis were identified as potentially important mechanisms of a disease.

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Smith, Jacqui, i Paul B. Baltes. "Differential Psychological Ageing: Profiles of the Old and Very Old". Ageing and Society 13, nr 4 (grudzień 1993): 551–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00001367.

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ABSTRACTTheoretical positions which argue for age-related and individual variation in profiles of psychological functioning and patterns of predictive relationships are reviewed in the context of the three domains investigated by the Psychology Unit of the Berlin Aging Study (BASE): intelligence and cognition, self and personality, and social relationships. To illustrate the potential of BASE, we report initial data for a small set of variables from these three psychological domains for the first wave of study participants (N = 360, age range 70 to 103 years). Our analyses of these data were targeted toward three key questions about differential psychological ageing: namely, the extent of age/cohort-related differences and individual variation within each domain, possible age differences in the structural relationships between the three domains, and subgroup variations in cross-domain profiles of functioning. Within domains, individual differences in general were very large. Chronological age accounted for a sizeable proportion of the variance only in the domain of cognitive performance. The structural relationships between the domains of psychological functioning were similar for the old and very old age groups and reflected much domain independence. Examination of subgroup variations in cross-domain profiles of functioning revealed ten subgroups. All subgroups showed an uneven, that is, age-selective group membership: five subgroups included more of the very old, two more of the old, and three were age-specific. Preliminary explorations of these subgroups suggested substantial links to selected health-related variables, supporting proposals for multi-disciplinary research into differential ageing.

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Zimprich, Daniel, Mike Martin, Matthias Kliegel, Myriam Dellenbach, Philippe Rast i Melanie Zeintl. "Cognitive Abilities in Old Age: Results from the Zurich Longitudinal Study on Cognitive Aging". Swiss Journal of Psychology 67, nr 3 (wrzesień 2008): 177–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185.67.3.177.

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The Zurich Longitudinal Study on Cognitive Aging (ZULU) is an ongoing longitudinal study on the structure and development of cognition in old age. At the first assessment, the N = 364 participants had an average age of 73 years (age range: 65-80 years), and 46% were female. In total, a battery of 14 cognitive tests, including five consecutive verbal learning trials, were administered and adequately described by a measurement model of six first-order factors (processing speed, working memory, reasoning, learning, memory, and verbal knowledge) and one second-order factor of general cognitive ability. The cross-sectional age relations of the six cognitive abilities were, apart from processing speed and verbal knowledge, mediated by the general cognitive ability factor. From a conceptual perspective, these results imply that cognitive aging is not a completely uniform process driven by a single causal variable.

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Kodesh, Arad. "Childhood viral infections may be beneficial to cognition in old age". International Psychogeriatrics 33, nr 1 (styczeń 2021): 19–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610220001477.

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Andel, Ross, Ingemar Kåreholt, Marti G. Parker, Mats Thorslund i Margaret Gatz. "Complexity of Primary Lifetime Occupation and Cognition in Advanced Old Age". Journal of Aging and Health 19, nr 3 (czerwiec 2007): 397–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0898264307300171.

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Buchman, A. S., i D. A. Bennett. "High CRP with "normal" cognition: A resilient phenotype in old age". Neurology 79, nr 11 (15.08.2012): 1078–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182698df4.

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Epelbaum, Jacques, Jean-Louis Guillou, François Gastambide, Daniel Hoyer, Emmanuelle Duron i Cécile Viollet. "Somatostatin, Alzheimer's disease and cognition: An old story coming of age?" Progress in Neurobiology 89, nr 2 (październik 2009): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.07.002.

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Robinson, Monique. "In utero hypertensive diseases and cognition in offspring into old age". Maturitas 74, nr 3 (marzec 2013): 206–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.12.007.

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