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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Code non sûr"
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Parent, Colette, i Chris Bruckert. "Les travailleuses du sexe et la vie économique : marginalisation et résistance". Criminologie 43, nr 2 (4.04.2011): 199–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1001775ar.
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Adoptant une approche du travail du sexe comme forme de travail dans le domaine des services, cet article explore comment les travailleuses du sexe, malgré leur autodéfinition comme travailleuses et consommatrices, sont maintenues en marge de la vie économique. Il met en relief les différentes stratégies qui nuisent à leurs activités génératrices de revenu, qu’elles optent ou non pour la rue comme espace de travail. Il explore aussi les résistances et plus particulièrement les stratégies d’évitement qu’elles déploient pour contrer ces tentatives de marginalisation dans le cadre de leur travail et leurs activités de consommation (obtention de carte de crédit, hypothèques, location d’appartement, etc.). En conclusion, il met en évidence le poids de lois sur la trajectoire professionnelle de ces femmes. Les dispositions du Code criminel ont bien sûr un impact majeur sur celle-ci, mais à l’examen, nombre d’autres législations affectent leurs possibilités de se définir comme des travailleuses à part entière.
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Diesse, François. "La situation juridique de l’enfant à naître en droit français : entre pile et face". Question d’actualité en droit de la famille comparé 30, nr 4 (8.12.2014): 607–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1027762ar.
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Traditionnellement enfermé depuis le droit romain dans une fiction juridique qui fait de lui un être (humain!) à la fois juridiquement inexistant, faute de personnalité juridique, et paradoxalement apte à acquérir des droits, le sort de l’enfant conçu fait l’objet, en doctrine comme en jurisprudence, d’un chassé-croisé perpétuel entre catégories juridiques différentes et opposées. Face aux apories juridiques qu’engendre une telle situation et au traitement pour le moins « dégradant et inhumain » infligé à cet être au commencement de sa vie humaine, le présent article propose modestement, après une synthèse des différentes théories en discussion, que notre droit dirige son regard, non plus vers le passé de notre système juridique, mais vers le « devenir » de l’enfant à naître en lui conférant un statut : quitte, à l’instar des articles 725 et 906 du Code civil qui suspendent jusqu’à la naissance l’effectivité des droits acquis par l’enfant conçu, à atténuer les effets de l’éventuelle personnalité juridique à lui reconnue; quitte aussi à revisiter le sens et la portée des concepts traditionnels. Pour sûr, l’éternel silence du législateur sur cette question remet en cause les vertus et la cohérence de notre système juridique en ouvrant, qui plus est, la voie à la division de la jurisprudence et au déchirement de la doctrine partagée entre les conceptions puristes, voire intransigeantes, et humanistes de notre droit.
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Fan, Zeng, John Rudlin, Giorgos Asfis i Hongying Meng. "Convolution of Barker and Golay Codes for Low Voltage Ultrasonic Testing". Technologies 7, nr 4 (10.10.2019): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies7040072.
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Ultrasonic Testing (UT) is one of the most important technologies in Non-Detective Testing (NDT) methods. Recently, Barker code and Golay code pairs as coded excitation signals have been applied in ultrasound imaging system with improved quality. However, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of existing UT system based on Barker code or Golay code can be influenced under high high attenuation materials or noisy conditions. In this paper, we apply the convolution of Barker and Golay codes as coded excitation signals for low voltage UT devices that combines the advantages of Barker code and Golay code together. There is no need to change the hardware of UT system in this method. The proposed method has been analyzed theoretically and then in extensive simulations. The experimental results demonstrated that the main lobe level of the code produced by convolution of Barker code and Golay code pairs is much higher than the simple pulse and the main lobe of the combined code is higher than the traditional Barker code, sidelobe is the same as the baker code that constitutes this combined code. So the peak sidelobe level (PSL) of the combined code is lower than the traditional Barker code. Equipped with this, UT devices can be applied in low voltage situations.
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Fan, Zeng, Xudong Niu, Baichun Miao i Hongying Meng. "Hybrid Coded Excitation of the Torsional Guided Wave Mode T(0,1) for Oil and Gas Pipeline Inspection". Applied Sciences 12, nr 2 (13.01.2022): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12020777.
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Ultrasonic guided wave testing is an essential technique in non-destructive testing for structural integrity of oil and gas pipelines. This technique, based on the pulse-echo method, is often used for the long-range detection of pipelines at any location. However, guided waves suffer from high attenuation when they propagate in attenuative material structures and multiple wave modes due to the excitation, which reduces the power of echo signals and induces corruption caused by coherent noise. In this paper, a developed hybrid coded excitation method that uses the convolution of a Barker code and Golay code pair is proposed and applied for an ultrasonic guided wave testing system to excite the torsional guided wave mode T(0,1) in a steel pipe. The proposed method combines the advantages of these two coding methods and increases the flexibility of code lengths. The performance is evaluated by signal to noise ratio and peak sidelobe level of the processed signal. Both theoretical simulations and experiments have investigated using the proposed codes composed of Barker codes and Golay code pairs of different lengths and combinations. The experimental results show the significant improvement of the signal to noise ratio and the peak sidelobe level due to the proposed hybrid code usage for the excitation of guided waves. The values are further improved to around 32 dB and around −24 dB, respectively. Overall, the proposed hybrid coded method for improving the echo SNR can benefit from guided wave testing to reduce coherent and random noise levels and many other potential applications.
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Jasne, Adam S., Pola Chojecka, Ilavarasy Maran, Razaz Mageid, Mohamed Eldokmak, Qiang Zhang, Karin Nystrom i in. "Stroke Code Presentations, Interventions, and Outcomes Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic". Stroke 51, nr 9 (wrzesień 2020): 2664–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/str.0000000000000347.
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Background: Anecdotal reports suggest fewer patients with stroke symptoms are presenting to hospitals during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We quantify trends in stroke code calls and treatments at 3 Connecticut hospitals during the local emergence of COVID-19 and examine patient characteristics and stroke process measures at a Comprehensive Stroke Center (CSC) before and during the pandemic. Methods: Stroke code activity was analyzed from January 1 to April 28, 2020, and corresponding dates in 2019. Piecewise linear regression and spline models identified when stroke codes in 2020 began to decline and when they fell below 2019 levels. Patient-level data were analyzed in February versus March and April 2020 at the CSC to identify differences in patient characteristics during the pandemic. Results: A total of 822 stroke codes were activated at 3 hospitals from January 1 to April 28, 2020. The number of stroke codes/wk decreased by 12.8/wk from February 18 to March 16 ( P =0.0360) with nadir of 39.6% of expected stroke codes called from March 10 to 16 (30% decrease in total stroke codes during the pandemic weeks in 2020 versus 2019). There was no commensurate increase in within-network telestroke utilization. Compared with before the pandemic (n=167), pandemic-epoch stroke code patients at the CSC (n=211) were more likely to have histories of hypertension, dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease, and substance abuse; no or public health insurance; lower median household income; and to live in the CSC city ( P <0.05). There was no difference in age, sex, race/ethnicity, stroke severity, time to presentation, door-to-needle/door-to-reperfusion times, or discharge modified Rankin Scale. Conclusions: Hospital presentation for stroke-like symptoms decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic, without differences in stroke severity or early outcomes. Individuals living outside of the CSC city were less likely to present for stroke codes at the CSC during the pandemic. Public health initiatives to increase awareness of presenting for non-COVID-19 medical emergencies such as stroke during the pandemic are critical.
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Cruel, Louis. "Le code non écrit des jurés populaires". Tocqueville Review 18, nr 2 (styczeń 1997): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ttr.18.2.71.
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Ce serait singulièrement rétrécir sa pensée que de se borner à envisager le jury comme une institution judiciaire ; car s'il exerce une grande influence sur le sort du procès, il en exerce une bien plus grande encore sur les destinées mêmes de la société.
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Han, Changcai, Hui Li i Weigang Chen. "Minimum Distance Optimization with Chord Edge Growth for High Girth Non-Binary LDPC Codes". Electronics 9, nr 12 (17.12.2020): 2161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9122161.
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Short or moderate-length non-binary low-density parity-check (NB-LDPC) codes have the potential applications in future low latency and high-reliability communication thanks to the strong error correction capability and parallel decoding. Because of the existence of the error floor, the NB-LDPC codes usually cannot satisfy very low bit error rate (BER) requirements. In this paper, a low-complexity method is proposed for optimizing the minimum distance of the NB-LDPC code in a progressive chord edge growth manner. Specifically, each chord edge connecting two non-adjacent vertices is added to the Hamiltonian cycle one-by-one. For each newly added chord edge, the configuration of non-zero entries corresponding to the chord edge is determined according to the so-called full rank condition (FRC) of all cycles that are related to the chord edge in the obtained subgraph. With minor modifications to the designed method, it can be used to construct the NB-LDPC codes with an efficient encoding structure. The analysis results show that the method for designing NB-LDPC codes while using progressive chord edge growth has lower complexity than traditional methods. The simulation results show that the proposed method can effectively improve the performance of the NB-LDPC code in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) region. While using the proposed scheme, an NB-LDPC code with a quite low BER can be constructed with extremely low complexity.
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Bardini, Thierry. "Variations sur l’insignifiant génétique : les métaphores du (non-)code". Hors dossier, nr 3 (9.08.2011): 162–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1005473ar.
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Cet article examine l’histoire de la biologie moléculaire à partir d’une perspective sémiotique sur la métaphore du « code génétique ». Celle-ci est considérée comme la catachrèse centrale d’un réseau métaphorique cybernétique développé depuis la naissance de la discipline dans les années 1950. En suivant la perspective de Paul Ricoeur, l’auteur suggère que la métaphore du « code génétique » peut produire une vérité scientifique et philosophique contre l’illusion référentielle. Cet argument est analysé à partir de la description de la partie non codante de l’ADN, entendue comme le résidu d’une métaphore qui considère l’ADN comme le médium d’un s-code, mais aussi comme l’objet d’un effet de réel/récit. Seule une multimodalité de référence pour la métaphore du code génétique pourrait rouvrir le champ de la découverte sur ces 97 % de l’ADN tenus par la métaphore cybernétique originelle comme des « détails insignifiants ».
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Nindyasari, Ratih. "METODE NON- HEURISTIC UNTUK DETEKSI REFACTORING NON-SOURCE CODE (SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW)". Simetris : Jurnal Teknik Mesin, Elektro dan Ilmu Komputer 6, nr 2 (1.11.2015): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.24176/simet.v6i2.473.
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ABSTRAK Refactoring perangat lunak merupakan sebuah teknik untuk mentransformasi struktur internal perangkat lunak tanpa merubah fungsionalitas perangkat lunak itu sendiri. Refactoring termasuk dalam bentuk evolusi perangkat lunak, dimana hal ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kualitas perangkat lunak itu sendiri setelah perangkat lunak mengalami perbaikan, modifikasi, penambahan dan aktivitas perubahan lainnya dalam masa hidupnya. Tujuan penulisan pada paper kali ini adalah untuk melakukan Systematic Literature Review (SLR) tentang persoalan deteksi refactoring pada level non-source code yang tergolong pada metode non-heuristic. Dengan dilakukan SLR ini terdapat beberapa teknik seperti clustering, searching, Information Retrieval dan analisis regresi dapat digunakan untuk mendeteksi persoalan refactoring pada level non-source code. Dari beberapa teknik-teknik ini masing-masing memiliki kelebihan dan kekurangan. Teknik yang memiliki tingkat komputasi yang tinggi seperti clustering, searching, dan analisis regresi biasanya mampu menghasilkan refactoring yang lebih optimal dan menyeluruh dibandingkan dengan teknik lainnya seperti NLP dan teknik similaritas. Kata kunci: refactoring, non-source code refactoring, non-heuristic, systematic literature review.
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Syryjczyk, Jerzy. "Krzywoprzysięstwo w systematyce kanonicznego prawa karnego". Prawo Kanoniczne 34, nr 1-2 (5.06.1991): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/pk.1991.34.1-2.08.
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Dans cet article l’auteur s’intéresse au problème de la qualification juridique du parjure dans le droit canon. De nombreaux codes pénaux d’état des XVIIIe et XIXe ss. ont renoncé à la qualification religieuse du parjure au profit de la protection de la vérité, de l’administration de la justice ou de la confiance sociale. Ces opinions n’ont d’ailleurs exercé aucune influence sur l’appréciation religieuse du parjure dans les décisions juridiques (code de droit canon de 1917 et code de droit canon de 1983). Seul le code de droit canon de 1917 a, dans une certaine mesure, renoué le contac avec les codes pénaux d’état qui ont vu dans le parjure judiciaire une action dirigée contre l’administration de la justice. Ce qui a entraîné la distinction qu’on a établie entre le parjure judiciaire et le parjure non judiciaire et le fait qu’on a situé ces délits dans des chapitres distints du droit: le premier dans le droit processif, le second dans le droit pénal. Le code qui est en vigueur depuis 1983 traite tout parjure comme une offense faite à Dieu et le place à juste titre dans le chapitre des délits dirigés contre la religion.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Code non sûr"
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Carpentier, Robin. "Privacy-preserving third-party computations on secure personal data management systems". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASG079.
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La centralisation des données personnelles par certaines des entreprises les plus influentes du monde met en péril la vie privée des individus. Des législations récentes comme le Règlement Général sur la Protection des Données en Europe encadrent la collecte et le traitement des données des citoyens. En particulier, le droit à la portabilité permet aux individus de récupérer une copie de leurs données détenues par un organisme. Conjointement, des solutions de Cloud Personnels (PDMS) se développent, renforçant l'autonomisation des utilisateurs en leur facilitant la gestion de leurs données. Elles permettent notamment la collecte automatique de données, leur partage et la prise en charge de traitement avancés. Dans ces solutions, les données de l'utilisateur sont traitées directement là où elles sont stockées par un code de traitement écrit par un tiers. Ici, seuls les résultats sont partagés à un tier sur décision de l'utilisateur. Ce paradigme est en opposition avec l'approche classique qui voit les données de l'utilisateur partagée dans leur intégralité à un tier pour être traitées. Pour être viables, les PDMS doivent satisfaire deux prérequis : ils doivent assurer la sécurité des données en présence d'un utilisateur novice dans ce domaine tout en étant le plus extensible possible afin de garantir une richesse de traitements sur ces données. Pour adresser ce conflit entre extensibilité et sécurité, cette thèse s'appuie sur une architecture incluant des modules tiers couplée à des mécanismes de sécurité matériels appelés Environnements d'Exécution de Confiance. Nous proposons des briques de sécurité pour limiter les fuites de données résultant de l'utilisation de ces modules tiers ainsi que des stratégies d'exécution implémentant ces briques et limitant l'impact sur les performances des traitementsThe privacy of individuals is constantly undermined by some of the most prominent companies in the world which centralize vast amounts of personal data. Recent legal means such as the General Data Protection Regulation in Europe regulate the collection and processing of citizens' data. In particular, data portability grants individuals the right to recover a copy of their data held by an organization. At the same time, Personal Data Management Systems (PDMS) are emerging, empowering users by facilitating the management of their data. For example, these solutions enable automatic data collection, sharing, and advanced processing. In these solutions, the user's data is processed directly where it is stored by a processing code potentially written by a third party. Here, only the results are shared with a third party upon the user's decision. This paradigm diverges from the traditional approach in which the user's data is entirely shared with a third party for processing. To be viable, PDMS must satisfy two prerequisites: they must ensure the security of the data in the presence of a layman user while being as extensible as possible to support diverse computations on this data. To address this conflict between extensibility and security, this thesis relies on an architecture including third-party modules coupled with hardware security mechanisms called Trusted Executions Environments. In this context, we propose security building blocks to limit data leakage resulting from the use of these third-party modules as well as execution strategies implementing these building blocks and limiting the impact on performances
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Quintin, Guillaume. "Sur l'algorithme de décodage en liste de Guruswami-Sudan sur les anneaux finis". Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00759820.
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Cette thèse porte sur l'algorithmique des techniques de décodage en liste, initiée par Guruswami et Sudan en 1998, dans le contexte des codes de Reed-Solomon sur les anneaux finis. Deux approches sont considérées. Dans un premier temps, nous adaptons l'algorithme de décodage en liste de Guruswami-Sudan aux codes de Reed-Solomon généralisés sur les anneaux finis. Nous étudions en détails les complexités de l'algorithme pour les anneaux de Galois et les anneaux de séries tronquées. Dans un deuxième temps nous approfondissons l'étude d'une technique de remontée pour le décodage en liste. Nous montrons que cette derni're permet de corriger davantage de motifs d'erreurs que la technique de Guruswami-Sudan originale. Nous appliquons ensuite cette même technique aux codes de Reed-Solomon généralisés sur les anneaux de Galois et les anneaux de séries tronquées et obtenons de meilleures bornes de complexités. Enfin nous présentons l'implantation des algorithmes en C et C++ des algorithmes de décodage en liste étudiés au cours de cette thèse. Tous les sous-algorithmes nécessaires au décodage en liste, comme la recherche de racines pour les polynômes univariés, l'arithmétique des corps et anneaux finis sont aussi présentés. Indépendamment, ce manuscrit contient d'autres travaux sur les codes quasi-cycliques. Nous prouvons qu'ils sont en correspondance biunivoque avec les idéaux à gauche d'un certain anneaux de matrices. Enfin nous adaptons le cadre proposé par Guruswami et Sudan pour les codes à base d'ideaux aux codes construits à l'aide des corps de nombres. Nous fournissons un algorithme de décodage en liste dans ce contexte.
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Shams, Bilal. "Les Codes LDPC non-binaires de nouvelle génération". Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CERG0525/document.
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Dans cette thèse, nous présentons nos travaux dans le domaine de l'algorithme de décodage non-binaire pour les classes générales de codes LDPC non-binaires. Les Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes ont été initialement présentés par Gallager en 1963, et après quelques avancées théoriques fondamentales, ils ont été pris en compte dans les normes comme le DVB-S2, WI-MAX, DSL, W-LAN etc. Plus tard, Les codes LDPC non-binaires (NB-LDPC) ont été proposés dans la littérature, et ont montré de meilleures performances lorsque la taille du code est petite ou lorsqu'il est utilisé sur des canaux non-binaires. Toutefois, les avantages de l'utilisation des codes LDPC non-binaires entrainent une complexité de décodage fortement accrue. Pour un code défini dans GF (q), la complexité est de l'ordre O(q^2). De même, la mémoire nécessaire pour stocker les messages est d'ordre O(q). Par conséquent, l'implémentation d'un décodeur LDPC-définie sur un ordre q> 64 devient pratiquement impossible.L'objectif principal de la thèse est de développer des algorithmes a complexité réduite, pour les codes LDPC non-binaires qui démontrent un rendement excellent et qui soient implémentable. Pour optimiser les performances de décodage, non seulement l'algorithme de décodage est important, mais aussi la structure du code joue un rôle important. Avec cet objectif à l'esprit, une nouvelle famille de codes appelés codes cluster-NB-LDPC a été élaboré et des améliorations spécifiques du décodeur NB pour les codes de cluster-NB-LDPC ont été proposés. Notre principal résultat est que nous étions en mesure de proposer des décodeurs de codes cluster-NB-LDPC avec une complexité réduite par rapport à décodeurs d'habitude pour les codes LDPC-NB sur les corps de Galois, sans aucune perte de performance en matière de la capacité de correction d'erreurIn this thesis we present our work in the domain of non-binary decoding algorithm for general classes of non-binary LDPC codes. Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes were originally presented by Gallager in 1963, and after some fundamental theoretical advancements, they were considered in standards like DVB-S2, WI-MAX, DSL, W-LAN etc. Later on, non-binary LDPC (NB-LDPC)codes were proposed in the litterature, and showed better performance for small lengths or when used on non-binary channels. However, the advantages of using NB-LDPC codes comes with the consequence of an heavily increased decoding complexity. For a code defined in GF(q), the complexity is of the order O(q^2). Similarly, the memory required for storing messages is of order O(q). Consequently, the implementation of an LDPC-decoder defined over a field order q > 64 becomes practically impossible.The main objective of the thesis is to develop reduced complexity algorithms for non-binary LDPC codes that exhibit excellent performance and is practically im-plementable. For better decoding performance, not only the decoding algorithm is important, but also the structure of the code plays an important role. With this goal in mind, a new family of codes called cluster-NB-LDPC codes was developped and specific improvements of the NB decoder for cluster-NB-LDPC codes were proposed. Our principal result is that we were able to propose decoders for cluster-NB-LDPC codes with reduced complexity compared to usual decoders for NB-LDPC codes on fields, without any performance loss in error correction capability
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Stenger, Jérôme. "Optimal uncertainty quantification of a risk measurement from a computer code". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30082.
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La quantification des incertitudes lors d'une étude de sûreté peut être réalisée en modélisant les paramètres d'entrée du système physique par des variables aléatoires. Afin de propager les incertitudes affectant les entrées, un modèle de simulation numérique reproduisant la physique du système est exécuté avec différentes combinaisons des paramètres d'entrée, générées suivant leur loi de probabilité jointe. Il est alors possible d'étudier la variabilité de la sortie du code, ou d'estimer certaines quantités d'intérêt spécifiques. Le code étant considéré comme une boîte noire déterministe, la quantité d'intérêt dépend uniquement du choix de la loi de probabilité des entrées. Toutefois, cette distribution de probabilité est elle-même incertaine. En général, elle est choisie grâce aux avis d'experts, qui sont subjectifs et parfois contradictoires, mais aussi grâce à des données expérimentales souvent en nombre insuffisant et entachées d'erreurs. Cette variabilité dans le choix de la distribution se propage jusqu'à la quantité d'intérêt. Cette thèse traite de la prise en compte de cette incertitude dite de deuxième niveau. L'approche proposée, connue sous le nom d'Optimal Uncertainty Quantification (OUQ) consiste à évaluer des bornes sur la quantité d'intérêt. De ce fait on ne considère plus une distribution fixée, mais un ensemble de mesures de probabilité sous contraintes de moments sur lequel la quantité d'intérêt est optimisée. Après avoir exposé des résultats théoriques visant à réduire l'optimisation de la quantité d'intérêt aux point extrémaux de l'espace de mesures de probabilité, nous présentons différentes quantités d'intérêt vérifiant les hypothèses du problème. Cette thèse illustre l'ensemble de la méthodologie sur plusieurs cas d'applications, l'un d'eux étant un cas réel étudiant l'évolution de la température de gaine du combustible nucléaire en cas de perte du réfrigérantUncertainty quantification in a safety analysis study can be conducted by considering the uncertain inputs of a physical system as a vector of random variables. The most widespread approach consists in running a computer model reproducing the physical phenomenon with different combinations of inputs in accordance with their probability distribution. Then, one can study the related uncertainty on the output or estimate a specific quantity of interest (QoI). Because the computer model is assumed to be a deterministic black-box function, the QoI only depends on the choice of the input probability measure. It is formally represented as a scalar function defined on a measure space. We propose to gain robustness on the quantification of this QoI. Indeed, the probability distributions characterizing the uncertain input may themselves be uncertain. For instance, contradictory expert opinion may make it difficult to select a single probability distribution, and the lack of information in the input variables affects inevitably the choice of the distribution. As the uncertainty on the input distributions propagates to the QoI, an important consequence is that different choices of input distributions will lead to different values of the QoI. The purpose of this thesis is to account for this second level uncertainty. We propose to evaluate the maximum of the QoI over a space of probability measures, in an approach known as optimal uncertainty quantification (OUQ). Therefore, we do not specify a single precise input distribution, but rather a set of admissible probability measures defined through moment constraints. The QoI is then optimized over this measure space. After exposing theoretical results showing that the optimization domain of the QoI can be reduced to the extreme points of the measure space, we present several interesting quantities of interest satisfying the assumption of the problem. This thesis illustrates the methodology in several application cases, one of them being a real nuclear engineering case that study the evolution of the peak cladding temperature of fuel rods in case of an intermediate break loss of coolant accident
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Dyshko, Serhii. "Généralisations du Théorème d'Extension de MacWilliams". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUL0018.
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Le fameux Théorème d’Extension de MacWilliams affirme que, pour les codes classiques, toute isométrie deHamming linéaire d'un code linéaire se prolonge en une application monomiale. Cependant, pour les codeslinéaires sur les alphabets de module, l'existence d'un analogue du théorème d'extension n'est pas garantie.Autrement dit, il existe des codes linéaires sur certains alphabets de module dont les isométries de Hammingne sont pas toujours extensibles. Il en est de même pour un contexte plus général d'un alphabet de module munid'une fonction de poids arbitraire. Dans la présente thèse, nous prouvons des analogues du théorèmed'extension pour des codes construits sur des alphabets et fonctions de poids arbitraires. La propriétéd'extension est analysée notamment pour les codes de petite longueur sur un alphabet de module de matrices,les codes MDS généraux, ou encore les codes sur un alphabet de module muni de la composition de poidssymétrisée. Indépendamment de ce sujet, une classification des deux groupes des isométries des codescombinatoires est donnée. Les techniques développées dans la thèse sont prolongées aux cas des codesstabilisateurs quantiques et aux codes de Gabidulin dans le cadre de la métrique rangThe famous MacWilliams Extension Theorem states that for classical codes each linear Hamming isometry ofa linear code extends to a monomial map. However, for linear codes over module alphabets an analogue of theextension theorem does not always exist. That is, there may exists a linear code over a module alphabet with anunextendable Hamming isometry. The same holds in a more general context of a module alphabet equippedwith a general weight function. Analogues of the extension theorem for different classes of codes, alphabetsand weights are proven in the present thesis. For instance, extension properties of the following codes arestudied: short codes over a matrix module alphabet, maximum distance separable codes, codes over a modulealphabet equipped with the symmetrized weight composition. As a separate result, a classification of twoisometry groups of combinatorial codes is given. The thesis also contains applications of the developedtechniques to quantum stabilizer codes and Gabidulin codes
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Mokadem, Azza. "Analysis of scattering by urban areas in the frame of NLOS target detection in SAR images". Thesis, Supélec, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014SUPL0004/document.
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Les systèmes radar à synthèse d’ouverture (RSO) sont utilisés depuis de nombreuses années pour des applications militaires telles que la détection des cibles cachées. L’amélioration constante de la résolution de ces capteurs permet aujourd’hui d’accéder à un niveau de détail élevé dans la scène imagée. Cependant, l’interprétation de ces images demeure particulièrement compliquée dans le cas des milieux urbains. En effet, ces milieux particuliers sont sièges de nombreux phénomènes physiques et d’interactions multiples qui rendent la tâche de détection difficile et parfois erronée. C’est dans ce contexte que s’inscrit cette thèse. L’objectif est d’étudier la faisabilité de détection d’une cible en non visée directe du capteur à l’intérieur d’une scène simple et représentative du milieu urbain: le canyon urbain. Une étude sur la phénoménologie de propagation électromagnétique à l’intérieur des canyons urbains est menée à l’aide de mesures en environnement contrôlé à échelle réduite. Ces mesures ont permis la validation d’un outil électromagnétique commercial pour l’étude de la propagation d’une configuration à échelle réelle. Se basant sur les résultats de simulation du code électromagnétique validé, un outil maison, dédié à la prédiction des zones de détection d’une cible à l’intérieur d’un canyon urbain et à l’analyse de la signature électromagnétique correspondante, a été développé et validé. En outre, ce code contribue à l’interprétation complète de données radiométriques et interférométriques d’une scène urbaine réelleSynthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) systems have been used since many years for military applications such as the detection of hidden targets. With improved resolutions of these systems, high level of details can be distinguished in the corresponding images. However, some difficulties are encountered when analyzing the SAR images of urban areas. In particular, in these areas, many physical phenomena and interactions occur that make the detection of a target a challenging task. In this framework, the goal of the thesis is to investigate the feasibility of detecting Non Line Of Sight targets inside a simple and representative scene: the urban canyon. A study of the electromagnetic (EM) phenomenology of propagation inside urban canyons has been performed using indoor data at a reduced scale. These data allowed the validation of an EM commercial tool that studies the EM propagation at a real scale. Based on the results of simulation of this code, an in-house code was developed dedicated to predict the detection of a target inside an urban canyon and to analyze the corresponding EM signature. Moreover, this code contributed to a full interpretation of InSAR data of a real complex urban scene with targets
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Dyshko, Serhii. "Généralisations du Théorème d'Extension de MacWilliams". Thesis, Toulon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUL0018/document.
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Le fameux Théorème d’Extension de MacWilliams affirme que, pour les codes classiques, toute isométrie deHamming linéaire d'un code linéaire se prolonge en une application monomiale. Cependant, pour les codeslinéaires sur les alphabets de module, l'existence d'un analogue du théorème d'extension n'est pas garantie.Autrement dit, il existe des codes linéaires sur certains alphabets de module dont les isométries de Hammingne sont pas toujours extensibles. Il en est de même pour un contexte plus général d'un alphabet de module munid'une fonction de poids arbitraire. Dans la présente thèse, nous prouvons des analogues du théorèmed'extension pour des codes construits sur des alphabets et fonctions de poids arbitraires. La propriétéd'extension est analysée notamment pour les codes de petite longueur sur un alphabet de module de matrices,les codes MDS généraux, ou encore les codes sur un alphabet de module muni de la composition de poidssymétrisée. Indépendamment de ce sujet, une classification des deux groupes des isométries des codescombinatoires est donnée. Les techniques développées dans la thèse sont prolongées aux cas des codesstabilisateurs quantiques et aux codes de Gabidulin dans le cadre de la métrique rangThe famous MacWilliams Extension Theorem states that for classical codes each linear Hamming isometry ofa linear code extends to a monomial map. However, for linear codes over module alphabets an analogue of theextension theorem does not always exist. That is, there may exists a linear code over a module alphabet with anunextendable Hamming isometry. The same holds in a more general context of a module alphabet equippedwith a general weight function. Analogues of the extension theorem for different classes of codes, alphabetsand weights are proven in the present thesis. For instance, extension properties of the following codes arestudied: short codes over a matrix module alphabet, maximum distance separable codes, codes over a modulealphabet equipped with the symmetrized weight composition. As a separate result, a classification of twoisometry groups of combinatorial codes is given. The thesis also contains applications of the developedtechniques to quantum stabilizer codes and Gabidulin codes
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Lorendeau, Benjamin. "Amélioration des performances via un parallélisme multi-niveaux en maillage sur un code de CFD en maillages non structurés". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0412.
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L'évolution constante ainsi que la complexification qui s'en suit des architectures matérielles oblige les personnes développant des codes de simulations scientifiques à une mise à jour perpétuelle de leur logiciel et de leurs connaissances afin de maintenir une bonne exploitation des performances de ces plateformes de calcul. L'hétérogénéité récente de ces plateformes et la multiplication du nombres de coeurs par machine posent notamment une nouvelle problématique aux logiciels largement parallélisés via l'utilisation de la bibliothèque d'échange de message MPI, qui se voient perdre en performance au fur et à mesure de l'augmentation du parallélisme local à exploiter. Pour cs,la transition vers l'exploitation d'un parallélisme hybride via l'association de MPI avec Open MP (en parallélisme de boucles) peine à s'imposer et ne résout pas les soucis de passage à l'échelle causé par un manque d'équilibrage de charge. Pour répondre à ce problème (ainsi que ceux de la portabilité d'un code et sa capacité à exploiter les plateformes hétérogènes),l'utilisation de la programmation par tâches a récemment gagné en popularité à travers trois méthodes: parallélisme par boucle, tâches soumises de manière séquentielle (STF, flux de tâche séquentiel) ou paramétrique (PTG: graphe de tâches paramétré). Cette thèse se concentre sur l'effort de transition de cs, un code de simulation en mécanique des fluides sur maillages non structurés (algèbre linéaire creuse) vers l'utilisation d'un support exécutif à base de tâches. Pour se faire, une évaluation des deux derniers paradigmes est proposée via l'utilisation des supports Star PU et PaRSEC. Nous établissons leur intérêt pour l'évolution d'un code tel que cs comparé à l'utilisation de MPI+Open MP et nous les comparons sur des questions de complexité et de performance avec l'existant dans cs. Cette thèse est une collaboration entre le département MFEE de EDF R&D et l'équipe Tadaam qui met en commun Inria Bordeax Sud-Ouest, le LaBRI, l'Université de Bordeaux 1 et Bordeaux INPThe ever-evolving and ultimately complexification of computer architectures enforce scientific developpers to maintain both their software and technical knowledge in order to pertain their ability to fully exploit recent high performance computing platforms. Moreover the birth of heterogeneous plateforms and the large increase in core number per processor lead developpers of software parallelized through distributed paralleslim to see a small but consistent decrease of performance on recent plateforms. For cs, the transission from a full MPI code to a MPI+OpenMP code is not fully satisfying and cannot adress the scalability issue that alack of load balancing causes. This load balancing issue is a complex problemto solve for a code such as cs where partitionning is a NP problem and mustdata being indexed due to the unstructured nature of the meshes used. To solvethis kind of issue and many others (such as portability and heterogeneity), the use of a task based runtime recently won popularity through three different ways: loop parallelism, sequential submission of task(STF) or parameterized task graph (PTG). This thesis is focused on the transition effort of cs, a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) code with unstructured meshes (sparse linear algebra) from a mostly distributed parallelism to the integration of a task based runtime. In order to do this,we investigated the STF and PTG paradigms through the use of StarPU and PaRSECin cs. We demonstrate their advantages over a solution such that MPI + OpenMP as well ascompare their use in terms of complexity and performance with the existing solutions in cs. This thesis was made through the collaboration between the MFEE department of EDF R&D and the Tadaam research team, grouping Inria Bordeaux Sud-Ouest, the LaBRI,University of Bordeaux 1 and Bordeaux INP
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Masiero, Matteo <1998>. "L’utilizzo del crowdfunding come sostegno per le organizzazioni non governative. Il caso delle SAR NGO". Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/21919.
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La raccolta fondi è sempre stata la principale fonte di finanziamento per le organizzazioni non governative, in particolare per quelle operanti nel Mar Mediterraneo centrale. Approfondendo la teoria del crowdfunding, delle motivazioni che legano i sostenitori, delle narrazioni dei progetti e dell'effetto framing, questa dissertazione si pone l'obiettivo di indagare quale relazione intercorre fra motivazioni, narrazione e framing di una campagna di crowdfunding. Attraverso il caso della ONG che svolgono SAR nel Mediterraneo si studia come il cambio di inquadratura che le ONG hanno subito abbia influenzato la performance delle loro campagne di raccolta fondi e se la narrazione dei progetti abbia subito modifiche per adattarsi al cambio di framing o meno. Emergeranno le differenze di caratteristiche delle ONG che mostreranno gli effetti positivi e negativi subiti dal cambio di inquadratura.
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Zrelli, Yasamine. "Identification aveugle de codes correcteurs d'erreurs basés sur des grands corps de Galois et recherche d'algorithmes de type décision souple pour les codes convolutifs". Thesis, Brest, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BRES0097/document.
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La première partie de ce mémoire porte sur l’identification aveugle des codes correcteurs d’erreurs non-binaires, travaillant dans le corps de Galois GF(2m). Une étude sur les propriétés des corps de Galois et des codes non-binaires a été conduite afin d’obtenir les éléments indispensables à la mise en oeuvre des méthodes d’identification aveugle. A partir de la seule connaissance des symboles reçus, nous avons développé des méthodes permettant d’identifier les paramètres des codes non-binaires lors d’une transmission non-bruitée et nous avons mis en évidence la pertinence de cette approche lorsque les paramètres de GF(2m) utilisés à l’émission sont connus à la réception. Nous avons aussi mené une étude théorique approfondie pour justifier l’utilisation du critère du rang par la plupart des méthodes d’identification existantes. Dans le cas d’une transmission bruitée, nous avons développé trois algorithmes dédiés à l’identification en aveugle de la taille des mots de code pour des codes binaires et non-binaires. Pour identifier une base du code dual, nous avons généralisé une technique existante pour les codes binaires, basée sur l’utilisation d’un démodulateur à décision ferme, au cas des codes non-binaires. Puis, nous avons amélioré les performances de détection de cette technique en introduisant un processus itératif basé sur l’utilisation conjointe d’un démodulateur à décision souple et d’un algorithme de décodage à décision souple. Dans la deuxième partie de ce mémoire, nous avons tout d’abord proposé un formalisme mathématique pour étudier l’impact des fonctions de mapping-demapping sur la manipulation des données d’un corps de Galois dans le cas des codes non-binaires. Ensuite, nous avons exploité ce formalisme pour détecter et corriger quelques défauts de transmission. Enfin, nous avons étudié l’impact de certaines fonctions de mapping-demapping sur l’identification aveugle des paramètres des codes non-binairesIn the first part of this thesis, we have focused on the blind identification of non-binary error correcting codes over the Galois field GF(2m). A study of the properties of Galois fields and non-binarycodes has been presented so as to get the essential elements for a blind identification of non-binary codes parameters. From the knowledge of only the received symbols, methods have been developed to identify the code parameters in the case of a noiseless transmission. The relevance of this approach has been highlighted when the parameters of the used Galois field are known bythe receiver. A theoretical study of rank criterion behaviors has been also presented to justify its use by the most existing identification methods. Then, three blind identification methods of the codeword size for binary and non-binary linear codes have been developped in the framework of a noisy transmission. In order to identify a dual code basis, an existing method for binary codes based on the use of a hard decision demodulation has been generalized to non-binary codes. The detection performance of this technique has been improved when an iterative process based on the joint use of a soft-decision demodulator and a soft-decision iterative decoding is introduced. In the second part of this thesis manuscript, a mathematical formalism is proposed in order to investigate the impact of mapping-demapping functions on linear algebra computations and properties over Galois field in the case of non-binary error correcting codes. Finally, this formalism has been exploited to detect or/and correct some digital transmission problems such as a bad synchronization. Finally, we have studied the impact of some mapping-demapping functions on the blind identification ofnon-binary error correcting codes parameters
Książki na temat "Code non sûr"
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Canada, Canada Environnement, i Canada. Prévention de la pollution. Secteur des ressources naturelles. Métaux., red. Code de pratiques écologiques: Loi canadienne sur la protection de l'environnement (1999) : fonderies et affineries de métaux communs. Ottawa, Ont: Environnement Canada, 2006.
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History Buech Reimenweisz: Geschichte, Bildprogramm und Illuminatoren des Willehalm-Codex König Wenzels IV. von Böhmen, Wien, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek Ser. Nov. 2643. Wien: Verlag der Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2010.
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Canada. Human Resources Development Canada. Directory of Holland codes for the NOC career handbook =: Répertoire des codes Holland pour le Guide sur les carrières de la CNP. Ottawa, Ont: Human Resources Development Canada = Développement des ressources humaines Canada, 1997.
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Hartmann, Philippe. Centrales nucléaires et environnement - Prélèvements d'eau et rejets. EDP Sciences, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/978-2-7598-0913-4.
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Permettre à la nouvelle génération d’exploitant des centrales nucléaires d’EDF d’acquérir une base robuste sur l’environnement et les centrales nucléaires ... ... offrir à tous, amateurs de vrais livres, ou internautes convaincus, une information pédagogique sur les besoins en eau d’une centrale nucléaire, ses rejets d’effluents dans l’environnement, la surveillance de leurs éventuels impacts, sans oublier le corpus réglementaire applicable, le rôle des autorités de contrôle, ... ... c’est ce double défi qu’a relevé une équipe de chercheurs, ingénieurs, juristes, exploitants, tout juste sortis d’une vie professionnelle consacrée entièrement au domaine et forts d’une expertise reconnue, patiemment accumulée au fil des ans dans tous les métiers de l’Entreprise ; ils ont mis toutes leurs connaissances et expériences au service de ce guide. Le résultat est à la hauteur de leur talent. Après une synthèse de tout ce qu’il faut savoir en 10 pages, le guide décrit les interactions de ces grands ouvrages industriels avec leur environnement : – dans un sens, les services écologiques apportés aux centrales nucléaires pour leur permettre de produire l’électricité la moins carbonée et l’une des plus compétitives d’Europe au service du bien-être des hommes et, – dans l’autre sens, les nombreuses actions mises en oeuvre par EDF pour connaître, éviter ou réduire les effets des centrales sur les écosystèmes. L’organisation de ce guide permet au lecteur de s’y promener au gré de ses besoins ou de sa curiosité. Il y découvre l’importance qu’accorde l’exploitant à informer le public faisant sienne la définition de la transparence d’André Comte-Sponville : « Dire au public tout ce qu’il n’aimerait pas apprendre par d’autre que nous ». Un tour de la réglementation applicable aux centrales nucléaires amène le lecteur au pied de la pyramide réglementaire française des installations nucléaires de base (INB) avec à son sommet la fameuse loi TSN (Transparence et Sécurité Nucléaire) transposée aujourd’hui dans le code de l’environnement. Un détour par Oslo et Paris avec la convention OSPAR sur la protection du milieu marin ; un saut à Berne et sa convention pour la protection du Rhin, puis, bien sûr, Kyoto et le protocole sur la réduction des gaz à effet de serre, pour terminer à Bruxelles avec nombre de directives et règlements. Enfin, le guide aborde le contrôle des rejets et la surveillance de l’environnement au voisinage des centrales nucléaires, ce qui permet de suivre les principaux paramètres indicateurs de la qualité des écosystèmes terrestre et aquatique. Référence est faite aux études et aux techniques de mesures les plus sophistiquées pour déceler le moindre effet. Je remercie les auteurs pour la qualité de ce guide qui éclairera les parcours de tous nos collaborateurs qui entrent dans ce métier passionnant et rigoureux d’exploitant de centrales nucléaires. Sans nul doute, ce guide permettra aussi à un plus grand nombre de mieux connaître comment EDF conjugue les enjeux sociétaux, environnementaux et économiques au service de sa mission de producteur d’électricité.
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Almendra Garcia Pereira, Emerson. Awaken. Brazil Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-905-5.
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Awaken – livro ilustrado é uma adaptação do curta metragem animado em 3D desenvolvido por Emerson EAGP e premiado no Brasil, Canadá, Estados Unidos e Índia e selecionado para festivais pelo mundo, incluindo Itália e Inglaterra. O livro, que pode ser lido juntamente com o vídeo animado, acessado pelo QR code, conta a história de um garoto em processo de descoberta de poderes e habilidade através de sua relação com uma árvore mágica. Cheio de simbologia, as poucas páginas trazem a importância do cuidado com a natureza e o próximo, de acreditar em si mesmo, do autocontrole e o próprio poder, em um linguajar simples para crianças.
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Paiva, Paulo. Um presente para você: Felicidade - empodere-se | sinta-se | mergulhe. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-099-1.
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O livro Um PRESENTE pra você: FELICIDADE, propõe uma leitura leve e fluída para desmistificação da felicidade como fim ou forma, com o objetivo de experenciá-la de diversas formas, com rotinas e práticas que levam a satisfação, a criação de metodologias próprias com exercícios diários e assim, identificar fontes de satisfação no que é ordinário, para que ele se torne extraordinário. Contudo, o caminho todo é de autoconhecimento, identificação de particularidade não comparáveis e atividades propostas que unem a leitura off-line a experiências online por meio de QR code gerando experiências mescladas como hoje se usa o celular como segunda tela de qualquer fonte de conhecimento. A obra deve tecer ideias genéricas humanas, junto à exemplos particulares e assim deve ser um estimula para presentear alguém ou ser um objeto de desejo como apoio no dia a dia. É um livro sobre felicidade, nua e crua, como essencialmente existe. Uma descoberta de dentro pra fora que pode libertar muitas pessoas da culpa ou peso de não se conhecer profundamente.
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Pfeiffer, Douglas S. Authorial Personality and the Making of Renaissance Texts. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714163.001.0001.
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How did we first come to believe in a correspondence between writers’ lives and their works? When did the person of the author—both as context and target of textual interpretation—come to matter so much to the way we read? This book traces the development of author centrism back to the scholarship of early Renaissance humanists. Working against allegoresis and other traditions of non-historicizing textual reception, they discovered the power of engaging ancient works through the speculative reconstruction of writers’ personalities and artistic motives. To trace the multi-lingual and eventually cross-cultural rise of reading for the author, this book presents four case studies of resolutely experimental texts by and about writers of high ambition in their respective generations: Lorenzo Valla on the forger of the Donation of Constantine, Erasmus on Saint Jerome, the poet George Gascoigne on himself, and Fulke Greville on Sir Philip Sidney. An opening methodological chapter and exhortative conclusion frame these four studies with accounts of the central lexicon—character, intention, ethos, persona—and the range of genre evidence that contemporaries used to discern and articulate authorial character and purpose. As constellated throughout with examples from the works of major contemporaries including John Aubrey, John Hayward, Galileo, Machiavelli, and Shakespeare, The Force of Character resurrects a vibrant culture of biographism continuous with modern popular practice and yet radically more nuanced in its strategic reliance on the explanatory power of probabilism and historical conjecture—the discursive middle ground now obscured from view by the post-Enlightenment binaries of truth and fiction, history and story, fact and fable.
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Johnsen, Bredo. Righting Epistemology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190662776.001.0001.
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David Hume launched a historic revolution in epistemology, but allies appeared only in the twentieth century, in the persons of Sir Karl Popper, Nelson Goodman, and W. V. Quine. Hume’s second great contribution to the field was to propose reflective equilibrium theory as the framework within which to understand epistemic justification. The core of this book comprises an account of these developments from Hume to Quine, and an extension of reflective equilibrium theory that renders it a general theory of epistemic justification concerning our beliefs about the world. In chapters on Sextus, Descartes, Wittgenstein, and various aspects of Hume’s epistemology, the author defends new readings of those philosophers’ writings on skepticism and notes significant relationships among their views. Finally, in appendices on Hilary Putnam’s “Brains in a Vat” and Fred Dretske’s contextualism, the author shows that both fail to rule out the possible truth of radical skeptical hypotheses. This is not surprising, since those hypotheses are in fact possible. They do not, however, have any epistemological significance, since epistemic justification is a function of the extent to which our bodies of beliefs are in reflective equilibrium, and no extant conception of knowledge is of any epistemological interest.
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MBASSI ATÉBA, Raymond, i Gérard-Marie MESSINA, red. Sous le signe du signe ou l’art d’être sémioticien. Editions des archives contemporaines, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17184/eac.9782813004222.
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L’idée de repenser et d’expérimenter à nouveaux frais l’hypothèse d’une sémiotique consubstantielle à la vie de tout Homme dans le cadre de ces Mélanges en hommage au Professeur Barnabé Mbala Ze, sémioticien, didacticien, critique, homme de Lettres et personnalité politique d’envergure, trouve des résonnances significatives dans le parcours atypique de ce chercheur à la fois singulier et pluriel. Aussi ces mélanges servent-ils de prétexte pour revisiter la sémiotique non pas seulement en s’appuyant sur les canons de cette discipline telle que l’ont pensée ses pères fondateurs, mais en prenant en compte, dans une perspective transgressive, ses refondations et ses appropriations contemporaines. Dès lors, comment cerner la sémiotique dans l’expérience postmoderne ? Comment identifier, analyser, interpréter les codes sémiotiques hétérogènes, précaires, versatiles du sujet contemporain selon les situations et les contextes de vie particuliers ? Comment penser la rencontre des signes et des diverses manières de les vivre et de les envisager dans les ethno-mondes actuels ? Quel sémantisme suggèrent les codes sémiotiques de la contemporanéité ? En un mot, quels sont les chemins actuels de la sémiotique, et quelles en sont les figures et les avenues ? En tentant de répondre à certaines de ces questions à tiroirs, les contributions réunies dans ce volume mettent en lumière la mémoire de l’une des personnalités mythiques du système éducatif et universitaire camerounais, l’un des aspects saillants de sa personnalité éclectique, de sa carrière, de ses travaux, de ses enseignements, de ses amours littéraires – notamment de littérature française, de littérature d’Afrique subsaharienne et du Maghreb –, et de celles qu’on aurait voulu partager avec lui.
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Baracchini, Leïla. Entre désert et toile. Création d’un art san contemporain au Kalahari. Éditions Alphil-Presses universitaires suisses, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33055/alphil.03150.
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En 1990, à D’kar (Botswana), était créé le premier projet d’art à destination des populations san naro du Kalahari : le Kuru Art Project. De ce projet allait émerger un mouvement artistique de portée internationale, désormais connu sous le nom d’art san contemporain. À partir d’une ethnographie détaillée, Entre désert et toile raconte comment l’art est venu à D’kar et a transformé les pratiques et les modes de représentation, mais aussi le regard porté sur celles et ceux que la culture populaire avait jusqu’alors fait connaître en Occident en tant que chasseurs-cueilleurs nomades ou « Bushmen ». Combinant documents ethnographiques et historiques, il retrace les mouvements circulatoires inhérents à la création et à la diffusion de ces oeuvres sur les marchés de l’art internationaux. Médiations, traductions, rapports de pouvoir : ce livre questionne également les enjeux propres à l’ethnographie d’un processus créatif en contexte postcolonial. Comment maintenir une pratique ethnographique sans se retrouver soi-même engagé dans une dynamique qui impose aux images ses propres codes ? Et dès lors, quelle forme lui donner ? Ces questions amènent l’auteure à développer, dans la dernière partie de l’ouvrage, un portrait fragmentaire et sensible d’une artiste du Kuru Art Project, Coex’ae Bob. À partir d’une démarche collaborative, l’ethnologue et l’artiste y proposent une déambulation entre tableaux, plantes, textes et images, où se dessine une relation intime au Kalahari d’aujourd’hui. Préface de Nathalie Heinich
Części książek na temat "Code non sûr"
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Chan, Monica. "What We Know, We Don’t Know About Macao’s Arbitration Framework and the Way Forward". W Cofola International 2021, 482–505. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-8639-2021-19.
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Increasing attention has been drawn recently to the arbitration community after the long-waited call for reform in arbitration regime back in 1996, the new Macao Arbitration Law has finally come into force on 4 May 2020. Still a phenomenon today, Macao SAR is not regarded as a popular destination for ar-bitration given the very strong competitions of “international” arbitral institutions surrounded in the South-East Asia Region, like Singapore, Hong Kong SAR, and Mainland China, but also probably due to its “imperfect” arbitration system that Macao SAR that was deeply-rooted in the past. In response to the growth of international commercial arbitration cases worldwide, Macao SAR has tried hard to ameliorate in a number of ways without giving up its share in the arbitration market. In-deed, one good example is the reform of the latest Macao Arbitration Law in 2019. However, this may not serve as a “panacea” to bring any instant changes in arbitration, and promotion of Macao SAR as a “user-friendly” seat for arbitration may require time and joint effort from every stakeholder to make that happen. This paper will revisit the evolution of the Macao’s arbitration system and its latest development, the potential challenges that pose to Macao SAR, a brief introduction of local arbit-ral institutions, as well as the likely concerns that the arbitral institutions and arbitration users may face when it comes to the choice for the place of arbitration.
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Bromberger, Martin, Irina Dragoste, Rasha Faqeh, Christof Fetzer, Larry González, Markus Krötzsch, Maximilian Marx, Harish K. Murali i Christoph Weidenbach. "A Sorted Datalog Hammer for Supervisor Verification Conditions Modulo Simple Linear Arithmetic". W Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems, 480–501. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99524-9_27.
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AbstractIn a previous paper, we have shown that clause sets belonging to the Horn Bernays-Schönfinkel fragment over simple linear real arithmetic (HBS(SLR)) can be translated into HBS clause sets over a finite set of first-order constants. The translation preserves validity and satisfiability and it is still applicable if we extend our input with positive universally or existentially quantified verification conditions (conjectures). We call this translation a Datalog hammer. The combination of its implementation in SPASS-SPL with the Datalog reasoner VLog establishes an effective way of deciding verification conditions in the Horn fragment. We verify supervisor code for two examples: a lane change assistant in a car and an electronic control unit of a supercharged combustion engine.In this paper, we improve our Datalog hammer in several ways: we generalize it to mixed real-integer arithmetic and finite first-order sorts; we extend the class of acceptable inequalities beyond variable bounds and positively grounded inequalities; and we significantly reduce the size of the hammer output by a soft typing discipline. We call the result the sorted Datalog hammer. It not only allows us to handle more complex supervisor code and to model already considered supervisor code more concisely, but it also improves our performance on real world benchmark examples. Finally, we replace the before file-based interface between SPASS-SPL and VLog by a close coupling resulting in a single executable binary.
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Garnett, George. "The Excavation, Reconstruction, and Fabrication of Old English Law in the Twelfth Century". W The Norman Conquest in English History, 104–31. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198726166.003.0004.
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Chapter 3 examines the attempt, parallel with the writing of English history, to preserve and fabricate mainly in Latin pre-Conquest English royal law codes—codes which William I and his successors were said to have endorsed. The first of these compilations of Old English law translated into Latin, dating from the very beginning of the twelfth century, was Quadripartitus. There were also many others, including Tripartita, the Leges Henrici, and the Leges Edwardi Confessoris. The chapter shows that many of these are preserved in manuscripts which also include contemporary works of history; others—most notably for the rest of this book, the codex which ended up sequentially in the hands of Archbishop Matthew Parker and of Sir Edward Coke (BL MS. Add. 49366)—were purely legal. It demonstrates that these authentic and apocryphal collections did not become obsolete with the establishment of new common law procedures in Henry II’s reign, but continued to be treated as foundational of English law. The watchword in this case too was continuity with the pre-Conquest past.
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"Détermination des codes de produits à attribuer". W Lignes directrices pour la collecte de données sur les mesures non tarifaires officielles: Édition de 2023, 33–39. United Nations, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/9789213586396c007.
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Osawa, Syozo. "The structure of the ‘universal’ genetic code". W Evolution of the Genetic Code, 14–35. Oxford University PressOxford, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198547815.003.0002.
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Abstract The genetic code is written as a set of all 64 possible arrangements of the four RNA nucleotides-U, C, A, and G-in the form of a triplet (codon) (see Table 1.1). Each of 61 codons is assigned to a specific amino acid; the other three are stop codons that terminate the protein synthesis and do not correspond to any amino acid. As the number of amino acids used for protein synthesis is 20, the same amino acid can be coded for by more than one codon, i.e. the code is degenerate. For example, AAA and AAG are codons for Lys; GUG, GUC, GUA, and GUG are codons for Val. Further, six codons-CGU, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, and AGG-are synonymous, and are translated to Arg. A box in which four codons are synonymous is called ‘family box’ or a ‘4-codon box’; there are eight family boxes. A set in which a single amino acid has two codons is called ‘2-codon set’ (see Table 1.1). Of the 13 2-codon sets, seven end with pyrimidine (Y: U or C) and six with purine (R: A or G). Codons for Arg, Leu, and Ser exist both in a family box and in a 2-codon set. There are exceptions: three codons-AUU, AUC, and AUA-are assigned to Ile (2-codon set plus 1, or family box minus 1). Met or Trp has only a single codon-AUG or UGG because codon AUA is for Ile and UGA is a stop codon. There are therefore two to six synonymous codons for a single amino acid, except for Met and Trp.
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Bellamy, Edward. "Chapter XXVIII". W Looking Backward 2000-1887. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199552573.003.00029.
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“I T’s a little after the time you told me to wake you, sir. You did not come out of it as quick as common, sir.” The voice was the voice of my man Sawyer. I started bolt upright in bed and stared around....
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Thiam, Khadimou Rassoul. "De la rue à la scène politique : analyse des logiques discursives et pragmatiques du code switching dans un débat politique au Sénégal". W Les parlers urbains africains au prisme du plurilinguisme : description sociolinguistique, 93–110. Observatoire européen du plurilinguisme, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/oep.kosso.2020.01.0093.
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A l’image de beaucoup de contextes francophones, les parlers urbains au Sénégal sont caractérisés par un fort métissage linguistique, code mixte ou code switching, avec la présence du wolof et du français voire de l’anglais et d’autres langues locales. Ces pratiques ont focalisé beaucoup de travaux qui, pour l’essentiel, ont tenté de mettre en lumière les enjeux sociolinguistiques et les structurations morphosyntaxiques et syntaxiques de ces phénomènes (Thiam, 1994). Or, les travaux de Gumperz (1968) sur la question ont démontré que le code switching et le code mixte relèvent plus, dans bien des situations, d’une stratégie discursive et argumentative. En d’autres termes, si les mélanges de langues sont le plus souvent informels et spontanés, il existe bien une dimension argumentative du phénomène où les langues en interaction, les moments d’insertions et les modalités d’insertions de ces langues constituent des choix linguistiques fondés sur des positionnements personnels des locuteurs et des enjeux discursifs et pragmatiques. Ce changement de dimension marque la maturation du phénomène et un changement de paradigme : d’usage de la rue, le code switching devient une stratégie de communication performante utilisée jusque dans la sphère politique.
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Burnaby, Frederick. "chapter X". W On Horseback Through Asia Minor, 64–68. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192825001.003.0011.
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Abstract THERE was something on my English servant’s mind that evening. He did not look happy, and eyed Osman from time to time with lowering looks. “My brother is angry with me, Effendi,” said the Turk, in answer to my inquiries. “When he speaks I do not understand, when I speak he does not know what I say.” “What is the matter, Radford?” I asked. “Please, sir, I ain’t had no dinner. I did not prepare anything for you as the cook in the house was a preparing it. Well, when you had finished, and Osman had brought out the dishes, I thought that I should get something to eat. But, no sir! for Osman invited a lot of dirty Turks to come and sit round the victuals. Some of the chaps had just come out of the stable, and their hands were that dirty. Then they began a shoving them into the dishes and a licking their fingers. It turned me hup, that it did. Osman ought to know better, sir. Whenever I cooks for you I always give him a tit-bit for himself.”
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Turner, Henry S. "Sir Philip Sidney and the Practical Imagination". W The English Renaissance Stage, 82–113. Oxford University PressOxford, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199287383.003.0003.
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Abstract When the question of the construction of a port at Ostia came up for discussion, had not the orator to state his views? And yet it was a subject requiring the technical knowledge of the architect... Will he not deal with measurements and figures? And yet we must admit that they form part of mathematics. For my part I hold that practically all subjects are under certain circumstances liable to come up for treatment by the orator.
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Collins, William Wilkie. "The Story continued by Mrs Catherick". W The Woman in White. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199535637.003.0010.
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Sir, You have not come back, as you said you would. No matter; I know the news, and I write to tell you so. Did you see anything particular in my face when you left me? I was wondering, in my own mind, whether...
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Code non sûr"
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Demoss, Dennis, Stefan J. Janusz i Richard P. Niemer. "ASME Codes and Small Modular Reactors". W ASME 2014 Small Modular Reactors Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smr2014-3345.
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Authors: Sargent & Lundy, LLC: Dennis Demoss, Stefan Janusz, and Richard Niemer. Focus: Codes and Standards. This paper will review new Small Modular Reactor (SMR) designs and implications on ASME Codes and Standards. SMR technologies which will be discussed include B&W mPower (TVA Clinch River site), Westinghouse SMR (Ameren Callaway site), NuScale/Fluor SMR (Pacific NW lab site), Holtec SMR (Savannah River site), and Non-U.S. Designs such as the Russian SMRs. U.S. SMR reactor designs vary from 45 to approximately 225 MWe. SMRs, as defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency, have an electrical output less than 700 MW [1]; however, U.S. SMRs are typically defined as producing less than 350 MWe. SMR goals include significantly reducing plant capital cost requirements and enabling multi-reactor module construction and addition over time providing greater utility flexibility. A primary SMR advantage includes its installation in smaller grids typical of electrical power systems in developing countries. Unique aspects of the SMR technologies include integral reactor and steam generator vessel, integral pressurizer and internal piping, below-grade containment vessel, helical-coil integral steam generators, integral decay heat removal systems, modular plant construction and arrangement, in-service inspection unique requirements, special materials, and welding. SMR technologies provide unique challenges for conformance with ASME Codes and Standards. Non-U.S. designs, such as the Russian floating ship-type configuration SMR (KLT-40S) and Russian land-based SMR (VBER-300), will be discussed from the perspective of compatibility with ASME Codes. Discussion will be provided regarding non-U.S. SMR operational safety and inspection requirements based on ASME Codes. SMR development may require the expansion and clarification of current ASME Code design rules and requirements. For example, Section XI testing requirements and frequencies may require revision due to longer intervals between refueling. New divisions of ASME Codes may be required to address inspection of SMR inaccessible plant components and materials and plant operational differences from previous LWR designs. Additional reactor internal components and equipment may also require additional ASME Code considerations. Finally, higher design temperatures resulting from passive design shutdown considerations may require development and Code acceptance of new materials.
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Sidarta, Djoni E., Tuhin Rakshit i Vivek Jaiswal. "SCR VIV Analysis Using Time Domain Code SimVIV". W ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-83695.
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Vortex Induced Vibration (VIV) analysis of risers using time domain Finite Element Analysis (FEA) captures nonlinearity in the system. Such non-linearity may be in the form of boundary conditions or the imposed loadings. Riser VIV analysis using a frequency domain code has to linearize the system, such as imposing linearized boundary conditions. Non-linear boundary conditions for steel catenary riser (SCR) could be in the SCR-soil interaction and in the hang-off system. An SCR is often supported by a flex joint that has non-linear rotational stiffness. The effect of these non-linear boundary conditions in SCR VIV response is investigated in this paper. In addition, the effect of the directions of current profiles with respect to the riser on the SCR VIV response is also investigated. Comparison to standard industry practice, that is applying currents either in the plane or normal to the plane of the SCR, is presented. Time domain VIV code SimVIV coupled with FEA code ABAQUS was used in the analysis.
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Humphries, Larry, Brad Beeny, David Louie, Hossein Esmaili i Michael Salay. "Non-LWR Model Development for the MELCOR Code". W 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-82415.
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MELCOR is a fully-integrated, system-level computer code developed by Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) with the primary objective of modeling the progression of severe accidents in light water nuclear power plants [1,2,3]. Since the project began in 1982, MELCOR has undergone continuous development to address emerging issues, process new experimental information, and create a repository of knowledge on severe accident phenomena. This paper summarizes model development specifically developed for non-LWR applications such as high temperature gas reactors (HTGR), sodium fast reactors (SFR) and molten salt reactors (MSR). Beginning in 2008, active development work began on HTGR modeling in MELCOR. Models were developed for helium gas thermodynamics, oxidation of graphite, thermal hydraulics and heat transfer for both prismatic and pebble bed designs, cavity cooling systems, fuel failure and fission product release, graphite dust generation, and aerosol transport, deposition, and resuspension. In 2013, work commenced on the development of modeling capabilities for sodium fast reactors. This development included the addition of sodium as a working fluid as well as the addition of models for simulating containment fires (both spray and pool) as well as sodium atmospheric chemistry. Validation of these new models has been completed and code-to-code comparisons with the CONTAIN/LMR code has been performed. Work continues as development of sodium concrete interaction models is now underway. In 2017, work began on adding capabilities for molten salt reactors. A new equation of state for FLIBE coolant has been successfully tested in MELCOR and is now undergoing validation against experiments. The alternate working fluid model has also been extended to permit both water and one alternate condensable working fluid in the same input model.
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Abbasi, Fariba, Hessam Mahdavifar i Emanuele Viterbo. "Hybrid Non-Binary Repeated Polar Codes For Low-SNR Regime". W 2021 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit45174.2021.9518274.
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Trivedi, A. K., D. R. Novog i C. Allison. "Implementation of Solar Salt as Fluid in ASYST4.1 and Validation for a Natural Circulation Loop". W 2021 28th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone28-64703.
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Abstract Various small modular reactor (SMR) designs such as Micro Modular Reactor (MMR), Stable Salt Reactor - Wasteburner (SSR-W) and the Natrium reactor utilize an intermediate molten salt loop for heat transport and thermal energy storage (TES). This technology is well proven for solar thermal plants and uses solar salt (NaNO3-KNO3 in 60:40 ratio by weight) as a heat transfer and heat storage material. The primary advantages are its thermal stability, large temperature range, low cost, high density, and low vapor pressure. For example, MMR is a prismatic block design which has emerged as one preferred concept of gas cooled reactors (GCRs) and uses helium as the primary coolant and the solar salt as intermediate fluid for transporting the heat to TES system. The current thermal hydraulic system codes can model helium as a dry non-condensable gas but in most cases solar salt properties are not available in these codes. Hence there is a lack of integrated analysis capability across the MMR-type system. An effort is made to collect a robust set of thermodynamic and transport properties and heat transfer correlations for solar salt and incorporate them into the code ASYST4.1. It will allow for the simulation of design basis accident which include the dynamics of the primary system, intermediate loop, and TES. Reliable computational tools are required for thermal hydraulics design and accident analysis of Small Modular Reactors (SMR) including associated experimental validation. One emerging tool is ASYST (Adaptive SYStem Thermal-hydraulics) - ISA (Integral Simulation and Analysis). It is a new code which combines the capabilities of SCDAPSIM/MOD4 and SAMPSON and is being developed jointly by Innovative Systems Software (ISS), USA and Institute of Applied Energy (IAE) of Japan. The thermal hydraulic module, ASYST-THA, replaces the original US NRC-developed RELAP5 code used in RELAP/SCDAPSIM/MOD3.x and the THA code used in SAMPSON, with new system level hydrodynamic options that include multidimensional, multi-fluid models originally developed by ISS and IAE. ASYST represents an internationallevel collaboration on system code development and benefits from the expertise and experiments available world-wide. This work presents the details of solar salt implementation into ASYST as well as a benchmarking study on Molten Salt Nitrate Natural Circulation Loop (MSNCL). ASYST calculated results are found to closely match the experimental data. This work has been further extended to quantify uncertainties in the calculated heater outlet/inlet temperature and the flow rate for 1600 kW case using Integrated Uncertainty Analysis (IUA) package of ASYST4.1. The margin in the temperatures is about 35 K which confirms that the ASYST can both overpredict or underpredict the experimental temperatures.
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Song, Jian, Limin Liu, Simiao Tang, Yingwei Wu, Wenxi Tian, Suizheng Qiu i Guanghui Su. "Implementation of Liquid Metal Properties in RELAP5 MOD3.2 for Safety Analysis of Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors". W 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-66009.
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Due to great deal of operation experience and technology accumulation, sodium cooled fast reactor (SFR) is the most promising among the six Generation IV reactors, which has advantages of breeding nuclear fuel, transmuting long-lived actinides and good safety characteristics. Thermal-hydraulic computer codes will have to be developed, verified, and validated to support the conceptual and final designs of new SFRs. However, work on developing thermal hydraulic analysis code for SFR is very limited in China, while the common software RELAP5 MOD3 is unable to analyze liquid metal systems. So the modified RELAP5 MOD3.2 is being considered as the thermal-hydraulic system code to support the development of the SFRs. The thermodynamic and transport properties of sodium liquid and vapor have been implemented into the RELAP5 MOD3.2 code, as well as the specific heat transfer correlations for liquid metal. The sodium liquid properties use polynomial equations based on data obtained from Argonne National Laboratory, and the vapor is assumed to be perfect gas. The property equations are acceptably accurate for analysis of SFR, especially for single-phase liquid. New files are added to the fluids directory to generate property tables for new working fluid, which are similar to the table interpolation subroutines for light and heavy water in the original file directory. The method of code modifications are universal for other working fluids and will not affect the code original performance. Some basic verification work for the modified code are carried out. The steam generator of CEFR is analyzed to verify the modified code. The calculated results show that all the water will boil off in the evaporator and the calculated results are in good agreement with the design values. By using modified RELAP5 to model the primary loop of EBR-II fast reactor, the SHRT-17 PLOF test was analyzed. The results show that the natural circulation can be established in the EBR-II primary system after main pumps off to remove the core decay residual heat effectively, and the peak temperature under the safety limits. Moreover, the results computed in this work compared well with the test experimental data for the steady state condition. During the transients, the changing trends of temperature and pressure are similar to experimental data. The discrepancies between calculation and experiment are considered acceptably which need to be improved in the future work. Our work could demonstrate the capability and reliability of the modified RELAP5 for the analysis of SFRs further.
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Dutt, B. J., J. J. Kroutch, K. N. Hooghan, R. J. Jenkins i M. J. Toth. "Integrated Circuit SNR Improvement Using Dielectric Altering Compound, Laser Trim and FIB System". W ISTFA 2000. ASM International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2000p0323.
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Abstract Communication Signal Processors (CSP) did not have the Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) performance expected. Significant differences were noticed between SNR values at wafer level and package testing. The analog section of the chip was suspected to be the culprit as the problem existed at the analog to digital conversion level. A Dielectric Altering Compound (DiAC) was chosen to simulate the packaged environment in decapsulated parts1. The DiAC was applied in and around the analog section, after application in other areas did not show the SNR degradation. The sampling capacitors in the A to D Converter section (ADC) were selectively coated with DiAC and laser trimmed to identify the offending circuit element. A signal trace running adjacent to the sampling caps, was isolated and suspected of coupling noise to the sampling caps. A FIB system was used to deposit a grounded metal shield that covered the suspect runner on a packaged part - subsequent testing showed no degradation. The above procedure was successful in isolating, verifying, and rectifying the SNR degradation. The SNR degradation was found on more than one code. The same procedure was used repeatedly on subsequent errant codes. Finally, a mask level fix on silicon achieved the desired SNR performance for all the codes.
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Nava Rivera, Milka Hebi, Daisuke Ito, Yasushi Saito, Mitsuhiro Aoyagi, Kenji Kamiyama i Tohru Suzuki. "Measurements of Two-Phase Pressure Drop in a Simulated Debris Bed". W 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-67927.
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Two-phase flow through porous media should be well understood to develop a severe accident analysis code not only for light water reactor but also sodium cooled fast reactor (SFR). When a core disruptive accident occurs in SFR, the fuel inside the core may become melted and interacts with the coolant. As a result, gas-liquid two-phase flow will be formed in the debris bed, which may have porous nature depending on the cooling process. Thus, as first step, present work focuses on the characteristics of pressure drop in single- and two-phase flows in different porous media conditions (porous size, liquid and gas flow velocity). In addition, in order to construct an experimental database, the measured pressure drop under different conditions was compared with existing correlations.
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Yada, Hiroki, Shigeru Takaya, Kyoichi Morohoshi i Shinobu Yokoi. "Proposal of Detailed Procedures of Determining Rational In-Service Inspection Requirements Based on System Based Code Concept". W 2022 29th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone29-90542.
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Abstract In order to develop rationalized maintenance plans of nuclear power plants, it is necessary to consider characteristics of each plant. For sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR) plants, there are constraints on inspections due to the specialty that sodium equipment needs to be handled, which is one of the important points when considering rationalization of maintenance. Therefore, we previously proposed a maintenance optimization scheme based on the System Based Code (SBC) concept. The concept of the SBC intends to give a theoretical procedure to optimize the reliability of the system by administrating every related engineering requirement throughout the life of the system from design to decommissioning. “ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Code Case, N-875 Alternative Inservice Inspection Requirements for Liquid-Metal Reactor Passive Components” was already developed based on the SBC concept. The basic procedure of the code case has been also implemented in “ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section XI, Division 2” which provides requirements for Reliability and Integrity Management (RIM) programs for nuclear power plants including advanced reactors. One of proposed scheme goals is to develop detailed procedures of preparing a maintenance plan based on the process in the code case. In this study, the procedures to determine inspections for potential degradation and additional inspections in terms of defense-in-depth have been further clarified. The modified maintenance optimization scheme consists of the following processes. At first, potential active degradation mechanisms are identified. If there are any degradation mechanisms that are not addressed in the design codes, structural reliability evaluations are conducted to confirm whether the component of interest has sufficient reliability for the degradation mechanisms of concern. In the case the evaluated reliability does not meet a predetermined reliability target, inspections for the potential degradation are required. Next, the detectability of hypothetical defects before they grow to an unacceptable size in terms of plant safety is assessed. A method which has sufficient detectability, either in direct way such as volumetric examinations or in indirect way such as monitoring, is required as an additional inspection. If any methods are not applicable, reliability evaluation with a penalty is required. The penalty is determined conservative hypothesis relating safety function of the component of interest. If the evaluated reliability meets to the reliability target, additional inspections can be exempted. In this paper, the modified maintenance optimization scheme is also illustrated by a quantitative trial evaluation of the core support structure of the next SFR under development in Japan.
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Kikuchi, Norihiro, Yasutomo Imai, Ryuji Yoshikawa, Norihiro Doda i Masaaki Tanaka. "Investigation of Applicability of Subchannel Analysis Code ASFRE on Thermal Hydraulics Analysis in Fuel Assembly With Inner Duct Structure in Sodium Cooled Fast Reactor". W 2021 28th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone28-65662.
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Abstract In the design study of an advanced sodium-cooled fast reactor (Advanced-SFR) in Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), the use of a specific fuel assembly (FA) with an inner duct structure called FAIDUS has been investigated to enhance safety of Advanced-SFR against a core disruptive accident. Due to the asymmetric layout of fuel rods by the inner duct, it is necessary to estimate the temperature distribution to confirm feasibility of FAIDUS. In JAEA, an in-house subchannel analysis code named ASFRE has been developed as a FA design tool. For the typical FAs, the numerical results of ASFRE were validated by comparisons with experimental data. As for the FAIDUS, confirmation of validity of the numerical results by ASFRE was not enough because the reference data on the thermal hydraulics in FAIDUS have not been obtained by the mock-up experiment, yet. In this paper, therefore, the code-to-code comparisons with numerical results of ASFRE and those of an in-house CFD code named SPIRAL was conducted to make further discussion on applicability of ASFRE to the thermal-hydraulics analysis of FAIDUS. The applicability of ASFRE was indicated through the confirmation of the consistency of mechanism of the specific temperature and velocity distributions appearing around the inner duct between the numerical results by ASFRE and those by SPIRAL.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Code non sûr"
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Hoard, R. W., i S. Hunter. Design of a five-axis flux-gate magnetic-gradiometer system Tracking Code No. 93-SR-035. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzec 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/87820.
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Kaboré, Gisele, Rene Dala i AristideR Bado. Etude quantitative sur le mariage précoce et le vécu des adolescentes dans la zone d'intervention du projet: Etat des lieux et perspectives. Population Council, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy20.1003.
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L’étude sur le mariage précoce s’est déroulée dans cinq régions du Burkina Faso. Elle avait pour objectif général d’étudier les connaissances, les attitudes, les pratiques et les perceptions du mariage précoce ainsi que le vécu des adolescentes mariées ou non en vue d’orienter les actions du projet. L’analyse des résultats de l’étude montre que la situation des adolescentes n’est pas reluisante. L’ampleur du mariage précoce dans la zone d’étude montre bien que le problème est toujours d’actualité. Au regard des résultats qui découlent de l’étude, les recommandations suivantes peuvent être formulées afin de contribuer à améliorer la situation des adolescentes: sensibiliser davantage les parents, l’entourage et les adolescentes elles-mêmes sur les inconvénients du mariage précoce ; sensibiliser les chefs de ménage, l’entourage et les adolescentes sur le Code des personnes et de la famille ; appuyer financièrement les adolescentes qui souhaitent fréquenter ou poursuivre leurs études ; renforcer la connaissance des adolescentes sur la santé sexuelle et reproductive et mettre à leur disposition des services appropriés ; créer ou renforcer des structures d’accueil pour des formations professionnelles accessibles aux adolescentes ; et faciliter l’accès des adolescentes aux crédits, les sensibiliser sur les activités génératrices de revenus et renforcer leurs capacités en matière de gestion.
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Cunha e Melo, Mariana, i Jonas de Abreu Castro. Contribuições Fórum Pix: Gestor de Pagamentos. Center for Technology and Public Interest, SL, październik 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59262/wf2jbb.
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O presente documento está dividido em três partes. A primeira é destinada à exposição de uma proposta alternativa à regulamentação da figura de um gestor de pagamento. Vamos expor algumas preocupações com a criação de um novo intermediário no arranjo do Pix e uma proposta alternativa focada em um mecanismo de pagamentos com múltiplos recebedores (split pay). A segunda parte é destinada à discussão de um outro tema objeto da 19a Plenária do Fórum Pix: a especificação do Pix automático. Neste ponto, vamos defender uma abordagem que unifica as jornadas de pagamento automático e amplifica o escopo e impacto desse mecanismo. Por fim, a terceira parte amarra as propostas das duas primeiras partes e descreve como ambas poderiam ser incorporadas na API Pix para máximo impacto no sistema de pagamentos. Nossa contribuição adota a posição de que a solução de formalizar a figura do gestor de pagamentos não é o melhor caminho para alcançar os objetivos do Banco Central de fomentar a inovação no mercado de pagamentos sem comprometer princípios importantes, como o combate à lavagem de dinheiro. Defendemos que a necessidade que o mercado está mostrando é resultado de três questões subjacentes e que uma solução efetiva deve atacar essas questões em suas raízes. A primeira questão subjacente pode ser uma frustração com o funcionamento da API Pix oferecidas pelos bancos para acessar as funcionalidades do Pix. Aqui, nossa proposta é corrigir esse problema específico implementando requisitos mínimos de experiência do usuário para as APIs da mesma maneira que o BCB fez com os aplicativos bancários desde o primeiro dia. Se as APIs funcionassem e dessem acesso a todas as funcionalidades do Pix, os intermediários poderiam gerenciar os pagamentos sem participar do fluxo de dinheiro. A segunda questão subjacente é que terceirizar os pagamentos também é muito difícil. Até mesmo a atividade de simplesmente registrar ordens de pagamento para aprovação futura pode ser difícil. Novamente, as APIs do Pix poderiam resolver esse problema permitindo a geração de credenciais para os operadores, mesmo que a aprovação final exija um nível mais alto de credencial. Por fim, a terceira questão é que participar do fluxo de dinheiro pode reduzir muito o risco de inadimplência, já que o intermediário pode deduzir sua taxa do que é finalmente encaminhado para o beneficiário final. Para resolver esse caso de uso específico, propusemos a implementação de um fluxo para acomodar o _split pay_. Ou seja, pagamentos com vários destinatários. O recurso de split pay estaria disponível para todos os beneficiários em seus aplicativos bancários ou APIs, para que os gerentes de conta pudessem configurar os QR Codes já com o split pay configurado. Também fizemos uma proposta adicional em relação à segunda questão mencionada acima. Sugerimos que o BCB considere o Pix automático como apenas uma nova forma de enviar descrições de pagamento para o banco do pagador para confirmação do pagador e início do fluxo de dinheiro. Isso significa que a mensagem que os bancos pagadores recebem dos bancos recebedores em um débito automático deve ser exatamente o conteúdo de um QR Code que um pagador pode digitalizar. Também sugerimos que tanto o Pix automático quanto os QR Codes possam ser únicos, recorrentes ou únicos e recorrentes. Se o BCB aceitar essa sugestão, poderíamos ter pagamentos por push em larga escala no Brasil.
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Pforr, Tobias, Fabian Pape i Steffen Murau. After the Allocation: What Role for the Special Drawing Rights System? Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, marzec 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp180.
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In August 2021, the IMF made a new SDR allocation to help ease pandemic-induced financial strains in the Global South. This paper assesses the potential of the SDR system to address debtrelated problems in global finance. We analyze the SDR system as a web of interlocking balance sheets whose members can use SDR holdings—the system’s tradable assets—for conversion into usable currency as a perpetual low-interest loan or to make payments to each other. Using original IMF data, we study how the system has been practically used since 1990. Though widely perceived as a solution in search of a problem in the post-Bretton Woods era, we find that the SDR system provides three mechanisms through which IMF members borrow and lend usable currency to each other, with different strings attached: first, transactions by agreement; second, the IMF’s core lending facilities for which the SDR system offers additional resources; and third, IMF-sponsored Trusts which seek to harness the SDR system for development purposes and are the basis for the current idea of ‘voluntary channeling’. Overall, given the SDR system’s idiosyncratic accounting rules, the new allocation can improve the liquidity position of a country and offer some limited avenues for sovereign debt restructuring but comes with new interest and exchange rate risks. Voluntary channeling cannot happen without a wealth transfer, neither the SDR allocation nor the use of Trusts can overcome this problem. Still, Trusts can be a useful instrument to help with debt forgiveness and to ensure that borrowed funds are used for their intended purpose.
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Paynter, Robin A., Celia Fiordalisi, Elizabeth Stoeger, Eileen Erinoff, Robin Featherstone, Christiane Voisin i Gaelen P. Adam. A Prospective Comparison of Evidence Synthesis Search Strategies Developed With and Without Text-Mining Tools. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), marzec 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepcmethodsprospectivecomparison.
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Background: In an era of explosive growth in biomedical evidence, improving systematic review (SR) search processes is increasingly critical. Text-mining tools (TMTs) are a potentially powerful resource to improve and streamline search strategy development. Two types of TMTs are especially of interest to searchers: word frequency (useful for identifying most used keyword terms, e.g., PubReminer) and clustering (visualizing common themes, e.g., Carrot2). Objectives: The objectives of this study were to compare the benefits and trade-offs of searches with and without the use of TMTs for evidence synthesis products in real world settings. Specific questions included: (1) Do TMTs decrease the time spent developing search strategies? (2) How do TMTs affect the sensitivity and yield of searches? (3) Do TMTs identify groups of records that can be safely excluded in the search evaluation step? (4) Does the complexity of a systematic review topic affect TMT performance? In addition to quantitative data, we collected librarians' comments on their experiences using TMTs to explore when and how these new tools may be useful in systematic review search¬¬ creation. Methods: In this prospective comparative study, we included seven SR projects, and classified them into simple or complex topics. The project librarian used conventional “usual practice” (UP) methods to create the MEDLINE search strategy, while a paired TMT librarian simultaneously and independently created a search strategy using a variety of TMTs. TMT librarians could choose one or more freely available TMTs per category from a pre-selected list in each of three categories: (1) keyword/phrase tools: AntConc, PubReMiner; (2) subject term tools: MeSH on Demand, PubReMiner, Yale MeSH Analyzer; and (3) strategy evaluation tools: Carrot2, VOSviewer. We collected results from both MEDLINE searches (with and without TMTs), coded every citation’s origin (UP or TMT respectively), deduplicated them, and then sent the citation library to the review team for screening. When the draft report was submitted, we used the final list of included citations to calculate the sensitivity, precision, and number-needed-to-read for each search (with and without TMTs). Separately, we tracked the time spent on various aspects of search creation by each librarian. Simple and complex topics were analyzed separately to provide insight into whether TMTs could be more useful for one type of topic or another. Results: Across all reviews, UP searches seemed to perform better than TMT, but because of the small sample size, none of these differences was statistically significant. UP searches were slightly more sensitive (92% [95% confidence intervals (CI) 85–99%]) than TMT searches (84.9% [95% CI 74.4–95.4%]). The mean number-needed-to-read was 83 (SD 34) for UP and 90 (SD 68) for TMT. Keyword and subject term development using TMTs generally took less time than those developed using UP alone. The average total time was 12 hours (SD 8) to create a complete search strategy by UP librarians, and 5 hours (SD 2) for the TMT librarians. TMTs neither affected search evaluation time nor improved identification of exclusion concepts (irrelevant records) that can be safely removed from the search set. Conclusion: Across all reviews but one, TMT searches were less sensitive than UP searches. For simple SR topics (i.e., single indication–single drug), TMT searches were slightly less sensitive, but reduced time spent in search design. For complex SR topics (e.g., multicomponent interventions), TMT searches were less sensitive than UP searches; nevertheless, in complex reviews, they identified unique eligible citations not found by the UP searches. TMT searches also reduced time spent in search strategy development. For all evidence synthesis types, TMT searches may be more efficient in reviews where comprehensiveness is not paramount, or as an adjunct to UP for evidence syntheses, because they can identify unique includable citations. If TMTs were easier to learn and use, their utility would be increased.
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Altstein, Miriam, i Ronald J. Nachman. Rational Design of Insect Control Agent Prototypes Based on Pyrokinin/PBAN Neuropeptide Antagonists. United States Department of Agriculture, sierpień 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593398.bard.
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The general objective of this study was to develop rationally designed mimetic antagonists (and agonists) of the PK/PBAN Np class with enhanced bio-stability and bioavailability as prototypes for effective and environmentally friendly pest insect management agents. The PK/PBAN family is a multifunctional group of Nps that mediates key functions in insects (sex pheromone biosynthesis, cuticular melanization, myotropic activity, diapause and pupal development) and is, therefore, of high scientific and applied interest. The objectives of the current study were: (i) to identify an antagonist biophores (ii) to develop an arsenal of amphiphilic topically active PK/PBAN antagonists with an array of different time-release profiles based on the previously developed prototype analog; (iii) to develop rationally designed non-peptide SMLs based on the antagonist biophore determined in (i) and evaluate them in cloned receptor microplate binding assays and by pheromonotropic, melanotropic and pupariation in vivo assays. (iv) to clone PK/PBAN receptors (PK/PBAN-Rs) for further understanding of receptor-ligand interactions; (v) to develop microplate binding assays for screening the above SMLs. In the course of the granting period A series of amphiphilic PK/PBAN analogs based on a linear lead antagonist from the previous BARD grant was synthesized that incorporated a diverse array of hydrophobic groups (HR-Suc-A[dF]PRLa). Others were synthesized via the attachment of polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers. A hydrophobic, biostablePK/PBAN/DH analog DH-2Abf-K prevented the onset of the protective state of diapause in H. zea pupae [EC50=7 pmol/larva] following injection into the preceding larval stage. It effectively induces the crop pest to commit a form of ‘ecological suicide’. Evaluation of a set of amphiphilic PK analogs with a diverse array of hydrophobic groups of the formula HR-Suc-FTPRLa led to the identification of analog T-63 (HR=Decyl) that increased the extent of diapause termination by a factor of 70% when applied topically to newly emerged pupae. Another biostablePK analog PK-Oic-1 featured anti-feedant and aphicidal properties that matched the potency of some commercial aphicides. Native PK showed no significant activity. The aphicidal effects were blocked by a new PEGylated PK antagonist analog PK-dF-PEG4, suggesting that the activity is mediated by a PK/PBAN receptor and therefore indicative of a novel and selective mode-of-action. Using a novel transPro mimetic motif (dihydroimidazole; ‘Jones’) developed in previous BARD-sponsored work, the first antagonist for the diapause hormone (DH), DH-Jo, was developed and shown to block over 50% of H. zea pupal diapause termination activity of native DH. This novel antagonist development strategy may be applicable to other invertebrate and vertebrate hormones that feature a transPro in the active core. The research identifies a critical component of the antagonist biophore for this PK/PBAN receptor subtype, i.e. a trans-oriented Pro. Additional work led to the molecular cloning and functional characterization of the DH receptor from H. zea, allowing for the discovery of three other DH antagonist analogs: Drosophila ETH, a β-AA analog, and a dF analog. The receptor experiments identified an agonist (DH-2Abf-dA) with a maximal response greater than native DH. ‘Deconvolution’ of a rationally-designed nonpeptide heterocyclic combinatorial library with a cyclic bis-guanidino (BG) scaffold led to discovery of several members that elicited activity in a pupariation acceleration assay, and one that also showed activity in an H. zea diapause termination assay, eliciting a maximal response of 90%. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a CAP2b antidiuretic receptor from the kissing bug (R. prolixus) as well as the first CAP2b and PK receptors from a tick was also achieved. Notably, the PK/PBAN-like receptor from the cattle fever tick is unique among known PK/PBAN and CAP2b receptors in that it can interact with both ligand types, providing further evidence for an evolutionary relationship between these two NP families. In the course of the granting period we also managed to clone the PK/PBAN-R of H. peltigera, to express it and the S. littoralis-R Sf-9 cells and to evaluate their interaction with a variety of PK/PBAN ligands. In addition, three functional microplate assays in a HTS format have been developed: a cell-membrane competitive ligand binding assay; a Ca flux assay and a whole cell cAMP ELISA. The Ca flux assay has been used for receptor characterization due to its extremely high sensitivity. Computer homology studies were carried out to predict both receptor’s SAR and based on this analysis 8 mutants have been generated. The bioavailability of small linear antagonistic peptides has been evaluated and was found to be highly effective as sex pheromone biosynthesis inhibitors. The activity of 11 new amphiphilic analogs has also been evaluated. Unfortunately, due to a problem with the Heliothis moth colony we were unable to select those with pheromonotropic antagonistic activity and further check their bioavailability. Six peptides exhibited some melanotropic antagonistic activity but due to the low inhibitory effect the peptides were not further tested for bioavailability in S. littoralis larvae. Despite the fact that no new antagonistic peptides were discovered in the course of this granting period the results contribute to a better understanding of the interaction of the PK/PBAN family of Nps with their receptors, provided several HT assays for screening of libraries of various origin for presence of PK/PBAN-Ragonists and antagonists and provided important practical information for the further design of new, peptide-based insecticide prototypes aimed at the disruption of key neuroendocrine physiological functions in pest insects.
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MacFarlane, Andrew. 2021 medical student essay prize winner - A case of grief. Society for Academic Primary Care, lipiec 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37361/medstudessay.2021.1.1.
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As a student undertaking a Longitudinal Integrated Clerkship (LIC)1 based in a GP practice in a rural community in the North of Scotland, I have been lucky to be given responsibility and my own clinic lists. Every day I conduct consultations that change my practice: the challenge of clinically applying the theory I have studied, controlling a consultation and efficiently exploring a patient's problems, empathising with and empowering them to play a part in their own care2 – and most difficult I feel – dealing with the vast amount of uncertainty that medicine, and particularly primary care, presents to both clinician and patient. I initially consulted with a lady in her 60s who attended with her husband, complaining of severe lower back pain who was very difficult to assess due to her pain level. Her husband was understandably concerned about the degree of pain she was in. After assessment and discussion with one of the GPs, we agreed some pain relief and a physio assessment in the next few days would be a practical plan. The patient had one red flag, some leg weakness and numbness, which was her ‘normal’ on account of her multiple sclerosis. At the physio assessment a few days later, the physio felt things were worse and some urgent bloods were ordered, unfortunately finding raised cancer and inflammatory markers. A CT scan of the lung found widespread cancer, a later CT of the head after some developing some acute confusion found brain metastases, and a week and a half after presenting to me, the patient sadly died in hospital. While that was all impactful enough on me, it was the follow-up appointment with the husband who attended on the last triage slot of the evening two weeks later that I found completely altered my understanding of grief and the mourning of a loved one. The husband had asked to speak to a Andrew MacFarlane Year 3 ScotGEM Medical Student 2 doctor just to talk about what had happened to his wife. The GP decided that it would be better if he came into the practice - strictly he probably should have been consulted with over the phone due to coronavirus restrictions - but he was asked what he would prefer and he opted to come in. I sat in on the consultation, I had been helping with any examinations the triage doctor needed and I recognised that this was the husband of the lady I had seen a few weeks earlier. He came in and sat down, head lowered, hands fiddling with the zip on his jacket, trying to find what to say. The GP sat, turned so that they were opposite each other with no desk between them - I was seated off to the side, an onlooker, but acknowledged by the patient with a kind nod when he entered the room. The GP asked gently, “How are you doing?” and roughly 30 seconds passed (a long time in a conversation) before the patient spoke. “I just really miss her…” he whispered with great effort, “I don’t understand how this all happened.” Over the next 45 minutes, he spoke about his wife, how much pain she had been in, the rapid deterioration he witnessed, the cancer being found, and cruelly how she had passed away after he had gone home to get some rest after being by her bedside all day in the hospital. He talked about how they had met, how much he missed her, how empty the house felt without her, and asking himself and us how he was meant to move forward with his life. He had a lot of questions for us, and for himself. Had we missed anything – had he missed anything? The GP really just listened for almost the whole consultation, speaking to him gently, reassuring him that this wasn’t his or anyone’s fault. She stated that this was an awful time for him and that what he was feeling was entirely normal and something we will all universally go through. She emphasised that while it wasn’t helpful at the moment, that things would get better over time.3 He was really glad I was there – having shared a consultation with his wife and I – he thanked me emphatically even though I felt like I hadn’t really helped at all. After some tears, frequent moments of silence and a lot of questions, he left having gotten a lot off his chest. “You just have to listen to people, be there for them as they go through things, and answer their questions as best you can” urged my GP as we discussed the case when the patient left. Almost all family caregivers contact their GP with regards to grief and this consultation really made me realise how important an aspect of my practice it will be in the future.4 It has also made me reflect on the emphasis on undergraduate teaching around ‘breaking bad news’ to patients, but nothing taught about when patients are in the process of grieving further down the line.5 The skill Andrew MacFarlane Year 3 ScotGEM Medical Student 3 required to manage a grieving patient is not one limited to general practice. Patients may grieve the loss of function from acute trauma through to chronic illness in all specialties of medicine - in addition to ‘traditional’ grief from loss of family or friends.6 There wasn’t anything ‘medical’ in the consultation, but I came away from it with a real sense of purpose as to why this career is such a privilege. We look after patients so they can spend as much quality time as they are given with their loved ones, and their loved ones are the ones we care for after they are gone. We as doctors are the constant, and we have to meet patients with compassion at their most difficult times – because it is as much a part of the job as the knowledge and the science – and it is the part of us that patients will remember long after they leave our clinic room. Word Count: 993 words References 1. ScotGEM MBChB - Subjects - University of St Andrews [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 27]. Available from: https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/subjects/medicine/scotgem-mbchb/ 2. Shared decision making in realistic medicine: what works - gov.scot [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 27]. Available from: https://www.gov.scot/publications/works-support-promote-shared-decisionmaking-synthesis-recent-evidence/pages/1/ 3. Ghesquiere AR, Patel SR, Kaplan DB, Bruce ML. Primary care providers’ bereavement care practices: Recommendations for research directions. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014 Dec;29(12):1221–9. 4. Nielsen MK, Christensen K, Neergaard MA, Bidstrup PE, Guldin M-B. Grief symptoms and primary care use: a prospective study of family caregivers. BJGP Open [Internet]. 2020 Aug 1 [cited 2021 Mar 27];4(3). Available from: https://bjgpopen.org/content/4/3/bjgpopen20X101063 5. O’Connor M, Breen LJ. General Practitioners’ experiences of bereavement care and their educational support needs: a qualitative study. BMC Medical Education. 2014 Mar 27;14(1):59. 6. Sikstrom L, Saikaly R, Ferguson G, Mosher PJ, Bonato S, Soklaridis S. Being there: A scoping review of grief support training in medical education. PLOS ONE. 2019 Nov 27;14(11):e0224325.