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Shelmerdine, Richard L. "Large-scale forcing of coastal communities". Thesis, Open University, 2007. https://pure.uhi.ac.uk/portal/en/studentthesis/largescale-forcing-of-coastal-communities(2c23ae0f-7619-416c-9a61-f30354b9a045).html.
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Two contrasting areas of pelagic primary productivity (PPP) were noted in western Scotland, the Clyde (high PPP) and the west coast (low PPP). It was hypothesised that increased PPP would have a direct bottom-up influence on intertidal community structure with the Clyde expected to be dominated by filter feeders with potentially greater larval recruitment, increased density, faster growth and larger maximum sizes. The study was divided into five sections examining community structure, growth rates, predation and grazing pressures, effects of wave exposure, and stable isotope analysis. Individual species tended to vary between sites within lochs rather than between the two regions. Growth rates of the predator Nucella were found to follow peaks in Semibalanus size, rather than Mytilus, with increased growth on the west coast. An increased density of the grazer, Littorina, at a site had an increased effect on their growth rate although dense localised patches within sites were observed where growth rates were lowest. Mussel size classes were found to have different growth rates, most probably due to differing factors such as predation, food availability, and reproduction. Predation and grazing effects differed between regions. Barnacle cover was shown to be affected by both Nucella and Littorina although the latter may have been an indirect affect due to the biofilm cover which was greater in the Clyde. Predation rates of mussels were found to be greater on the west coast which was most probably due to a change in diet from barnacles to mussels. Mussel shell length and biomass declined with increasing wave exposure throughout western Scotland with the potential for factors varying on small scales to be more important in structuring mussel populations. This was evident when testing for differences in stable isotopes of mussels which suggested site specific variation due to increased freshwater input. The results of this study showed that small scale, local factors are as important, if not more, as regional differences in structuring communities. PPP is important, but only for a subset of the community.
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Adodoadji-Dogbe, Catherine Doe. "Climate change and vulnerable coastal communities in Ghana". Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2018. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/30314/.
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This study examines the relationship between climate impacts and existing vulnerabilities amongst coastal dwellers in Ghana. The study analyses how social relations of power affects access to resources and decision making and their implications for vulnerability and adaptive capacity under changing climatic conditions. It also examines the role that policy plays in addressing vulnerabilities to climate impacts in the study communities. Using a perspective that is important but often overlooked in the study of vulnerability and adaptation to climate impacts in Ghana, the thesis examines the root causes i.e. the structural and relational drivers of vulnerability and the extent to which adaptation policies address these root causes. This thesis contributes to the ongoing debate on the politics of adaptation, the need for adaptation policies to address the underlying causes of vulnerability specifically the social relations of power that produce inequalities. A qualitative mixed-methods approach consisting of participatory tools, focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews were used in collecting data at the household, community and institutional level. Results from the study show that existing vulnerabilities created from development trajectories pursued in the past interact with climatic impacts to further exacerbate vulnerabilities and decrease adaptive capacities of households in the study communities. It also shows that unequal social relations of power drive differential vulnerability patterns among households in the study communities. The results show that the access profile of a household influences the strategies used in responding to climatic impacts. Also, climate change related adaptation policies by government and other actors do not adequately address the underlying causes of vulnerability consequently perpetuating vulnerabilities and reducing the adaptive capacities of households in the study communities. The study concludes that for adaptation policies to be more effective they need to address the underlying causes of vulnerability or the existing inequalities that reproduce and sustain vulnerability to climate impacts and which undermine adaptive capacities.
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Klinka, Karel. "Classification of natural forest communities of coastal British Columbia". Forest Sciences Department, University of British Columbia, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/668.
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Vegetation science, like any science, uses classification to organize knowledge about plants and plant communities. Classification is helpful for understanding how different plant communities relate to one another and their environments, for facilitating further studies of vegetation, and for conservation. To familiarize onself with vegetation of a large area, it is very convenient and efficient to begin with a few general units, such as plant orders rather than with many very detailed units, such as plant associations and subassociation. We offer such an approach and think that the information given in this
series will be sufficient to assign any forested coastal community to one the orders or suborders.
In spite of a history of vegetation studies in British Columbia, there has not yet been any attempt to develop a comprehensive hierarchical classification of plant communities for the province. As the culmination of fifty years of detailed surveys carried out by V.J. Krajina and his students, the Ecology Program Staff of the BC Forest Service, and other workers, we used tabular and multivariate analyses of 3,779 sample plots established in natural, old-growth, submontane, montane, and subalpine forest communities in coastal BC to develop a hierarchy of vegetation units according to the methods of biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification.
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Mostofi, Camare Hooman. "Multicriteria Decision Evaluation of Adaptation Strategies for Vulnerable Coastal Communities". Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20112.
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According to the IPCC (2007) fourth assessment report, small islands and coastal communities have a set of characteristics that makes them very vulnerable to climate change impacts, mainly sea-level rise and storm surges.
Coastal hazards including inundation, salinisation of the water supply, and erosion threaten vital infrastructure that support coastal communities.
Although Canada has the longest coastline in the world, little work has been done on impacts of climate change and adaptation to these impacts in the Canadian coastal zones. This research is part of an International Community-University Research Alliance (ICURA) C-Change, project to develop a multicriteria decision evaluation and support for the systems analysis of adaptation options for coastal communities toward adapting to environmental changes. This study estimates the vulnerability of coastal communities with respect to their environmental, economic, social, and cultural dimensions. It also applies a group version of the Analytical Hierarchy Process for identifying decisions that various stakeholders make on suggested adaptation strategies. This study develops a methodological framework that is applicable to various coastal and small island contexts. The application of the proposed framework is further discussed in a case study conducted on the communities of Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island (PEI), and Little Anse on Isle Madame, Nova Scotia. Specifically, the state of the Little Anse breakwater is analyzed and new adaptation options are presented and evaluated.
This research has illustrated and applied a process of decision evaluation and support that explicitly engages multiple participants and critieria in complex problems situations involving environmental change in coastal communities.
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Cheong, So-Min. "Korean fishing communities in transition : institutional change and coastal development /". Thesis, online access from ProQuest databases online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium access full-text, 2001. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/pqdiss.pl?3036456.
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Bostick, Thomas P. "Engaging Stakeholders in Resilience Assessment and Management for Coastal Communities". Thesis, The George Washington University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10150627.
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Coastal hazards including storm surge, sea-level rise, and cyclone winds continue to have devastating effects on infrastructure systems and communities despite the costly investments already being made in risk management to mitigate predicted consequences. Risk management has generally not been sufficiently focused on coastal resilience with community stakeholders involved in the process of making their coastlines more resilient to damaging storms. Thus, without earlier stakeholder involvement in coastal resilient planning for their community, they are frustrated after disasters occur. The US National Academies has defined resilience as “the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from and more successfully adapt to adverse events” (National Research Council (NRC), 2012). This dissertation introduces a methodology for enabling stakeholder-involved resilience evaluation across the physical, information, cognitive and social domains (DiMase, Collier, Heffner, & Linkov, 2015; Linkov et al., 2013). The methodology addresses the stages of resilience: prepare, absorb, recover and adapt and integrates performance assessment of risk management project initiatives with scenario analysis to characterize disruptions of risk-management priorities (Linkov, Fox-Lent, Keisler, Della Sala, & Sieweke, 2014b). The goal of the methodology is not to find the “right” solution set of priorities by quantitative means., but to develop a methodology for dialogue among the stakeholders. Rather, the purpose is to develop a methodology that would allow stakeholder involvement in the process of making their coastal communities more resilient by determining important resilience stages and domains, critical functions of the system, project initiatives for consideration, and potential future scenarios of concern. Stakeholder qualitative comments are transformed into quantitative inputs to produce qualitative outputs. The results of the methodology allow the stakeholders to easily “see” the priorities and the resilience stages and domains. The methodology is illustrated through a case study at Mobile Bay, Alabama, USA and then illustrated again through a second case study of Southeast Region of Florida and produces more focused results for the stakeholders. The research findings as broadly implemented will benefit federal and local policymakers and emergency responders, business and community leaders, and individual homeowners and residents in the United States and the International Community.
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Tam, Jordan. "Understanding adaptation and social-ecological change in Chilean coastal communities". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/58314.
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In recent decades, attempts have been made to integrate social and ecological dimensions of change into understandings of resource sustainability, yet challenges persist. Complex dynamics in social-ecological systems fuel these challenges, rendering it difficult to anticipate and address problems arising from development or environmental change. This dissertation examines the ability of common-pool resource (CPR) theories to address and realize sustainable management. Traditionally, CPR systems have been understood as a set of design principles for managing resources, especially single-resource regimes wherein local drivers of change are known. However, most CPR settings are embedded in complex systems and affected by drivers at global to local scales. This recognition has led many scholars to champion adaptation as the way forward, but significant confusion remains over key concepts, including adaptive capacity. Focusing on Chile’s small-scale fishers and divers, I explore how user adaptations and sociocultural shifts in response to globalization can threaten the resilience of Chile’s celebrated territorial user rights regime. I develop a typology of user motivations, and explain how these intersect with user adaptations and expand our ability to create more robust management. By studying the concrete adaptation behaviours of marine users, I also demonstrate how adaptive capacity is a proactive process and behaviour-specific, contrary to assessment methods that emphasize generalizability. Similarly, by measuring social learning as the propensity of individuals to attend to social information, I show how social learning may not be uniformly positive (and may even be negative) for social-ecological outcomes, counter to expectations in contemporary resource literatures. Finally, it is generally assumed that common understanding of resource dynamics will improve the kinds of collective action that ensures the success of CPRs. Results suggest that other variables may be more important (e.g., migrant population), and the positive role of common understanding requires further testing using clear measures. Overall, the results of this dissertation suggest a need to attend to, and account for, a broader set of potentially significant social and psychological variables. Adopting a more precise and critical eye regarding human factors, as endeavoured in this study, may help the science of social-ecological sustainability progress more capably and effectively.Science, Faculty of
Resources, Environment and Sustainability (IRES), Institute for
Graduate
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Foxwell-Norton, Kerrie-Ann, i na. "Communicating the Australian Coast: Communities, Cultures and Coastcare". Griffith University. School of Arts, 2007. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070814.094758.
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In Australia, Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICM) is the policy framework adopted by government to manage the coastal zone. Amongst other principles, ICM contains an explicit mandate to include local communities in the management of the coastal zone. In Australia, the Coastcare program emerged in response to international acceptance of the need to involve local communities in the management of the coastal zone. This dissertation is a critical cultural investigation of the Coastcare program to discover how the program and the coastal zone generally, is understood and negotiated by three volunteer groups in SE Queensland. There is a paucity of data surrounding the actual experiences of Coastcare volunteers. This dissertation begins to fill this gap in our knowledge of local community involvement in coastal management. My dissertation considers the culture of Coastcare and broadly, community participation initiatives. Coastcare participants, government policymakers, environmental scientists, etc bring to their encounter a specific way of seeing the coast a cultural framework which guides their actions, ideas and priorities for the coastal zone. These cultural frameworks are established and maintained in the context of unequal relations of power and knowledge. The discourses of environmental science and economics as evidenced in the chief ICM policy objective, Ecologically Sustainable Development (ESD) are powerful knowledges in the realm of community participation policy. This arrangement has serious consequences for what governments and experts can expect to achieve via community participation programs. In short, the quest for power-sharing with communities and meaningful participation is impeded by dominant scientific and economic cultures which act to marginalise and discredit the cultures of communities (and volunteers). Ironically enough, the lack of consideration of these deeper relations of power and knowledge means that the very groups (such as policymakers, environmental scientists, etc) who actively seek the participation of local communities, contribute disproportionately to the relative failure of community participation programs. At the very least, as those in a position of power, policymakers and associated experts do little to enhance communication with local communities. To this situation add confusion wrought by changes in the delivery of the Coastcare program and a lack of human and financial resources. From this perspective, the warm and fuzzy sentiment of Coastcare can be understood as the Coastcare of neglect. However, the emergence of community participation as legitimate in environmental policymaking indicates a fissure in the traditional power relations between communities and experts. Indeed the entry of community participation policy is relatively new territory for the environmental sciences. It is this fissure which I seek to explore and encourage via the application of a cultural studies framework which offers another way of seeing community participation in coastal and marine management and thereby, offers avenues to improve relations between communities and experts. My fieldwork reveals a fundamental mismatch between the cultural frameworks which communities bring to the coast and those frameworks embodied and implemented by the Coastcare program. Upon closer examination, it is apparent that the Coastcare program (and community participation programs generally) are designed to introduce local lay communities to environmental science knowledge. Local coastal cultures are relegated to the personal and private realm. An excellent example of this is the scientifically oriented eligible areas for funding of the Coastcare program. The volunteers consulted for this project emphasized their motivation in terms of maintaining the natural beauty of the coast and protecting a little bit of coast from the rampant development of the coastal zone. Their motivations were largely the antithesis of ESD. They understood their actions as thwarting the negative impacts of coastal development this occurred within a policy framework which accepted development as fait daccompli. Australias nation of coastal dwellers may not know a lot about coastal ecologies but they do know the coast in other ways. Community knowledge of the coast can be largely accounted for in the phrase, Australian beach culture. Serious consideration of Australian beach culture in environmental policy is absent. The lack of attention to this central tenet of the Australian way of life is because, as a concept and in practice, beach culture lacks the seriousness and objectivity of environmental science knowledge it is about play, hedonism, holidays, spirituality, emotion and fun. The stories (including Indigenous cultural heritage) which emerge when Australians are asked about their beach cultural knowledge historical and contemporary experiences of the Australian coast await meaningful consideration by those interested in communicating with Australian communities living on the coast. This cultural geography is an avenue for policymakers to better communicate and engage with Australian communities in their quest to increase participation in, or motivate interest in community coastal management programs.
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Huddleston, Veronica. "Restructuring and adjustment in resource-dependent coastal communities : a case study of the Western rock lobster fleet hosting communities". University of Western Australia. Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2010.0001.
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In an attempt to address the seeming imbalance within studies of rural communities in Australia linked to primary industries, this study examines the broader aspects of policy changes and bio-economic imperatives in the Western Rock Lobster Fishery and the effects of the restructuring of the fishery on communities that host the rock lobster fleet. It is an innovative study in that it is one of the first comprehensive studies of industry restructuring in the fisheries sector; a study of the linkages and implications of restructuring on the social, economic and cultural facets of coastal communities in Western Australia. Globalisation in the fishery sector, aided by technological advances, has resulted in a greater exploitation of high-value fisheries for export. Intensified globalisation has also brought about environmental and social standards that ensure the survival of by-catch species and promote responsible codes of fishing practice. In Australia, the active support of the government for globalisation, led to the adoption of export-oriented policies emphasising competitiveness and efficiency. Consideration of market principles thus govern fisheries regulators when deciding on the management arrangements to adopt for a particular fishery. In considering a number of policy instruments and management measures, government regulators also consider the conservation of marine resources alongside the production of significant economic and social benefits. The Western Rock Lobster Fishery is the most valuable single species fishery in Western Australia with a sizeable financial and employment contribution to coastal communities along the Western Australian coast. Any management scheme adopted for this fishery, as such, not only has to take into account biological and environmental imperatives but also economic and social objectives. The analysis of the fishery undertaken in this thesis underlines the need for a holistic view of fishery management that takes into consideration not only biological sustainability, but also promotes an understanding of fishers' behaviours and fishing patterns and the consequent effects on specific communities. The demographic and social changes that affect rural communities further complicate the economic restructuring at the fishery level, with fishers' responses differing based on their circumstances and preferences. This thesis presents a snapshot of a fishery deliberating changes in management arrangements and its effects on coastal communities whose socio-demographic and economic development historically has depended, and to a great extent is still dependent, upon rock lobster fishing. It provides empirical evidence that lends support to the view that the pro-market policies promoting competition and entrepreneurialism have resulted in a spatially uneven development in regional Australia. Specific localities can deal with the changes brought about by globalisation and policy change. However, the manner in which these communities deal and cope with these changes depends on a number of factors, among others, the level of diversification of the local economy, demographic and social structures, and other factors such as the level of resilience and the social capital base within the community.
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Griffiths, Chevon. "Climate change and coastal vulnerability: application of vulnerability assessment methodologies in two coastal communities in South Africa". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22970.
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Climate and environmental change is a phenomenon which is having a significant effect on human-ecological systems around the world. It is predicted to have a detrimental impact on certain groups and populations; among those most at risk are those who have the highest exposure and sensitivity to the climate and environmental changes and the lowest adaptive capacity. This includes coastal fishing communities and therefore necessitates action at a variety of scales in order to build the resilience of these individuals and groups to the predicted changes and their potential impacts. Vulnerability assessments (VAs) have been identified as an effective way to discover who is most vulnerable and to what threats or hazards. This is valuable as assistance can then be provided to the individuals, groups, regions or countries identified as most vulnerable. VAs can be conducted at a variety of scales and can be either quantitative or qualitative. This research project focused on vulnerability assessments conducted at the local level. These community-scale assessments are important as they are able to elicit finer-scale details, identify the greatest hazards and stressors, and conceptualize adaptation strategies that are locally-informed, context specific and targeted towards a specific community. The focus of this research project was to first assess the vulnerability of two coastal communities in South Africa, namely Doringbaai and St Helena Bay, using a suite of mixed methods which included focus group discussions, the review of secondary data, and key informant interviews. Secondly, this project aimed to assess the potential contribution of a 'rapid vulnerability assessment' (RVA) methodology, conducted in the same two coastal fishing communities, to gain information required to identify appropriate adaptation strategies in the context of climate and environmental change. The RVA is conducted as a workshop over a two-day period and may be followed by key informant interviews on the third day, if appropriate and required. This research sought to compare and contrast the information emanating from the RVA workshops with information obtained from the triangulation of mixed methods used in this study with respect to: key threats and stressors faced by the two small-scale fishing communities, identified environmental changes, impacts of these changes on fisher livelihoods, current coping strategies and potential adaptation strategies. Criteria for assessing the performance of the two different approaches were drawn from the literature and systematically documented. The outcome of the assessment showed that the RVA has value as a VA methodology and is able to identify locally relevant, potentially viable adaptation strategies. It is an effective approach for obtaining a good overview of the vulnerabilities of a community and is thus especially useful in under-resourced and data-poor regions. The conclusion was therefore that it is an exceptionally useful tool as a starting point for vulnerability assessments but can be enriched by combining it with other methods such as the review of secondary data, focus group discussions, surveys, questionnaires and key informant interviews. Furthermore, it is recommended that the RVA includes follow-up research and focuses on flexible adaptation strategies.
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Carter, Christopher Michael. "Spatial and temporal dynamics of phytoplankton communities in a coastal ecosystem". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Zoology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4807.
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The phytoplankton community dynamics and the processes influencing phytoplankton community structure were investigated in Beatrix Bay, Pelorus Sound, New Zealand. The particular focus was on bottom-up resource acquisition driving phytoplankton dynamics in this coastal ecosystem. Sampling for water column structure, nutrient concentration, and phytoplankton community composition was done over two years in conjunction with experiments that manipulated nutrient concentration and light levels, to test how these affected phytoplankton community dynamics seasonally.
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Calder-Potts, Ruth Naomi. "The biological and ecological impacts of hypoxia on coastal benthic communities". Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/9352.
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Traditionally, hypoxia has been defined as the situation where DO levels have fallen below 2.0 mg O2 L-1, but increasing evidence suggests that this low level of DO is inadequate to describe the onset of hypoxia impacts for many organisms. Consequently, there is a need for a greater understanding of how ‘moderate’ alterations in DO levels will affect ecosystem processes and functionality, specifically through behavioural and physiological alterations at the organism and community level. This thesis reports on mesocosm experiments which were conducted to examine the effects of moderate ( > 3.0 mg O2 L-1) hypoxia on firstly, a key ecosystem engineer, the brittlestar Amphiura filiformis, and secondly, on the Station L4 infaunal macrobenthic community. Station L4 is a longstanding marine biodiversity and MSFD reference site and forms part of the Western Channel Observatory. At the organism level, short-term (14 d) exposure to moderate hypoxia significantly reduced oxygen uptake rates, oocyte diameter and oocyte development in A. filiformis. However, these physiological affects occurred irrespective of brittlestar population density. Additionally, moderate hypoxia reduced brittlestar activity, in terms of bioturbation behaviour, consequentially having an effect on ammonium and silicate fluxes. These observations were only detected when brittlestar population density was high. It was concluded that denser populations of A. filiformis may therefore exhibit the greatest changes in behaviour and shifts in ecosystem function as competition for resources and oxygen heightens. The benthic community at Station L4, displayed considerable tolerance to medium-term (6 wk.) exposure to moderate hypoxia, in terms of structure, diversity and bioturbatory behaviour, but these results may be different if exposure was longer or more severe. Alterations in nutrient fluxes were detected, but there was little evidence to suggest these changes were due to macrofaunal behavioural alterations. Additionally, results from this study revealed that bringing complex natural communities into the mesocosm caused a substantial loss of individuals and species, mainly due to translocation and disturbance effects. This important insight into the effects of bringing community assemblages into the mesocosm confirms that even with a loss of diversity, the L4 community maintained functionality and was resilient to alterations in DO. This suggests that the L4 benthic community does not depend on any one specific species for the provision of important ecosystem processes, resulting in considerable functional resilience within the L4 system. However, vulnerability to benthic systems may increase if functionality is dominated by species such as A. filiformis. Consequently, moderate hypoxia may not immediately affect benthic communities in terms of structure and diversity, but the physiological effects on individuals, especially to reproductive development, may cause alterations in the quality and quantity of planktonic propagules supplied by benthic species to the pelagic environment. This could affect benthic community diversity and functionality in the long term if repeated hypoxic events occur.
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Kolawole, Gbolahan Cornelius. "The resilience of labrosones in coastal communities bordering the Indian Ocean". Master's thesis, Faculty of Humanities, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32710.
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The resilience of labrosones bordering the Indian Ocean is an investigation that has gathered and presented both findings and arguments from related scholarship that highlight the distribution of labrosones along the research region and emphasizes their socio-musical significance in sustaining cultural traditions that have helped to define these communities. Conclusions drawn from the distribution study further uncovered the religious, cultural, and social significance of labrosones. These findings were engaged in order to broaden the systematic approach of organology to form a contextual, culturally situated, and inclusive organology for labrosones. The central objective of this thesis was to provide a theoretical lens through which labrosones were viewed and studied by engaging; Bates' concept of the social life of instruments (2012), Doubleday's gendered nature of instruments (2008), Binford's analysis of material culture (1972), and Kartomi's argument for contextual organology (1990). Though previous scholarship in musicology and ethnomusicology have engaged these themes for music instruments in general, this thesis applies a geographically and culturally specific analysis for labrosones in particular. Through archival research of primary and secondary sources, the research was able to intellectually situate and acknowledge the labrosone beyond a static sound object and present it as a sound-producing object with a social life, significant to cultural practices and symbolic of cultural communities. This research has the potential to contribute to scholarship, both in labrosone organology and pedagogy at tertiary level.
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Malherbe, Willem Stefanus. "The identification of key vulnerability components within Solomon Islands coastal communities". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/6827.
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The impacts of climate change are disproportionally felt across the planet, with small island developing states some of the countries most at risk. Furthermore, climate change may compound existing problems such as over harvested resources, leading to knock-on effects on national economies. Both direct and indirect stressors may impact communities differently based on their level of exposure to stressors, their intrinsic sensitivity to these stressors, and their ability to adapt to stressors. This study aims to answer the primary research question: Why are some communities more vulnerable than others? A vulnerability assessment is used to identify both vulnerable and non-vulnerable attributes of Solomon Islands’ communities. Surveys comprised a comprehensive questionnaire to draw inference on each vulnerability category; sensitivity, exposure and adaptive capacity, along with their various components and subcomponents. An analysis of household and community livelihood strategies was conducted to compliment vulnerability scores and provide a deeper understanding of livelihood practises. As is expected of small island states, exposure presents the biggest threat to coastal communities. Within this category, environmental changes and personal exposure from shoreline erosion and safety at sea provide evidence of high vulnerability. Within the sensitivity category, the cultural importance of fishing, as well as attachment to place and fishing, renders communities more vulnerable. Simultaneously, local ecological knowledge and economic dependence on resources other than fishing proved to be resilient attributes by decreasing vulnerability. Low vulnerability scores for the adaptive capacity category were achieved by communities where physical capital, such as community infrastructure, was evident. A lack of both institutional support and bridging of social capital were attributes which contributed to community vulnerability. This study has identified key attributes that have both positive and negative effects on the vulnerability of Solomon Islands communities. Having done this, I have also attempted to determine the drivers that render some attributes more vulnerable than others. It is acknowledged that the drivers of all key attributes of vulnerability is required to determine areas where adaptation plans will be most effective. Importantly, drivers of high vulnerability should not be considered as the primary focus of adaptation planning, but also the drivers of low vulnerability, such as community cohesion, which provide resilience within communities.
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Nicholas, Kirsty Rebecca. "Secondary production of coastal plankton communities in the western Irish Sea". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307669.
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The effect of hydrography onthe planktonic community structure and secondary production of an area offthewest coast of the Isle ofMan was investigated in 1993. This region is subject to stratification in summer (May to September), the boundary between mixed and stratified water masses being marked bytheManx West Coast front (MWC). Acoastal front was also occasionally present, separating the mixed water mass from coastal water. Large interannual variability inthe strength of the stratification was apparent between 1993 and 1994. There were large seasonal changes in nutrient concentrations, with maximal concentrations inthe winter months. Nutrient depletion of theupper layer of thewater column in summer was apparent. Phytoplankton spatial distribution was strongly related to the physical structure of the area and higher fluorescence was measured during thegreater stratification in 1994. Abundances were initially highest inthe surface layers of the water column, though inlate summer were highest at the thermocline. Thetiming of the spring bloom was variable. Aseasonal succession of phytoplankton species was observed. The winter phytoplankton assemblage was dominated bylarge benthic and chain diatoms and the summer assemblage byRhizosolenia species. Agreater number of dinoflagellates were present inthe stratified area. The zooplankton assemblage was dominated bythe copepod species Pseudocalanus elongatus, Acartia clausi, Temora longicomis and Oithona simtlts, peak abundances occurring inJuly. No spatial variation was evident inzooplankton densities and composition except for ichthyoplankton densities, which were greater inshore. No spatial differences were noted incopepod grazing rates, eggproduction rates or chemical composition. However, seasonal and interspecific differences were considerable, with ingestion rates highest during the spring bloom and grazing impact greatest during the summer. Copepods grazed only a small proportion of the chlorophyll a inthe water column. Maximum rates of egg production occurred in April, prior to the spring phytoplankton bloom, butwere also high in the summer. Interspecific differences inthe numbers of eggs produced bycopepods and intheir seasonal production patterns were large. Only a small portion of the populations were producing eggs at anyonetime. This individual variability was attributed to the age structure of the population. Copepods were consuming enough algae to cover the energetic costs of reproduction. A. clausi and T. longicornis had the highest rates of grazing and egg production. T. longtcomis actually had the greatest impact onthe ecosystem, despite being far less abundant than the other copepod species. High mortality inthejuvenile stages was hypothesised as the reason for its low adult abundances. Protein was the major chemical constituent of the zooplankton, then lipids with carbohydrates only forming a small percentage of the dry weight. The amount of each of these components peaked inthe summer, their relative percentage varying seasonally. The stratified site, being the deepest, had the highest standing stocks of plankton. It was calculated that copepod stocks and productivity were generally high enough to support the observed densities of ichthyoplankton in the region.
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Cuschieri, Katie Sarah. "Species diversity of aggregate-associated marine ammonia-oxidising bacteria". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2000. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU602054.
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Two broad communities can be distinguished in marine systems, those attached to amorphous aggregate material dispersed throughout the water column and those that are freely suspended in the water column (planktonic). It has been suggested that two distinct microbial populations are associated with each habitat due to phenotypic adaptation to the different conditions in aggregates and the surrounding water. The aim of this study was to investigate the diversity of aggregate-associated and planktonic marine ammonia oxidisers (AOBs - the organisms responsible for the rate limiting step in nitrification) in both natural environments and laboratory-reared systems and to determine whether aggregate material selected for particular groups of AOBs. Detection of AOBs relied heavily on the use of molecular analysis of extracted DNA. Thus, a preliminary study was performed to assess whether preferential lysis occurred when representatives of both genera within the B-subgroup AOBs {Nitrosospira multiformis and Nitrosomonas europaea) were exposed to lysis procedures commonly applied to marine samples. Minimal bias existed, with Nitrosomonas europaea proving to be less susceptible to lysis only when the lytic agents (sodium dodecyl sulphate and lysozyme) were absent or at concentrations 100-fold less than those applied in routine environmental extraction. Environmental populations of aggregate-associated and planktonic AOBs in the NW Mediterranean Sea were assessed in summer and winter at stations both within and beyond regions of fresh water inflow (the plume). Molecular analysis involved amplification, by the polymerase chain reaction, of 16S rRNA genes from extracted DNA using AOB-specific primers. Analysis of 16S rDNA sequences coupled with DGGE and specific probing revealed temporal and spatial effects in community structure of AOBs. In the summer, genus level selection of AOBs was observed with Nitrosospira dominating in the aggregate population and Nitrosomonas dominating in the planktonic phase. This was found in the surface waters of geographically distant sites within and outside the plume. Between-site differences were evident in the deeper waters with Nitrosospira-like sequences more abundant in plume diluted waters and Nitrosomonas like sequences more abundant outside this zone, while genus level selection between aggregate-associated and planktonic communities was not detected. In winter, a uniform pattern of AOB distribution emerged with an even distribution of two Nitrosospira sequences at each site on all aggregate and planktonic samples. The AOB community structure of sediment samples was not wholly resolved by application of direct molecular techniques and the culturable diversity was later examined by an enrichment-based approach. A laboratory-reared aggregate system was developed to assess the distribution and selection of inoculated pure and enrichment cultures of AOBs and to assess the effect of sampling technique on the observed community structure. Enclosed vessels containing North Sea water were rotated until aggregation of autochthonous particulate material formed discrete aggregates. No genus level selection of AOBs was observed in aggregate-associated and planktonic communities in North Sea water yet differences in the distribution of closely related sequences within cluster 1 Nitrosospira were observed between the two communities. Observed aggregate and planktonic community structure was affected by the method used to separate the two fractions. Active bacterial production was not necessary for aggregate formation if a pooled suspension of aggregates was sterilised and added to a medium of cell-free filtered sea water. Thus, the successful inoculation and retrieval of an N. multiformis culture within the cell free system suggested that it was appropriate for investigation of the colonisation dynamics of inoculated AOBs.
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Diedrich, Amy. "Assessment of the impacts of tourism development in coastal communities in Belize /". View online ; access limited to URI, 2006. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/fullcit/3239904.
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Griffiths, Megan Elizabeth. "Salt spray effects on rare New England coastal sandplain heathland plant communities /". Thesis, Connect to Dissertations & Theses @ Tufts University, 2003.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Tufts University, 2003.Adviser: Colin M. Orians. Submitted to the Dept. of Biology. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 181-200). Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;
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Sara, Barghi. "Water Management Modelling in the Simulation of Water Systems in Coastal Communities". Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/24364.
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It is no longer a question of scientific debate that research declares our climate is changing. One of the most important and visible impacts of this phenomenon is sea level rise which has impacts on coastal cities and island communities. Sea level rise also magnifies storm surges which can have severely damaging impacts on different human made infrastructure facilities near the shorelines in coastal zones. In this research we are concerned about the proximity of water systems as one of the most vulnerable infrastructures in the coastal zones because of the impact of stormwater combining with sewage water. In Canada, the government has plans to address these issues, but to date, there needs to be further attention to stormwater management in coastal zones across the country. This research discusses the impacts of severe environmental events, e.g., hurricanes and storm surge, on the water systems of selected coastal communities in Canada. The purpose of this research is to model coastal zone water systems using the open source StormWater Management Modelling (SWMM) software in order to manage stormwater and system response to storms and storm surge on water treatment plants in these areas. Arichat on Isle Madame, Cape Breton, one of the most sensitive coastal zones in Canada, is the focal point case study for this research as part of the C-Change International Community-University Research Alliance (ICURA) 2009-2015 project.
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Kemp, Jeremy Mark. "The biogeography of coastal fish communities and associated habitats in southern Arabia". Thesis, University of York, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301157.
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Klinka, Karel, Christine Chourmouzis, Bob Brett i H. Qian. "Classification of high-elevation, non-forested plant communities in coastal British Columbia". Forest Sciences Department, University of British Columbia, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/710.
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Non-forested ecosystems dominate high elevation sites in coastal British Columbia, yet there has never been a comprehensive classification or mapping of all high-elevation community types. The objective of this study is to collate and expand upon previous classifications, and thereby to increase our understanding of the habitats and composition of these plant communities.
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Díaz, Pacia. "Pursuing Resilience of Coastal Communities Through Sustainable and Integrated Urban Water Management". Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7497.
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Reliability of water supply in the urban setting has become essential for communities to function and thrive. It is needed for more than mere human consumption and well-being. Although modern cities have water treatment and distribution systems, pressures from urbanization, population growth and the anticipated pressures of climate change are affecting the quality of water supply and the reliability of treatment and distribution systems. There is therefore an urgent need to take appropriate measures to improve the resilience of water supply systems before the impacts are irreversible.
Improving the resilience of water supply systems can be a challenge. In the United States, there is increased awareness of aging, overtaxed and under designed water infrastructure. To date, resilience planning has been principally focused on improving preparedness and the restoration of critical services in communities following extreme events, such as hurricanes, earthquakes or terrorism, and less so on the slow-moving consequences of climate change, perceived as a less urgent threat. All these issues – increased pressure of urbanization and population growth, deteriorating infrastructure, together with the consequences the impacts of climate change may have on water systems and the apathetic view of the need for action – are what make the development of a solution difficult.
This research proposes Integrated Urban Water Management as a new water management paradigm as one that can withstand contemporary issues as well as future climate threats, while increasing water supply resilience for communities. This research (1) focuses on analyzing the urban water cycle for potential vulnerabilities, (2) seeks to understand the benefits and challenges of integrating water infrastructure, (3) tests the level of sustainability in an IUWM system, (4) identifies critical thresholds ‘slow-moving’ climate change on water supply infrastructure, (5) performs a system-wide water and salt balance and (6) tests the system for resilience to salt water intrusion.
Since coastal communities are subject to higher population densities, demands on resources, and exposed to greater threats than inland communities, this project utilizes a coastal community with integrated water infrastructure as a basis to better understand the benefits as well as the potential challenges of the proposed future paradigm (IUWM).
The results of this research show that IUWM offers many options for sustainable practices as well as adaptability, a key aspect of resilience. The conclusions drawn from the scoping study, case study and modeling of water and salt flows within the urban water cycle offer relevant and transferable lessons for water management in coastal cities while they approach uncertain and alternative climate futures.
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Krupa, Kimberly A. "Coastal Fortresses: A Cross-Case Analysis of Water, Policy, and Tourism Development in Three Gulf Coast Communities". ScholarWorks@UNO, 2019. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2617.
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As a result of development pressures and water resource struggles, once rural, spatially segregated coastal commercial fishing villages along the U.S. portion of the Gulf of Mexico are increasingly tourist frontiers for elites and the emergent businesses that cater to them. Over the course of the twentieth century, water events, from coastal land loss to hurricane destruction to natural disaster, have fast-tracked development projects that have allowed for the expansion of the tourism sector, and relaxed policies to encourage bold new economic development initiatives that often put poor coastal communities and their environment in jeopardy. This outcome is not universal across the northern Gulf Coast, but contingent on a number of local factors overlooked in the literature on coastal tourism and water policy development. This paper investigates the local nuances that have emerged as responses to global and regional development pressures by focusing on the ways in which local values and policy decisions have influenced the spread of coastal urbanization. An intensive analysis will examine the layered effects of changing land-use patterns and tourism growth pressures on three at-risk coastal communities in Louisiana, Mississippi and Florida, in the United States. This paper will test the hypothesis that coastal communities affected by a similar set of development pressures respond to these forces in different ways, depending on complex local and regional variabilities. The paper’s focus is centered on Northern Gulf Coast tourism growth patterns from post-World War II through 2018, and employs a mixed method, multiple-sited case-study design.
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Smith, Geoffrey Martyn, i res cand@acu edu au. "Being Effective Church in Rapidly Growing Coastal Towns". Australian Catholic University. School of Theology, 2005. http://dlibrary.acu.edu.au/digitaltheses/public/adt-acuvp104.11092006.
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Since the 1960s Australia has experienced a significant demographic shift as large numbers of people have moved from rural areas and large cities to take up residence in small coastal towns. The resulting populations have a number of distinctive features which make them both a challenge and an opportunity for the Church as it seeks to minister effectively. The underlying proposition of this thesis is that since there are distinctive demographic features of these towns, and since the church is called to minister effectively, there may well be approaches or ministry philosophies which enable the church to be more effective in these populations. Distinctive Populations Using data from the 2001 census a comparison between the Australian national figures and those of coastal towns between Newcastle and Tweed Heads showed that overall the population of the coastal towns was older, less formally educated, had lower income levels, more mobile, more likely to be Australian citizens, more likely to be married or divorced, more likely to describe themselves as Christian and members of the Anglican Church than the Australian average. The Survey With the assistance of the National Church Life Survey, thirty churches in coastal towns between Newcastle and Kingscliffe, were contacted. These churches (Anglican and Protestant) were those which had had the highest number of ‘newcomers’ in the 2001 National Church Life Survey. NCLS wrote to these churches on my behalf and invited them to contact me if they were prepared to participate in my study. In the end I interviewed ordained and lay leaders as well as members of six churches. There were a number of features common to these churches including: the ordained leaders had what might be called orthodox theological views; the ordained and lay leaders were clear about the vision and direction of the church; the ordained and lay leaders were in agreement as to the role of the ordained leader – that role was clearly leadership; the welcoming nature of the congregation is vital; and the use of contemporary music and worship style. The Mission of the Church Whilst the mission of the church has been seen in different ways over the past two thousand years, it is clear that the central theme of the teaching and practice of Jesus Christ was the Kingdom or Reign of God. By his teaching and very powerfully through his actions Jesus demonstrated the reality of the new in-breaking reality. The early church was clear that it saw itself as being sent by Jesus to continue his mission of proclaiming the kingdom in the power of the Holy Spirit. Effective Church Given that the mission of the church is to focus on the Kingdom or Reign of God, it is important that this be done in an effective a way as possible. One of the challenges in this is to determine what ‘effective’ means for the church. For some, being effective means numerical growth in church attenders. For others, being effective means being a ‘healthy’ church. My conclusion is that being effective, whilst not dismissing church growth or church health, means an attitude, and that is, being focused on proclaiming the reality of the Kingdom of God. As the church is more focussed on this task, it is effective. Being Effective in Rapidly Growing Coastal Towns There seem to be a number of challenges facing the church in rapidly growing coastal towns as the church seeks to focus on the Kingdom of God. If the kingdom is good news for the poor, the question then is: who are the poor of coastal towns? An immediate need in coastal towns is community for those who are newly arrived, or poor, or otherwise on the margins of the society. The church needs to be a welcoming and inclusive place for those in need, and a place which actually helps people with their physical poverty. The church also needs to confront its own operating model in order to be effective. Too often the church is focused on its own survival and not on the kingdom. The church in its local mode seems like a religious small business. Focus on the ‘growth of the business’ may well lead to a loss of focus on the kingdom. For the church to be effective in rapidly growing coastal towns the church must take seriously the culture of those towns and seek to express its focus on the kingdom in ways that bring good news to the reality of those communities.
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Theron, Leon-Jacques. "Distribution and abundance of rodents, millipedes and trees in coastal dune forests in northern KwaZulu-Natal". Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/03292006-103859.
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Ciotti, Áurea Maria. "Influence of phytoplankton communities on relationships between optical properties of coastal surface waters". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0020/NQ49252.pdf.
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Faulkner, Douglas W. "Short-term effects of prescribed burning on bird communities in coastal Pine Savanna". Virtual Press, 1996. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1020160.
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A substantial portion of the remaining coastal pine savanna in the southeastern U.S. is burned periodically to maintain habitat for the endangered Mississippi Sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis pulla). However, the effects of this burning on other species of birds are unknown. Therefore, a one-summer study was conducted to determine the short-term response of non-target bird species to changes in vegetation structure due to winter prescribed burning of coastal pine savanna. Eight 25-ha study plots were censused using the spot-mapping technique from May - July 1995 at the Mississippi Sandhill Crane National Wildlife Refuge. More species were observed on old burn sites (burned 1.5 - 3.5 yr prior to the study) than new burn sites (burned the previous winter). Gross vegetation features did not differ between treatments. A total of 17 breeding species were recorded during the study. Although there were no significant differences within individual species' densities, seven species were observed only on old burn sites. Winter prescribed burning affected the presence of only shrub-characteristic species.Department of Biology
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Wolf, Johanna. "Climate change and citizenship : a case study of responses in Canadian coastal communities". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.435095.
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Mattsson, Emma. "Importance of Fucus vesiculosus (bladderwrack) for coastal fish communities in the Baltic Sea". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och botanik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-176300.
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Within temperate coastal seascapes, macroalgae provide habitats for different organisms such as invertebrates and fish. In analogy to seagrass meadows, macroalgae beds are known for their importance as fish nurseries. However, within the Baltic Sea the importance of the canopy forming macroalgae Fucus vesiculosus for coastal fish communities, especially the juveniles, is unclear. In order to address this knowledge gap, fish communities in areas with and without F. vesiculosus were investigated around Askö, an island in the archipelago of the Baltic Sea. Sites were subjected to different exposures (sheltered, exposed or very exposed) and three different methods were used for sampling (underwater visual census (UVCs), beach seine netting and remote underwater videos (RUVs)). Overall, fish community composition differed significantly among locations and fish abundance and fish biomass were significantly higher in sites with F. vesiculosus than sites without. There was no significant relationship between algae cover or habitat complexity and fish abundance/biomass in sites with F. vesiculosus. Fish behaviour differed between sites with and without F. vesiculosus, with fish feeding more in sites with F. vesiculosus and traveling more in sites without F. vesiculosus. Only one location, Knabberskär, had significantly higher species richness in F. vesiculosus than in sites without F. vesiculosus. There were no differences in juvenile abundance among sites with or without F. vesiculosus and abundance of adult fish was higher than juvenile fish, regardless of location, site or species. Mean invertebrate abundance was a twice as high in the sheltered location Husbåtsviken than in Knabberskär. Higher fish abundance, fish biomass and species richness in sites with F. vesiculosus compared to sites without, suggest that macroalgae may play an important role in the Baltic Sea, however it might not be as important for juvenile fishes as predicted. The three different sampling methods provided similar results for fish abundance, but not for fish biomass. Continued studies where the relationship between fish communities and aspects of F. vesiculosus structure (such as canopy height) as well as linkage with other habitats is recommended for further understanding and better protection of F. vesiculosus habitats.
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Kapusinski, Douglas John. "Factors Affecting Invertebrate and Fish Communities in Coastal Wetlands of the Great Lakes". Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1353202400.
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Allen, James Hamilton. "The analysis and prediction of the shallow subtidal benthic communities along the East Coast of England". Thesis, University of Hull, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327288.
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Asif, Furqan. "Coastal Cambodians on the Move: The Interplay of Migration, Social Wellbeing and Resilience In Three Fishing Communities". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/40420.
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Small-scale fishing communities along Cambodia’s coast have relied on marine resources as a mainstay of their livelihood for decades. However, in the last ten to fifteen years, a confluence of shocks such as increased fishing pressure, the rapid rise of commercial fisheries in the Gulf of Thailand, illegal, underreported and unregulated fishing, climate change and, more recently, sand mining, have contributed to a progressive decline in catch. Such challenges demand that fishers harness social traits of adaptability, responsiveness, persistence, planning, inter alia. In other words, there is a need for fishers and their households to demonstrate resilience in the face of such challenges. Though a contested term, scholars working within human-environment relations have adopted the concept of social-ecological resilience, acknowledging that the social aspects of resilience have been relatively under-addressed. Relatedly, studies on fishers and fishing communities have shown the important contribution fishing plays in fulfilling social and psychological needs, i.e. wellbeing, and how fishing is more than ‘just’ a livelihood. While evidence for this connection between fishing and wellbeing has been shown across different regions, the nature of this relationship is not as clear for coastal communities in Cambodia. Meanwhile, Cambodia has exhibited rapid economic growth (and foreign direct investment) over the past decade. Part of this has been through the creation of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) across the country. The creation of the SEZs and thus, the resultant labour demand has catalyzed migration of Cambodians to secondary cities and to the capital, Phnom Penh. Unlike other parts of the country, the experience of the lives of people on the move from the coastal regions of Cambodia remains less understood. Through qualitative work done among three coastal fishing villages in Koh Kong province in southwest Cambodia, I aim to contribute to a better understanding of the social dimensions of resilience by using a multidimensional (material, subjective, and relational) social wellbeing framework to not only better understand how migration affects the wellbeing of those who leave and those who stay, but also the implications on fishing as ‘a way of life’. My research focuses on understanding the role fishing plays, and the degree to which it impacts the wellbeing of fishers and their households in coastal Cambodia, in the context of migration. My empirical findings problematize the notion that fishing as a way of life supplants other dimensions (e.g. material/income) as observed elsewhere by considering outmigration of villagers from the fishing village.
I find that the draw of alternative economic opportunities outside the coastal village has resulted in shifting values and opinions towards fishing as a livelihood particularly by younger villagers and has catalyzed their out migration. As a livelihood strategy, migration plays a crucial role in supplementing income from fishing and, in some cases, forms a critical lifeline for the poorest households. I also show how life in the coastal fishing village is filled with trade-offs and difficult choices people must navigate and negotiate, including tensions between various aspects within subjective dimensions of wellbeing. My thesis reveals the important, and sometimes dominant, influence of subjective and psycho-social factors on coastal villagers’ resilience and how this changes the way some view fishing itself. As such this research shows that adopting a social wellbeing lens can not only result in a better understanding of the impact of migration on coastal fishing communities in Cambodia but also broaden understanding of social resilience, for villagers and migrants who are facing a sea of environmental and economic change.
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Nadimi, Ilghelich. "Coastal Community-based Protocols and Guidelines for Adaptation Planning". Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23596.
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According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report, “Adaptation to climate change is defined as, an adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities” (IPCC 2007). Adaptation is required due to the increase in the number of natural disasters and extreme changes in environmental conditions in coastal areas that are a function of sea level rise, floods, extreme heat, drought, and coastal storm surge from severe storms. To reduce the impacts of climate change risks in the future, coastal communities through local government initiatives are compelled to develop and implement grass roots community plans. This study is part of an International Community-University Research Alliance (ICURA), “C-Change” that aims to develop community-based adaptation protocols based on best practices and through the evaluation of the scientific method of problem solving designed to help coastal communities be sustainable and to protect their local coastal environments. To this end, the thesis reviews the international development and application of adaptive strategies related to climate change and evaluates these global strategies for identification of best practices and application to coastal communities. The objective of this research is to design and develop improved C-Change community adaptation frameworks by analyzing the applications of international protocols and local action plans with respect to the scientific method and of problem solving through using AHP (Analytic hierarchy process) as a tool, and by choosing best practices to provide guidelines for communities’ climate adaptation plans for the C-Change ICURA coastal communities in Canada.
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Navarro, Rachelle G. "Improving sanitation in coastal communities with special reference to Puerto Princesa, Palawan Province, Philippines". Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26244.
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The sanitary collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of human waste promotes health, improves the quality of the environment and thus, the quality of life in a community. Some poor communities in developing countries, rarely consider inadequate excreta disposal a problem. In absence of sanitation facilities, these communities rely on natural processes to dispose of their waste, wherein the practice of defecating in the open fields or on surface water is prevalent.In communities occupying coastal, waterfront and low-lying areas, human waste is directly disposed of into the surface water such as rivers, canals and sea or in the mudflat to await the tide. These surface waters, however, are often the communities' sources of food, and water for drinking, domestic and personal cleaning. Studies on sanitation show that contaminated water and human wastes are major factors in the transmission of serious diseases in the developing world.
This thesis aims to contribute to the process of selecting appropriate sanitation technologies for the low-income coastal and waterfront communities. The thesis analyzes sanitation and environmental conditions in the coastal communities of Puerto Princesa, Palawan Province, Philippines, to identify the important considerations for the provision of sanitation systems in these communities and hence, determine the feasible sanitation options.
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Cloninger, Partick Lee. "The ecology of freshwater turtle communities on the Upper-Coastal Plain of South Carolina". Connect to this title online, 2007. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1193080163/.
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Wood, Ida Leigh. "Planning for coastal community resiliency a case study analysis of South Carolina beachfront communities /". Connect to this title online, 2009.
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Franck, Travis Read. "Coastal communities and climate change : a dynamic model of risk perception, storms, and adaptation". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/54846.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2009.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 303-311).
Climate change impacts, including sea-level rise and changes in tropical storm frequency and intensity, will pose signicant challenges to city planners and coastal zone managers trying to make wise investment and protection decisions. Meanwhile, policymakers are working to mitigate impacts by regulating greenhouse gas emissions. To design effective policies, policymakers need more accurate information than is currently available to understand how coastal communities will be affected by climate change. My research aims to improve coastal impact and adaptation assessments, which inform climate and adaptation policies. I relax previous assumptions of probabilistic annual storm damage and rational economic expectations-variables in previous studies that are suspect, given the stochastic nature of storm events and the real-world behavior of people. I develop a dynamic stochastic adaptation model that includes explicit storm events and boundedly rational storm perception. I also include endogenous economic growth, population growth, public adaptation measures, and relative sea-level rise. The frequency and intensity of stochastic storm events can change a region's long- term economic growth pattern and introduce the possibility of community decline. Previous studies using likely annual storm damage are unable to show this result. Additionally, I consider three decision makers (coastal managers, infrastructure investors, and residents) who differ regarding their perception of storm risk. The decision makers' perception of risk varies depending on their rationality assumptions.
(cont.) Boundedly rational investors and residents perceive storm risk to be higher immediately after a storm event, which can drive down investment, decrease economic 3 growth, and increase economic recovery time, proving that previous studies provide overly optimistic economic predictions. Rationality assumptions are shown to change economic growth and recovery time estimates. Including stochastic storms and variable rationality assumptions will improve adaptation research and, therefore, coastal adaptation and climate change policies.
by Travis Read Franck.
Ph.D.
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Brett, Bob, Karel Klinka, H. Qian i Christine Chourmouzis. "Classification of high-elevation, non-forested plant communities in coastal British Columbia. Full report". Forest Sciences Department, University of British Columbia, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/719.
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This report expands and clarifies previous classifications of non-forested plant communities from upper subalpine and alpine locations in coastal British Columbia. A total of 80 plots (releves) sampled specifically for this study were added to 202 releves from published and unpublished studies conducted since 1963. We used tabular and multivariate methods to synthesize and classify plant communities according to the Braun-Blanquet approach. Plant communities were classified into 37 vegetation units (associations or subassociations) which served as the basis of the resulting hierarchical classification. We describe the habitat and species composition of these vegetation units and their relationship to units recogized elsewhere in the Pacific Northwest. We then present eight generalized habitat types which we propose as the basic units for future ecosystem mapping. Each of these habitat types includes a predictable mosaic of vegetation units whose pattern occurs at too fine a scale to map individually.
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Michalek, Jeffrey L., Thomas W. Wagner, Joseph J. Luczkovich i Richard W. Stoffle. "Multispectral Change Vector Analysis for Monitoring Coastal Marine Environments". Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296670.
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Documenting temporal changes to coastal zones is an essential part of understanding and managing these environments. The exclusive use of traditional surveying tools may not be practical for monitoring large, remote, or rapidly changing areas. This paper investigates the utility of multispectral Landsat Thematic Mapper satellite data for documenting changes to a Caribbean coastal zone using the change vector analysis processing technique. The area of study was the coastal region near the village of Buen Hombre on the north coast of the Dominican Republic. The primary habitats of interest were the intertidal mangrove for ests, and the shallow water seagrasses, macroalgae, and coral reefs. The change vector analysis technique uses any number of spectral bands from multidate satellite data to produce change images that yield information about both the magnitude and direction of differences in pixel values (which are proportional to radiance). The final products
were created by appending color-coded change pixels onto a black-and-white base map. The advantages and limitations of the technique for coastal inventories are discussed.
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Hartt, Maxwell. "Geographic Information Systems and System Dynamics - Modelling the Impacts of Storm Damage on Coastal Communities". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/19817.
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A spatial-temporal model is developed for modelling the impacts of simulated coastal zone storm surge and flooding using a combined spatial mapping and system dynamics approach. By coupling geographic information systems (GIS) and system dynamics, the interconnecting components of the spatial-temporal model are used with limited historical data to evaluate storm damage. Overlapping cumulative effects layers in GIS (ArcMap) are used for describing the coastal community’s profile, and a system dynamics feedback model (STELLA) is developed to define the interconnecting component relationships of the community. The component-wise changes to the physical environment, community infrastructure, and socioeconomic resources from the storm surge and seal level rise are examined. These changes are used to assess the impacts of the community system as a whole. For the purpose of illustrating this model, the research is applied specifically to the case of Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada, a vulnerable coastal city subject to considerable impacts from pending sea level rise and more frequent severe storm surge attributed to the changing climate in the coastal zone.
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Lamboo, Andrea M. "Communicating Canada's Oceans Act, a strategy tailored to the coastal communities of the Canadian Arctic". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0004/MQ45079.pdf.
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McAtee, Kaelin J. "Impact of Sediment Augmentation on Plant and Invertebrate Communities in a Southern California Coastal Wetland". Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10686752.
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As sea levels rise, management strategies are needed to protect coastal wetlands from increased inundation. Sediment augmentation is a strategy in which a layer of sediment is sprayed across the marsh to raise the marsh's elevation and reduce inundation. This study looks at the short-term impact of sediment augmentation on vegetation and invertebrate communities. Abiotic measurements, invertebrate cores, and plant parameters were analyzed before and after augmentation in a before-after-control-impact (BACI) design. Following augmentation there was a significant decrease in plant cover and invertebrate abundance. The community composition of invertebrates shifted from a dominance of oligochaetes and polychaetes to insects and insect larvae. At six months following augmentation, Salicornia bigelovii began growing throughout the augmentation area, and Spartina foliosa had returned via vegetative spread at the edges of the marsh. Detailing these changes provides information on the ecological impacts of sediment augmentation for this site and inform regional management strategies.
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Papiez, Chelsie. "Climate change implications for the Quileute and Hoh Tribes of Washington a multidisciplinary approach to assessing climatic disruptions to coastal indigenous communities /". Online pdf file accessible through the World Wide Web, 2009. http://archives.evergreen.edu/masterstheses/Accession86-10MES/Papiez_C%20MES_Thesis2009.pdf.
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Helm, Richard Michael. "Conflicting histories : the archaeology of the iron-working, farming communities in the central and southern coast region of Kenya". Thesis, University of Bristol, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/71d3890f-3b5b-4ef9-a807-1bc19fd09d24.
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Holmblad, Peter. "Coastal Communities on the Move : House and Polity Interaction in Southern Ostrobothnia 1500 BC-AD 1". Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-35857.
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This work attempts to seek new insights in understanding the archeological phenomena traditionally labelled as the western Bronze Age and the coastal Pre-Roman cultures of Finland (1500 BC-AD 1), by studying the phenomena from a socioeconomic interaction and practice oriented community perspective. The basic line of thought is that it was the everyday life of the local agents and their interactions that constituted the local communities. Communities are seen as built from the bottom up by the interaction of various local agents. The organised agents, their practices and their mutual interaction on various scales of social organisation are regarded as the central factors that created and shaped the history of the communities. Problems that are addressed concern the interrelationship between the subsistence practices, habitation practices and the social organisation of the coastal communities. Houses and local polities are regarded as two basic social institutions that were essential for the structuration of the coastal communities and for their relation to external networks. I also address the issue of the various spatial and temporal scales that can be considered as essential for the structuration of the coastal communities, and furthermore how the coastal communities managed change over time. The geographical scope of this thesis is limited to the former province of Vaasa (Vaasan lääni/Vasa län) in western Finland, with a special emphasis on the coastal southern part of Ostrobothnia. A suggested high-rank House from the Late Bronze Age is studied in Laihia. Methodologically a broad perspective with a comparative, diachronic and a multi-proxy approach is conducted in the study of the structuration of communities. The constitution of the communities is largely approached through themes that are related to landscape and settlement archaeology. Contextual analyses of the combinations of various subsistence and habitation practices form the basis for the identification of different community constituting subgroups of agents.
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Gentile, Matthew M. (Matthew Michael). "Toward a comprehensive natural hazard mitigation framework : the consideration of land use planning in coastal communities". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/66377.
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Mbatha, Nonhlanhla Philile. "Sharing benefits from coastal resources with rual communities in South Africa : the influence of institutional arrangements". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11704.
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Through an analysis of three rural communities in these provinces, this research sought to understand how and why benefits arising from the use of coastal resources in the fisheries and mining sectors are shared and distributed in the manner that they are.
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Wang, Xiaoxia. "MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS TRANSMISSION, MORBIDITY AND CONTROL WITH APPLICATIONS TO ENDEMIC COMMUNITIES IN COASTAL KENYA". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1312999431.
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Asseid, Bakari S. "Revisiting ecological behaviours of the coastal communities of Zanzibar : implications for non-formal environmental education programmes". Thesis, University of Reading, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.395287.
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Ganguly, Shrijeeta. "Spatial and Temporal variability of macroinvertyebrate communities in vernal pools on the Coastal Plain of Virginia". VCU Scholars Compass, 2009. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/9.
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Vernal pools are often defined as seasonal pools that typically are inundated beginning in the winter and then drying out completely in summer. Though evidence of spatial and temporal variability in the macroinvertebrate communities of vernal pools has been found in previous studies, it has not been studied extensively. The primary objective of this study was to determine the extent of variability in the macroinvertebrate communities within vernal pools closely situated in a forested landscape. An effort was made to explain this variability with respect to certain physiochemical environmental variables of the pools. Significant variability was observed in the macroinvertebrate communities within the vernal pools both spatially and temporally. Water temperature, as an indicator of seasonal changes, was strongly correlated with the observed variations. Higher species richness and diversity were observed in the pools in winter than in spring 2007. Chironomidae was the most diverse family (8 genera) occurring in these vernal pools. At the beginning of inundation, amphipods and copepods were more abundant. β-diversity was low in both winter and spring 2007; α-diversity in winter was high and low in spring 2007.