Artykuły w czasopismach: „CNG–DIESEL DUAL FUEL”

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Kumar, Ashok, Piyushi Nautiyal i Kamalasish Dev. "To Study the Effects of (Compressed Natural Gas + Diesel) Under Dual Fuel Mode on Engine Performance and Emissions Characteristic". Sensor Letters 18, nr 2 (1.02.2020): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sl.2020.4170.

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The present study is investigated on the performance and emissions characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled by compressed natural gas and base diesel (CNG + Diesel). The CNG fuels used as the primary fuel, and diesel as pilot fuel under dual-fuel mode. The pilot fuel is partially replaced by CNG at a different percentage. The primary fuel is injected into the engine with intake air during the suction stroke. The experimental results reveal the effect of CNG + diesel under dual fuel mode on BTE, BSFC, CO, CO2, HC, NOx and Smoke. It is observed from the experimental results that CO2, NOx and Smoke emissions decreased but HC and CO emissions increase with an increase in CNG energy share.

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Jamrozik, Arkadiusz, Wojciech Tutak i Karol Grab-Rogaliński. "An Experimental Study on the Performance and Emission of the diesel/CNG Dual-Fuel Combustion Mode in a Stationary CI Engine". Energies 12, nr 20 (12.10.2019): 3857. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12203857.

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One of the possibilities to reduce diesel fuel consumption and at the same time reduce the emission of diesel engines, is the use of alternative gaseous fuels, so far most commonly used to power spark ignition engines. The presented work concerns experimental research of a dual-fuel compression-ignition (CI) engine in which diesel fuel was co-combusted with CNG (compressed natural gas). The energy share of CNG gas was varied from 0% to 95%. The study showed that increasing the share of CNG co-combusted with diesel in the CI engine increases the ignition delay of the combustible mixture and shortens the overall duration of combustion. For CNG gas shares from 0% to 45%, due to the intensification of the combustion process, it causes an increase in the maximum pressure in the cylinder, an increase in the rate of heat release and an increase in pressure rise rate. The most stable operation, similar to a conventional engine, was characterized by a diesel co-combustion engine with 30% and 45% shares of CNG gas. Increasing the CNG share from 0% to 90% increases the nitric oxide emissions of a dual-fuel engine. Compared to diesel fuel supply, co-combustion of this fuel with 30% and 45% CNG energy shares contributes to the reduction of hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, which increases after exceeding these values. Increasing the share of CNG gas co-combusted with diesel fuel, compared to the combustion of diesel fuel, reduces carbon dioxide emissions, and almost completely reduces carbon monoxide in the exhaust gas of a dual-fuel engine.

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Bhavani, Kompalli, i Sivanesan Murugesan. "Diesel to Dual Fuel Conversion Process Development". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, nr 3.6 (4.07.2018): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.6.15121.

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This paper aims to develop a process for conversion of Diesel Engine for Dual Fuel operation which is basically designed to reduce the economic costs and pollutant Emissions. The increasing cost of Diesel Fuel leads to the necessity of an Alternate fuel, i.e Compressed Natural gas (CNG). In this research a 16 cylinder, 50.25liter, Turbocharged After cooler V-shaped Engine is used for the conversion into Dual Fuel Engine. Dual fuel engine can be operated on both Diesel and CNG modes simultaneously. In this Engine the Air and CNG are mixed in required ratios in an Air- Gas mixer and the mixture is injected into the Combustion chamber. As Gaseous fuel CNG cannot self-ignite itself because of its high Auto ignition temperature a required amount of Diesel is injected into the Combustion Chamber at the end of compression stroke for ignition purpose which is known as Secondary fuel or a PILOTFUEL. This paper tries to show the process development of converting Diesel Engine for dual fuel operation on multiple platforms.

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Ilves, Risto, Rauno Põldaru, Andres Annuk i Jüri Olt. "THE IMPACT OF A TWO-PHASE DIESEL FUEL PILOT INJECTION ON THE COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS AIR–FUEL MIXTURE COMBUSTION PROCESS IN A DIESEL ENGINE". Transport 37, nr 5 (20.12.2022): 330–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2022.17938.

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Nowadays, there is a global trend towards the use of alternative fuels in order to reduce environmental pollution. For example, Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) has become more widely used around the world. The use of different fuels in engines affects the combustion process and efficiency, with the latter potentially being reduced by such means as, for example, the use of gaseous fuels in conventional diesel engines. Therefore, it is also important to know how CNG combusts in a diesel engine and how the combustion process can be improved. Consequently, the aim of the study is to give an overview of the effect of divided Diesel Fuel (DF) pilot injection on the combustion process of a naturally aspirated diesel engine using dual-fuel mode, with one fuel being DF and the other CNG. The focus of the article is on the commonly used engines on which the diesel injection system works regularly, and CNG fuel is injected into the intake manifold as an additional fuel. The engine DF quantity and injection timing are regulated by the acceleration pedal. The article provides an overview of the diesel and dual-fuel combustion process, and compare the DF and dual-fuel combustion processes. For this purpose, a test was carried out in order to measure the various involved parameters, such as the combustion pressure, torque, and fuel consumption. The results demonstrated that ignition delay does not significantly vary with the use of gas as a fuel source, and the maximum combustion pressure is actually higher with gas. The combustion is more rapid in dual-fuel mode and results indicate that when using dual-fuel mode on regular engines, it would be necessary to regulate the pre- and main-injection timing.

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Yu, Lei, Qing Yang i You Tong Zhang. "Researches on Electronic Control System of Diesel-CNG Dual Fuel Engine". Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (grudzień 2013): 1754–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.1754.

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Natural gas has been one of the most important kinds of vehicle fuel since the discovery of abundant shale gas storage. Operating costs of diesel engine can be reduced by replacing diesel with diesel-CNG dual fuel. The present contribution is mainly about the electronic control system of diesel-CNG dual fuel engine. Hardware and software of the electronic control system were designed. Two control strategies named equivalent power control strategy and diesel-saving control strategy were put forward for different control targets. Furthermore, these two strategies were testified by experiments conducted on engine test bench. Results show that average natural gas replacement could up to 70%. Comparing with diesel engine, fuel consumption of diesel-CNG dual fuel engine can be reduced significantly and the power increases slightly also. Both power and economy performances of the engine are improved.

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Zulkifli, Fathul Hakim, Mas Fawzi i Shahrul Azmir Osman. "A Review on Knock Phenomena in CNG-Diesel Dual Fuel System". Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (lipiec 2015): 550–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.550.

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The compressed natural gas (CNG) – diesel dual fuel engine is discussed through their basic operation and its characteristic. The main problem of running a diesel engine on dual fuel mode with CNG as main fuel is addressed. A brief review of knock phenomena which is widely associated with a dual fuel engine is also covered. Methods to suppress onset knock were suggested.

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Lv, Xiao Ning, Jiang Tao Qin, Jing Bo Li, Bo Wen Zou i Fu Qiang Luo. "Reaserch on an Electronic Control System of CNG/Diesel Dual Fuel Engine". Applied Mechanics and Materials 325-326 (czerwiec 2013): 1176–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.325-326.1176.

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In order to convert the high pressure common rail system engine to CNG/Diesel dual fuel engine, an electronically controlled system is developed. The system includes a CNG fuel supply system, the CNG electronic control unit (ECU) and its matching harness etc. During starting and idle load conditions, the engine runs under pure diesel mode, when the speed and load reached a certain set point, the diesel ECU reduces the pilot diesel quantity, meanwhile, the CNG ECU increases the natural gas quantity, then the engine runs under dual fuel mode. The engine experiment data show that in different conditions, the highest substitution rate is 90% and the average substitution rate is 83%; the average savings ratio of operation cost per hour is 26%.

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Ismail, M. M., M. Fawzi, F. H. Zulkifli i S. A. Osman. "Effects of Fuel Ratio on Performance and Emission of Diesel-Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Dual Fuel Engine". Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia 2, nr 2 (28.04.2021): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v2i2.86.

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Recent research breakthrough reveals that diesel-CNG dual fuel (DDF) combustion can potentially reduce exhaust emission of internal combustion engines. However, problem arises when knock phenomenon occurs producing high carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emission due to uncontrolled blending ratio of diesel-CNG fuel on specific engine load. This study will determine the limit of dual fuel ratio before knock occurrence while analysing performance and exhaust emission of an engine operating with diesel and DDF fuel mode. A 2.5 litre 4-cylinder direct injection common-rail diesel engine was utilised as a test platform. The models tested were 100% Diesel, 90% DDF, 80% DDF and 70% DDF, representing diesel to CNG mass ratio of 100:0, 90:10, 80:20 and 70:30 respectively. It was found that DDF engine performance was lower compared to diesel engine at 1500 rpm engine speed. At higher engine speed, the 70% DDF showed engine performance comparable to diesel engine. However, high HC emission with knock onset and a decrease of Nitrogen Oxide (NOX) emission were recorded. This study suggests the preferred limit of dual fuel ratio should not be lower than 70% DDF which will be able to operate at high engine speed without the occurrence of knock and poor exhaust emission.

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Ismael, Mhadi Abaker, Morgan Ramond Heikal i Masri Ben Baharoom. "Spray Characteristics of Diesel-CNG Dual Fuel Jet Using Schlieren Imaging Technique". Applied Mechanics and Materials 663 (październik 2014): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.663.58.

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Natural gas is a low cost fuel with high availability in nature. However, it cannot be used by itself in conventional diesel engines due to its low flame speed and high ignition temperature. The addition of a secondary fuel to enhance the mixture formation and combustion process facilitate its wider use as an alternative fuel. An experimental study was performed to investigate the diesel-CNG dual fuel jet characteristics such as: jet tip penetration, jet cone angle and jet tip velocity. A constant-volume optical chamber was designed to facilitate maximum optical access for the study of the jet macroscopic characteristics at different injection pressures and temperatures. The bottom plate of the test rig was made of aluminum (piston material) and it was heated up to 500 K at ambient pressure. An injector driver was used to control the single-hole nozzle diesel injector combined with a natural gas injector. The injection timing of both injectors were synchronized with a camera trigger. Macroscopic properties of diesel and diesel-CNG dual fuel jets were recorded with a high speed camera using the Schlieren imaging technique and associated image processing. Measurements of the jet characteristics of diesel and diesel-CNG dual fuel are compared together under evaporative and non-evaporative conditions as well as different injection pressures are presented in this paper.

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Yuvenda, Dori, Bambang Sudarmanta, Jamaludin Jamaludin, Oki Muraza, Randi Purnama Putra, Remon Lapisa, Krismadinata Krismadinata i in. "Combustion and Emission Characteristics of CNG-Diesel Dual Fuel Engine with Variation of Air Fuel Ratio". Automotive Experiences 5, nr 3 (18.12.2022): 507–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/ae.7807.

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Compressed natural gas (CNG) is a popular alternative fuel because of its more environmentally friendly properties than fossil fuels , including applications in diesel engines. However, supplying too much compressed natural gas fuel causes poor engine performance and emissions due to a decrease in the air-fuel ratio on the dual-fuel engine. The addition of air using electric superchargers was done to return the air-fuel ratio to ideal conditions. Lambda value (λ) was variation under low load (1.52 to 2.71), medium load (1.18 to 2.17), and high load (0.94 to 2.17) on a CNG-diesel dual fuel engine. The addition of pure air in each load can increase combustion stability in certain lambda, which was indicated by an increase in thermal efficiency, heat release rate, and a decrease in ignition delay, combustion duration, hydrocarbon, and carbon monoxide emissions.

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Reddy, Sridhara, Maheswar Dutta i K. Vijaya Kumar Reddy. "EFFECT OF COMPRESSION RATIO ON PERFORMANCE OF A HYDROGEN BLENDED CNG-DIESEL DUAL FUEL ENGINE". Journal of Mechanical Engineering 44, nr 2 (2.01.2015): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jme.v44i2.21431.

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Compression ratios of the engine considerably affect the performance and emission behavior of an engine.The paper discusses about effect of compression ratios on the operating parameters such as brake specific fuelconsumption (BSFC), brake specific energy consumption (BSEC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and volumetricefficiency on a stationary diesel-CNG dual fuel engine by adding hydrogen fraction as a combustion booster. Theexhaust emission behavior of the engine is also presented. Addition of hydrogen in CNG has given better resultsthan diesel-CNG dual fuel operation of the engine. The volumetric efficiency and emissions like NOx are theparameters which needed attention towards this study. The paper presents experimental results and analyzes them.

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Channappagoudra, Manjunath, K. Ramesh i Manavendra G. "Effect of Bio-CNG Flow Rate on Modified Diesel Engine Run with Dual Fuel". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, nr 3.34 (1.09.2018): 644. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.34.19406.

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In the first phase of investigation standard engine (SE) parameters are modified and optimized as Injector opening pressure (IOP) of 230 bar, Injection timing (IT) of 26.deg.bTDC, Compression ratio (CR) of 18, Nozzle hole (NH) of 5 hole and Piston bowl geometry (PBG) of Re-entrant toroidal piston bowl geometry (RTPBG)) when engine is operated with B20 (20% dairy scum biodiesel+80% diesel) fuel blend sole. The modified engine with these optimized parameters has shown improved brake thermal efficiency (BTE) when compared to standard engine operated with B20 (B20-SE), which could be attributed to improved fuel atomization, reduction of fuel droplet size, increased cylinder temperature, enhanced swirl and squish in the modified engine. In second phase of investigation, dual fuel (B20+Bio-CNG) experiments are conducted on modified engine to examine the effect Bio-CNG (enriched biogas/methane) flow rates such as 0.12, 0.24, 0.36, 0.48, 0.60 and 0.72 kg/hr on modified engine performance, exhaust emission and combustion characteristics. Then dual fuel experimental results are compared with neat diesel and B20 fuel operations. The dual fueled engine with all Bio-CNG flow rates has resulted lower performance and combustion characteristics with increased emissions (HC and CO) when compared to single fuel (B20) operated engine. From dual operation, it concludes that 0.48 kg/hr Bio-CNG flow rate has experienced the smooth running and improved performance, emission and combustion characteristics among all other Bio-CNG flow rates, hence 0.48 kg/hr Bio-CNG flow rate is optimized.

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Arbi Trihatmojo, Ahmad, Bambang Sudarmanta i Oki Muraza. "Performance and Combustion Process of a Dual Fuel Diesel Engine Operating with CNG-Palm Oil Biodiesel". Journal of Railway Transportation and Technology 2, nr 1 (31.03.2023): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37367/jrtt.v2i1.22.

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Efforts to build and develop a low-emission transportation system have been carried out, one of which is by applying biodiesel and gas to dual-fuel diesel engines. Biodiesel is an oxygenated, low-sulfur, and high flash point alternative diesel fuel. In the dual fuel mode, CNG is used as a substitute fuel and palm biodiesel as a combustion pilot which is injected directly into the combustion chamber at 13 °CA BTDC. CNG injection timing was 110 °CA ATDC and the CNG injection duration was gradually increased. Performance and combustion processes in single-fuel mode and dual-fuel mode are compared. The engine was kept at a constant speed of 2000 rpm at all load conditions. The results show that the dual fuel mode at low and medium loads produces in-cylinder pressure and the heat release rate is lower than the single fuel mode, but at high loads, it produces in-cylinder pressure and the heat release rate is 5.14% greater. CO and HC emissions produced by the dual fuel mode are higher than the single fuel mode at all loads. conversely, the dual-fuel mode produces 95.58% lower smoke emissions than the single-fuel mode at all loads.

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Parthasarathy, M., P. V. Elumalai, M. Murunachippan, P. B. Senthilkumar, Saboor Shaik, Mohsen Sharifpur i Nima Khalilpoor. "Influence of Injection Pressure on the Dual-Fuel Mode in CI Engines Fueled with Blends of Ethanol and Tamanu Biodiesel". International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2022 (28.11.2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6730963.

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The acceleration of global warming is primarily attributable to nonrenewable energy sources such as conventional fossil fuels. The primary source of energy for the automobile sector is petroleum products. Petroleum fuel is depleting daily, and its use produces a significant amount of greenhouse emissions. Biofuels would be a viable alternative to petroleum fuels, but a redesign of the engine would be required for complete substitution. The use of CNG in SI engines is not new, but it has not yet been implemented in CI engines. This is due to the fuel having a greater octane rating. The sole use of CNG in a CI engine results in knocking and excessive vibration. This study utilizes CNG under dual-fuel conditions when delivered through the intake manifold. In a dual-fuel mode, compressed natural gas (CNG) is utilized as the secondary fuel and a blend of 90% tamanu methyl ester and 10% ethanol (TMEE10) is used as the primary fuel. The injection pressure (IP) of the primary fuel changes between 200 and 240 bar, while the CNG induction rate is kept constant at 0.17 kg/h. The main combustion process is governed by the injection pressure of the pilot fuel. It could be affecting factors such as the vaporization characteristics of the fuel, the homogeneity of the mixture, and the ignition delay. Originally, tamanu methyl ester (TME) and diesel were used as base fuels in the investigation. As a result of its inherent oxygen content, TME emits more NOx than diesel. The addition of 10% ethanol to TME (TMEE10) marginally reduces NOx emissions in a CI mode because of its high latent heat of vaporization characteristics. Under peak load conditions, NOx emissions of TMEE10 are 6.2% lower than those of neat TME in the CI mode. Furthermore, the experiment was conducted using TMEE10 as the primary fuel and CNG as the secondary fuel. In the dual-fuel mode, the TMEE10 blend showed higher combustion, resulting in an increase in performance and a significant decrease in emission characteristics. As a result of the CNG’s high-energy value and rapid burning rate, the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of TMEE10 improves to 29.09% compared to 27.09% for neat TME. In the dual-fuel mode of TMEE10 with 20.2% CNG energy sharing, the greatest reduction in fuel consumption was 2.9%. TMEE10 with CNG induction emits 7.8%, 12.5%, and 15.5% less HC, CO, and smoke, respectively, than TME operation.

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Lebedevas, Sergejus, Laurencas Raslavičius i Martynas Drazdauskas. "Comprehensive Correlation for the Prediction of the Heat Release Characteristics of Diesel/CNG Mixtures in a Single-Zone Combustion Model". Sustainability 15, nr 4 (17.02.2023): 3722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15043722.

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Fuel combinations with substantial differences in reactivity, such as diesel/CNG, represent one of the most promising alternative combustion strategies these days. In general, the conversion from diesel to dual-fuel operation can be performed in existing in-use heavy-duty compression-ignition engines with minimum modifications, which guarantee very little particles, less nitrogen oxide (NOx), and reduced noise by half compared to diesel. These factors make it feasible to retrofit a CNG fuel system on an existing diesel engine to operate it in dual fuel mode. However, the single-zone combustion models using the traditional single-Wiebe function are exceptionally adopted to assess the dedicated dual fuel engines, whereas the heat loss to the walls is estimated by using the Woschni heat loss formulation. It means that the fast and preliminary analysis of the unmodified engine performance by 1-zone models becomes complicated due to the obvious deterioration of the energy parameters, which, in turn, was predetermined from the deviation in the thermodynamic cycle variables as the calculation outcome. In this study, the main novelty lies in the fact that we propose a novel composition-considered Woschni correlation for the prediction of the heat release duration characteristics of diesel/CNG mixtures for the unmodified diesel engine. The elimination of former deficiencies distinctive to a single-zone thermodynamic model by applying the interim steps described became the core of the research presented in this paper. It led to successful derivation of the necessary correlation for modelling the heat release duration characteristics of an ICE operated in the dual fuel mode.

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Mikulski, Maciej, i Sławomir Wierzbicki. "EFFECT OF CNG IN A FUEL DOSE ON THE COMBUSTION PROCESS OF A COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINE". TRANSPORT 30, nr 2 (30.05.2015): 162–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2015.1045938.

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Currently, one of the major trends in the research of contemporary combustion engines involves the potential use of alternative fuels. Considerable attention has been devoted to methane, which is the main component of Natural Gas (NG) and can also be obtained by purification of biogas. In compression-ignition engines fired with methane or Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), it is necessary to apply a dual-fuel feeding system. This paper presents the effect of the proportion of CNG in a fuel dose on the process of combustion. The recorded time series of pressure in a combustion chamber was used to determine the repeatability of the combustion process and the change of fuel compression-ignition delay in the combustion chamber. It has been showed that NG does not burn completely in a dual-fuel engine. The best conditions for combustion are ensured with higher concentrations of gaseous fuel. NG ignition does not take place simultaneously with diesel oil ignition. Moreover, if a divided dose of diesel is injected, NG ignition probably takes place at two points, as diesel oil.

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Singh, Hukam, Shailesh Kumar Singh, Ashutosh Kumar i Rangnath M. S. "Effects of Dual-fuel at Different Engine Parameters". International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 5, nr 1 (2017): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.511726.

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Rapid depletion of fossil fuels is urgently demanding an extensive research work to find out the viable alternative fuel for meeting sustainable energy demand without any environmental impact. looking at the twenty first century, it seems that cleaner and greener form of energy in complete congruence with environment are the only hope for a sustainable future.In the current investigation CNG is used with Jatropha oil methyl ester (JOME) in a dual fuel mode for complete combustion of charge present inside the combustion chamber, and for the reduction of emissions associated with CI engines. The engine trials were conducted on a stationary air cooled constant speed agricultural direct injection diesel engine by increasing load from 0-100%.The effects of the pilot charge on various performance and emission characteristics were evaluated on all range of load. While comparing the results with diesel an increment in Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) and reduction in the emissions i.e. CO, HC, smoke were found with the dual fuel mode of CNG-JOME in CI engine.

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Zhou, Haiqin, Xiangrong Li i Chia-Fon F. Lee. "Investigation on soot emissions from diesel-CNG dual-fuel". International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 44, nr 18 (kwiecień 2019): 9438–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.02.012.

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Kovbasenko, Serhii, Andriy Holyk i Serhii Hutarevych. "RESEARCH OF INDICATORS OF A VEHICLE WITH A DIESEL WORKING ON DIESEL AND DIESEL GAS CYCLES USING THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL". Avtoshliakhovyk Ukrayiny, nr 1 (261)’2020 (20.03.2020): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33868/0365-8392-2020-1-261-14-19.

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The features of an advanced mathematical model of motion of a truck with a diesel engine operating on the diesel and diesel gas cycles are presented in the article. As a result of calculations using the mathematical model, a decrease in total mass emissions as a result of carbon monoxide emissions is observed due to a decrease in emissions of nitrogen oxides and emissions of soot in the diesel gas cycle compared to the diesel cycle. The mathematical model of a motion of a truck on a city driving cycle according to GOST 20306-90 allows to study the fuel-economic, environmental and energy indicators of a diesel and diesel gas vehicle. The results of the calculations on the mathematical model will make it possible to conclude on the feasibility of converting diesel vehicles to using compressed natural gas. Object of the study – the fuel-economic, environmental and energy performance diesel engine that runs on dual fuel system using CNG. Purpose of the study – study of changes in fuel, economic, environmental and energy performance of vehicles with diesel engines operating on diesel and diesel gas cycles, according to urban driving cycle modes. Method of the study – calculations on a mathematical model and comparison of results with road tests. Bench and road tests, results of calculations on the mathematical model of motion of a truck with diesel, working on diesel and diesel gas cycles, show the improvement of environmental performance of diesel vehicles during the converting to compressed natural gas in operation. Improvement of environmental performance is obtained mainly through the reduction of soot emissions and nitrogen oxides emissions from diesel gas cycle operations compared to diesel cycle operations. The results of the article can be used to further develop dual fuel system using CNG. Keywords: diesel engine, diesel gas engine, CNG

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Yuvenda, Dori, Bambang Sudarmanta, Randi Purnama Putra, Martias Martias i Erzeddin Alwi. "Pengaruh Tekanan Injeksi Gas Terhadap Konsumsi Bahan Bakar dan Efisiensi Termal pada Mesin Diesel Dual Fuel". INVOTEK: Jurnal Inovasi Vokasional dan Teknologi 19, nr 1 (1.04.2019): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/invotek.v19i1.349.

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Penggunaan compressed natural gas (CNG) sebagai bahan bakar utama pada mesin diesel menyebabkan penurunan performa mesin terutama pada efisiensi termal. Hal ini dikarenakan peningkatan daya mesin yang dikonversi melalui proses pembakaran tidak sebanding dengan penambahan jumlah bahan bakar yang masuk ke dalam ruang bakar seiring dengan penambahan beban mesin. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah bagaimana mengoptimalkan tekanan injeksi gas CNG yang diinjeksikan ke dalam ruang bakar melalui port (intake manifold) dapat menurunkan konsumsi bahan bakar dan meningkatkan efisiensi termal pada mesin diesel dual fuel (DDF). Metode penelitian ini dilakukan secara eksperimen pada mesin DDF Diamond DI 800 dengan putaran konstan (1500 rpm). Variasi yang dilakukan adalah mengatur tekanan injeksi gas CNG yang masuk melalui port sebesar 1,5 bar, 2 bar dan 2,5 bar. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah pada tekanan injeksi gas CNG 2,5 bar dapat memberikan persentase subtitusi gas CNG rata rata sebesar 57,59%, sedangkan pada tekanan injeksi gas CNG 1,5 bar dapat menurunkan konsumsi bahan bakar spesifik (SFCdual) hingga sebesar 0,196 kg/HP.jam dan meningkatkan efisiensi termal rata-rata sebesar 3,57% dibandingkan dengan variasi lain, meskipun masih di bawah kondisi operasi mesin single fuel.

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Rotaru, Silviu, Constantin Pana, Nicolae Negurescu, Alexandru Cernat, Dinu Fuiorescu i Cristian Nikolaos Nuţu. "Effects of CNG quantity on combustion characteristics and emissions of a dual fuelled automotive diesel engine". E3S Web of Conferences 180 (2020): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018001008.

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The paper reveals some experimental aspects of compressed natural gas (CNG) use in dual fuel mode at an automotive diesel engine. Brake specific energetic consumption, incylinder pressure, emissions and variability of indicated mean effective pressure are analysed at operating regime of 2000 rpm and 40% load. Using CNG as an alternative fuel reduces brake specific energetic consumption by 50%, the CO2 emission by 10% and sets the in-cylinder maximum pressure 13 bar higher comparative to diesel fuel fuelling. The smoke and hydrocarbons emissions and the variability of indicated mean effective pressure are affected by the injection of compressed natural gas into intake manifold: HC emission grows 24 times, the smoke number and the coefficient of variability of IMEP double their values. The use of compressed natural gas at an automotive diesel engine improves its energetic performances and combustion process, having positive effects on CO2 emission and fuel consumption.

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Arif, Ahmad, Nuzul Hidayat i M. Yasep Setiawan. "PENGARUH PENGATURAN WAKTU INJEKSI DAN DURASI INJEKSI TERHADAP BRAKE MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE DAN THERMAL EFFICIENCY PADA MESIN DIESEL DUAL FUEL". INVOTEK: Jurnal Inovasi Vokasional dan Teknologi 17, nr 2 (9.12.2017): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/invotek.v17i2.73.

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CNG merupakan bahan bakar gas yang potensial untuk internal combustion engine karena lebih ekonomis dan ramah lingkungan. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan pengujian pengaruh pengaturan waktu injeksi dan durasi injeksi CNG terhadap brake mean effective pressure dan thermal efficiency pada mesin diesel dual fuel berbahan bakar solar dan CNG. Penelitian ini dilakukan secara eksperimental dengan menginjeksikan CNG ke intake manifold yang dikontrol ECU. Metode yang digunakan untuk mengetahui nilai pengaturan optimum adalah dengan mapping waktu injeksi dan durasi injeksi CNG melalui software Vemstune pada komputer. Waktu injeksi diatur pada 35°, 40° dan 45° ATDC dan durasi injeksi sebesar 25, 23 dan 21 ms. Pengujian dilakukan dengan putaran mesin konstan 1500 rpm dan pembebanan dari 500 sampai 4000 watt dengan interval 500 watt. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perubahan brake mean effective pressure antara single fuel dan dual fuel relatif kecil karena perubahan arus dan tegangan yang dihasilkan genertor juga kecil. Sedangkan thermal efficiency optimal terdapat pada pengaturan waktu injeksi 35o ATDC dan durasi injeksi 25 ms, yaitu terjadi penurunan thermal efficiency rata-rata sebanyak 31,51% daripada single fuel.

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Towoju, Olumide Adewole. "Impact of Adopting Diesel-CNG Dual-Fuel Engine on Haulage". International Journal of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Research 11, nr 1 (18.05.2022): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/13.v11i1.2996.

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Climate change brought about by the emission of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) has shone a spotlight on the role of the internal combustion engine. These engines are significant contributors to GHG emissions. However, there have been recent improvements in their design. Natural gas produces lower GHG emissions during combustion, making it suitable as a fuel in internal combustion engines. Aside from the emission impact of gasoline and diesel, the collapse of Nigeria’s petroleum refineries has impacted the availability of the products and caused them to have exorbitant prices for the populace. The country is, however, richly blessed with natural gas, which is waiting to be tapped and put to use. The conversion of a fleet of diesel trucks by a local haulage company will have both financial and GHG emissions impacts. This study investigates these impacts. By the fifty-third month, the investment starts to yield dividends, which accrue to over $34,000 over the useful life of each truck. Also, for each converted truck there is a reduction in GHG emissions of around 13.22 tons annually.

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Jang, Hyongjun, Junkyu Yoon, Sunyoup Lee, Yongrae Kim, Junghwan Kim i Changgi Kim. "Effect of CNG Heating Value Variations on Emissions Characteristics in a Diesel-CNG Dual-Fuel Engine". Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas 20, nr 6 (31.12.2016): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7842/kigas.2016.20.6.43.

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Kim, Yongrae, Hyeongjun Jang, Janghee Lee i Changgi Kim. "Effects of CNG Heating Value on Combustion Characteristics of a Diesel-CNG Dual-Fuel Engine". Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas 19, nr 6 (31.12.2015): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7842/kigas.2015.19.6.28.

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Lim, Ock-Taeck. "Study on Performance and Emission Characteristics of CNG/Diesel Dual-Fuel Engine". Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B 35, nr 9 (1.09.2011): 869–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-b.2011.35.9.869.

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Shenghua, Liu, Wang Ziyan i Ren Jiang. "Development of compressed natural gas/diesel dual-fuel turbocharged compression ignition engine". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 217, nr 9 (1.09.2003): 839–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095440700321700910.

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A natural gas and diesel dual-fuel turbocharged compression ignition (CI) engine is developed to reduce emissions of a heavy-duty diesel engine. The compressed natural gas (CNG) pressure regulator is specially designed to feed back the boost pressure to simplify the fuel metering system. The natural gas bypass improves the engine response to acceleration. The modes of diesel injection are set according to the engine operating conditions. The application of honeycomb mixers changes the flowrate shape of natural gas and reduces hydrocarbon (HC) emission under low-load and lowspeed conditions. The cylinder pressures of a CI engine fuelled with diesel and dual fuel are analysed. The introduction of natural gas makes the ignition delay change with engine load. Under the same operating conditions, the emissions of smoke and NOx from the dual-fuel engine are both reduced. The HC and CO emissions for the dual-fuel engine remain within the range of regulation.

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Stelmasiak, Zdzisław, Jerzy Larisch, Jacek Pielecha i Dariusz Pietras. "Particulate Matter Emission from Dual Fuel Diesel Engine Fuelled with Natural Gas". Polish Maritime Research 24, nr 2 (27.06.2017): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pomr-2017-0055.

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Abstract The paper presents the results of examination of particulate matter emission from the Diesel engine FPT 1.3 MJT simultaneously fuelled with diesel oil and natural gas CNG. The basic premise for engine adaptation was the addition of a small amount of CNG to reduce exhaust gas opacity and particulate matter emission. At this assumption, diesel oil remained the basic fuel, with contribution amounting to 0,70-0,85 of total energy delivered to the engine. The dual fuel engine was examined using an original controller installed in the Diesel engine FPT 1.3 MJT which controlled the diesel fuel dose. The dose of the injected natural gas was controlled by changing the opening time of gas injectors at constant pressure in the gas collector. The examined issues included the exhaust gas opacity, and the total number and fractional distribution of the emitted particles. The measurements were performed at twenty selected measuring points corresponding to the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) test. The performed tests have demonstrated a positive effect of gas addition on exhaust gas opacity and particulate matter emission. Depending on test conditions, the exhaust gas opacity was reduced by 10÷92%, and the total number of particles by 30÷40%. The performed tests have revealed that a small addition of gas can reduce the load of the DPF filter, extend its lifetime, and increase engine reliability. Longer time intervals between successive DPF filter regenerations improve ecological properties of the engine.

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Karczewski, Mirosław, Grzegorz Szamrej i Janusz Chojnowski. "Experimental Assessment of the Impact of Replacing Diesel Fuel with CNG on the Concentration of Harmful Substances in Exhaust Gases in a Dual Fuel Diesel Engine". Energies 15, nr 13 (22.06.2022): 4563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134563.

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The problem of global warming and related climate change, as well as rising oil prices, is driving the implementation of ideas that not only reduce the consumption of liquid fuels, but also reduce greenhouse gas emissions. One of them is the use of natural gas as an energy source. It is a hydrocarbon fuel with properties allowing the reduction of CO2 emissions during its combustion. Therefore, solutions are being implemented that allow natural gas to be supplied to means of transport, which are trucks of various categories and purposes. This article presents the results of tests of an engine from a used semi-truck, to which an innovative compressed natural gas (CNG) supply system was installed. This installation (both hardware and software), depending on the engine operating conditions, enables mass replacement by natural gas (up to 90%) of the basic fuel—diesel oil. During the tests, on the basis of the obtained results, the influence of the diesel fuel/CNG exchange ratio under various engine operating conditions on the concentration of toxic CO2, CO, NO, NO2, CH4, C2H6, NMHC, NH3 and exhaust smoke was assessed. The test results confirm that, compared to conventional fueling, the diesel/CNG-fueled engine allows for a significant reduction in CO2 concentration even in a car operated for several years with diesel fuel and with high mileage. The use of a non-factory installation significantly increased the concentration of methane CH4, nitrogen dioxide NO2 and carbon monoxide CO in the exhaust gas. It was found that the smoke content and the temperature of exhaust gases did not decrease with increasing ratio of fuel replacement. The concentration of CO, NOX, CH4 and NMHC was increased, while the concentration of CO2, C2H6, NH3 and the consumption of diesel fuel by the engine, decreased significantly. The innovation of the research is based on the use of a modern and unique engine gas fuel system control system where the original fuel supply system with unit pumps is able to reduce diesel oil consumption by up to 90%.

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Gerutu, Gerutu Bosinge, Kenedy Aliila Greyson i Pius Victor Chombo. "Compressed Natural Gas as an Alternative Vehicular Fuel in Tanzania: Implementation, Barriers, and Prospects". Methane 2, nr 1 (17.01.2023): 66–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/methane2010006.

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This paper presents the implementation of natural gas vehicles (NGVs) in Tanzania’s road transportation sector. The peculiarity of this analysis is the evaluation of the technical and economic performance of the converted gasoline and diesel engines to use compressed natural gas (CNG) as the cleanest-burning hydrocarbon. The technical performance involved vehicle mileage (MiCNG), fuel consumption (Fcons), speed drop, engine fuel enhancement (Fenh), and fuel saving, while the economic performance involved conversion cost (Cc), fuel cost saving (FCsaving), and payback (PB). Considering the conversion of gasoline vehicles, the MiCNG could reach an average of 100 to 500 km per filling, depending on the CNG cylinder size. The Fenh and fuel saving were ranging between 1.9 and 3.9 and 71 and 78%. With a proportion of 30:70 diesel-CNG fuel, the heavy-duty truck with 180 kg of CNG could reach 1300 km, saving about 440 L, which is 78.6% per roundtrip, while the medium passenger car with 15 kg of CNG could reach 350 km, presenting a fuel saving of about 75%. From an economic point of view, gasoline retrofitted NGVs cost about 50 to 200 TZS/km, yielding a fuel cost saving of up to 79% and starting to pay off between 2 and 7 months or 10,000 and 40,000 km, depending on the engine capacity. Considering dual fuel, the heavy-duty truck consumes about 496 TZS/km, saving about 62.3% of diesel fuel and starting to pay off after 2.5 months or 29,304 km. To conclude, NGV technologies have been successfully implemented in Tanzania’s road transportation sector, presenting significant fuel savings and reducing reliance on imported oil. While taking measures, this study paves a way for Tanzania and other sub-Saharan countries to promote NGV growth.

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Ismael, Mhadi A., M. R. Heikal i M. B. Bahroom. "Spray Characteristics and Wall Impingement of Diesel-CNG Dual Fuel Jet Using Schlieren Imaging Technique". International Journal of Materials, Mechanics and Manufacturing 3, nr 3 (2015): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijmmm.2015.v3.184.

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Yao, Mingfa, Zunqing Zheng i Jin Qin. "Experimental Study on Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Combustion With Fuel of Dimethyl Ether and Natural Gas". Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 128, nr 2 (22.09.2005): 414–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2130731.

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The homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion fueled by dimethyl ether (DME) and compressed natural gas (CNG) was investigated. The experimental work was carried out on a single-cylinder diesel engine. The results show that adjusting the proportions of DME and CNG is an effective technique for controlling HCCI combustion and extending the HCCI operating range. The combustion process of HCCI with dual fuel is characterized by a distinctive two-stage heat release process. As CNG flow rate increases, the magnitude of peak cylinder pressure and the peak heat release rate in the second stage goes up. As DME flow rate increases, the peak cylinder pressure, heat release rate, and NOx emissions increase while THC and CO emissions decrease.

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Hagos, Dejene A., i Erik O. Ahlgren. "Economic performance evaluation of natural gas vehicles and their fuel infrastructures". E3S Web of Conferences 51 (2018): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3scconf/20185101008.

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The transition from high carbon-intensity to low carbon-intensity transport fuels entails the development of energy efficient and cost-effective decarbonisation pathways. In this paper, 14 potential natural and renewable gas supply pathways and natural gas vehicles (NGVs) have been selected and evaluated with regards to well-to-tank (WTT) fuel production costs and break-even vehicle added investment costs. NGVs are evaluated for both road- and maritime transport applications with three types of gas engines; dedicated, dual fuel, and high pressure direct injection (HPDI) engines. The results indicate that owing to the alternate gas distribution mechanisms and filling stations configuration there exist a substantial fuel production cost differences between the selected gas pathways. Despite its long-distance shipping and distribution, imported LNG showed significant production cost advantage over compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied renewable natural gas (LRNG) pathways. Evaluating the current economic performances, all NGVs are found to be competitive corresponding to gasoline cars, but not compared to diesel cars due to the lower price gap between CNG and diesel. In the heavy-duty vehicle and passenger vessel segments, however, owing to the high price gap between LNG and diesel/marine gas oil (MGO), all NGVs and LNG passenger vessels showed high competitiveness compared to their conventional counterparts.

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Hagos, Dejene A., i Erik O. Ahlgren. "Economic performance evaluation of natural gas vehicles and their fuel infrastructures". E3S Web of Conferences 51 (2018): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185101008.

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The transition from high carbon-intensity to low carbon-intensity transport fuels entails the development of energy efficient and cost-effective decarbonisation pathways. In this paper, 14 potential natural and renewable gas supply pathways and natural gas vehicles (NGVs) have been selected and evaluated with regards to well-to-tank (WTT) fuel production costs and break-even vehicle added investment costs. NGVs are evaluated for both road- and maritime transport applications with three types of gas engines; dedicated, dual fuel, and high pressure direct injection (HPDI) engines. The results indicate that owing to the alternate gas distribution mechanisms and filling stations configuration there exist a substantial fuel production cost differences between the selected gas pathways. Despite its long-distance shipping and distribution, imported LNG showed significant production cost advantage over compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied renewable natural gas (LRNG) pathways. Evaluating the current economic performances, all NGVs are found to be competitive corresponding to gasoline cars, but not compared to diesel cars due to the lower price gap between CNG and diesel. In the heavy-duty vehicle and passenger vessel segments, however, owing to the high price gap between LNG and diesel/marine gas oil (MGO), all NGVs and LNG passenger vessels showed high competitiveness compared to their conventional counterparts.

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Koten, Hasan, Mustafa Yilmaz i M. Zafer Gul. "Compressed Biogas-Diesel Dual-Fuel Engine Optimization Study for Ultralow Emission". Advances in Mechanical Engineering 6 (1.01.2014): 571063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/571063.

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The aim of this study is to find out the optimum operating conditions in a diesel engine fueled with compressed biogas (CBG) and pilot diesel dual-fuel. One-dimensional (1D) and three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code and multiobjective optimization code were employed to investigate the influence of CBG-diesel dual-fuel combustion performance and exhaust emissions on a diesel engine. In this paper, 1D engine code and multiobjective optimization code were coupled and evaluated about 15000 cases to define the proper boundary conditions. In addition, selected single diesel fuel (dodecane) and dual-fuel (CBG-diesel) combustion modes were modeled to compare the engine performances and exhaust emission characteristics by using CFD code under various operating conditions. In optimization study, start of pilot diesel fuel injection, CBG-diesel flow rate, and engine speed were optimized and selected cases were compared using CFD code. CBG and diesel fuels were defined as leading reactants using user defined code. The results showed that significantly lower NOx emissions were emitted under dual-fuel operation for all cases compared to single-fuel mode at all engine load conditions.

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Singh, Ranbir, i Sagar Maji. "Mathematical Modeling and Simulation of CNG-Diesel Dual Fuel Engine Cycle Processes". Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 7, nr 2 (1.02.2012): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jeasci.2012.175.183.

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Thipse, Sukrut, Ajit Vinayak Kulkarni, Suresh J Vispute, S. D. Rairikar, Shailesh B. Sonawane, Vinayak Shivalink Sagare, Subhanker Dev i in. "Development of Dual Fuel (Diesel-CNG) Engine for SUV Application in India". SAE International Journal of Engines 8, nr 1 (14.01.2015): 341–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-26-0058.

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STELMASIAK, Zdzisław, Jerzy LARISCH i Dariusz PIETRAS. "Selection of an algorithms controlling operation of supercharged compression ignition engine with additional fueling with CNG gas". Combustion Engines 170, nr 3 (1.08.2017): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2017-307.

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The article presents an issues concerning selection of controlling algorithms for operation of supercharged compression ignition engine fueled additionally with CNG gas, including implemented control procedures, adjustment algorithms and operational algorithms. As the result, the engine which is run in dual fuel system operates under control of two controllers, factory ECU controller, governing fueling with the base fuel (Diesel oil) and all fueling parameters, and the second controller for gaseous fuel supply. Priority of operation of the controllers relates to fueling with Diesel oil, while the gas is treated as supplementary fuel. Due to possibility of usage of factory made original ECU controller as used with Diesel oil supply; it has been presented proposal of its software in form of array algorithms.

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39

Rotaru, S. "Experimental study on combustion of an automotive diesel engine fuelled with CNG". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1262, nr 1 (1.10.2022): 012072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1262/1/012072.

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Presenting the influence of compressed natural gas (CNG) used as alternative fuel on the combustion of an automotive diesel engine represents the main objective of this paper. The paper studies brake specific energetic consumption, in-cylinder pressure and pressure rise rate, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, smoke and hydrocarbons emissions at 2000 rev/min and at 40%, 55% and 70% load. Low carbon content of the alternative fuel will determine lower CO2 at all loads; NOx and smoke emissions are influenced by both energetic substitution and engine operating regime. HC emission will reach higher levels in diesel-gas mode than in conventional mode as the homogeneous percentage of the charge per cycle grows with the quantity of CNG admitted into the cylinder. In all cases in-cylinder pressure and pressure rise rate are higher in dual-fuel mode than those in conventional operating mode due to higher quantity of premixed charge developed during the ignition delay phase. The higher LHV (lower heating value) and the gaseous state of CNG will determine at all loads lower brake specific energetic consumption. Smoke emission will be negatively influenced in low to medium loads but in high loads it will drop by more than 30 percent.

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Karczewski, Mirosław, i Grzegorz Szamrej. "Experimental Evaluation of the Effect of Replacing Diesel Fuel by CNG on the Emission of Harmful Exhaust Gas Components and Emission Changes in a Dual-Fuel Engine". Energies 16, nr 1 (1.01.2023): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010475.

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The constant development of civilization increases environmental pollution as a result of industrial activity and transport. Consequently, human activity in this area is restricted by regulations governing the permissible emission of harmful substance components into the environment. These include substances emitted by combustion engines, the use of which remains high in many industries. Consequently, research is being conducted to reduce the emissions of harmful exhaust components from existing and newly manufactured internal combustion engines. This research presents a used semi-truck engine, in which an innovative Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) supply system was applied. Using this fuel supply installation allows a mass exchange of the base diesel fuel to natural gas of up to 90%. The study evaluated the effect of the diesel/CNG exchange ratio for different engine operating conditions (engine load, speed) on the concentration of toxic components, such as CO, NO, NO2, NOX, as a sum of NO, NO2, CH4, C2H4, C2H6, C3H8, NH3, and CH2O. The use of a dual-fuel system had a positive effect on the emissions of some harmful exhaust components, even in an engine from a vehicle that had been running for many years on diesel and at high mileage, but, simultaneously, the emissions of some harmful exhaust gas components increased.

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Supee, A., M. S. Shafeez, R. Mohsin i Z. A. Majid. "Performance of Diesel-Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Dual Fuel (DDF) Engine via CNG-Air Venturi Mixjector Application". Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 39, nr 10 (20.08.2014): 7335–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13369-014-1313-2.

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Felayati, Frengki Mohamad, Erik Sugianto i Nilam Sari Octaviani. "Development of Hybrid CNG/Diesel Dual-Fuel Engine in High Load Condition for Marine Debris Vessel". Kapal: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi Kelautan 20, nr 1 (6.02.2023): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/kapal.v20i1.51069.

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Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are the most influential issue in the transportation sector in recent years due to their impact on the environment. Thus, the design of transportation power plants is necessary to ensure the lowest GHG emissions. However, the development of a small vessel power plant is discussed in this study. The small vessel is a marine debris working vessel that has the purpose of collecting marine debris on the water surface with a conveyor. This vessel is designed with a dual-fuel engine fueled by natural gas from CNG and diesel fuel in high load conditions. Furthermore, the power system is designed with a systematical assessment condition based on the operational condition. Moreover, an experiment was conducted to study the performance and emissions of the engine. The hybrid system is designed with several operational conditions, such as sailing, collecting, and maneuvering. Most of the operations can be used in the hybrid dual-fuel system with nearly similar engine torque to diesel mode. The dual-fuel hybrid system has a significantly low engine fuel consumption with low CO2 emissions. However, relatively high NO2 and CO emissions are still considerable.

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Lee, Sunyoup, Changgi Kim, Seokhwan Lee, Jeongwoo Lee i Junghwan Kim. "Diesel injector nozzle optimization for high CNG substitution in a dual-fuel heavy-duty diesel engine". Fuel 262 (luty 2020): 116607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116607.

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Tang, Dong, Ning Liu, Jiawei Wang, Cen Zhao i Fuqiang Luo. "EFFECT OF LOAD ON COMBUSTION CYCLIC VARIATION IN CNG/DIESEL DUAL-FUEL ENGINE". International Journal of Energy for a Clean Environment 21, nr 1 (2020): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/interjenercleanenv.2020031254.

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Dronniou, Nicolas, Julian Kashdan, Bertrand Lecointe, Kyle Sauve i Dominique Soleri. "Optical Investigation of Dual-fuel CNG/Diesel Combustion Strategies to Reduce CO2 Emissions". SAE International Journal of Engines 7, nr 2 (1.04.2014): 873–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1313.

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SHIMOTSUCHIBASHI, Osamu, Kazunori HAMASAKI, Eiji KINOSHITA i Akio KAMEDA. "F21 Combustion Characteristics of a Dual Fuel Diesel Engine with CNG and Biodiesel". Proceedings of Conference of Kyushu Branch 2006.59 (2006): 147–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekyushu.2006.59.147.

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Ismael, Mhadi Abaker, Morgan Remond Heikal i Masri B. Baharom. "Spray-Wall Impingement of Diesel-CNG Dual Fuel Jet using Schlieren Imaging Technique". MATEC Web of Conferences 13 (2014): 02037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20141302037.

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Zulkifli, Fathul Hakim, Muammar Mukhsin Ismail, Mas Fawzi i Shahrul Azmir Osman. "A Prospect of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)-Diesel Dual Fuel System in Malaysia". Advanced Science Letters 22, nr 9 (1.09.2016): 2128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2016.7065.

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Nithyanandan, Karthik, Yilu Lin, Robert Donahue, Xiangyu Meng, Jiaxiang Zhang i Chia-fon F. Lee. "Characterization of soot from diesel-CNG dual-fuel combustion in a CI engine". Fuel 184 (listopad 2016): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.06.028.

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STELMASIAK, Zdzisław, Jerzy LARISCH i Dariusz PIETRAS. "Issues related to naturally aspirated and supercharged CI engines fueled with diesel oil and CNG gas". Combustion Engines 169, nr 2 (1.05.2017): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2017-205.

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The study presents results of a research work on two various Diesel engines adapted for dual fuel feeding with CNG gas and diesel oil. The first engine is naturally aspirated, medium-sized engine, corresponding to engines mounted as power units in trucks and buses. Natural gas was used as the main fuel to this engine, and amount of diesel oil was reduced to minimum according to criterion of correct operation of injection system and reliable ignition of gaseous mixture. The second engine was a high-speed, supercharged engine of Fiat 1.3 MJT type, destined to powering of passenger cars. This engine is equipped with modern engine technologies, high-pressure injection system of Common Rail type with division of fuel dose and recirculation of exhaust gases, with catalytic converter and DPF filter. To fueling of this engine was used small additive of gas, aimed at reduction of smokiness of exhaust gases. Performed research has shown beneficial effect of gas on engine efficiency, reduction of concentration of nitrogen oxides, smokiness of exhaust gases and emission of particulate matter. Simultaneously, however, emissions of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons had increased, especially in area of partial engine loads. Results of the study are pointing at possibility of installation of dual fuel system in traction engines with different size.

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