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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „CNG–DIESEL DUAL FUEL”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 11 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "CNG–DIESEL DUAL FUEL"

Kumar, Ashok, Piyushi Nautiyal i Kamalasish Dev. "To Study the Effects of (Compressed Natural Gas + Diesel) Under Dual Fuel Mode on Engine Performance and Emissions Characteristic". Sensor Letters 18, nr 2 (1.02.2020): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sl.2020.4170.

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The present study is investigated on the performance and emissions characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled by compressed natural gas and base diesel (CNG + Diesel). The CNG fuels used as the primary fuel, and diesel as pilot fuel under dual-fuel mode. The pilot fuel is partially replaced by CNG at a different percentage. The primary fuel is injected into the engine with intake air during the suction stroke. The experimental results reveal the effect of CNG + diesel under dual fuel mode on BTE, BSFC, CO, CO2, HC, NOx and Smoke. It is observed from the experimental results that CO2, NOx and Smoke emissions decreased but HC and CO emissions increase with an increase in CNG energy share.

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Jamrozik, Arkadiusz, Wojciech Tutak i Karol Grab-Rogaliński. "An Experimental Study on the Performance and Emission of the diesel/CNG Dual-Fuel Combustion Mode in a Stationary CI Engine". Energies 12, nr 20 (12.10.2019): 3857. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12203857.

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One of the possibilities to reduce diesel fuel consumption and at the same time reduce the emission of diesel engines, is the use of alternative gaseous fuels, so far most commonly used to power spark ignition engines. The presented work concerns experimental research of a dual-fuel compression-ignition (CI) engine in which diesel fuel was co-combusted with CNG (compressed natural gas). The energy share of CNG gas was varied from 0% to 95%. The study showed that increasing the share of CNG co-combusted with diesel in the CI engine increases the ignition delay of the combustible mixture and shortens the overall duration of combustion. For CNG gas shares from 0% to 45%, due to the intensification of the combustion process, it causes an increase in the maximum pressure in the cylinder, an increase in the rate of heat release and an increase in pressure rise rate. The most stable operation, similar to a conventional engine, was characterized by a diesel co-combustion engine with 30% and 45% shares of CNG gas. Increasing the CNG share from 0% to 90% increases the nitric oxide emissions of a dual-fuel engine. Compared to diesel fuel supply, co-combustion of this fuel with 30% and 45% CNG energy shares contributes to the reduction of hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, which increases after exceeding these values. Increasing the share of CNG gas co-combusted with diesel fuel, compared to the combustion of diesel fuel, reduces carbon dioxide emissions, and almost completely reduces carbon monoxide in the exhaust gas of a dual-fuel engine.

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Bhavani, Kompalli, i Sivanesan Murugesan. "Diesel to Dual Fuel Conversion Process Development". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, nr 3.6 (4.07.2018): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.6.15121.

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This paper aims to develop a process for conversion of Diesel Engine for Dual Fuel operation which is basically designed to reduce the economic costs and pollutant Emissions. The increasing cost of Diesel Fuel leads to the necessity of an Alternate fuel, i.e Compressed Natural gas (CNG). In this research a 16 cylinder, 50.25liter, Turbocharged After cooler V-shaped Engine is used for the conversion into Dual Fuel Engine. Dual fuel engine can be operated on both Diesel and CNG modes simultaneously. In this Engine the Air and CNG are mixed in required ratios in an Air- Gas mixer and the mixture is injected into the Combustion chamber. As Gaseous fuel CNG cannot self-ignite itself because of its high Auto ignition temperature a required amount of Diesel is injected into the Combustion Chamber at the end of compression stroke for ignition purpose which is known as Secondary fuel or a PILOTFUEL. This paper tries to show the process development of converting Diesel Engine for dual fuel operation on multiple platforms.

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Ilves, Risto, Rauno Põldaru, Andres Annuk i Jüri Olt. "THE IMPACT OF A TWO-PHASE DIESEL FUEL PILOT INJECTION ON THE COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS AIR–FUEL MIXTURE COMBUSTION PROCESS IN A DIESEL ENGINE". Transport 37, nr 5 (20.12.2022): 330–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2022.17938.

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Nowadays, there is a global trend towards the use of alternative fuels in order to reduce environmental pollution. For example, Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) has become more widely used around the world. The use of different fuels in engines affects the combustion process and efficiency, with the latter potentially being reduced by such means as, for example, the use of gaseous fuels in conventional diesel engines. Therefore, it is also important to know how CNG combusts in a diesel engine and how the combustion process can be improved. Consequently, the aim of the study is to give an overview of the effect of divided Diesel Fuel (DF) pilot injection on the combustion process of a naturally aspirated diesel engine using dual-fuel mode, with one fuel being DF and the other CNG. The focus of the article is on the commonly used engines on which the diesel injection system works regularly, and CNG fuel is injected into the intake manifold as an additional fuel. The engine DF quantity and injection timing are regulated by the acceleration pedal. The article provides an overview of the diesel and dual-fuel combustion process, and compare the DF and dual-fuel combustion processes. For this purpose, a test was carried out in order to measure the various involved parameters, such as the combustion pressure, torque, and fuel consumption. The results demonstrated that ignition delay does not significantly vary with the use of gas as a fuel source, and the maximum combustion pressure is actually higher with gas. The combustion is more rapid in dual-fuel mode and results indicate that when using dual-fuel mode on regular engines, it would be necessary to regulate the pre- and main-injection timing.

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Yu, Lei, Qing Yang i You Tong Zhang. "Researches on Electronic Control System of Diesel-CNG Dual Fuel Engine". Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (grudzień 2013): 1754–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.1754.

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Natural gas has been one of the most important kinds of vehicle fuel since the discovery of abundant shale gas storage. Operating costs of diesel engine can be reduced by replacing diesel with diesel-CNG dual fuel. The present contribution is mainly about the electronic control system of diesel-CNG dual fuel engine. Hardware and software of the electronic control system were designed. Two control strategies named equivalent power control strategy and diesel-saving control strategy were put forward for different control targets. Furthermore, these two strategies were testified by experiments conducted on engine test bench. Results show that average natural gas replacement could up to 70%. Comparing with diesel engine, fuel consumption of diesel-CNG dual fuel engine can be reduced significantly and the power increases slightly also. Both power and economy performances of the engine are improved.

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Zulkifli, Fathul Hakim, Mas Fawzi i Shahrul Azmir Osman. "A Review on Knock Phenomena in CNG-Diesel Dual Fuel System". Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (lipiec 2015): 550–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.550.

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The compressed natural gas (CNG) – diesel dual fuel engine is discussed through their basic operation and its characteristic. The main problem of running a diesel engine on dual fuel mode with CNG as main fuel is addressed. A brief review of knock phenomena which is widely associated with a dual fuel engine is also covered. Methods to suppress onset knock were suggested.

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Lv, Xiao Ning, Jiang Tao Qin, Jing Bo Li, Bo Wen Zou i Fu Qiang Luo. "Reaserch on an Electronic Control System of CNG/Diesel Dual Fuel Engine". Applied Mechanics and Materials 325-326 (czerwiec 2013): 1176–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.325-326.1176.

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In order to convert the high pressure common rail system engine to CNG/Diesel dual fuel engine, an electronically controlled system is developed. The system includes a CNG fuel supply system, the CNG electronic control unit (ECU) and its matching harness etc. During starting and idle load conditions, the engine runs under pure diesel mode, when the speed and load reached a certain set point, the diesel ECU reduces the pilot diesel quantity, meanwhile, the CNG ECU increases the natural gas quantity, then the engine runs under dual fuel mode. The engine experiment data show that in different conditions, the highest substitution rate is 90% and the average substitution rate is 83%; the average savings ratio of operation cost per hour is 26%.

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Ismail, M. M., M. Fawzi, F. H. Zulkifli i S. A. Osman. "Effects of Fuel Ratio on Performance and Emission of Diesel-Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Dual Fuel Engine". Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia 2, nr 2 (28.04.2021): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v2i2.86.

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Recent research breakthrough reveals that diesel-CNG dual fuel (DDF) combustion can potentially reduce exhaust emission of internal combustion engines. However, problem arises when knock phenomenon occurs producing high carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emission due to uncontrolled blending ratio of diesel-CNG fuel on specific engine load. This study will determine the limit of dual fuel ratio before knock occurrence while analysing performance and exhaust emission of an engine operating with diesel and DDF fuel mode. A 2.5 litre 4-cylinder direct injection common-rail diesel engine was utilised as a test platform. The models tested were 100% Diesel, 90% DDF, 80% DDF and 70% DDF, representing diesel to CNG mass ratio of 100:0, 90:10, 80:20 and 70:30 respectively. It was found that DDF engine performance was lower compared to diesel engine at 1500 rpm engine speed. At higher engine speed, the 70% DDF showed engine performance comparable to diesel engine. However, high HC emission with knock onset and a decrease of Nitrogen Oxide (NOX) emission were recorded. This study suggests the preferred limit of dual fuel ratio should not be lower than 70% DDF which will be able to operate at high engine speed without the occurrence of knock and poor exhaust emission.

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Ismael, Mhadi Abaker, Morgan Ramond Heikal i Masri Ben Baharoom. "Spray Characteristics of Diesel-CNG Dual Fuel Jet Using Schlieren Imaging Technique". Applied Mechanics and Materials 663 (październik 2014): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.663.58.

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Natural gas is a low cost fuel with high availability in nature. However, it cannot be used by itself in conventional diesel engines due to its low flame speed and high ignition temperature. The addition of a secondary fuel to enhance the mixture formation and combustion process facilitate its wider use as an alternative fuel. An experimental study was performed to investigate the diesel-CNG dual fuel jet characteristics such as: jet tip penetration, jet cone angle and jet tip velocity. A constant-volume optical chamber was designed to facilitate maximum optical access for the study of the jet macroscopic characteristics at different injection pressures and temperatures. The bottom plate of the test rig was made of aluminum (piston material) and it was heated up to 500 K at ambient pressure. An injector driver was used to control the single-hole nozzle diesel injector combined with a natural gas injector. The injection timing of both injectors were synchronized with a camera trigger. Macroscopic properties of diesel and diesel-CNG dual fuel jets were recorded with a high speed camera using the Schlieren imaging technique and associated image processing. Measurements of the jet characteristics of diesel and diesel-CNG dual fuel are compared together under evaporative and non-evaporative conditions as well as different injection pressures are presented in this paper.

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Yuvenda, Dori, Bambang Sudarmanta, Jamaludin Jamaludin, Oki Muraza, Randi Purnama Putra, Remon Lapisa, Krismadinata Krismadinata i in. "Combustion and Emission Characteristics of CNG-Diesel Dual Fuel Engine with Variation of Air Fuel Ratio". Automotive Experiences 5, nr 3 (18.12.2022): 507–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/ae.7807.

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Compressed natural gas (CNG) is a popular alternative fuel because of its more environmentally friendly properties than fossil fuels , including applications in diesel engines. However, supplying too much compressed natural gas fuel causes poor engine performance and emissions due to a decrease in the air-fuel ratio on the dual-fuel engine. The addition of air using electric superchargers was done to return the air-fuel ratio to ideal conditions. Lambda value (λ) was variation under low load (1.52 to 2.71), medium load (1.18 to 2.17), and high load (0.94 to 2.17) on a CNG-diesel dual fuel engine. The addition of pure air in each load can increase combustion stability in certain lambda, which was indicated by an increase in thermal efficiency, heat release rate, and a decrease in ignition delay, combustion duration, hydrocarbon, and carbon monoxide emissions.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "CNG–DIESEL DUAL FUEL"

Königsson, Fredrik. "On Combustion in the CNG-Diesel Dual Fuel Engine". Doctoral thesis, KTH, Förbränningsmotorteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-151188.

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Currently there is a large interest in alternative transport fuels. There are two underlying reasons for this interest: the desire to decrease the environmental impact of transports and the need to compensate for the declining availability of petroleum. In the light of both these factors, the CNG-diesel dual fuelengine is an attractive concept. The primary fuel of the dual fuel engine is methane, which can be derived both from renewables and from fossil sources. Methane from organic waste, commonly referred to as biomethane, can provide a reduction in greenhouse gases unmatched by any other fuel. Furthermore, fossil methane, natural gas, is one of the most abundant fossil fuels.Thedual fuelengine is, from a combustion point of view, a hybridof the diesel and theOtto-engineand it shares characteristics with both. From a market standpoint, the dual fuel technology is highly desirable; however, from a technical point of view it has proven difficult to realize. The aim of this project was to identify limitations to engine operation, investigate these challenges, and ,as much as possible, suggest remedies. Investigations have been made into emissions formation, nozzle-hole coking, impact of varying in-cylinder air motion, behavior and root causes of pre-ignitions, and the potential of advanced injection strategies and unconventional combustion modes. The findings from each of these investigations have been summarized, and recommendations for the development of a Euro 6 compliant dual fuel engine have been formulated. Two key challenges must be researched further for this development to succeed: an aftertreatment system which allows for low exhaust temperatures must be available, and the root cause of pre-ignitions must be found and eliminated.

QQC 20140915

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Königsson, Fredrik. "Advancing the Limits of Dual Fuel Combustion". Licentiate thesis, KTH, Förbränningsmotorteknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-96945.

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There is a growing interest in alternative transport fuels. There are two underlying reasons for this interest; the desire to decrease the environmental impact of transports and the need to compensate for the declining availability of petroleum. In the light of both these factors the Diesel Dual Fuel, DDF, engine is an attractive concept. The primary fuel of the DDF engine is methane, which can be derived both from renewables and from fossil sources. Methane from organic waste; commonly referred to as biomethane, can provide a reduction in greenhouse gases unmatched by any other fuel. The DDF engine is from a combustion point of view a hybrid between the diesel and the otto engine and it shares characteristics with both. This work identifies the main challenges of DDF operation and suggests methods to overcome them. Injector tip temperature and pre-ignitions have been found to limit performance in addition to the restrictions known from literature such as knock and emissions of NOx and HC. HC emissions are especially challenging at light load where throttling is required to promote flame propagation. For this reason it is desired to increase the lean limit in the light load range in order to reduce pumping losses and increase efficiency. It is shown that the best results in this area are achieved by using early diesel injection to achieve HCCI/RCCI combustion where combustion phasing is controlled by the ratio between diesel and methane. However, even without committing to HCCI/RCCI combustion and the difficult control issues associated with it, substantial gains are accomplished by splitting the diesel injection into two and allocating most of the diesel fuel to the early injection. HCCI/RCCI and PPCI combustion can be used with great effect to reduce the emissions of unburned hydrocarbons at light load. At high load, the challenges that need to be overcome are mostly related to heat. Injector tip temperatures need to be observed since the cooling effect of diesel flow through the nozzle is largely removed. Through investigation and modeling it is shown that the cooling effect of the diesel fuel occurs as the fuel resides injector between injections and not during the actual injection event. For this reason; fuel residing close to the tip absorbs more heat and as a result the dependence of tip temperature on diesel substitution rate is highly non-linear. The problem can be reduced greatly by improved cooling around the diesel injector. Knock and preignitions are limiting the performance of the engine and the behavior of each and how they are affected by gas quality needs to be determined. Based on experiences from this project where pure methane has been used as fuel; preignitions impose a stricter limit on engine operation than knock.
QC 20120626
Diesel Dual Fuel

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Park, Talus. "Dual fuel conversion of a direct injection diesel engine". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=460.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 1999.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 96 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 61-62).

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CASADO, MAURICIO LADEIRA. "DEVELOPMENT OF A DIESEL-GAS MECHANICAL DUAL FUEL KIT". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2005. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=7741@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
Neste estudo foi desenvolvido um sistema de alimentação mecânico para conversão de um motor do ciclo Diesel para operar como um motor dual dieselgás natural, com campo de aplicação em embarcações fluviais de pequeno e médio porte. Primeiramente foram executados ensaios no modo original, diesel puro, e em seguida com controle manual de injeção diesel- gás. Os resultados experimentais foram utilizados para comparação entre os dois modos de operação e como base para elaboração do sistema de conversão reversível, sempre mantendo os mesmos níveis de torque e potência do motor. Numa segunda etapa criou-se uma metodologia para construção do sistema de controle de alimentação dual, para um regime de funcionamento simulando a operação do motor com uma hélice acoplada. O controle foi projetado, construído e montado no motor para realização dos testes de desempenho e validação do sistema. O motor foi testado novamente nos dois modos de operação e os resultados comparados em termos de desempenho global, eficiência e nível de emissões (particulados). Os resultados obtidos confirmam a viabilidade econômica e técnica de se operar o motor no modo dual com os mesmos níveis de torque e potência do motor diesel original e validaram o sistema de controle projetado. Foram observadas reduções significativas das emissões (particulados) com um rendimento satisfatório para todo o regime de operação avaliado. As taxas de substituição (diesel-gás) impostas são da ordem de 70%, limitadas pelo sistema de controle, para minimizar os riscos de possíveis danos ao motor em termos de superaquecimento dos bicos injetores e pela detonação.
In this work a mechanical system of fuel supply was developed to convert a Diesel engine for dual fuel diesel-gas Dual operation in small and medium size fluvial boats. First assays, in the original way, pure diesel operation had been executed. After that, the dual fuel operation was conducted with manual control of diesel and gas injection. The experimental results had been used for comparison between the two ways of operation and as a base line for elaboration of the system of reversible conversion, always keeping the same levels of torque and power of the engine. In a second stage, a methodology for construction of the system of control for dual fuel supplying was created. A specific curve of functioning, simulating the operation of the engine connected to a propeller, was used for that. The control was projected, constructed and adapted in the engine for the realization of performance tests and system validation. The engine was tested again in the two modes of operation and the results compared in terms of overall performance, efficiency and emission levels (particulates). The acquired results confirm the economic viability and technique of the dual fuel operation of the engine with the same levels of torque and power of the original diesel engine, validating the projected system of control. Significant reductions of the emissions (particulates) with a satisfactory performance for all the evaluated points of operation was observed. The imposed substitution (diesel-gas) rate is around 70%, limited by the control system, to minimize the risks of possible damages to the engine in terms of overheating of the injector atomizers and knocking occurrence.

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MOUTELLA, FELIPE LEAL DA COSTA. "NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF DUAL-FUEL DIESEL-NATURAL GAS ENGINES". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2009. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=15407@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
A adaptação de um simulador numérico para a simulação da operação bicombustível Diesel-gás em motores com ignição por compressão foi realizada. O código-fonte em questão foi desenvolvido ao longo dos últimos anos pelo IFP, e uma modificação ao modelo da auto-ignição nele contido foi concluída neste estudo. As diversas etapas necessárias para a adaptação são apresentadas. Considerações foram feitas em relação à literatura existente para o assunto, e as hipóteses realizadas foram verificadas numericamente sempre que possível. Uma equação que relaciona os números de octanas do Diesel e do gás natural com a qualidade da auto-ignição de sua combinação resultante é proposta. Foi construída uma extensa base de dados necessária ao funcionamento do modelo, contendo as taxas de reação em função dos parâmetros físicos da mistura. Por fim, foi feita uma análise qualitativa de simulações bicombustível para um motor Diesel.
The adaptation of a numerical simulator for the dual fuel Diesel-gas combustion in compression ignition engines was accomplished. The referred source code has been developed for the past years by the IFP, and a modification of its auto-ignition model was concluded during this study. The various steps needed for this adaptation are presented. All hypotheses were numerically verified when possible. A relation between auto-ignition quality and the combination of the octane numbers of Diesel and natural gas is proposed. A comprehensive reaction rates database required by the model was constructed. Finally, a qualitative analysis of dual fuel simulations in a Diesel engine was conducted.

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FILHO, FERNANDO FERRARI. "EVALUATION OF DIESEL CYCLE ENGINE OPERATING IN THE DUAL FUEL MODE: DIESEL / ETHANOL". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2011. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=19636@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
Este trabalho avaliou o comportamento de um motor do ciclo Diesel, operando no modo original (Diesel puro) e no modo bicombustível (Diesel / etanol), em dois modos de hidratação do álcool (70 e 93 graus INPM). A rotação foi mantida fixa em 1800 rpm. A finalidade foi estudar os parâmetros de desempenho do motor e analisar a liberação de calor pela combustão, como também, o calor trocado com as paredes. Avaliou-se como parâmetros de desempenho, o rendimento térmico, consumo específico de combustível e emissão de poluentes. A fase inicial do trabalho constou de ensaios experimentais realizados no conjunto motor / dinamômetro nos modos mencionados acima. O objetivo foi coletar a variação de pressão no interior do cilindro, consumo de combustível, emissão de gases, temperaturas em pontos estratégicos, entre outros. Em uma segunda etapa foi realizada uma análise dos parâmetros de desempenho e da liberação de calor. Para emissões de poluentes, observou-se uma diminuição de MP em altas taxas de substituição. No entanto, notou-se um aumento elevado de HC. Em baixas cargas e taxas de substituição elevadas houve redução de emissão de NOx. O rendimento térmico apresentou comportamentos similares em 70 e 93 graus INPM. Em altas cargas e altas taxas de substituição houve um sensível aumento do rendimento quando comparado ao modo original. O rendimento foi menor para baixas cargas com altas taxas de substituição, em relação ao modo original. O início da combustão no modo bicombustível foi antecipado em relação ao modo original, nas condições de altas cargas e máximas taxas de substituição. Isto foi devido à liberação de calor que ocorreu mais cedo no modo bicombustível. Ressalta-se que, nas mesmas condições, houve a ocorrência de um maior calor trocado com as paredes do cilindro, em ambos os modos de hidratação (70 – 93 graus INPM), quando comparado ao modo original.
This work aimed to evaluate a Diesel cycle engine operating in the original (only Diesel) and dual-fuel modes (Diesel / ethanol) in two levels of hydration of alcohol (70 and 93 degrees INPM). Speed was kept fixed at 1800 rpm. The purpose was to study the parameters of engine performance and analyze the heat release by combustion and heat exchanged to the cylinder’s walls. For parameters of performance, evaluation of thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption and emissions were conducted. Initial activities consisted in trial tests on the engine / dynamometer in the two modes as mentioned above. The goal was to collect the variation of indicated cylinder pressure data, as well as fuel consumption, emissions and temperatures at strategic points. Secondly, performance parameters and heat release analysis was performed. For emissions, a decrease in PM was found at higher replacement rates; however, in the same condition a large increase in HC was obtained. At low loads and at higher replacement rates, NOx emissions were reduced. Thermal efficiency showed similar behavior at 70 and 93 degrees INPM. At high loads and at higher replacement rates a significant increase in thermal efficiency compared to the original mode and for low loads with higher replacement rates thermal efficiency was decreased. In high loads and at higher replacement rates conditions, the process of combustion occurred before in the dual fuel mode, due to earlier heat release compared to original mode (only Diesel). In the same conditions an increase of heat exchanged to the cylinder’s wall in both modes of hydration of alcohol (70 and 93 degrees INPM) compared to the original mode was obtained.

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Júnior, Roberto Freitas Britto. "Experimental analysis of a diesel engine operating in diesel-ethanol dual-fuel mode". Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, 2014. http://www.bd.bibl.ita.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3043.

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A significant part of the world economy depends on stationary or vehicular Diesel engines. Such engines are fed mainly by fossil fuels, among these, the standard diesel. The growing interest in renewable energy sources makes the use of ethanol in these engines a real technological demand. From the existing concepts to meet this goal the Diesel-Ethanol in the Dual-Fuel mode has demand for published experimental data. Such concept brings a greater degree of freedom, but implications in technological challenges. It works through a PFI (Port Fuel Injection) system to prepare a pre-mixture of air and ethanol in the intake port which is compressed in the combustion chamber and ignited by pilot injection of diesel. In this work a single cylinder research engine with 100% electronically controlled calibration was used. The engine control parameters were set to maximize diesel substitution rate by ethanol with a limited indicated efficiency loss. Comparisons were made among different working conditions. Initially, the flow structure in the combustion chamber was tested in both quiescent and high swirl modes. Compression ratios were adjusted at 3 different levels: 14:1, 16:1 and 17:1. Two injectors were tested, the first one with mass flow of 35 g/s and another of 45 g/s. Regarding pressure diesel injection, 4 levels were investigated namely 800, 1000, 1200 and 1400 bar. The experiments discussed in this work were able to achieve up to 65% of diesel energy substituted by hydrated ethanol energy with an indicated efficiency of 49%. In comparison with the diesel only running condition, the NOx emissions was improved by up to 60%. But the HC, CO and aldehydes emissions had a penalty, showing a trade-off that shall be further investigated with a final design engine in the beginning of product development process.

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EGUSQUIZA, JULIO CESAR CUISANO. "EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF A DIESEL CYCLE ENGINE OPERATING ON DUAL-FUEL MODE: DIESEL / ETHANOL AND DIESEL / GAS". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2011. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=17103@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
No presente trabalho, ensaios experimentais de um motor do ciclo Diesel consumindo etanol hidratado ou gás natural em substituição parcial ao óleo diesel, foram realizados. Os objetivos principais foram verificar as influências dos combustíveis alternativos e avaliar as técnicas do avanço da injeção do diesel e da restrição parcial do ar de admissão, em relação aos parâmetros característicos da combustão, desempenho e emissões. Com base nos dados do diagrama pressão-ângulo de virabrequim, foi possível analisar alguns parâmetros característicos da combustão, tais como o início da combustão, a máxima taxa de elevação de pressão e o pico de pressão. Os parâmetros do desempenho e emissões do motor foram analisados através do rendimento térmico e as concentrações de monóxido de carbono, hidrocarbonetos, material particulado e óxidos de nitrogênio. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as técnicas avaliadas no modo bicombustível junto com as elevadas taxas de substituição do óleo diesel favoreceram a melhor queima dos combustíveis alternativos, refletindo-se favoravelmente em menores emissões de CO e MP, além de um pequeno aumento no rendimento térmico do motor. No entanto, houve também um acréscimo nas emissões de NOX e, no caso específico do avanço da injeção, foi notado um maior ruído gerado pelo motor.
In this report, experimental tests of a Diesel cycle engine running with hydrous ethanol or natural gas with partial substitution for diesel fuel were performed. The main objectives were to verify the influence of alternative fuels and evaluate the advancing of diesel injection timing and the air partial restriction, regarding the characteristic parameters of combustion, performance and emissions. Based on data from the pressure-crank angle diagram, it was possible to analyze some characteristic parameters of combustion, such as the start of combustion, the maximum rate of pressure rise and peak pressure. The parameters of the engine performance and emissions were analyzed through the thermal efficiency and the concentrations of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, particulate matter and nitrogen oxides. The results showed that the techniques evaluated in dual fuel mode with higher rates of substitution of diesel fuel favored a better burning of the alternative fuels, reflecting favorably in lower emissions of CO and PM, and also in a small increase in the engine thermal efficiency. However, there was also an increase in NOX emissions and, in the specific case of the advanced injection timing, it was noted a louder noise generated by the engine.

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Mirmohammadsadeghi, Mahmoudreza. "Investigation of diesel-ethanol and diesel-gasoline dual fuel combustion in a single cylinder optical diesel engine". Thesis, Brunel University, 2018. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/17436.

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Ever growing population and increased energy consumption across all industries has resulted in higher atmospheric concentration of the greenhouse gases (GHG) and therefore an increase in the planet's average temperature, which has led to increasingly demanding and more strict legislations on pollutant sources, and more specifically, the automotive industry. As a consequence of all this, the demand for research into alternative energy sources has greatly increased. In this study combustion characteristics, engine performance, and exhaust emission of diesel-ethanol and diesel-gasoline are investigated in an optical direct injection diesel engine. In particular, effects of different substitution ratios and diesel injection strategies are studied when the total fuel energy is kept constant. The three main substitution ratios used in this study include 45% (45% of fuel energy from port-injected ethanol/gasoline and 55% from direct injection diesel), 60%, and 75%. The engine used for this investigation is a Ricardo Hydra single cylinder optical engine running at 1200 rpm. In-cylinder pressure measurement is used for calculating all engine parameters, heat release rate, and efficiency. In addition to the thermodynamic analysis of the combustion parameters, high speed camera was used alongside with a copper vapor laser or the high speed image intensifier in the high speed video imaging for the optical analysis of the effect of the above-mentioned parameters on autoignition and combustion processes, while Horiba particulate analyser and AVL smoke meter were utilized in monitoring and recording emissions for every tested condition. Depending on the testing conditions, such as injection strategy and intake conditions, both dual-fuel operations were able to deliver high efficiency and improved emissions compared to that of a pure diesel engine operation, with the diesel-gasoline operation offering more consistency in improved thermal efficiency, and the diesel-ethanol operation delivering lower emission output. The optical analysis of the combustion represents the main difference in the flame propagation, distribution and quality for each substitute fuel and its substitution percentage, as well as the condition under examination.

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Belizário, Adenilson Cristiano. "Avaliação da confiabilidade do motor diesel com a adição de sistemas de injeção de gás na câmara de combustão". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3151/tde-24092012-171716/.

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Visando a redução de poluentes emitidos pelos motores de combustão interna com ignição por compressão, que operam conforme o ciclo diesel, foram desenvolvidos nos últimos anos dispositivos para a operação destes motores com novos combustíveis, que além da redução de poluentes barateariam o custo de operação, devido à oportunidade de utilização de alguns combustíveis com boa disponibilidade. No presente estudo analisa-se a operação do motor diesel utilizando gás natural como combustível. Neste caso utiliza-se o óleo diesel apenas como combustível piloto, que será responsável pela ignição do segundo combustível, o gás natural. Em diversas publicações constata-se o ganho ambiental e econômico desta aplicação, porém nada é comentado em relação à alteração de índices de confiabilidade e surgimento de novos modos de falha. Neste trabalho verifica-se através de ferramentas de análise de confiabilidade, tais como a análise do tipo FMEA e Árvore de falhas, quais os principais modos de falha que serão inseridos no motor de combustão interna do tipo diesel quando este passa a operar como bi-combustível, com gás natural. Para tanto, necessita-se subdividir o motor diesel em subsistemas mostrando sua estruturação em árvores funcionais e integrando o kit diesel gás neste sistema. A partir da análise de confiabilidade verifica-se a probabilidade de ocorrência de novos modos de falha, que necessitarão da elaboração de novos planos de manutenção ou mesmo alterações no projeto do subsistema de injeção de gás natural.
In order to reduce pollutants emissions from internal combustion engines with compression bend ignition, designed to operate as the Diesel cycle, it has been developed in recent years devices for the addition of new fuels, which in addition to reducing pollutants could lower the cost of operation, due to the possibility of use of some fuels with good availability. In this case it is used only the diesel oil as the pilot flame, which is responsible for the ignition of the second fuel, the natural gas. Many publications discuss the environmental and the economic gain with the use of natural gas as fuel application, however nothing is said about the change of reliability indexes and the appearance of new failure modes in the engine. In this study through system reliability analysis tools such as Faillure Mode Effects and Analisys and Fault tree analysis it is analysed, which are the main failure modes that are inserted into the internal combustion engine when it comes to operate as dual fuel. For that analyses it is necessary to split the engine into subsystems showing its functional trees and integrating diesel gas kit in this system. New failure modes appear with greater severity than the existing in the traditional diesel engine system, leading to new design and maintenance practices. The end user, according to his need, will have one more parameter to choose whether to adopt a Diesel Gas system.

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Książki na temat "CNG–DIESEL DUAL FUEL"

United States. Department of Energy. Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Facts about CNG & LPG conversion. Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, 1994.

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United States. Dept. of Energy. Office of Transportation Technologies, red. Facts about CNG & LPG conversion. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Transportation Technologies, 1997.

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Karim, Ghazi A. Dual-Fuel Diesel Engines. CRC Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b18163.

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Dual-Fuel Diesel Engines. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.

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Karim, Ghazi A. Dual-Fuel Diesel Engines. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.

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Karim, Ghazi A. Dual-Fuel Diesel Engines. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.

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Karim, G. A. Dual-Fuel Diesel Engines. Taylor & Francis Group, 2021.

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Karim, Ghazi A. Dual-Fuel Diesel Engines. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.

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Guo, Hongsheng, Hailin Li, Lino Guzzella i Masahiro Shioji, red. Advances in Compression Ignition Natural Gas – Diesel Dual Fuel Engines. Frontiers Media SA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88966-621-8.

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Debasree, Ghosh. Modeling of Hydrogen Aided Diesel-Producer Gas Dual Fuel CI Engine. LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2015.

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Części książek na temat "CNG–DIESEL DUAL FUEL"

Boretti, Alberto. "Dual Fuel CNG-Diesel Heavy Duty Truck Engines with Optimum Speed Power Turbine". W Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 897–920. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33750-5_6.

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Serrano, David, i Lecointe Bertrand. "Exploring the Potential of Dual Fuel Diesel-CNG Combustion for Passenger Car Engine". W Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 139–53. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33777-2_11.

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Zulkifli, Abd Fathul Hakim, Mas Fawzi Mohd Ali, Muammar Mukhsin Ismail i Shahrul Azmir Osman. "Engine Monitoring During Tuning Process for Diesel-Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Dual Fuel Engine Using Statistical Approach". W Springer Proceedings in Physics, 391–403. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8903-1_34.

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Adarsh Rai, A., B. R. Shrinivasa Rao, Narasimha K. Bailkeri i P. Srinivasa Pai. "Application of Optimization Technique for Performance and Emission Characteristics of a CNG-Diesel Dual Fuel Engine: A Comparison Study". W Communications in Computer and Information Science, 274–84. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-9059-2_25.

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Opatola, Rasheed Adewale, A. Rashid A. Aziz, Morgan R. Heikal i Mior Azman Meor Said. "Dual Fuel (Gas–Liquid Diesel)". W SpringerBriefs in Energy, 1–21. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7754-8_1.

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Jeevan Dass, G., i P. A. Lakshminarayanan. "Conversion of Diesel Engines for CNG Fuel Operation". W Energy, Environment, and Sustainability, 341–92. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0970-4_9.

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Misra, Ashwin, Mukesh Yadav, Ayush Sharma i Ghanvir Singh. "Methane–Diesel Dual Fuel Engine: A Comprehensive Review". W Proceedings of International Conference in Mechanical and Energy Technology, 327–37. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2647-3_30.

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Barba, Christian, Jan Dyckmans, Jürgen Förster i Thomas Schnekenburger. "Natural gas-Diesel dual fuel for commercial vehicle engines". W Proceedings, 391–407. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-17109-4_23.

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Gwalwanshi, Manoj, i Gaurav Mittal. "A Review of Natural Gas—Diesel Dual Fuel Engines". W Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 795–803. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0159-0_70.

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Malin, Maximilian, Constantin Kiesling, Christoph Redtenbacher i Andreas Wimmer. "Einfluss der Diesel-Piloteinspritzung auf die Verbrennung in Diesel-Gas Dual Fuel Motoren". W 10. Tagung Diesel- und Benzindirekteinspritzung 2016, 491–514. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-15327-4_24.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "CNG–DIESEL DUAL FUEL"

Nithyanandan, Karthik, Jiaxiang Zhang, Yuqiang Li, Xiangyu Meng, Robert Donahue, Chia-Fon F. Lee i Huili Dou. "Diesel-Like Efficiency Using CNG/Diesel Dual-Fuel Combustion". W ASME 2015 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2015-1147.

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The use of natural gas in compression ignition engines as a supplement to diesel under dual-fuel combustion mode is a promising technique to increase efficiency and reduce emissions. In this study, the effect of dual-fuel operating mode on combustion characteristics, engine performance and pollutant emissions of a diesel engine using natural gas as primary fuel and neat diesel as pilot fuel, has been examined. Natural Gas (99% Methane) was port injected into an AVL 5402 single cylinder diesel research engine under various engine operating conditions and up to 90% substitution was achieved. In addition, neat diesel was also tested as a baseline for comparison. The experiments were conducted at three different speeds — 1200, 1500 and 2000 RPM, and at different diesel-equivalent loads (injection quantity) — 15, 20, and 25 mg/cycle. Both performance and emissions data are presented and discussed. The performance was evaluated through measurements of in-cylinder pressure, power output and various exhaust emissions including unburned hydrocarbons (UHC), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and soot. The goal of these experiments was to maximize the efficiency. This was done as follows — the CNG substitution rate (based on energy) was increased from 30% to 90% at fixed engine conditions, to identify the optimum CNG substitution rate. Then using that rate, a main injection timing sweep was performed. Under these optimized conditions, combustion behavior was also compared between single, double and triple injections. Finally, a load and speed sweep at the optimum CNG rate and timings were performed. It was found that a 70 % CNG substitution provided the highest indicated thermal efficiency. It appears that dual-fuel combustion has a Maximum Brake Torque (MBT) diesel injection timing for different conditions which provides the highest torque. Based on multiple diesel injection tests, it was found that the conditions that favor pure diesel combustion, also favor dual-fuel combustion because better diesel combustion provides better ignition and combustion for the CNG-air mixture. For 70% CNG dual-fuel combustion, multiple diesel injection showed an increase in the efficiency. Based on the experiments conducted, diesel-CNG dual-fuel combustion is able to achieve similar efficiency and reduced emissions relative to pure diesel combustion. As such, CNG can be effectively used to substitute for diesel fuel in CI engines.

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Nithyanandan, Karthik, Yilu Lin, Robert Donahue, Xiangyu Meng, Yuanxu Li i Chia-Fon F. Lee. "Impact of Diesel/CNG Dual-Fuel Combustion on Exhaust Soot Characteristics". W ASME 2016 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2016-9469.

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This paper presents the chemical composition, oxidation reactivity and nanostructural characteristics of particulate matter (PM) produced by a diesel engine operating with diesel/compressed natural gas (CNG) dual-fuel combustion. Raw, undiluted soot samples from pure diesel, 40% CNG, and 70% CNG (energy-based substitution rate) combustion were collected from the exhaust pipe. Engine operating conditions were held at 1200 RPM and 20 mg/cycle baseline load. For dual-fuel operation, split diesel injection (two injections) was used as the pilot, and CNG was injected into the intake manifold. First, soot oxidation reactivity was characterized using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen weight fractions were obtained using elemental analysis to measure soot aging. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was then used to determine the diameter of the spherules, and the morphology of soot agglomerates. It was found that soot reactivity increased with increasing CNG content. TEM images revealed a higher variation in particle diameter with increasing CNG substitution. High resolution TEM (HRTEM) images showed that CNG70 soot displayed features of immature soot particles. The enhanced reactivity could also be due to more active sites available in CNG soot, as well as the CNG soot being immature. Under this test condition and engine configuration, it can be concluded that the use of CNG affects the morphology and nanostructure of PM, and hence the oxidation reactivity of the soot.

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Königsson, Fredrik, Per Risberg i Hans-Erik Angstrom. "Nozzle Coking in CNG-Diesel Dual Fuel Engines". W SAE 2014 International Powertrain, Fuels & Lubricants Meeting. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-2700.

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Saraf, R. R., S. S. Thipse i P. K. Saxena. "Lambda Characterization of Diesel-CNG Dual Fuel Engine". W 2009 Second International Conference on Environmental and Computer Science. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icecs.2009.29.

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Meng, Xiangyu, Wuqiang Long, Yihui Zhou, Mingshu Bi i Chia-Fon F. Lee. "Effects of N-Butanol Content on the Dual-Fuel Combustion Mode With CNG at Two Engine Speeds". W ASME 2018 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2018-9595.

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Because of the potential to reduce NOx and PM emissions simultaneously and the utilization of biofuel, diesel/compressed natural gas (CNG) dual-fuel combustion mode with port injection of CNG and direct injection of diesel has been widely studied. While in comparison with conventional diesel combustion mode, the dual-fuel combustion mode generally leads lower thermal efficiency, especially at low and medium load, and higher carbon monoxide (CO) and total hydrocarbons (THC) emissions. In this work, n-butanol was blended with diesel as the pilot fuel to explore the possibility to improve the performance and emissions of dual-fuel combustion mode with CNG. Various pilot fuels of B0 (pure diesel), B10 (90% diesel/10% n-butanol by volume basis), B20 (80% diesel/20% n-butanol) and B30 (70% diesel/30% n-butanol) were compared at the CNG substitution rate of 70% by energy basis under the engine speeds of 1400 and 1800 rpm. The experiments were carried out by sweeping a wide range of pilot fuel start of injection timings based on the same total input energy including pilot fuel and CNG. As n-butanol was added into the pilot fuel, the pilot fuel/CNG/air mixture tends to be more homogeneous. The results showed that for the engine speed of 1400 rpm, pilot fuel with n-butanol addition leads to a slightly lower indicated thermal efficiency (ITE). B30 reveals much lower NOx emission and slightly higher THC emissions. For the engine speed of 1800 rpm, B20 can improve ITE and decrease the NOx and THC emissions simultaneously relative to B0.

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Doppelbauer, C., Mario Penz, Daniel Renner, Karl Masser i F. Dorfer. "DUAL FUEL - Potential of Combined Combustion of CNG and Diesel Fuel". W 22nd SAE Brasil International Congress and Display. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2013-36-0133.

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Konigsson, Fredrik, Per Stalhammar i Hans-Erik \aSngstr\arm. "Combustion Modes in a Diesel-CNG Dual Fuel Engine". W SAE International Powertrains, Fuels and Lubricants Meeting. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-1962.

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Kapilan, N., Chandramohan Somayaji, P. Mohanan i R. P. Reddy. "Experimental Investigations on a Compressed Natural Gas Operated Dual Fuel Engine". W ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-79252.

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In the present work, an attempt has been made for the effective utilization of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) in diesel engine. A four stroke, single cylinder diesel engine was modified to work on dual fuel mode. The effect of CNG flow rate and Exhaust Gas Recirclulation (EGR) on the performance and emissions of the dual fuel engine was studied. The variables considered for the tests were different CNG flow rates (0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7 kg/hr), EGR (0 %, 4.28 %, 6.63 % and 8.12 %) and loads (25 %, 50 %, 75 % and 100 % of full load). From the test results, it was observed that the EGR rate of 4.28 % results in better brake thermal efficiency and lower CO and NOx emissions than other ERG rates at 25 %, 50% and 75% of full loads. At full load, EGR rate of 8.12 % results in higher brake thermal efficiency and lower NOx emissions.

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Yoshimoto, Yasufumi, i Eiji Kinoshita. "Combustion Characteristics of a Dual Fuel Diesel Engine With Natural Gas (Influence of Cetane Number of Ignition Fuel)". W ASME 2011 Power Conference collocated with JSME ICOPE 2011. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2011-55362.

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This paper investigates the performance, exhaust emissions, and combustion characteristics of a dual fuel diesel engine fueled by CNG (compressed natural gas) as the main fuel. The experiments used standard ignition fuels prepared by n-hexadecane and heptamethylnonane which are used to define the ignitability of diesel combustion, and focused on the effects of fuels with better ignitability than ordinary gas oil such as fuels with higher cetane numbers, 70 and 100. Compared with gas oil ignition, a standard ignition fuel with C.N. 100 showed shorter ignition delays, and lower NOx exhaust concentrations, and engine noise. The results also showed that regardless of ignition fuel, misfiring occurred when the CNG supply was above 75%. While the CNG ratio where misfiring occurs lowered somewhat with increasing C.N., the combustion stability (defined as the standard deviation in the cycle to cycle variation of IMEP divided by the mean value of IMEP) was little influenced. In summary, the results show that the influence of the ignitability on the engine performance and emission characteristics of the dual fuel operation is relatively small when the ignition fuel has C.N., and similar to or higher than ordinary gas oil.

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Abdulrahman Al-Saadi, Abdulwahab A., i Ishak Bin Aris. "CNG-diesel dual fuel engine: A review on emissions and alternative fuels". W 2015 10th Asian Control Conference (ASCC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ascc.2015.7244858.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "CNG–DIESEL DUAL FUEL"

Wallner, Thomas. Efficiency-Optimized Dual Fuel Engine with In-Cylinder Gasoline/CNG Blending. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), luty 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1495698.

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Masimalai, Senthil Kumar. Effect of Hydrogen Induction on Combustion Characteristics of a Dual Fuel Engine Fuelled with Diesel and Hydrogen. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, październik 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2012-32-0034.

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Le, Tuan Anh, i Truc The Nguyen. Experimental Study on Performance, Emissions and Combustion Characteristics of a Single Cylinder Dual Fuel LPG/Diesel Engine. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, listopad 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2011-32-0562.

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Develop the dual fuel conversion system for high output, medium speed diesel engines. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), lipiec 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/291025.

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Develop the dual fuel conversion system for high output, medium speed diesel engines. Quarterly report number 4, July--September, 1997. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), wrzesień 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/291029.

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Develop the dual fuel conversion system for high output, medium speed diesel engines. Quarterly report number 5, November 1997--January 1998. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), luty 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/291030.

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Develop the dual fuel conversion system for high output, medium speed diesel engines. Quarterly report number 1, September 1--December 31, 1996. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), styczeń 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/291026.

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Develop the dual fuel conversion system for high output, medium speed diesel engines. Quarterly report number 2, January 1--March 31, 1997. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), kwiecień 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/291027.

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Develop the dual fuel conversion system for high output, medium speed diesel engines. Quarterly report number 3, April 1--June 30, 1997. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), czerwiec 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/291028.

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