Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / CM CIRCUITS

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „CM CIRCUITS”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 11 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "CM CIRCUITS"

Yoganathan, Mithuna, Richard Jozsa i Sergii Strelchuk. "Quantum advantage of unitary Clifford circuits with magic state inputs". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 475, nr 2225 (maj 2019): 20180427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2018.0427.

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We study the computational power of unitary Clifford circuits with solely magic state inputs (CM circuits), supplemented by classical efficient computation. We show that CM circuits are hard to classically simulate up to multiplicative error (assuming polynomial hierarchy non-collapse), and also up to additive error under plausible average-case hardness conjectures. Unlike other such known classes, a broad variety of possible conjectures apply. Along the way, we give an extension of the Gottesman–Knill theorem that applies to universal computation, showing that for Clifford circuits with joint stabilizer and non-stabilizer inputs, the stabilizer part can be eliminated in favour of classical simulation, leaving a Clifford circuit on only the non-stabilizer part. Finally, we discuss implementational advantages of CM circuits.

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Sai Charishma Pathala, Venkata, i V. Y. Jayasree Pappu. "Elimination of CM Noise from SMPS Circuit using EMI Filter". International journal of electrical and computer engineering systems 14, nr 4 (26.04.2023): 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32985/ijeces.14.4.10.

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The electronic devices are exposed to external electromagnetic signals that produce an unwanted signal called noise in the circuit, which causes electromagnetic interference [EMI] problems. It occurs in two modes: radiated mode and conducted mode. In the radiation mode, the shielding technique is used for radiation mode, in conduction mode filtering technique is used. The design of an EMI filter depends upon the type of noise generated by the Switched Mode Power supply circuit [SMPS]. The SMPS circuit used in this paper is a DC-DC power converter, the Boost converter is a step-up converter and Buck converter is step down converter are considered as equipment for generation of noise, the Line Impedance Stabilization Network [LISN]is used for generating the common output impedance to the power converters, the EMI filters are designed to eliminate noise generated by the circuits. There noise generated by this power converters is Common Mode [CM] noise and Differential Mode [DM] noise. The separation of noise from the equipment is done by using a noise separator. In this paper, CM noise generated by these power converters is eliminated by designing an EMI filter called an inductor filter and a PI filter. The comparison between the LC inductor filter and the PI filter for the boost and buck converters is observed. The PI filter has better performance characteristics when compared to the inductor filter for both SMPS circuits as per the Comité International Special des Perturbations Radioélectriques [CISPR] standards. This standard gives the conducted emission range for different electronic devices.

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YUCE, ERKAN. "VARIOUS CURRENT-MODE AND VOLTAGE-MODE INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER TOPOLOGIES SUITABLE FOR INTEGRATION". Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 19, nr 03 (maj 2010): 689–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126610006372.

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In this paper, four instrumentation amplifier (IA) topologies, one of which is current-mode (CM) while the others are voltage-mode (VM), are presented. Three of the IAs use one to two current feedback operational amplifiers (CFOAs) while the other one employs only a single NMOS transistor. One of the IA circuits, given as an example, is simple while others are novel. The CM IA is composed of only grounded resistors which have some advantages in integrated circuit (IC) process. Non-ideality effects such as non-ideal gain and parasitic impedances on the performance of introduced IAs are discussed. In order to show the performance of the circuits, we perform experimental tests and simulations by using SPICE program.

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Pandey, Neeta, i Sajal K. Paul. "VM and CM Universal Filters Based on Single DVCCTA". Active and Passive Electronic Components 2011 (2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/929507.

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A universal voltage-mode filter (VM) and a current-mode filter (CM) based on recently proposed active building block, namely, differential voltage current conveyor transconductance amplifier (DVCCTA) are proposed. Both the circuits use a single DVCCTA, two capacitors, and a single resistor. The filters enjoy low-sensitivity performance and low component spread and exhibit electronic tunability of filter parameters via bias currents of DVCCTA. SPICE simulation using 0.25 μm TSMC CMOS technology parameters is included to show the workability of the proposed circuits.

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Ulansky, Vladimir, Ahmed Raza i Hamza Oun. "Electronic Circuit with Controllable Negative Differential Resistance and its Applications". Electronics 8, nr 4 (8.04.2019): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8040409.

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Electronic devices and circuits with negative differential resistance (NDR) are widely used in oscillators, memory devices, frequency multipliers, mixers, etc. Such devices and circuits usually have an N-, S-, or Λ-type current-voltage characteristics. In the known NDR devices and circuits, it is practically impossible to increase the negative resistance without changing the type or the dimensions of transistors. Moreover, some of them have three terminals assuming two power supplies. In this paper, a new NDR circuit that comprises a combination of a field effect transistor (FET) and a simple bipolar junction transistor (BJT) current mirror (CM) with multiple outputs is proposed. A distinctive feature of the proposed circuit is the ability to change the magnitude of the NDR by increasing the number of outputs in the CM. Mathematical expressions are derived to calculate the threshold currents and voltages of the N-type current-voltage characteristics for various types of FET. The calculated current and voltage thresholds are compared with the simulation results. The possible applications of the proposed NDR circuit for designing single-frequency oscillators and voltage-controlled oscillators (VCO) are considered. The designed NDR VCO has a very low level of phase noise and has one of the best values of a standard figure of merit (FOM) among recently published VCOs. The effectiveness of the proposed oscillators is confirmed by the simulation results and the implemented prototype.

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KOKSAL, M., M. SAGBAS i H. SEDEF. "AN ELECTRONICALLY TUNABLE OSCILLATOR USING A SINGLE ACTIVE DEVICE AND TWO CAPACITORS". Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 17, nr 05 (październik 2008): 885–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126608004642.

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A novel resistorless oscillator is presented. The proposed structure enjoys electronic tunability property with minimum number of active and passive components. This oscillator uses a current-mode (CM) active device and has properties of current mode circuits. The validity of the proposed circuit is verified by experimental results.

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Tan, Zhen, Qing-Yuan Lu i Jian-Xin Chen. "A novel balanced-to-balanced power divider based on three-line coupled structure". International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 11, nr 2 (14.01.2019): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078718001708.

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AbstractThis paper presents a novel balanced-to-balanced power divider (PD) based on a simple and compact three-line coupled structure for the first time. By bisecting the proposed symmetrical structure, the differential mode (DM) and the common mode (CM) equivalent circuits can be obtained for analysis. The DM equivalent circuit exhibits a three-line in-phase power dividing response, and then a resistor is added between the two outputs for achieving good isolation. Meanwhile, the CM equivalent circuit shows a three-line all-stop response so that the CM suppression in this design does not need to be considered. Accordingly, the detailed design procedure of the DM PD is given. For demonstration, a prototype centered at 1.95 GHz is designed, fabricated, and measured. The simulated and measured results with good agreement are presented, showing low DM loss and wideband CM suppression.

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Rajendran, Selvakumar, Arvind Chakrapani, Srihari Kannan i Abdul Quaiyum Ansari. "A Research Perspective on CMOS Current Mirror Circuits: Configurations and Techniques". Recent Advances in Electrical & Electronic Engineering (Formerly Recent Patents on Electrical & Electronic Engineering) 14, nr 4 (17.06.2021): 377–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2352096514666210127140831.

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Background: Immense growth in the field of VLSI technology is fuelled by its feasibility to realize analog circuits in μm and nm technology. The current mirror (CM) is a basic building block used to enhance performance characteristics by constructing complex analog/mixed-signal circuits like amplifier, data converters and voltage level converters. In addition, the current mirror finds diverse applications from biasing to current-mode signal processing. Methods: In this paper, the Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technologybased current mirror (CM) circuits are discussed with their advantages and disadvantages accompanied by the performance analysis of different parameters. It also briefs various techniques which are employed for improvising the current mirror performance like gain boosting and bandwidth extension. Besides, this paper lists the CMs that use different types of MOS devices like Floating Gate MOS, Bulk-driven MOS, and Quasi-Floating Gate MOS. As a result, the paper performs a detailed review of CMOS Current mirrors and their techniques. Results: Basic CM circuits that can act as building blocks in the VLSI circuits are simulated using 0.25 μm, BSIM and Level 1 technology. In addition, various devices based CMs are investigated and compared. Conclusion: The comprehensive discussion shows that the current mirror plays a significant role in analog/mixed-signal circuits design to realize complex systems for low-power biomedical and wireless applications.

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Chen, Minghui, Jianqing Wang, Daisuke Anzai, Georg Fischer i Jens Kirchner. "Common-Mode Noise Reduction in Noncontact Biopotential Acquisition Circuit Based on Imbalance Cancellation of Electrode-Body Impedance". Sensors 20, nr 24 (13.12.2020): 7140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20247140.

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Biopotential sensing technology with electrodes has a great future in medical treatment and human—machine interface, whereas comfort and longevity are two significant problems during usage. Noncontact electrode is a promising alternative to achieve more comfortable and long term biopotential signal recordings than contact electrode. However, it could pick up a significantly higher level of common-mode (CM) noise, which is hardly solved with passive filtering. The impedance imbalance at the electrode-body interface is a limiting factor of this problem, which reduces the common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) of the amplifier. In this work, we firstly present two novel CM noise reduction circuit designs. The circuit designs are based on electrode-body impedance imbalance cancellation. We perform circuit analysis and circuit simulations to explain the principles of the two circuits, both of which showed effectiveness in CM noise rejection. Secondly, we proposed a practical approach to detect and monitor the electrode-body impedance imbalance change. Compared with the conventional approach, it has certain advantages in interference immunity, and good linearity for capacitance. Lastly, we show experimental evaluation results on one of the designs we proposed. The results indicated the validity and feasibility of the approach.

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Alhalabi, Marah, Mohammed Ghazal, Fasila Haneefa, Jawad Yousaf i Ayman El-Baz. "Smartphone Handwritten Circuits Solver Using Augmented Reality and Capsule Deep Networks for Engineering Education". Education Sciences 11, nr 11 (20.10.2021): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci11110661.

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Resolving circuit diagrams is a regular part of learning for school and university students from engineering backgrounds. Simulating circuits is usually done manually by creating circuit diagrams on circuit tools, which is a time-consuming and tedious process. We propose an innovative method of simulating circuits from hand-drawn diagrams using smartphones through an image recognition system. This method allows students to use their smartphones to capture images instead of creating circuit diagrams before simulation. Our contribution lies in building a circuit recognition system using a deep learning capsule networks algorithm. The developed system receives an image captured by a smartphone that undergoes preprocessing, region proposal, classification, and node detection to get a Netlist and exports it to a circuit simulator program for simulation. We aim to improve engineering education using smartphones by (1) achieving higher accuracy using less training data with capsule networks and (2) developing a comprehensive system that captures hand-drawn circuit diagrams and produces circuit simulation results. We use 400 samples per class and report an accuracy of 96% for stratified 5-fold cross-validation. Through testing, we identify the optimum distance for taking circuit images to be 10 to 20 cm. Our proposed model can identify components of different scales and rotations.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "CM CIRCUITS"

SINGH, ALOK KUMAR. "CURRENT DIFFERENCING CURRENT CONVEYOR AND ITS APPLICATIONS". Thesis, 2018. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/16738.

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After reviewing the evolution of the various active circuit elements in a historical perspective, it has been pointed out that the current differencing current conveyor (CDCC) or any variant of this have not received much attention in the literature in the context of the synthesis and design of analog electronic circuits. It has been pointed out that this void has been the main reason for exploring the characterisation and applications of the CDCC for the research reported in this thesis.

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Części książek na temat "CM CIRCUITS"

Zhang, Haokun, Daotong Li i Zhihui Wang. "Compact High-Efficiency Broadband Microwave Rectifier for Free-Space RF Energy Harvesting". W Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde220267.

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This paper presents a compact high-efficiency broadband microwave rectifier for free-space Radio Frequency (RF) energy harvesting. Lumped-element components and voltage-doubling circuits are used to improve output efficiency and power, widen frequency bandwidth, and reduce circuit size. The theoretical model and numerical model of the rectifier circuit are established, and the mechanism of the microwave voltage-doubling rectifier is revealed by using Advanced Design System (ADS) EM simulator. The simulated results exhibit that the rectification efficiency is larger than 60% with the highest efficiency of 84% under the input power of 16 dBm–30 dBm and the frequency of 600 MHz–1600 MHz. Moreover, the overall size is 4 cm × 2 cm, smaller than some recently published literatures, proving the circuit structure’s superiority. On this basis, for the lower operating frequency band, the circuit structure is further simplified without reducing bandwidth and efficiency by reducing the number of circuit components, and the overall size is only 2 cm × 2 cm. For validation, two broadband rectifiers fabricated by utilizing FR4 dielectric substrate and Printed Circuit Board (PCB) technology, are implemented and tested using Vector Signal Generator (VSG), DC resistance, and multimeter. The measure results are in good agreement with simulation ones within the measuring range of the equipment.

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Raha, Krishnendu, i Kamla Prasan Ray. "Low-Cost Simple Compact and Portable Ground-Penetrating Radar Prototype for Detecting Improvised Explosion Devices". W Intelligent Electronics and Circuits - Terahertz, IRS, and Beyond [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104744.

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This chapter presents the design and fabrication of a low-cost continuous-wave ground-penetrating radar for detecting improvised explosive devices buried in the soil for use of security forces. It is low cost and simple because it uses a single frequency (920 MHz) and is designed only for the detection of the buried target. The work presented includes designing of transmitter system module, receiver system module, antennas, power module, graphical user interface module, and making a prototype that is compact and portable. The chapter explains the concept and illustrates a method to enhance isolation between antennas, which is a very important parameter for the effective functioning of ground-penetrating radar. The presented method of enhancing isolation by cavity-backing a rectangular microstrip antenna and keeping them separated at an optimum gap yielded high isolation of 52.6 dB. The prototype radar, using the enhanced isolation antennas, demonstrates the capability to detect up to the depth of 65 cm for a circular steel target of radius 12.5 cm buried in loose semi-dry pebbled soil. The prototype radar is sensitive enough to detect a plastic box, a small bunch of wire, a book (paper) buried in soil and a wooden slab and a steel scale buried in a sandpit.

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Sui, Meili, Chen Lin, Nan Wang i Jianxin Wang. "The Mutation Analysis of Ultrasonic Acoustic Emission in Cavitation". W Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde220516.

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Cavitation and embolization of plants accompanied by conduit vibration due to intermolecular adhesion of water or the adhesion of the conduit wall are signs of water stress. Ultrasonic acoustic emission (UAEs) was used to detect plant air pockets and embolic events transmitted by vibration. The UAEs could be detected in ultrasonic frequency between 100K Hz and 1 MHz. In general, the spatial location of UAEs sources for the influence of signal spatial distribution are greater than the UAEs signal wave shapes to the time. Using the electro-acoustic similarity theory, UAEs can be seen as the step voltage sources, the medium as the load, the water column rupture model (UAEs mutation model) in the plant conduit can be established by the analog circuit method. Without considering the change of plant stems medium density and ultrasonic velocity, the ultrasonic energy is proportional to square of the ultrasonic pressure. According to plant water stress relationships between ultrasonic energy release and ultrasonic energy, the UAEs ring counts or signal strength can be used to indicate the range and extent of plant conduits embolism, which can establish the model of UAEs and physiology by statistical laws. Studies have shown that the UAEs waves transmit in the plant fiber, signal attenuation in the fiber is a function of cell tissue hardness, and the approximate attenuation values are 1 dB/cm, 10 dB/cm and 20 dB/cm in hardwood, softwood and herbaceous plants, respectively.

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Valtchev, Stanimir, i Svilen S. Valtchev. "Control for the Contactless Series Resonant Energy Converter". W Emerging Capabilities and Applications of Wireless Power Transfer, 102–40. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5870-5.ch005.

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This chapter presents control methods applied in the operation of the series loaded series resonant (SLSR) power converters in a most efficient operation zone. The choice of the control method is affected by the objective to guarantee suitably the efficiency, being this method in the same time, relatively easy to apply. The first part of the chapter compares three basic principles of regulation: frequency mode (FM), pulse width mode (PWM), and their combination (PWM/FM). Finally, a new method for instantaneous regulation is developed. The proposed technique consists of a simplified observation of a state variable value to limit each portion of supplied energy, depending on the requirement for power in each half period. The result of this regulation is comparable to the current mode (CM) control applied to the hard-switching power converters. The viability of this new regulation method is demonstrated by simulations of its analogue circuit implementations and experimentally proved. The circuit is also prepared for the changes in the magnetic coupling (contactless energy transfer).

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Arshavsky, Yuri I., Tatiana G. Deliagina i Grigory N. Orlovsky. "The Swimming Circuit in the Pteropod Mollusk Clione limacina". W Handbook of Brain Microcircuits, redaktorzy Gordon M. Shepherd i Sten Grillner, 569–74. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190636111.003.0052.

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The pelagic marine mollusk Clione limacina (class Gastropoda, subclass Opisthobranchaea, order Pteropoda), 3–5 cm in length, swims by rhythmically moving (1–2-Hz) two winglike appendages. Each swim cycle consists of two phases—the dorsal (D) and ventral (V) wing flexions. The nervous system of Clione consists of five pairs of ganglia. The wing movements are controlled by the pedal ganglia giving rise to the wing nerves. The neuronal circuit of the swim central pattern generator (CPG) is located in the pedal ganglia, which is able to generate the basic pattern of rhythmic activity after isolation from the organism (fictive swimming). Approximately 120 pedal neurons exhibit rhythmic activity during fictive swimming. According to their morphology, rhythmic neurons are divided into motoneurons (MNs), with axons exiting via the wing nerves to wing muscles, and interneurons (INs), with axons projecting to the contralateral ganglion.

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Magee, Patrick, i Mark Tooley. "Surgical Diathermy". W The Physics, Clinical Measurement and Equipment of Anaesthetic Practice for the FRCA. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199595150.003.0025.

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As discussed in Chapter 4, when a voltage is applied across a conductor, a current will flow. If the voltage is applied across the body via suitable electrodes the body becomes part of the circuit and a current will also flow, the magnitude depending on the properties of the tissues in its path, particularly the resistance. This current can cause heating or other physiological effects, depending on the frequency of the driving voltage. The effects of the domestic mains current flowing through the body was discussed in Chapter 6, but different effects occur as the frequency of the voltage is increased. As the frequency goes up, the heating increases but the tissue stimulation decreases and, at frequencies above 100 kHz (i.e. radio frequencies), the effect is entirely heating. This heating effect in the body by electric current is called diathermy, but the location, concentration and how this heat is used is dependant on the electrode design and the current concentration or current density at any point in the circuit. For a certain applied voltage, the average current throughout the circuit will be the same. The current density is the current per unit area, and so if the material in which the current passes is smaller, the heating effect increases. The resistance of the material is proportional to its size, so as the material becomes smaller then its resistance gets larger. The heating power is the product of the current squared and the resistance (power = I2 × R). Surgical diathermy (or electrosurgery) is where either one or both of the electrodes are very small, and it is used to cut and coagulate tissue. The smaller electrode can be made into a pointed surgical tool and localised heating will occur at the tip of the instrument. The smaller and more pointed the instrument is, the greater the current density will be at the tip. This electrode is classified as the active or live one. The current densities around this electrode can be as much as 10 A cm−2, and the total heating power typically around 200 W.

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Alves, Marcely Figueiredo, Sidney Marlon Lopes de Lima, Galba Maria Campos-Takaki i Rosileide Fontenele da Silva Andrade. "Biotechnological prospecting for copper recovery in electro-electronic waste (memory board)". W CONNECTING EXPERTISE MULTIDISCIPLINARY DEVELOPMENT FOR THE FUTURE. Seven Editora, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/connexpemultidisdevolpfut-169.

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The recovery of Electro-electronic Waste (EER) is linked to the fifteenth goal of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which aims to recover and promote the sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems. One of the main components of waste electrical and electronic equipment is the printed circuit board (PCIs)-(Motherboard) which has in its composition valuable metals that can be recovered including copper. In this context, the aim of the present study was to investigate the potential of bioleaching of bacteria in the recovery of copper in the disposal of Printed Circuit Boards (PCIs). Three bacteria (Bacillus subtilis UCP 1594, Pseudomonas fluorescens UCP 1514 and Geobacillus stearothermophilus UCP 1520) were used. Initially, the bacteria were acclimatized in PCIs crushed into small particles and then they were transferred to AN medium (nutrient agar) added of 0.02g, 0.08g and 0.1g. L of crushed PCIs. Then, the acclimatized bacteria were submitted to the bioleaching process. The bioleaching process occurred in T&K medium added to a 2 cm PCI, in addition to the inoculum of 10% (107CFU/mL). The process occurred under orbital agitation of 180rpm, during 15 days and 37ºC. The identification of the potential of the bacteria in the removal of copper from the PCIs was evaluated through electrical conductivity, atomic absorption, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). According to the results obtained, all bacteria grew in solid medium at the maximum concentration of PCIs tested (0.1g/L) with an uncountable number of colonies. In addition, the maximum concentration (18.98 S/m, 17.58 S/m and 17.31 S/m,) of electrolytes in the bioleached solution occurred after 15 days of cultivation of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Geobacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus subtilis, respectively. The bacterium with the greatest potential to extract copper from PCIs was Geobacillus stearothermophilus with recovery of 13.9% of the copper adsorbed in the biomass. In addition, from the results of scanning electron microscopy - SEM it was possible to evidence the formation of corrosion pits by all strains studied. Therefore, the bacterium Geobacillus stearotermophillus showed promise for copper extraction from WEEE with economic potential to stimulate the reuse and reinsertion of metallic copper in the production chain, contributing to the circular economy, sustainability and recycling of electrical and electronic waste.

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Hofmeister, Anne M., Robert E. Criss i Everett M. Criss. "Links of planetary energetics to moon size, orbit, and planet spin: A new mechanism for plate tectonics". W In the Footsteps of Warren B. Hamilton: New Ideas in Earth Science. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2021.2553(18).

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ABSTRACT Lateral accelerations require lateral forces. We propose that force imbalances in the unique Earth-Moon-Sun system cause large-scale, cooperative tectonic motions. The solar gravitational pull on the Moon, being 2.2× terrestrial pull, causes lunar drift, orbital elongation, and an ~1000 km radial monthly excursion of the Earth-Moon barycenter inside Earth’s mantle. Earth’s spin superimposes an approximately longitudinal 24 h circuit of the barycenter. Because the oscillating barycenter lies 3500–5500 km from the geocenter, Earth’s tangential orbital acceleration and solar pull are imbalanced. Near-surface motions are enabled by a weak low-velocity zone underlying the cold, brittle lithosphere: The thermal states of both layers result from leakage of Earth’s internal radiogenic heat to space. Concomitantly, stress induced by spin cracks the lithosphere in a classic X-pattern, creating mid-ocean ridges and plate segments. The inertial response of our high-spin planet with its low-velocity zone is ~10 cm yr–1 westward drift of the entire lithosphere, which largely dictates plate motions. The thermal profile causes sinking plates to thin and disappear by depths of ~200–660 km, depending on angle and speed. Cyclical stresses are effective agents of failure, thereby adding asymmetry to plate motions. A comparison of rocky planets shows that the presence and longevity of volcanism and tectonism depend on the particular combination of moon size, moon orbital orientation, proximity to the Sun, and rates of body spin and cooling. Earth is the only rocky planet with all the factors needed for plate tectonics.

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Magee, Patrick, i Mark Tooley. "Gas pressure, Volume and Flow Measurement". W The Physics, Clinical Measurement and Equipment of Anaesthetic Practice for the FRCA. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199595150.003.0018.

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The physics of pressure, flow and the gas laws have been discussed in Chapter 7 in relation to the behaviour of gas and vapour. This section will focus on the physical principles of the measurement of gas pressure, volume and flow. Unlike a liquid, a gas is compressible and the relationship between pressure, volume and flow depends on the resistance to gas flow (or impedance if there is a frequency dependence between pressure and flow in alternating flow, see Chapter 4 for the electrical analogy of this) in conduits (bronchi, anaesthetic tubing); it also depends on the compliance of structures being filled and emptied (alveoli, reservoir bags, tubing or bellows). Normal breathing occurs by muscular expansion of the thorax, thus lowering the intrathoracic pressure, allowing air or anaesthetic gas to flow towards the alveoli down a pressure gradient from atmospheric pressure. When positive pressure ventilation occurs, gas is ‘pushed’ under pressure into the alveoli. Depending on the exact relationship between the ventilator and the lungs, different relationships exist between airway pressure (rather than alveolar pressure, which cannot easily be measured) and gas flow and volume. Gas pressure measurement devices were traditionally in the form of an aneroid barometer, a hollow metal bellows calibrated for pressure and temperature, which contracts when the external pressure on it increases, and expands when it decreases. The movement is linked to a pointer and indicator dial. It is often more convenient to make the device in the shape of part of a circular section, but the principle is the same. This is what the Bourdon gauge, which commonly measures pressure in gas cylinders, looks like. The detection of movement of the diaphragm of an aneroid barometer can take several forms. The movement can either be linked via a direct mechanical linkage to a pointer, or diaphragm movement can be linked to a capacitative or inductive element in an electrical circuit, such as a Wheatstone bridge. Airway pressure during spontaneous breathing or artificial ventilation is low. The preferred units of measurement are cm H2O and the range of values is between −20 and +20 cmH2O. The aneroid barometer to measure this will therefore be of light construction, using thin copper for the bellows material.

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Koch, Christof. "The Membrane Equation". W Biophysics of Computation. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195104912.003.0007.

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Any physical or biophysical mechanism instantiating an information processing system that needs to survive in the real world must obey several constraints: (1) it must operate at high speeds, (2) it must have a rich repertoire of computational primitives, with the ability to implement a variety of linear and nonlinear, high-gain, operations, and (3) it must interface with the physical world—in the sense of being able to represent sensory input patterns accurately and translate the result of the computations into action, that is motor output (Keyes, 1985). The membrane potential is the one physical variable within the nervous system that fulfills these three requirements: it can vary rapidly over large distances (e.g., an action potential changes the potential by 100 mV within 1 msec, propagating up to 1 cm or more down an axon within that time), and the membrane potential controls a vast number of nonlinear gates—ionic channels—that provide a very rich substrate for implementing nonlinear operations. These channels transduce visual, tactile, auditory, and olfactory stimuli into thanges of the membrane potential, and such voltage changes back into the release of neurotransmitters or the contraction of muscles. This is not to deny that ionic fluxes, or chemical interactions of various substances with each other, are not crucial to the working of the brain. They are, and we will study some of these mechanisms in Chap. 11. Yet the membrane potential is the incisive variable that serves as primary vehicle for the neuronal operations underlying rapid computations—at the fraction of a second time scale—in the brain. We will introduce the reader in a very gentle manner to the electrical properties of nerve cells by starting off with the very simplest of all neuronal models, consisting of nothing more than a resistance and a capacitance (a so-called RC circuit). Yet endowed with synaptic input, this model can already implement a critical nonlinear operation, divisive normalization and gain control. As a starting point, we choose a so-called point representation of a neuron. Here, the spatial dependency of the neuron is reduced to a single point or compartment.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "CM CIRCUITS"

Ashenafi, Emeshaw, Azzedin Es-Sakhi i Masud Chowdhury. "Detection of biochemical molecules using CM-SOFFET based biosensor". W 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2016.7539182.

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Rozgic, Dejan, i Dejan Markovic. "A 0.78mW/cm² autonomous thermoelectric energy-harvester for biomedical sensors". W 2015 Symposium on VLSI Circuits. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vlsic.2015.7231289.

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Lu Guoguang, Huang Yun, En Yunfei, Yang Shaohua i Lei Zhifeng. "Reliability of high power QCW cm-bar arrays". W 2009 16th IEEE International Symposium on the Physical and Failure Analysis of Integrated Circuits (IPFA). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipfa.2009.5232648.

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Gambini, S., J. Crossley, E. Alon i J. Rabaey. "A fully integrated, 300pJ/bit, dual mode wireless transceiver for cm-range interconnects". W 2010 IEEE Symposium on VLSI Circuits. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vlsic.2010.5560262.

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Ono, G., T. Nakagawa, R. Fujiwara, T. Norimatsu, T. Terada, M. Miyazaki, K. Suzuki i in. "1-cc Computer: Cross-Layer Integration with 3.4-nW/bps Link and 22-cm Locationing". W 2007 IEEE Symposium on VLSI Circuits. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vlsic.2007.4342778.

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Bellanger, Maurice. "On the Performance of Two Constant Modulus Algorithms in Equalization with non-CM Signals". W 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2007.378375.

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Seulki Lee, Jerald Yoo i Hoi-Jun Yoo. "A 200Mbps 0.02nJ/b dual-mode inductive coupling transceiver for cm-range interconnection". W 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems - ISCAS 2008. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2008.4541827.

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Xu, Haiwen, Rami Khazaka, Jishen Zhang, Zijie Zheng, Yue Chen i Xiao Gong. "300 mm Wafer-scale In-situ CVD Growth Achieving 5.1×10^-10 Ω-cm² P-Type Contact Resistivity: Record 2.5×10²¹ cm^-3 Active Doping and Demonstration on Highly-Scaled 3D Structures". W 2022 IEEE Symposium on VLSI Technology and Circuits (VLSI Technology and Circuits). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vlsitechnologyandcir46769.2022.9830220.

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Huang, F., B. Saini, L. Wan, H. Lu, X. He, S. Qin, W. Tsai i in. "First Observation of Ultra-high Polarization (~ 108 μC/cm²) in Nanometer Scaled High Performance Ferroelectric HZO Capacitors with Mo Electrodes". W 2023 IEEE Symposium on VLSI Technology and Circuits (VLSI Technology and Circuits). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/vlsitechnologyandcir57934.2023.10185240.

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Liu, Dang, Shuli Geng, Woogeun Rhee i Zhihua Wang. "A high efficiency robust IR-UWB receiver design for high data rate CM-range communications". W 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2014.6865531.

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