Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Closed loop operational envelop”

Abstract. Wind turbine load alleviation has traditionally been addressed in the literature using either full-span pitch control, which has limited bandwidth, or trailing-edge flap control, which typically shows low control authority due to actuation constraints. This paper combines both methods and demonstrates the feasibility and advantages of such a combined control strategy on a scaled prototype in a series of wind tunnel tests. The pitchable blades of the test turbine are instrumented with free-floating flaps close to the tip, designed such that they aerodynamically magnify the low stroke of high-bandwidth actuators. The additional degree of freedom leads to aeroelastic coupling with the blade flexible modes. The inertia of the flaps was tuned such that instability occurs just beyond the operational envelope of the wind turbine; the system can however be stabilised using collocated closed-loop control. A feedforward controller is shown to be capable of significant reduction of the deterministic loads of the turbine. Iterative feedforward tuning, in combination with a stabilising feedback controller, is used to optimise the controller online in an automated manner, to maximise load reduction. Since the system is non-linear, the controller gains vary with wind speed; this paper also shows that iterative feedforward tuning is capable of generating the optimal gain schedule online.

Autonomous rover navigation is a critical technology for robotic exploration of Mars. Simulation allows more extensive testing of such technologies than would be possible with hardware test beds alone. A large number of simulations, running in parallel, can test an algorithm under many different operating conditions to quickly identify the operational envelope of the technology and identify failure modes that were not discovered in more limited testing. GESTALT is the autonomous navigation algorithm developed for NASA's Mars rovers. ROAMS is a rover simulator developed to support the Mars program. We have integrated GESTALT into ROAMS to test closed-loop, autonomous navigation in simulation. We have developed a prototype capability to run many copies of ROAMS in parallel on a supercomputer, varying input parameters to rapidly explore GESTALT's performance across a parameter space. Using these tools, we have demonstrated that large scale simulation can identify performance limits and unexpected behaviors in an algorithm. Such parallel simulation was able to test approximately 500 parameter combinations in the time required for a single test on a hardware test bed.

The design of a full flight envelope nonlinear multivariable controller is described for a single-bypass variable-cycle jet engine. The nonlinear controller is obtained by using appropriate engine corrected parameters to schedule multivariable linear compensator gains designed at selected operating points of the flight envelope. The KQ (K-matrix compensator, Q-desired response) multivariable control design technique is used to design the compensators using linear state-space models obtained from a detailed nonlinear aerothermo model. The controller is implemented in the detailed nonlinear aerothermo model. The paper describes an example KQ compensator design, the corrected-parameter gain scheduling approach, and controller performance validation by nonlinear simulation. Computer simulations for sea-level static, and supersonic operating points are included to show the closed-loop transient performance in the presence of an acceleration fuel schedule.

Due to increasing environmental awareness, companies have started embracing the green supply chain concept to reduce waste of resources. Based on this increased awareness, an integrated green closed-loop supply chain has been developed, which integrates the forward supply chain and reverse supply chain. The reverse supply chain follows the same path as the forward supply chain in the reverse direction to recycle used products. Due to the uncertain quality of used products, not all products can be selected for recycling and reproduction, as the reduced yield might decrease the overall net income in the supply chain. The study develops an evaluation model to consider government subsidy, used product recycling rate, and quality of the used products to explore their impacts on the entire system. The results show that when the reproducibility rate of used raw materials decreases, the net income would also decrease accordingly. Furthermore, when government subsidy increases, the net income of the supply chain also increases accordingly. Similarly, when the recycling rate of used products increases, the net income also increases. As government subsidy affects the net income more than the recycling rate of used products, this research concludes that government subsidy is a key factor in the green closed-loop supply chain.

To achieve the operational efficiency maximization of ultrasonic motor system, this paper analyzes optimum control of the ultrasonic motor system’s efficiency including driving circuit, while the speed closed-loop control performance is ensured. Based on regulating characteristics of open-loop speed control and fuzzy control, two optimum control methods for regulating the changing step-length of driving voltage amplitude, to shorten the elapsed time of efficiency optimization process and to improve the general operational efficiency of motor system and the speed closed-loop control performance, are also analyzed. The effectiveness of the methods mentioned in this paper are reflected using experiments.

In this paper, we aim to explore the operational performance of a green closed-loop supply chain under random events. A green closed-loop supply chain model based on generalized stochastic Petri nets (GSPN) is built using the Petri nets theory. According to the isomorphic relationship between GSPN and continuous-time Markov chains, the relevant Markov model is converted from GSPN, and the steady-state probability of the model is then calculated. Finally, the model is analyzed from the aspects of time performance and operation efficiency of each link. Compared to previous studies, this paper finds that: when the whole green closed-loop supply chain system reaches a dynamic equilibrium state, the product has a steady-state probability at all stages, and thus the overall operational performance of the system can be obtained; compared with the recycling of waste products, the green product takes a longer time in the production and distribution stages; since marketing, packaging processing, market feedback, and market demand formulation account for a high level of utilization throughout the life cycle of green products, decision makers need to focus on the supervision and management of these links. Managers of green closed-loop supply chain systems need to adjust their decision-making strategies in a timely manner according to the performance level of the system in the steady state to realize the efficient operation of the system. This paper not only provides theoretical support for the improvement of the operational efficiency of green closed-loop supply chain system, but also provides new ideas for the research of green closed-loop supply chain operation mode.

Innovative design methods are needed for advanced aircraft in response to requirements towards substantial performance improvements. Functionally and operationally, the aircraft must be considered as the highly coupled non-linear multi-input multi-output system, i.e. the aerodynamics have to be mapped by non-linear differential or difference equations. To improve flying and handling qualities, to increase manœuvrability and to expand the operating envelope, an innovative optimization procedure is developed to design the constrained controllers for multi-input multi-output aircraft. In particular, a bounded control law is synthesized by employing the Hamilton-Jacobi theory, and the admissibility concept is used to study the stability of the resulting closed-loop system. The developed optimization procedure is applied to a non-linear ninth-order model of an AFTI/F-16 aircraft. A bounded controller is designed, and modelling results are presented to demonstrate the dynamic performance of the resulting closed-loop system.

The possibility of manufacturing like-new products by using only a fraction of the energy and raw materials that would actually be required to make the same new products is investigated. The field of recovering and adding value, besides restoring value, to already-used products could be environmental as well as economic opportunity for the manufacturing industry. By aiming at resources conservation in the supply chain, the manufacturing industry might, on one hand, significantly reduce the impact of their production practices on the environment, both by reducing the waste destined to the landfill and by decreasing the level of procurement of raw materials that inevitably leads to exhaust the non-renewable energy sources; on the other hand, it might close the loop on the raw materials, consistently reducing internal costs. The reactive response to the environmental legislations might not be the most successful solution. A proactive action that is intentionally restorative by design is desirable in the industry in order to be more environmentally conscious and profitable. Producing by re-producing is advised as the new adventure to embark on. This Master Thesis aims to present possible solutions to tackle the problem of resources’ scarcity on our earth, by starting from suggesting to avoid manufacturing what is not strictly needed, and to render this process as profitable as possible. Recovery activities, which include reuse, remanufacturing and recycling, are considered as a starting point to enable the revolutionary process of Resource Conservative Manufacturing (ResCoM). Since the majority of today’s products are not conceived for reuse and/or remanufacturing, the revolution should start from the design phase. The approach that the present thesis proposes is based on the concept of modularity exploited in the context of DfX (e.g. Design for Environment, Disassembly, and Remanufacturing). The modular design methodology, alongside ResCoM principles, might lead to the manufacturing of products with several lifecycles, whose number can be estimated at the design stage, and entails the planned recollection of the product at a defined time in order to remanufacture what is needed to get an upgraded and perfectly functional product that could be sold in the same or different markets.This thesis concludes with a case study-based example of the methodology application that lies in the context of closed loop manufacturing systems. Closed loop dynamics are at the basis of the entire investigation. The design features of a fully modular semi-commercial washing machine, presented in the case study, show this methodology’s benefits achievable in the context of remanufactured products in a closed loop supply chain.

System identification is used in engineering sciences to build mathematical models from data. A common issue in system identification problems is that the true inputs to the system are not fully known. In this thesis, existing approaches to unknown input problems are classified and some of their properties are analyzed.  A new indirect framework is proposed to treat system identification problems with unknown inputs. The effects of the unknown inputs are assumed to be measured through possibly unknown dynamics. Furthermore, the measurements may also be dependent on other known or measured inputs and can in these cases be called indirect input measurements. Typically, these indirect input measurements can arise when a subsystem of a larger system is of interest and only a limited set of sensors is available. Two examples are when it is desired to estimate parts of a mechanical system or parts of a dynamic network without full knowledge of the signals in the system. The input measurements can be used to eliminate the unknown inputs from a mathematical model of the system through algebraic manipulations. The resulting indirect model structure only depends on known and measured signals and can be used to estimate the desired dynamics or properties. The effects of using the input measurements are analyzed in terms of identifiability, consistency and variance properties. It is shown that cancelation of shared dynamics can occur and that the resulting estimation problem is similar to errors-in-variables and closed-loop estimation problems because of the noisy inputs used in the model. In fact, the indirect framework unifies a number of already existing system identification problems that are contained as special cases. For completeness, an instrumental variable method is proposed as one possibility for estimating the indirect model. It is shown that multiple datasets can be used to overcome certain identifiability issues and two approaches, the multi-stage and the joint identification approach, are suggested to utilize multiple datasets for estimation of models. Furthermore, the benefits of using the indirect model in filtering and for control synthesis are briefly discussed.  To show the applicability, the framework is applied to the roll dynamics of a ship for tracking of the loading conditions. The roll dynamics is very sensitive to changes in these conditions and a worst-case scenario is that the ship will capsize.  It is assumed that only motion measurements from an inertial measurement unit (IMU) together with measurements of the rudder angle are available. The true inputs are thus not available, but the measurements from the IMU can be used to form an indirect model from a well-established ship model. It is shown that only a subset of the unknown parameters can be estimated simultaneously. Data was collected in experiments with a scale ship model in a basin and the joint identification approach was selected for this application due to the properties of the model. The approach was applied to the collected data and gave promising results.
Till skillnad från många andra industrier där avancerade styrsystem har haft en omfattande utveckling under de senaste decennierna så har styrsystem för skepps- och marinindustrin inte alls utvecklats i samma utsträckning. Det är framförallt under de senaste 10 åren som lagkrav och stigande driftskostnader har ökat intresset för effektivitet och säkerhet genom användning av styrsystem. Rederier och den marina industrin är nu intresserade av hur de avancerade styrsystem som används inom andra områden kan tillämpas för marina ändamål. Huvudmålet är typiskt att minska den totala energianvändningen, och därmed också bränsleförbrukningen, genom att hela tiden planera om hur skeppet skall användas med hjälp av ny information samt styra skeppet och dess ingående system på ett sätt som maximerar effektiviteten. För många av dessa avancerade styrsystem är det grundläggande att ha en god förståelse för beteendet hos det systemet som skall styras. Ofta används matematiska modeller av systemet för detta ändamål. Sådana modeller kan skapas genom att observera hur systemet reagerar på yttre påverkan och använda dessa observationer för att finna eller skatta den modell som bäst beskriver observationerna. Observationerna är mätningar som görs med så kallade sensorer och tekniken att skapa modeller från mätningarna kallas för systemidentifiering. Detta är i grunden ett utmanande problem och det kan försvåras ytterligare om de sensorer som behövs inte finns tillgängliga eller är för dyra att installera. I denna avhandling föreslås en ny teknik där de mätningar som finns tillgängliga används på ett nytt och annorlunda sätt. Detta kan minska mängden nödvändiga sensorer eller möjliggöra användandet av alternativa sensorer i modell-framtagningen. Med hjälp av denna nya teknik kan enkla sensorer användas för att skatta en matematisk modell för en del av skeppet på ett sätt som inte är möjligt med traditionella metoder. Genom att skatta denna modell kan fysikaliska egenskaper hos skeppet, så som dess massa och hur massan är fördelad över skeppet, övervakas för att upptäcka förändringar. Just dessa två egenskaper har stor inverkan på hur skeppet beter sig och om skeppet är fellastat kan det i värsta fall kapsejsa. Vetskapen om dessa fysikaliska egenskaper kan alltså utöver effektivisering användas för att varna besättningen eller påverka styrsystemen så att farliga manövrar undviks. För att visa att tekniken fungerar i verkligheten har den använts på mätningar som har samlats in från ett skalenligt modellskepp. Experimenten utfördes i bassäng och resultaten visar att tekniken fungerar. Denna nya teknik är inte specifik för marint bruk utan kan också vara användbar i andra typer av tillämpningar. Även i dessa tillämpningar möjliggörs användandet av färre eller alternativa sensorer för att skatta modeller. Tekniken kan vara speciellt användbar när en modell av ett system eller process som verkar i ett nätverk av många system är av intresse, något som också diskuteras i avhandlingen.

We consider the problem of designing trajectory tracking feedback control laws for La- grangian mechanical systems in a Riemannian geometric framework. Classical nonlinear control techniques that rely on Euclidean parameterizations of nonlinear confguration manifolds, severely restrict the region of operation of the system due to singularities of local coordinate charts. The primary focus of our study is to develop a generic, con- structive and intrinsic (coordinate independent) procedure for global control design such that the closed loop operational envelop is signifcantly enhanced. An important class of systems where the proposed control design techniques have been applied are underactu- ated unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). Such systems are physically capable of executing aggressive and global (unrestricted) maneuvers as a result of enhanced mechanical de- sign and actuation technology. However, developing autonomous controllers such that the closed loop system can execute such maneuvers is indeed a formidable problem. Part 1: Global control on Riemannian manifolds (chapter 3 and 4): In the frst part of the thesis, we consider simple Lagrangian mechanical control sys- tems evolving on compact Riemannian manifolds, whose coordinate independent Euler- Lagrange equations of motion are established through the Levi-Civita connection corre- sponding to the kinetic-energy metric tensor. When the system is fully actuated), using the Riemannian connection structure, we develop a generic and constructive trajectory tracking feedback control law based on integrator back-stepping where the confguration error is the gradient of the squared geodesic distance between the confguration of the system and the reference trajectory, and the velocity error is the di erence between the velocity of the system and the parallel translation of the velocity of the reference trajec- tory, along a minimal geodesic connecting the confguration of the system and the point on the reference trajectory. The control law is appended with a feed-forward term which is the covariant derivative of the distance-gradient and the parallel-translation term. We demonstrate that this control law achieves asymptotically stable tracking when the confguration of the system is within injectivity radius of the point on the reference tra- jectory. The primary reason is that the control law does not encounter the cut locus, where it is no longer well defned, and around which it is no longer smooth. We then use our study of the compact Riemannian cut locus (which is the primary topological obstruction in global control design) in chapter 2 where we establish certain structural and dynamical properties, and thereby show that the control gains can be chosen large enough such that the confguration of the system does not intersect the cut locus of the point on the reference trajectory for all positive time, provided it starts away from the cut locus (arbitrarily close to it) initially. We thereby extend the region of stability of the above control law to an arbitrarily large domain of the tangent bundle. We then append the control law with a dynamic feedback in order to achieve globally exponentially stable tracking. We now restrict our attention to compact Lie groups which are naturally equipped with a bi-invariant metric structure, which enables us in constructing an elegant and computationally simple version of the generic control law on Riemannian manifolds. Exploiting the isometry of the group action, we convert the global tracking problem to a local tracking problem within the injectivity radius, and a global stabilization problem. Unlike the generic Riemannian case, we show that the components of the control law can be easily computed using only the Lie group structure (i.e. the group actions, exponential and logarithm map). We fnally study the problem of under-actuated differentially constrained mechanical systems where the velocity is constrained to a regular distribution. The equations of motion are established through a metric-compatible connection called the 'constrained connection', which is not necessarily torsion free if the differential constraint is non- integrable (i.e. non-holonomic). We extend the control design techniques previously established, to achieve global output tracking of such systems. Part 2: Application to under-actuated aerial vehicles on SE(3) (chapter 5 and 6): In the second part of the thesis, we apply the geometric control design techniques to two under-actuated aerial vehicles; multi-rotors and thrust vectored vertical take-o and landing (VTOL) aircraft, whose confguration evolves on the Lie group SE(3). In our study of multi-rotors, we frst design a globally-exponentially stable controller for tracking the position and relative heading angle of a quadrotor, which is considered as a rigid body subjected to a force along the body z axis and three torques about the body axes. The equations of motion can be written as a cascade of two subsystems, one which is a fully actuated rotational subsystem on SO(3), the output of which is the input to a translational subsystem on R3. We use the previously described control design on R3 using the bi-invariant metric (from the cannonical Ad-invariant inner product on the Lie algebra) and cascade this control with a saturated thrust feedback control on R3 in order to achieve global asymptotically stable tracking at an exponential rate. This design is then augmented with a fault tolerant strategy, which ensures that the controller continues to track the position of the center of mass of the quadrotor in spite of a rotor failure. This is achieved by relinquishing control of the heading angle, and designing a reduced-attitude control law which tracks the orientation of the thrust axis on S2. We use the global output tracking control design discussed in part 1 to achieve this. The reduced attitude control law is then cascaded with the saturated thrust feedback control on R3 as in the previous case. We then study the bi-spinner problem which is a rigid body with only two fxed co-axial rotors. Such a vehicle is severely under-actuated and therefore global tracking control is indeed a formidable problem. We propose a multi-scale geometric controller under the assumption that the angular velocity of the bispinner about the thrust-axis is signifcantly higher than the other two angular velocity components. We design a control law which globally tracks position trajectories with only two functioning rotors. In our study of thrust vectored VTOL UAVs, we consider an axis-symmetric aerial vehicle subjected to a terminally applied vectored thrust and torque about the axis of symmetry. Typical examples of such vehicles are thrust-propelled rockets, submersible torpedos, tail-sitter drones etc. The diffculty in control design for such a problem is that we can no longer write the equations of motion as a cascade system as we did in the case of multi rotors. The reason is that the control inputs which produce torques for the rotations in SO(3) also generate forces which result in translations in R3. Further, this coupling results in an unstable inverse input-output system (non-minimumphase), which renders the control design problem formidable. In order to resolve this difficulty, we frst impose a non-integrable differential constraint on the system, such that the constrained system admits a differentially at output i.e. The Huygens center-of-oscillation. We reformulate the translational dynamics with respect to this point to convert the tracking control problem into one which involves a cascade system as in the previous case, and apply the reduced attitude and saturated thrust feedback law to achieve global tracking of the center of mass, when the differential constraint is satisfed. This control law is augmented with another component which ensures that the differential constraint is asymptotically stabilized which ensures global asymptotic tracking for all initial conditions in the tangent bundle. Another important factor that the control design adresses is the constraint on the thrust of the vehicle to be strictly bounded above zero. We provide simulation results which illustrate the effectiveness, robustness and global tracking performance of the proposed controllers.

The idea of lawful relations between sensory and motor patterns, or sensorimotor contingencies (SMCs), lies at the heart of sensorimotor approaches to perception. Yet despite the concept’s importance, surprisingly few attempts have been made to define it formally. On closer inspection, the notion admits different interpretations. In this chapter, a dynamical formalization of agent–environment interaction serves as the starting point to identify four kinds of SMCs, which are defined in operational terms. These are the notions of sensorimotor environment (open-loop motor-induced sensory variations), sensorimotor habitat (closed-loop sensorimotor trajectories), sensorimotor coordination (reliable sensorimotor patterns playing a functional role), and sensorimotor scheme (normative organization of sensorimotor coordination events). The definitions are put to the test in a simple simulated object-discrimination task and their effect on the conceptual development and empirical, as well as model-based testing of the claims of the sensorimotor approach is discussed.

The paper presents an empirical research aims to establish service quality relationship between focal firm and 3PL operations and their performance in a reverse logistic and closed loop supply chain particularly in emerging economies like India and China. Seven Constructs has been formulated viz. Outsourcing contract between focal firm – 3PL; Supply Chain Integration; 3PL operational assessment; Service Quality; Return shipping; Lead-time; Reverse logistics cost. Five hypotheses were tested using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The results shows the efficacy of reverse logistics determine the customer satisfaction, whereas the degree of supply chain integration between focal firm and 3PL. The research gives broad insight on the 3PL functionality in reverse logistics especially for consumer centric emerging market places.

In this work, a switching linear quadratic integral (LQI) controller based on fuzzy logic is designed for the load-factor tracking problem of high-performance aircraft referred to as the Aero-Data Model in Research Environment (ADMIRE). ADMIRE is a new generation aircraft and has a wide flight operation envelope in terms of altitude and speed. Hence, it is difficult to design a flight controller to achieve a high tracking performance. First, the LQI controller is selected due to good tracking performance and robustness in the model dynamics. Combining switching LQI controller and fuzzy logic improves the transient performance of the closed-loop switched system. The results obtained with the fuzzy switching controller have been compared with the conventional LQI and the switching LQI in terms of robust demand tracking. The simulation results have demonstrated that the fuzzy switching controller is superior to the conventional LQI and switching LQI controllers due to better transient performance and robust stability.

The Circular Economy (CE) is a backbone for sustainable economic growth and development. Companies now operate in a market that is more complicated, unpredictable, and fast-paced than ever before. The material closed-loop fluxes essential to a fully functional CE are the source of these difficulties. Addressing CE operational difficulties requires incorporating flexibility capabilities into sustainable supply networks. The development of this operational competence must not diminish performance, raise expenses, or lower product quality. Designers of supply chains now understand they must prioritize Sustainable Supply Chain Flexibility (SSCF) initiatives if they want to achieve CE-targeted performance. Material and energy recycling, a closed-loop supply chain, and minimal environmental impact all contribute to a product's performance aimed at achieving CE status. In this study, Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) technique has been used to integrate the most influencing factors of sustainable supply chain flexibility and circular economy.

This chapter discusses the design of arts organizations in terms of their operational processes. Based on a closer look at the organizational features and dynamics of three museums, and four theatres drawn from India, Russia, Japan, USA, and Canada, the chapter explains how arts organizations can be classified into ‘closed-loop’, ‘open-loop’, and ‘linear’ organizations. The chapter proceeds to categorize the seven arts organizations in terms of their distinct governance and business models. It is observed that arts organisations that rely on their own creative resources for running their activities tend to adopt a ‘closed-loop’ approach, while those which are adept at borrowing creative resources from external sources tend to be ‘open loop’ in structure. It is arged that organizational design influences the patterns of control that managers of exercise over their personnel. Further, it is contended that performance evaluation systems which are not sensitive to design of arts organizations will fail to assess the true worth of these organizations to its stakeholders.

Traditionally, the importance of packaging for international supply chains is most often underestimated. This is surprising for such a complex phenomenon, situated at the interface of different functions (logistics, marketing...), different decision levels (operational, tactical, strategic), and different logistics flows (physical and informational). This chapter questions the traditional design and typology of packaging used within international supply chains in the light of two main drivers: (1) its circular/closed-loop requirements and related performance notion and (2) omnichannel trends, including e-commerce, and new customer delivery services. Mobilizing the spanning concept of “logistics functions of packaging” (LFP), this chapter proposes a conceptual framework enabling to trigger adequate novel packaging solutions matching these new expectations. Recent business cases occurring within international supply chains illustrate and deepen our reflection.

For many similar examples the empirical engineer solutions are well-known for years and have become conventional, demonstrating a good performance and robustness in a wide range of possible operational conditions. However, using the KF and the analytical design is always useful to check available potentials and is specifically necessary, when there is a lack of experience in similar design. In the real life, many factors usually play essential role for the system (devise) design. Indeed, some of them can hardly be mathematically formalized and put restrictions for a “freedom” of the analytical solution. However, often a single criterion for the considered system can be taking as a dominant–minimum steady-state error covariance matrix, which is the optimization criterion for the optimal KF. That is why if at the first stage of system design developers are advised to use this criterion and the KF as a helpful tool for the analytical design. The chapter discuses designing a navigation accelerometer with the electric spring. This is a typical example of the closed loop, negative feedback control. Two approaches are used: A-conventional, empirical and B–analytical with KF. The consideration of both of them opens a comprehensive understanding of the system dynamics and its potentials. The discussion is based on the suboptimal form of the KF-Filter with Bounded Growth of Memory AQ03 (FBGM), proposed by the author.

Production-operation activity is one of the most important functions of modern enterprises. It requires the involvement of various types of resources, such as: raw materials, materials, machines, capital, information, energy, human factor and others, which are used in production processes. However, many problems arise in operational activity. They concern such aspects as: waste of resources or their wasteful use, mismanagement, excessive energy consumption, environmental pollution, exploitation of human potential, etc. It is also emphasized that these problems are reflected both in the growing costs of a company’s activities and in climate change. However, more and more companies are becoming aware of these dangers and are implementing new products, new technologies and processes that use less raw materials and energy, being more environmentally-friendly. The purpose of implementing new solutions of production is to improve labour mobility, optimise the use of raw materials and resources, reduce costs, and to increase efficiency, productivity, etc. Taking the impact of operating activities on the environment into account, the purpose of this chapter is to present selected production methods from their cognitive aspects, the assumptions of which are consistent with the issues of sustainable development. In particular, focus was placed on the zero-waste concept, which allows to eliminate waste in all links of the value chain. Lean manufacturing and six sigma, which help enterprises fight waste in their activity, as well as circular production related to the implementation of closed-loop production principles in practice, are discussed. In addition, the life-cycle product design and recycling, as well as green and environment-conscious manufacturing are presented. The first of them assumes that the possibility of recycling should be considered in the process of designing products and services. The second one should be identified with a modern and systemic way of managing enterprises, taking all environmental aspects into account by all departments.

Abstract There is a perception that conventional wireline logging operation in Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) and Pressurised Mud Cap Drilling (PMCD) conditions is not feasible due to HSE risks associated with the operation. Rigging up a wireline assembly and safely performing the job while the well is experiencing total or partial loss circulation or potential gas migration is extremely challenging with currently available technology. However, with the new comprehensive technology, described in this paper, these challenges can be mitigated enabling acquisition of all desired formation evaluation data. MPD and PMCD techniques, with close loop adjustable back pressure, have gained wide acceptance. This is owed to the current market demand of drilling deep-water wells, with narrow mud windows and in fractured reservoirs, under total or partial loss conditions, safely and with optimum cost. To reduce the drilling risk, relatively simple drilling bottom hole assembly (BHA), with limited logging while drilling (LWD) tools, are preferred in such conditions. A new technological solution is desired to acquire complete formation evaluation data, on wireline, after drilling. Wireline well logging under this condition requires a non-standard and complex rig up, especially in the floater, to allow the operation to be performed safely but efficiently. With the new development of Managed Pressure Logging System (MPLS), an integration of Smart Sub System, and Grease Injection System, wireline operation can now be performed safely in active MPD/PMCD conditions. The newly developed smart sub, discussed in this paper, features an innovative system available for multiple operations including MPD/PMCD wireline logging. It provides the sought-after well control mechanism which allows wireline operations, through a side entry, without interfering with drilling rig's top drive system. The unique design of the sub is compatible with all industry-recognized grease injection and pack off systems used to maintain the desired pressure in the wellbore. When deployed with active PMCD condition, it creates a closed-loop system to enable the driller to continuously pump drilling fluid and adjust borehole pressure during wireline logging. This paper discusses the complete operational detail of a number of wireline logging operations performed in a deep-water well under MPD/PMCD condition. This includes planning, associated challenges, deployment risk assessment, standard operating procedure, and mitigation plan. The paper also incorporates standard data acquisition practices, results, lessons learned, and recommendations. This comprehensive workflow of wireline logging, with MPD/PMCD technique, and under total or partial loss condition, using the smart sub, pushes the wireline operating boundaries of data acquisition for formation evaluation, to places previously thought to be not feasible. This new solution has the potential to solve other challenging wireline deployments application including pipe recovery, pressurized cement bond evaluation and overbalance wireline perforation.

Methods for improving the robustness of panel forming including the introduction of process sensing and feedback and control has resulted in significant gains in the quality of parts and reduced failures. Initial efforts in implementing closed-loop control during panel forming used active tool elements to ensure that the total punch force followed prescribed trajectories. However, more recently local forces within the tooling have been demonstrated to not only follow desired force trajectories but have been shown to increase the operational envelope of the tooling compared to open-loop tests and even closed-loop test where the total punch force had been controlled. However, what has not been examined is the effect of local force, especially during closed-loop control panel forming operations on the total punch force measured during forming. This paper addresses this by comparing the results of both open-loop tests and closed-loop tests and examining the effects on both local and total punch forces. It was found that while open-loop forming with various constant draw bead depths resulted in varying total punch forces, once closed-loop control was implemented the total punch forces followed virtually identical trajectories. The tooling for this project included local force transducers and a total punch force transducer. In addition, active draw beads could be controlled during forming and a flexible blank holder with variable blank holder forces were part of the setup.

Abstract As we develop autonomous drilling system the setpoint operational and control, parameters for drilling are to be determined. The decision-making control loop performance should be faster. As the system with high aspect ratio i.e., length over diameter is highly stochastic, calculating the parameters for the optimal condition is very difficult. The paper presents methodology to obtain the envelop of sufficed, satisfied, and optimized engineering conditions resulting in "optosatisficed" condition aka "artificial engineering intelligence" which is good enough or an acceptable solution or a reasonable solution under the given condition. The paper presents an adaptive model which connects different engineering models in the form of microservices for constraints rather than a complete theoretical optimal closed form solution-based model. The approach to be taken under this condition is to include the stability of the bit, drillstring and wellbore, which will result in the near optimum envelop (desired) for the drilling parameters. Important analyses are coupled - vibration-stability analysis and bit-wear performance analysis. The optimum rate of penetration limiting values are calculated as the well is drilled with specified interval by considering the bit wear and the vibration. At each drilled interval, it is assumed that the bit wears out continuously and the amount of wear depends on the uncontrolled and uncertain parameters such as formation, anisotropy, dip etc. Also, all the calculations such as hole cleaning mechanical specific energy are calculated continuously. The analysis results have shown that the convergence was very quick in obtaining optimal solution and the predictability in the test wells have shown best solution results under uncertainty. Also, it has been found that the results provide reasonable threshold values when more and more data are used as the well is drilled. The stability envelop is shown in the figure with multiple connected engineering microservices. As long as the driller stays within the operational region, the results have shown that the operating parameters are satisfying and good enough solution for the desirable outcome. In other words, near normal engineering solution is achieved. Updating of the stability plot at every discrete drilled interval provides the pattern of the envelop for further decision-making set points for the controller in the case of an autonomous system. This paper provides a new framework for faster decision strategy. Injecting life to the well design software itself will provide amazing power. When a well is designed or monitored or drilled, well plan can be made interactive so that user can optimize and take proper decision to drill ahead or automate the operation.

Abstract The flutter feedback control of straight/swept aircraft wings operating in incompressible/compressible flight speed regimes is investigated. The stabilizing feedback control is produced via the action of bending moments which are applied at the tip of the wing. Relating the feedback bending moment acting at the wing tip with the kinematic response variables adequately selected and solving the resulting complex eigenvalue problem yields the closed loop speed and frequency of flutter. The numerical results reveal the power of this feedback control methodology to enhance the aeroelastic dynamic instability of aircraft wings, this enabling one to extend the operational envelope of flight vehicles without weight penalties.

Abstract The demand for additional throughput, combined with the growing pressure to reduce CO2 emissions while, improving efficiency constitutes a significant challenge for the oil and gas industry. Changes and updates to process models attempt to address these challenges but have mostly served as design aids rather than operational tools. Simulations, machine learning and artificial intelligence can be used to model plant start-up / shut-down, facilitate optimization and alleviate bottlenecks, however, these tools help to make inferences about processes; real-world deviations between the actual process and input data in a model limit their practicality. Throughput Optimization uses 150 years of physics based thermodynamic modelling, directly integrated into existing plant infrastructure, to provide advanced process control in real-time. Allowing the operator, the possibility of leveraging existing infrastructure and enabling closed-loop and/or human supported control. Results include hydrate formation avoidance through the analysis of real-time phase envelopes and hydrate curves, increased NGL production, greater control of operating costs and reductions in unscheduled downtime. Throughput Optimization has proven to enable more optimal control for operations and demonstrated various benefits, including reduced operational costs, increased revenue, improved operational reliability and reduction in both Scope 1 and 2 emissions.

Abstract This paper will present corrosion management of a wet sour gas carbon steel export pipeline using continuous and batch corrosion inhibitors with mono-ethlene-glycol (MEG) as hydrate mitigation strategy in NACE MR 0175/ ISO 15156 region 3 (severe sour). The wet sour gas carbon steel export pipeline corrosion management via continuous CI and batch inhibitors with closed loop MEG regeneration system is rare worldwide. This is especially challenging when the case study may potentially be the longest wet sour gas, large diameter carbon steel pipeline (approximately 207km × 32 inch) in the world thus far. Pipeline corrosion management and hydrate management aspects when being reviewed holistically, it could provide significant cost savings yet safeguarding the overall technical integrity of the pipeline. The overall corrosion management leverages on Shell's many years of JIP and operating experience in sour service including the pipeline material specification, corrosion management, inspection, and maintenance philosophy. Reliable correlation between reservoir properties and uncertainties severe sour service, flow assurance, chemical behavirous, operating experiences etc were considered to best represent the operating envelope for this wet sour gas carbon steel pipeline. This includes the testing and selection of continuous CI and batch inhibitor, corrosion monitoring, operational pigging, maintenance, and inspection requirements throughout the field life.

The CH-53K® heavy-lift helicopter, contracted under the Heavy Lift Replacement Program, is nearing the end of development, and was recently approved for Full Rate Production (FRP). The CH-53K features a full authority Fly-By-Wire (FBW) flight control system with Model Following Control Law architecture, chosen to address several overarching requirements including Level 1 Handling Qualities in accordance with ADS-33E-PRF. Early system identification of the air vehicle and tuning of the Flight Control System (FCS) allowed for an incremental expansion in airspeed, altitude, and maneuvering envelope. During the maneuver envelope expansion forward cyclic control margin (B1s) became a limiting factor. The reduced margin was noted during aft CG configurations when expanding load factor. Control margin limits and Do Not Exceed (DNE) criteria were established for safe expansion early in the test planning process. These criteria were based on best practices, specifications, desktop, and simulation models as well as engineering judgment prior to first flight. Some influence of the criteria likely derived from the defunct MIL-H-8501A Military Specification 'General Requirements for Helicopter Flying and Ground Handling Qualities,' with a notable absence of quantitative criteria in ADS-33E-PRF. As the full authority FBW control system was demanded to work within a smaller forward portion of the control authority envelope for mission-representative aft CG configurations, the DNE criteria challenged the long-standing general guidelines regarding control margins. Furthermore, control margin DNE's were experienced primarily during maneuver recovery-not through pilot input but via a closed loop response to the Model Following architecture and had the potential to restrict unnecessarily the boundaries of the Operational and Service Flight Envelope (OFE/SFE). Challenged with the task of envelope expansion, the Integrated Test Team (ITT) comprising contractor and government flight test engineers and pilots, worked to refine flight test technique and continuation criteria to validate the maneuvering requirements of the Air Vehicle Specification (AVS). Ultimately, the ITT developed a criterion for expansion of a modern FBW system to demonstrate the full capability in all corners of the envelope and deliver a superbly flying aircraft to the end customer, the United States Marine Corps (USMC).

Abstract A significant part of well construction is invested in tripping drill pipe. This type of operation is considered not productive in terms of drilled wellbore but is however necessary for the well construction process. The associated cost of tripping operations can be as high as 30% of the overall well CAPEX and poses an attractive optimization case to reduce spending by means of increasing efficiency. Furthermore, a byproduct of increased efficiency is a cleaner operation in terms of carbon emissions. Increasing efficiency for tripping operations concerns two main components: reducing connection time and optimizing the motion of the string while tripping in and out of the wellbore. The connection time can be reduced by means of machine automation to deliver repetable and safer handling of the drill pipe during connections. Optimizing the tripping parameters to move the string requires a more complex approach, where physics-based modeling plays a key role in determining a safe operating envelope (SOE) to move the string without harming the formation or the surface equipment in the process. The system described in this paper touches upon this problem and includes the concept of interfacing to automated drilling control systems (ADCS) to achieve closed-loop control of tripping operations. The solution proposed deploys a hydraulic digital twin of the wellbore that estimates the permissible axial velocities and accelerations to use when running drillstring in and out the wellbore. The same digital twin is used during pre-job modeling to verify proposed tripping plans, and later on in real-time to update the tripping limits for velocity and acceleration for every stand as the tripping process continues. The results produced in real-time are published to a data aggregation layer to serve as input for a tripping automation application to refine fit-for-purpose monitoring and control algorithms. The automation system finds optimum proposals of tripping limits and updates them directly in the rig control system in real-time. The trip monitoring system automatically and continuously publishes optimum velocity and acceleration tripping limits per stand and transmits them as set points to the ADCS to define a safe operating envelope (SOE). This approach can greatly reduce the overall tripping time in comparison to non-automated deployments. Furthermore, the reduction of invisible lost time (ILT) takes place while maintaining the integrity of the formation, and the integrity of the surface equipment. A set of case studies confirm the effectiveness of the approach and illustrate its benefits. A case study from the Middle East addresses the topic of adoption of drilling automation applications such as the tripping advisor. Another case presents the concept of interoperability using as example a deployment on a rig simulator setup in Europe to perform closed-loop control using the tripping application to write velocity and acceleration limits continuously to the ADCS.